6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is a potential target for new drugs against African trypanosomiasis. Phosphorylated aldonic acids are strong inhibitors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and 4-phospho-d-erythronate (4PE) and 4-phospho-d-erythronohydroxamate are two of the strongest inhibitors of the Trypanosoma brucei enzyme. Binding of the substrate 6-phospho-d-gluconate (6PG), the inhibitors 5-phospho-d-ribonate (5PR) and 4PE, and the coenzymes NADP, NADPH and NADP analogue 3-amino-pyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate to 6-phospho-d-gluconate dehydrogenase from T. brucei was studied using isothermal titration calorimetry. Binding of the substrate (K(d) = 5 microm) and its analogues (K(d) =1.3 microm and K(d) = 2.8 microm for 5PR and 4PE, respectively) is entropy driven, whereas binding of the coenzymes is enthalpy driven. Oxidized coenzyme and its analogue, but not reduced coenzyme, display a half-site reactivity in the ternary complex with the substrate or inhibitors. Binding of 6PG and ...
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 6-phospho-D-gluconate, and two products, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate-forming). Other names in common use include 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrase, gluconate-6-phosphate dehydratase, gluconate 6-phosphate dehydratase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase, and 6-phospho-D-gluconate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in Entner-Doudoroff pathway. ...
BioAssay record AID 7236 submitted by ChEMBL: Inhibition constant against 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of Trypanosoma brucei expressed in Escherichia coli.
Purified 6-Phosphogluconic Acid Colorimetric Assay Kit from Creative Biomart. 6-Phosphogluconic Acid Colorimetric Assay Kit can be used for research.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
The enzyme participates in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, whose main purpose is to produce reducing power and pentose for biosynthetic reactions. Unlike EC 1.1.1.44, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent, decarboxylating), it is not specific for NADP+ and can accept both cofactors with similar efficiency. cf. EC 1.1.1.343, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase [NAD+-dependent, decarboxylating ...
Evidence for the presence of the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori was obtained using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bacterial lysates generated 6-phosphogluconate and NADH or NADPH in incubations with glucose-6-phosphate and NAD+ or NADP+, indicating the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Formation of pyruvate was observed in time courses of incubations of bacterial lysates with 6-phosphogluconate as the only substrate, suggesting the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activities. The existence of these enzymes and of triose phosphate isomerase was confirmed by observing the appearance of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in time courses of bacterial lysates incubated with 6-phosphogluconate. Aldolase activity was measured by the production of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in lysates incubated with 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate as the sole substrate. Dehydrogenase,
1. The incorporation of [U-(14)C]glucose into several lipid components of lung and liver slices, and the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), ;malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) of the cell cytosol were examined in normal, starved and re-fed rats. 2. Lipogenesis and the activities of these enzymes in liver were decreased markedly in rats starved for 72h. Re-feeding starved rats on a fat-free diet for 72h resulted in the well documented hyperlipogenic response in liver, particularly in its ability to convert glucose into neutral lipid, and increased activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ;malic enzyme and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to values approx. 700, 470 and 250% of controls respectively. 3. Approx. 70% of the total label in lung lipids was present in the phospholipid fraction. Hydrolysis of lung phospholipids revealed that lipogenesis from glucose was considerable, with
1PGJ: A 2.8 A resolution structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei: comparison with the sheep enzyme accounts for differences in activity with coenzyme and substrate analogues.
1PGO: Crystallographic study of coenzyme, coenzyme analogue and substrate binding in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: implications for NADP specificity and the enzyme mechanism.
Childhood obesity, and specifically its metabolic complications, are related to deficient antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. Erythrocytes are constantly exposed to multiple sources of oxidative stress; hence, they are equipped with powerful antioxidant mechanisms requiring permanent reducing power generation and turnover. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) are two key enzymes on the pentose phosphate pathway. Both enzymes supply reducing power by generating NADPH, which is essential for maintaining the redox balance within the cell and the activity of other antioxidant enzymes. We hypothesized that obese children with insulin resistance would exhibit blunted G6PDH and 6PGDH activities, contributing to their erythrocytes redox status imbalances. We studied 15 control and 24 obese prepubertal children, 12 of whom were insulin-resistant according to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We analyzed erythroid malondialdehyde (MDA) and ...
Holger Krisp, Ulm, Germany. An orange pigment called parietin, found in lichens and rhubarb, may have potential as an anticancer drug, scientists at Emorys Winship Cancer Institute have discovered. The study results were published in Nature Cell Biology in October.. Parietin, also known as physcion, could slow the growth of and kill human leukemia cells obtained directly from patients without obvious toxicity to human blood cells. The pigment could also inhibit the growth of human cancer cell lines, derived from lung and head and neck tumors, when grafted into mice.. A team of researchers led by Jing Chen, Emory professor of hematology and medical oncology, discovered the properties of parietin because they were looking for inhibitors for the metabolic enzyme 6PGD (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). 6PGD is part of the pentose phosphate pathway, which supplies cellular building blocks for rapid growth and has been found in cancer cells.. This is part of the Warburg effect, the distortion of ...
A subgroup of L-lactate dehydrogenases. L-lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) are tetrameric enzymes catalyzing the last step of glycolysis in which pyruvate is converted to L-lactate. This subgroup is composed of some bacterial LDHs from firmicutes, gammaproteobacteria, and actinobacteria. Vertebrate LDHs are non-allosteric, but some bacterial LDHs are activated by an allosteric effector such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. LDHs are part of the NAD(P)-binding Rossmann fold superfamily, which includes a wide variety of protein families including the NAD(P)-binding domains of alcohol dehydrogenases, tyrosine-dependent oxidoreductases, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, formate/glycerate dehydrogenases, siroheme synthases, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, aminoacid dehydrogenases, repressor rex, and NAD-binding potassium channel domains, among others. ...
infected erythrocytes in the presence of IQ using chloroquine (CQ) as a control. After haemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione cycle and NADPH + H+-dependent dehydrogenase enzyme activities were investigated. Lipid peroxidation was also assayed to evaluate lipid damage. The results showed that the overall activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were significantly diminished by IQ (by 53.5% and 100%, respectively). Glutathione peroxidase activity was also lowered (31%) in conjunction with a higher GSSG/GSH ratio. As a compensatory response, overall SOD activity increased and lipid peroxidation decreased, protecting the cells from the haemolysis caused by the infection. CQ shared most of the effects showed by IQ; however it was able to inhibit the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase. In conclusion, IQ could be a candidate for further studies in malaria research interfering with the oxidative status in ...
Carbohydrates,One-carbon Metabolism,Formaldehyde assimilation Ribulose monophosphate pathway,6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (EC 1.1.1.44 ...
Northern Sweden shows a unique population structure with remarkable geographical variations in the distribution of genetic disorders as well as genetic markers like blood groups, serum groups and red cell enzyme types. The present-day population of northern Sweden is a mixture of people of Finnish, Saamish (Lappish) and Central-Swedish origin.. In this thesis the ethnic heterogeneity of the North-Swedish population (counties of Västerbotten and Norrbotten) was studied using genetic blood markers, and the epidemiological impact of the ethnic heterogeneity was exemplified by studying the geographical correlation between Finnish admixture and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The following results were found:. 1 Two new ethnic marker genes were discovered: the GC*1F allele (GC serum groups) for Saamish influence and the TF*C3 allele (transferrin serum groups) for Finnish influence.. 2 Regional gene frequency variations in the A1A2B0 blood groups, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) ...
500 1 _ ‎‡a Arrhenius, Olof‏ ‎‡d 1895-1977‏ ‎‡4 bezf‏ ‎‡4 http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#familialRelationship‏ ‎‡e Beziehung familiaer‏ ...
Journal of Renal and Hepatic Disorders provides an interdisciplinary platform for the publication of research articles on disorders of the kidneys, and the liver.
Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucono-Δ-lactone (Δgl) was found to be associated with a specific coordinate induction of the synthesis of two enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase - together with that of a third enzyme, gluconokinase. The gnd1 mutation, responsible for an approximately 80% loss of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity and the inability of the cells to grow on Δgl, completely abolished the induction of all three enzymes, while the gnd2 mutation affected this only partially. One class of gnd1 revertants, selected for growth on Δgl, was found to have recovered normal dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize the three enzymes when induced by Δgl. Another class of Δgl-positive revertants possessed constitutively elevated levels of gluconokinase. In contrast, glucose-positive revertants of gnd1, with restored constitutive dehydrogenase activity, continued to remain deficient in
A gene encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH, EC 1.1.1.44) was identified from the homofermentative lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis, by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. The cloned gene was then expressed to high levels in E. coli and the protein purified for kinetic analysis. The enzyme had a Km for 6-phosphogluconate of 15.4±1.4 µM and for NADP of 1.9±0.2 µM at pH 7.5. Sequence comparison of the L. lactis 6-PGDH with the corresponding enzyme derived from the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei and sheep liver revealed the substrate-binding residues to be identical in all three species, although the three coenzyme-binding pockets differed slightly. A totally conserved arginine residue (Arg-447), believed to bind the 6-phosphate of substrate, was mutated to lysine, aspartate, alanine or tryptophan. In each case enzyme activity was lost, confirming an essential role for this residue on activity. A second arginine (Arg-34), believed to be critical in binding ...
The activities of catalase and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), the two key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp), were measured in the seeds of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina Maxim `Nectarine 7. The seeds were subjected to three imbibition treatments: 1) continuous 24C; 2) continuous 4C; and 3) application of thiourea (TU)/gibberellic acid (GA) at various concentrations to seed held at 24C then subsequently chilled at 4C. Treatments of continuous 24 or 4C indicated that catalase, G6PDH, and 6PGDH exhibited significant activity increases only when the seeds obtained germination potential, which occurred in the seeds chilled for 7 weeks at 4C. Seeds held at 24C did not germinate and showed little change with time in G6PDH and 6PGDH activity. There was only a slight increase in catalase activity beginning 3 weeks following treatment initiation and a decrease in activity following 13 weeks of treatment. Thiourea ...
Gluconate is an oxidative metabolite of glucose best known to occur in microorganisms, but also occurring in mammals (Rezzi et al., 2009). Glucose is oxidized to gluconate by glucose 1-dehydrogenase, which occurs in mammalian tissues (Harrison, 1931, 1932). Gluconate enters the pentose phosphate pathway via conversion to 6-phosphogluconate, a metabolic route of glucose catabolism. The formation of 6-phosphogluconate from exogenous gluconate has been demonstrated in mammals, demonstrating mammalian enzymatic capabilities for metabolizing gluconate (Stetten and Topper, 1953; Leder, 1957; Hakim and Moss, 1971; Casazza and Veech, 1986). Gluconokinase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the phosphorylation of gluconate to 6-phosphogluconate and has been identified in mammalian tissues, such as the brain and kidneys ( Hakim and Moss, 1972). Thus, gluconate occurs endogenously from the oxidative metabolism of glucose and is utilized in a well-known biochemical pathway (the pentose phosphate ...
ABSTRACT In this work, the potential chemopreventive activities of Elaeagnus umbellata fruit aqueous (EUFA) and leaf aqueous (EULA) extracts focusing on the modulatory influence of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs), antioxidant enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP), sulfhydryl groups were investigated in the hepatic and extrahepatic organs of Swiss albino mice (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt given orally for 14 days) and compared with BHA (0.75 % in diet). The modulatory and chemopreventive properties of two different doses EUFA and EULA were observed for cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, sulfhydryl groups, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-deethylase and N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxidase activities in the liver and compared with BHA as a standard. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and DT-diaphorase (DTD) showed a significant ...
Title: Perspectives for New Drugs Against Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. VOLUME: 2 ISSUE: 5. Author(s):Michael P. Barrett and Ian H. Gilbert. Affiliation:University of Glasgow,Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection&Immunity, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K.. Keywords:trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, phenanthridinium compound, trypanocidal drugs, megazol. Abstract: Diseases caused by pathogenic trypanosomatids cause great suffering throughout the developing world. New drugs for these diseases are urgently needed. Recent technological advances have permitted the identification and validation of numerous drug targets in these organisms. However, efforts to develop inhibitors of these targets, that may then be taken forward for development into new drugs, have been comparatively scarce. In this review we discuss the design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of two drug targets in trypanosomatids, 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the third enzyme ...
Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and magnesium to form glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). G-6-P is then oxidized by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) producing 6-phosphogluconate and NADH ...
The enzyme profile of methanol-grown Methylophilus methylotrophus has been determined. It shows that the organism uses a variant of the ribulose monophosphate cycle of formaldehyde fixation that involves cleavage of hexose phosphate by 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase and a rearrangement sequence involving transketolase and transaldolase. The organism possesses high concentrations of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase active with both NADP+ and NAD+, and two separate 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, one active with both NADP and NAD+ and the other active only with NAD+. In addition, the organism contains methanol dehydrogenase, and NAD+-linked formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases, thus possessing the enzymic potential necessary for both cyclic and linear sequences for oxidation of the formaldehyde derived from methanol. Hexulose phosphate synthase, phosphohexuloisomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the two 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases have been purified, characterized and
Five groups of five lactating rabbits each were used. Milk yield was recorded from the 8th day of lactation onwards and on the 10th day of lactation the rabbits received the following treatments: Group S, sham-operation with saline (1 ml/12 h); Group P, hypophysectomy with sheep prolactin (1 mg/12 h); Group H, hypophysectomy with human growth hormone (1 mg/12 h); Group B, hypophysectomy with bovine growth hormone (1 mg/12 h) and Group C, hypophysectomy with saline (1 ml/12 h). The injections of saline or hormones were continued for 5 days and at the end of this period a blood sample was taken, the animals were killed and their mammary glands removed for histological examination and assay of the following enzymes: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2), acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) and ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8). On the 5th day ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is also called as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt.
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Signal Descriptions Signal Reference Description AI +, AI - - 443x/449x DSA Analog Input Channel-AI+ and AI- are the positive and negative inputs of the pseudodifferential analog channel. PFI 0 GND 443x/6x/9x DSA Programmable Function Interface-A digital trigger input. GND - 449x DSA G
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. diclofenac ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
Microorganisms comprising modifications for producing pyruvate, ethanol, and other compounds. The microorganisms comprise modifications that reduce or ablate activity of one or more of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, phosphate acetyltransferase, acetate kinase, pyruvate oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytochrome terminal oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, pyruvate formate lyase, pyruvate formate lyase activating enzyme, and isocitrate lyase. The microorganisms optionally comprise modifications that enhance expression or activity of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The microorganisms are optionally evolved in defined media to enhance specific production of one or more compounds. Methods of producing compounds with the microorganisms are provided.
We hypothesized that the analysis of mRNA level and activity of key enzymes in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism in a feeding/fasting/refeeding setting could improve our understanding of how a carnivorous fish, like the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), responds to changes in dietary intake at the hepatic level. To this end cDNA fragments encoding genes for cytosolic and mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase (cALT; mALT), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) were cloned and sequenced. Measurement of mRNA levels through quantitative real-time PCR performed in livers of fasted seabass revealed a significant increase in cALT (8.5-fold induction)while promoting a drastic 45-fold down-regulation of PK in relation to the levels found in fed seabass. These observations were corroborated by enzyme activity meaning that during food deprivation an increase in the capacity of pyruvate generation happened via alanine to ...
6-Phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL, PGLS) is a cytosolic enzyme found in all organisms that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. The tertiary structure of 6PGL employs an α/β hydrolase fold, with active site residues clustered on the loops of the α-helices. Based on the crystal structure of the enzyme, the mechanism is proposed to be dependent on proton transfer by a histidine residue in the active site. 6PGL selectively catalyzes the hydrolysis of δ-6-phosphogluconolactone, and has no activity on the γ isomer. 6PGL hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid has been proposed to proceed via proton transfer to the O5 ring oxygen atom, similar to xylose isomerase and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. The reaction initiates via attack of a hydroxide ion at the C5 ester. A tetrahedral intermediate forms and elimination of the ester linkage follows, aided by donation of a proton from ...
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) is well-known as the main regulatory enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) in living organisms. Namely, in Planta, different G6PDH isoforms may occur, generally localized in cytosol and plastids/chloroplasts. These enzymes are differently regulated by distinct mechanisms, still far from being defined in detail. In the last decades, a pivotal function for plant G6PDHs during the assimilation of nitrogen, providing reductants for enzymes involved in nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation, has been described. More recently, several studies have suggested a main role of G6PDH to counteract different stress conditions, among these salinity and drought, with the involvement of an ABA depending signal. In the last few years, this recognized vision has been greatly widened, due to studies clearly showing the non-conventional subcellular localization of the different G6PDHs, and the peculiar regulation of the different isoforms. The
Although neither FRO2 nor IRT1 was represented on the microarray, two other FRO gene family members were found to be induced in roots exposed to iron deficiency for 1 day. In addition, ferritin expression was repressed in roots after just 1 day and in both roots and shoots after 3 and 7 days of growth on iron-deficient media [24]. Several genes that were induced by iron deficiency encode enzymes involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Other induced genes include those that encode products involved in mobilization and export of carbon in the form of sugars and starch from the shoots to the roots via the phloem [24]. Together, these results suggest that the iron-deficiency response necessitates an overall increase in respiration, and an increase in carbon import and anaerobic respiration in the roots of Arabidopsis plants.. Barley and rice are grasses and employ the so-called strategy II response for iron acquisition from the soil. In response to ...
EEEVP : Erythrocyte Enzyme Interpretation: A hematopathologist who is an expert in these disorders evaluates the case, appropriate tests are performed and an interpretive report is issued. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD in a hemolysate catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. Concomitantly, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is changed to its reduced form (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase: NADPH), a reaction measured spectrophotometrically.(Beutler E: Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods. Third edition. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1984, pp 68-71) Pyruvate Kinase: A red cell hemolysate is incubated with adenosine diphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. The amount of pyruvate formed is quantitated by adding lactic dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide and measuring the rate of decrease in absorbance at 340 nm.(Beutler E: Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods.
M63154AFP 3-phase Brushless driver ______________ VCC ,1 \__/ 36, nc RS ,2 35, Limit FLT ,3 34, Vref B1 ,4 33, Vctl PS ,5 * 32, /Acc ,----- phase.U ,6 * 31, /Dec ,----- pahse.V ,7 30, RCP Gnd ,8 29, Gnd Gnd ,9 28, Gnd Gnd ,10 27, Gnd Gnd ,11 26, Gnd phase.W ,12 25, SGnd HU+ ,13 24, OSCV HU- ,14 23, OSCC HV+ ,15 22, FG- HV- ,16 21, FG+ HW+ ,17 20, Amp.out HW- ,18 19, FGout ,______________, output current ACC DEC VCTL(CPout) Function ------------------------------------------------ H(5V) H(5V) 0uA Hold H(5V) L(0V) -200uA Deceleration L(0V) H(5V) +200uA Acceleration L(0V) L(0V) 0uA Hold Cable Pin Symbol Function --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Vcc Power supply 2 RS Current sense 3 FLT Connect to application of filter 4 B1 Short brake switch 5 PS Power save signal input 6 U Motor phase U output 7 V Motor phase V output 8..11 Gnd Power Gnd 12 W Motor phase W output 13 Hu+ Hall sensor signal input (U phase +) 14 Hu- Hall sensor signal input (U phase -) 15 Hv+ ...
410 2 _ ‎‡a Institute of Biology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences‏ ‎‡4 nauv‏ ‎‡4 http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#variantName‏ ‎‡e Unveraenderte Form‏ ...
The treatment of rats for 4 h with 6-aminonicotinamide (60 mg kg -1) resulted in an 180-fold increase in the concentration of 6-phospho-gluconate in their brains; glucose increased 2.6-fold and glucose 6-phosphate, 1.7-fold. Moreover, lactate decreased by 20%, glutamate by 8% and y-aminobutyrate by 12 %, and aspartate increased by 10%. No significant changes were found in glutamine and citrate. In blood, 6-phosphogluconate increased 5-fold; glucose, 1.4-fold and glucose 6-phosphate, 1.8-fold. The metabolism of glucose in the rat brain, via both the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt, was investi-gated by injecting [U-14C]glucose or [2-14C]glucose, and that via the hexose monophosphate shunt alone by injecting [3, 4-14C]glucose. The total radioactive yield of amino acids in the rat brain was 5.63 μmol at 20 min after injection of [U-14C]glucose, or 5.82 μmol after injection of [2-14C]glucose; by contrast, it was 0.62 μmol after injection of [3, 4-14C]glucose. The ...
Engineering yeast to be more tolerant to fermentation inhibitors, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), will lead to more efficient lignocellulose to ethanol bioconversion. To identify target ge
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Hello, I cannot calibrate osciloscope. Calibration fails in the first step (connect P and N to GND) with something like Device is not communicating. I have tried all recommended tips (changing USB, AUX supply, NO LIMITS mode). Once I have suceeded (and I cannot repeat it), went through calibratio...
Pentose phosphate pathway can define as a metabolic pathway that occurs in all living organisms which utilize the first intermediate product of glycolysis i.e. Glucose 6-phosphate for the production of NADPH (by the reduction of coenzyme NADP) and a Pentose sugar.
View Chapter 20: The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and study flashcards and quizzes. Learn anything with notes, quizzes and flashcards on Knowt.
Biosynthesis and interconversion of monosaccharides. The relative contributions of each pathway under physiological conditions are unknown. (Rectangles) Donors; (ovals) monosaccharides; (asterisks) control points; (6PG) 6-phosphogluconate; (PEP) phosphoenolpyruvate; (KDN) 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galactonononic acid; (Dol) dolichol.
電源輸入、限流電阻、外接驅動穩壓、喇叭輸出端的端子台都排排站好在圖中的下方 ,,. JC-3正負電源輸入的點在PCB下方,正電源接到CN5、負電源接到CN6、濾波電容中點(GND)接到CN3、CN4其中一個。接好正負電源之後記得將JP1和JP2分別短路,因為JP1和JP2是預留給驅動穩壓使用的,一般情況直接短路就可以了。. 上電調整測試說明 -上電調整輸入級偏流. 接好正負電源之後,在上電之前,保險起見,分別將JP3、JP4的兩點之間串上套件內附10 Ohm /0.5W的限流電阻充當保險絲用,。. 接下來將SVR3逆時針轉到底(轉到底時會發出喀喀的聲音)將偏流調到最小,然後上電,如果發現兩顆10 ...