Phosgene is an extremely powerful choking agent, powerful enough to be used as a chemical weapon. The lethal dose is 0.01-0.03 g/l. There is no known antidote. It is believed that one Sciencemadness member might have died from pulmonary edema that might of been caused by phosgene, as in his last post he expressed his desire to try and make the said compound. However, this hasnt been officially confirmed. If youre a smoker, its a very good lab practice to chain-smoke when experimenting with phosgene. Even very small, otherwise undetectable amounts of phosgene in the air react with smoldering tobacco and change the taste of the smoke to something revoltingly bad. This should give you an early warning in case of a phosgene leak. ...

Phosgene, the acid chloride of carbonic acid, is an industrial chemical that was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. It is a choking gas that reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas, which is corrosive. Exposure can lead to pulmonary edema and chemical pneumonitis. Phosgene has many different names, including carbon oxychloride, chloroformyl chloride, carbonyl chloride, carbonic dichloride, CG (military) and carbonyl dichloride. ...

Phosgene (COCl2) is a highly toxic gas or liquid that is classified as a pulmonary irritant. Exposure to phosgene gas produces delayed-onset noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

The toxic action of phosgene is typical of a certain group of lung damaging agents. Phosgene is the most dangerous member of this group and the only one considered likely to be used in the future. Phosgene was used for the first time in 1915, and it accounted for 80% of all chemical fatalities during World War I.. Phosgene is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. Its boiling point is 8.2°C, making it an extremely volatile and non-persistent agent. Its vapor density is 3.4 times that of air. It may therefore remain for long periods of time in trenches and other low lying areas. In low concentrations it has a smell resembling new mown hay.. The outstanding feature of phosgene poisoning is massive pulmonary edema. With exposure to very high concentrations death may occur within several hours; in most fatal cases pulmonary edema reaches a maximum in 12 hours followed by death in 24-48 hours. If the casualty survives, resolution commences within 48 hours and, in the ...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene#Chemical_warfare Phosgene is an insidious poison as the odor may not be noticed and symptoms may be slow to appear.[17] The odor detection threshold for phosgene is 0.4 ppm, which is four times the Threshold Limit Value. Its high toxicity arises from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary alveoli, which are the site of gas exchange: their damage disrupts the blood-air barrier, causing suffocation. It reacts with the amines of the proteins, causing crosslinking via formation of urea-like linkages, in accord with the reactions discussed above. Phosgene detection badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.[3]Sodium bicarbonate may be used to neutralise liquid spills of phosgene. Gaseous spills may be mitigated with ammonia.[18 ...

Phosgene oxime (CX) is an urticant or nettle agent that causes a corrosive type of skin and tissue injury. Although CX is often grouped with the vesicant chemical warfare agents, it is not a true vesicant because it does not cause blisters.

The manufacture of carbonates and carbamates is essential due to their wide range of applications from polymers in foams, elastomers and engineering plastics to agrochemicals. Since there is a high demand for both types of compound, there is a commercial justification for use of phosgene in their synthesis. However, phosgene is highly toxic in small quantities. The development of an alternative reagent is therefore most desirable.. This thesis relates our attempts to overcome the problem of phosgene use by utilising C02. Chapter One highlights previous research concerning the synthesis of carbonates and their derivatives from CO2. Chapter Two details the development of the reaction of CO2 to form methanesulfonyl carbonates (RO(CO)OS02Me) and carbamates (R2N(CO)OS02Me), which are precursors of carbonates and carbamates respectively. Alcohols or amines are reacted with CO2 at atmospheric pressure in acetonitrile to generate carbonate and carbamate anions in situ. Reaction with methanesulfonic ...

Synonyms for Carbonyl chloride in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Carbonyl chloride. 1 word related to phosgene: gas. What are synonyms for Carbonyl chloride?

48 matching references were found. House; Lord; Rao, J. Org. Chem., 1956, 21, 1487. [all data] Lord Rayleigh, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A, 1905, 204, 351. [all data] Goy, C.A.; Lord, A.; Pritchard, H.O., Kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction between iodine and fluoroform and the heat of formation of trifluoromethyl iodide, J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 1086-1089. [all data] Lord, A.; Goy, C.A.; Pritchard, H.O., The heats of formation of trifluoromethyl chloride and bromide, J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 2705-2707. [all data] Lord, A.; Pritchard, H.O., Thermodynamics of the reaction between carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1969, 1, 495-498. [all data] Lord, A.; Pritchard, H.O., Thermodynamics of phosgene formation from carbon monoxide and chlorine, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1970, 2, 187-191. [all data] Goy, C.A.; Lord, A.; Pritchard, H.O., J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 1086. [all data] Lord, A.; Pritchard, H.O., Thermodynamics of Phosgene Formation froom Carbon Monoxide and ...

Isopropanol (syn: isopropyl alcohol, IPA):• forms ketones and unstable peroxides on contact with air or oxygen; the presence of ketones especially methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, 2-butanone) will accelerate the rate of peroxidation• reacts violently with strong oxidisers, powdered aluminium (exothermic), crotonaldehyde, diethyl aluminium bromide (ignition), dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate (ignition/ ambient temperature), chromium trioxide (ignition), potassium-tert-butoxide (ignition), nitroform (possible explosion), oleum (pressure increased in closed container), cobalt chloride, aluminium triisopropoxide, hydrogen plus palladium dust (ignition), oxygen gas, phosgene, phosgene plus iron salts (possible explosion), sodium dichromate plus sulfuric acid (exothermic/ incandescence), triisobutyl aluminium• reacts with phosphorus trichloride forming hydrogen chloride gas• reacts, possibly violently, with alkaline earth and alkali metals, strong acids, strong caustics, acid anhydrides, halogens, ...

Changes were measured in the permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane and lavage surfactant concentrations following phosgene (75445) exposure and the influence of colchicine on both. Male Sprague-Dawley-rats were treated with either colchicine at 1.0mg/kg or saline intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior to exposure to phosgene at 0.5 parts per million for 60 minutes and air. Lavage surfactant

Isocyanates are highly valued synthetic intermediates. Unfortunately, they are usually synthesized using toxic phosgene. Recently, the Rousseaux group published work demonstrating the in situ generation of various aryl isocyanates through reaction of DMSO, trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), DBU, CO2, and an aryl amine.1 This method not only avoids using phosgene, it also eliminates the need to isolate and purify the isocyanate intermediate for subsequent reaction with either an amine or an alcohol to produce a urea or a carbamate, respectively. This one pot method also is noteworthy in that, in certain cases, purification simply requires a water wash. As shown in Scheme 1, DMSO plays a vital role in the generation of the isocyanate intermediate. DMSO reacts with TFAA to produce the trifluoroacetate sulfonium salt A. This salt acts as a dehydrating agent on the carbamate salt B to produce the isocyanate intermediate C. With the addition of an amine to the reaction mixture, a urea (compound 2) is ...

8. TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSES & BIOMEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS 8.1 Material sampling plan 8.1.1 Sampling and specimen collection 8.1.1.1 Toxicological analyses 8.1.1.2 Biomedical analyses 8.1.1.3 Arterial blood gas analysis 8.1.1.4 Haematological analyses 8.1.1.5 Other (unspecified) analyses 8.1.2 Storage of laboratory samples & specimens 8.1.2.1 Toxicological analyses 8.1.2.2 Biomedical analyses 8.1.2.3 Arterial blood gas analysis 8.1.2.4 Haematological analyses 8.1.2.5 Other (unspecified) analyses 8.1.3 Transport of laboratory samples &specimens 8.1.3.1 Toxicological analyses 8.1.3.2 Biomedical analyses 8.1.3.3 Arterial blood gas analysis 8.1.3.4 Haematological analyses 8.1.3.5 Other (unspecified) analyses 8.2 Toxicological Analyses and Their Interpretation 8.2.1 Tests on toxic ingredient(s) of material 8.2.1.1 Simple Qualitative Test(s) 8.2.1.2 Advanced Qualitative Confirmation Test(s) 8.2.1.3 Simple Quantitative Method(s) 8.2.1.4 Advanced Quantitative Method(s) 8.2.2 Tests for biological specimens ...

Powell Fabrication is the worlds leading supplier of equipment to produce, filter, dilute, store, monitor, unload and load sodium hypochlorite, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methanol, and other hazardous chemicals.

In this talk, I will present how our group at the University of Bath in the United Kingdom have been using sugars and CO2 as renewable feedstocks for the creation of novel polymers. We have, in our group, developed a procedure for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from diols and CO2 under mild conditions (room temperature, low CO2 pressure), which presents an alternative to the traditional use of phosgene derivatives for monomer synthesis.[1] I will describe how we have applied this synthetic route to the various sugar derivatives (e.g. from mannose,[2] thymidine[3] and 2-deoxyribose[4]), to produce several novel cyclic carbonate monomers, which are sometimes not accessible via traditional phosgene methods. In particular, I will show how we have used DFT calculations to guide our synthetic targets. Subsequent controlled Ring-Opening Polymerisation (ROP) of these new monomers is possible using organocatalysts or metal precursors, in solution or in the melt, which yields aliphatic polycarbonates

High molecular weight linear polycarbonates are prepared by continuous condensation of organic dihydroxy compounds and phosgene in two reaction zones, a mixture of an aqueous-alkaline solution of the organic dihydroxy compound and an aqueous catalyst solution being introduced at the rate of from 1 to 50 meters per second and the phosgene at the rate of from 30 to 300 meters per second into the first reaction zone and condensed, an organic solvent being incorporated into the resultant reaction mixture containing oligomer and polycarbonate and the condensation of the aqueous-organic reaction mixture carried to completion in the second reaction zone by the two-phase interfacial method.

Textbook solution for Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Steven S. Zumdahl Chapter 4 Problem 44E. We have step-by-step solutions for your textbooks written by Bartleby experts!

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Functional genomic assessment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury in mice. AU - Leikauf, George D.. AU - Concel, Vincent J.. AU - Bein, Kiflai. AU - Liu, Pengyuan. AU - Berndt, Annerose. AU - Martin, Timothy M.. AU - Ganguly, Koustav. AU - Jang, An Soo. AU - Brant, Kelly A.. AU - Dopico, Richard A.. AU - Upadhyay, Swapna. AU - Cario, Clinton. AU - Peter Di, Y. P.. AU - Vuga, Louis J.. AU - Kostem, Emrah. AU - Eskin, Eleazar. AU - You, Ming. AU - Kaminski, Naftali. AU - Prows, Daniel R.. AU - Knoell, Daren L.. AU - Fabisiak, James P.. PY - 2013/9/1. Y1 - 2013/9/1. N2 - In this study, a genetically diverse panel of 43 mouse strains was exposed to phosgene and genome-wide association mapping performed using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assembly. Transcriptomic analysis was also used to improve the genetic resolution in the identification of genetic determinants of phosgene-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We prioritized the identified genes based on whether ...

The German attack near Hulluch began with the release of smoke, followed by a mixture of chlorine and phosgene gas ​1 1⁄2 hours later, from 3,800 cylinders, on the fronts of Bavarian Infantry Regiment 5 (BIR 5) and Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 5 (BRIR 5).[8] The discharge on the front of Bavarian Infantry Regiment 9 (BIR 9) was cancelled, as the direction of the wind risked enveloping the 3rd Bavarian Division on the right flank, in the Hohenzollern Redoubt sector. At 5:00 a.m., German artillery began a high-explosive, shrapnel and trench-mortar bombardment, on the front of the 16th Division and the right flank of the 15th Division to the north, laid a barrage on communication trenches and fired lacrymatory shells into villages and British rear positions. At 5:10 a.m., gas and smoke clouds rose from the German trenches and moved towards the British trenches, blown by a south-easterly wind. The gas cloud was so thick at the beginning, that visibility was reduced to 2-3 yd (1.8-2.7 m); ...

one can only guess the holocaust to which they were subject due to the havoc played by a gas against which even professional soldiers were advised not to take any chances. That there have been annual accidents in Bhopal plant ever since it started its production in 1980, that on 26 December 1981, a plant operator Mohammed Ashraf was killed following a leakage of phosgene gas, and that a local journalist Raj Kumar Keshwani has written soul-stirring appeals in his Rapat Saptahik (Weekly Reporter) and also in Jansatta about the impending disaster are too well-known to be enumerated in detail. That the political clout of the company saved it each time and that the then Labour Minister Tarasingh Viyogi had so superciliously told Mr. Mahendra Karma, MLA, in the State Assembly in December 1982 that a sum of Rs. 25 crores had been invested on the plant, that it was not a small stone to be shifted elsewhere and that there was no danger to Bhopal nor would there be any in future are also equally well ...

4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine carbonyl chloride chemical properties, What are the chemical properties of 4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine carbonyl chloride 59703-00-3, What are the physical properties of 4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine carbonyl chloride ect.

Chroman-6-carbonyl chloride, 95%, Maybridge Amber Glass Bottle; 250mg Chroman-6-carbonyl chloride, 95%, Maybridge Chole to Cis -Organics

Among them, irritant gases include chlorine, phosgene, diphosgene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, ammonia, and ozone. The action of irritating gases on the body is characterized by a strong irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, some of which also have a strong corrosive effect. The degree of damage to the body by irritating gases is related to its solubility in the water and the site of action. In general, water-soluble chemicals, such as chlorine, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide, rapidly stimulate the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing eye and upper respiratory tract irritation; and water-soluble chemicals such as light. Gas, nitrogen dioxide, and other effects on the lower respiratory tract and alveoli are more obvious. The severity of lesions caused by irritant gases, in addition to the nature of the chemical itself, is most closely related to the concentration and timing of exposure to chemicals. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of irritating gases ...

From the book Diet for a New America in the chapter America the Poisoned: Pesticides are extraordinarily concentrated and powerful chemicals intentionally developed to kill living creatures. Some of them were originally developed to kill human beings. Phosgene, used today to produce chemical herbicides and insecticides, was originally developed for use in chemical warfare, and was, in fact, the agent of almost all deaths due to poison gas in World War I. Zykon-B, another modern pesticide, is the substance which the Nazis used to produce deadly hydrogen cyanide gas, used to kill millions.at concentration camps ...

The museum has all kinds of artifacts and documents, from tanks and weapons, to uniform and equipment, to documents, to training aids. These four posters were produced during WWII as training aids to teach soldiers about poison gas which has been used extensively during WWI. In addition to their historic importance they also represent the artistic media of the time.. Phosgene:. Usually a colorless gas, poisonous at room temperature, also used to make plastics and pesticides. A suffocating agent it was one of the main gas killers of soldiers during WWI.. ...

Chemical warfare has been around since archers clad in animal skins stroked arrowheads against the backs of poisonous amphibians. Ancient Chinese manuals on war describe recipes for soul-hunting fog made of arsenic. Writing in the fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci suggested loading small catapults called mangonels with asphyxiating powders of arsenic sulphide and verdigris. But it was in the nightmarish trenches of the First World War where chemical weapons were adopted as a full-scale tactic. Amongst the mud and shrapnel,. German, French, Russian and British troops unleashed poison gas attacks on one another with rapidly-evolving efficiency. Starting out with huge tanks of chlorine whose contents were carried by favourable winds toward enemy positions, commanders soon recognised that, as Leonardo had suggested, bombardment by artillery was the most effective form of delivery. They filled shells with chlorine, and other agents soon followed: phosgene, lewisite, mustard agent and tear gas, ...

As might be expected from its use as an anesthetic, inhaling chloroform vapors depresses the central nervous system. Breathing about 900 parts of chloroform per million parts air (900 parts per million) for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache. Chronic chloroform exposure may cause damage to the liver (where chloroform is metabolized to phosgene) and to the kidneys, and some people develop sores when the skin is immersed in chloroform. Approximately 10 percent of the population has an allergic reaction to chloroform that produces a fever of around 40°C (104°F) upon exposure.. Animal studies have shown that miscarriages occur in rats and mice that have breathed air containing 30 to 300 ppm chloroform during pregnancy and also in rats that have ingested chloroform during pregnancy. Offspring of rats and mice that breathed chloroform during pregnancy have a higher incidence of birth defects, and abnormal sperm have been found in male mice that have breathed air containing 400 ...

A macroporous crosslinked styrene resin, used as a carrier for covalently binding proteins, which resin contains isocyanate, thioisocyanate or aldehyde groups as protein-binding groups and may or may not contain sulfonic acid groups--which may also be in the form of the sodium salt or of sulfonic acid amide groups--as hydrophilic groups. The carrier according to the invention is prepared from a sulfochlorinated macroporous crosslinked styrene resin by reacting the sulfonic acid chloride groups with an α,ω-diamino compound, with hydrazine or with an α, ω-diamino-diether, converting any sulfonic acid chloride groups which may still be present to free sulfonic acid groups, their sodium salt or a sulfonamide group, and then reacting the terminal amino groups with phosgene, thiophosgene or a diisocyanate in order to produce the binding groups, which in turn fix a biologically active protein by covalent bonds.

A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to a corrosive substance such as a strong acid or base. Chemical burns follow standard burn classification and may cause extensive tissue damage. The main types of irritant and/or corrosive products are: acids, bases, oxidizers / reducing agents, solvents, and alkylants. Additionally, chemical burns can be caused by some types of chemical weapons, e.g., vesicants such as mustard gas and Lewisite, or urticants such as phosgene oxime. Chemical burns may: need no source of heat, occur immediately on contact, not be immediately evident or noticeable, be extremely painful, diffuse into tissue and damage structures under skin without immediately apparent damage to skin surface. The exact symptoms of a chemical burn depend on the chemical involved. Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing, coughing blood and/or tissue necrosis. Common sources of chemical burns include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ...

When the simplest compounds of this element are considered (marsh gas, chloride of carbon, chloroform, carbonic acid, phosgene, sulphide of carbon, hydrocyanic acid, etc.) it is seen that the quantity of carbon which chemists have recognised as the smallest possible, that is, as an atom, always unites with 4 atoms of a monatomic or with two atoms of a diatomic element; that in general, the sum of the chemical units of the elements united with one atom of carbon is 4. This leads us to the view that carbon is tetratomic or tetrabasic. In the cases of substances which contain several atoms of carbon, it must be assumed that at least some of the atoms are in some way held in the compound by the affinity of carbon, and that the carbon atoms attach themselves to one another, whereby a part of the affinity of the one is naturally engaged with an equal part of the affinity of the other. The simplest and therefore the most probable case of such an association of carbon atoms is that in which one affinity ...

Natural News) The future looks brighter as researchers have discovered a way to create plastic thats not harmful to nature. Scientists from the Centre of Sustainable Chemical Technologies (CSCT) at the University of Bath has successfully created a plastic material that doesnt use highly toxic substances that could pose problems not only to the environment but also to our health. This biodegradable plastic will be made from sugar and carbon dioxide instead of crude oil and bisphenol-A (BPA) - a material banned from use in baby bottles - and phosgene, a highly toxic chemical that was even used as a weapon in World War I.. With an ever-growing population, there is an increasing demand for plastics. This new plastic is a renewable alternative to fossil-fuel based polymers, potentially inexpensive, and, because it is biodegradable, will not contribute to growing ocean and landfill waste, said Dr. Antoine Buchard, Whorrod Research Fellow in the Universitys Department of Chemistry. Our process ...

2-Guanadino-3-cyanopyridines 8-33 and pyrido[2,3-d]-pyrimidines 35-52 were synthesized by nucleophilic displacement and cyclization of the chloroamidines 6a-d easily obtained by reaction of 2-aminocyanopyridines 5a-d with phosgene iminium chloride and their action on the release of histamine by mast …

C L O N E S , C ATS , AND CHEMICALS Thousands of different compounds have been developed and tested for their toxicity. The most deadly of all is the nerve gas VX. A drop of VX the size of the period at the end of this sentence is fatal. Nerve gas kills people the same way Raid kills roaches, by blocking the proper transmission of nerve impulses, resulting in paralysis and death. 25 s Blistering and choking gases, such as mustard gas and phosgene, are less deadly than nerve gases, but cause severe irritation of skin, eyes, and lungs. In a free society, their historical right to hunt must never be denied by anti-hunting activists with different moral values. 55 Photo courtesy of James Mulhern and James Mulhern, Jr. s Anti-hunting Activists View S port hunting of wildlife is a recreational pastime where hunters derive pleasure from stalking and shooting mammals and birds that are sensitive to pain and have a right to live in the natural environment. Most funds for the purchase and maintenance of ...

The RNFOC poses a real and present danger to all Splenda users. It is risky because the RNFOC confers a molecule with a set of super powers that wreak havoc on the human body. For example, Agent Orange, used in the U.S Army s herbicidal warfare program, is a RNFOC. Exposure can lead to Hodgkin s lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma as well as diabetes and various forms of cancer! Other shocking examples are the war gas phosgene, chlordane and lindane.[2] The RNFOC is lethal because it allows poisons to be fat soluble while rendering the natural defense mechanisms of the body helpless ...

ATLANTA--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 6, 2014-- Axiall Corporation today updated its assessment of the PHH vinyl chloride monomer manufacturing facility at the companys Lake Charles chemicals complex in Louisiana that was affected by the December 20 fire. Based on its current assessment the company anticipates operations to resume near the end of the first quarter of 2014. The company estimates that the repairs and lost production will have minimal impact on fourth quarter 2013 financial results but will reduce first quarter 2014 operating income by approximately $25 million. About Axiall Axiall Corporation (NYSE: AXLL) is a leading integrated chemicals and building products company. It is an international manufacturer of chlor-alkali and derivatives, chlorovinyls and aromatics products including chlorine, caustic soda, vinyl chloride monomer, chlorinated solvents, calcium hypochlorite, ethylene dichloride, muriatic acid, phosgene derivatives, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl compounds, acetone, cumene and ...

ATLANTA--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 6, 2014-- Axiall Corporation today updated its assessment of the PHH vinyl chloride monomer manufacturing facility at the companys Lake Charles chemicals complex in Louisiana that was affected by the December 20 fire. Based on its current assessment the company anticipates operations to resume near the end of the first quarter of 2014. The company estimates that the repairs and lost production will have minimal impact on fourth quarter 2013 financial results but will reduce first quarter 2014 operating income by approximately $25 million. About Axiall Axiall Corporation (NYSE: AXLL) is a leading integrated chemicals and building products company. It is an international manufacturer of chlor-alkali and derivatives, chlorovinyls and aromatics products including chlorine, caustic soda, vinyl chloride monomer, chlorinated solvents, calcium hypochlorite, ethylene dichloride, muriatic acid, phosgene derivatives, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl compounds, acetone, cumene and ...

Subaquatic ammunition dumpsites of both, conventional as well as chemical ammunition do practically exist in every single ocean and even in a significant number of inland waters. Most of these dumpsites are based on related post world war dumping actions, when victorious and defeated states had to get rid of their enormous surplus stocks of ammunition and especially the not easy to be handled chemical warfare agents like mustard, phosgene and even nerve agents. After first attempts of conventional destruction like burning, explosion or even simple emptying of chemical agents into pits or holes in the ground, those attempts soon emerged to be very time-consuming and dangerous. Adequate destruction technologies of todays standards like detonation chambers or plasma kiln did just not exist at that time. The persons in charge soon focused on a much more promising solution attempt: the dumping of this ammunition into surrounding water bodies. In the case of the post World War II dumping actions, the ...

1. Respiratory bronchioles from the nasopharynx to the respiratory tract mucosa by the stimulation, the can cause cough. Constitutive-like stimulus effects of the laryngeal cavity and the trachea between the most sensitive sub-hit film. Lung irritation due to cough, generally considered to be the alveolar en thin secretions, exudate, caused leak into the small bronchi, and distribution of nerve endings are stimulated, especially by chemical stimulation. Various infections, over-reaction, physical (such as foreign bodies, secretions, cold and hot air, pressure, etc.), chemical (irritant industrial gases ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, phosgene, a volatile inhalation of sulfuric acid, a enzyme, absorption smoke, etc.) factors, stimulate the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus; mucosa were bite cough, and alveolar exudates in the bronchioles into only when and cough. Cough is the most common symptoms of lung cancer, central lung cancer is more prominent, the tumor close to the bulge, there are ...

v. 1. Aluminum compounds, Inorganic to Carbon monoxide -- v. 2. Cement and concrete to Cyano compounds, Inorganic -- v. 3. Fertilizers to Hydrogen -- v. Hydrogen peroxide to Phosgene -- v. 5. Phosphate fertilizers to Sodium carbonates -- v. 6. Sodium chloride to Zirconium compounds. Index ...

A Health Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH in the automatic screw machine (SIC-3541) area at Sibley Engineering and Manufacturing Company, Sulphur Springs, Arkansas, on April 7 and June 15, 1976, acting on a request from the employer regarding the exposure of workers to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (79005), oil mist and phosgene (75445). Medical interviews of 10 exposed workers and a

As a measure for climate protection today already huge amounts of CO2 are captured from exhaust gases. This raw material for chemical substances like methanol and urea offers great potential as renewable C1-building block in further syntheses. In this respect dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a promising target product as it can be used even in large margin syntheses like the production of polycarbonates, in which DMC serves as substitute for the currently used phosgene. In the synthesis of DMC, using methanol and CO2 as feedstock, cerium-based heterogeneous catalysts have been proven to be active. While a high selectivity of nearly 100 % for DMC is reached, the specific reaction rates are usually low with values smaller 0.1 gDMC/gKat./h. By improving the catalyst synthesis and by using dopants specific reaction rates of up to 4.5 gDMC/gKat./h could be reached under optimized reaction conditions. Based on catalyst characterization results maintained from XRD, UV/VIS, BET as well as FTIR spectroscopy ...

Dräger PAC 8000 is a device for monitoring one of the selected gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorine (Cl2), ammonia (NH3), phosphine (PH3), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phosgene (COCl2), organic vapors (OV) and (OV-A). The meter guarantees maximum ...

This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Pulmonary Intoxicant, Green Cross Agent, Phosgene, Chlorine, Irritant Gas Syndrome, Lung Irritant Chemical Warfare Agent.

Six years into the war, many U.S. bases in Iraq are still without incinerators, leaving open pits spewing toxic plumes over soldiers and civilians.. March 18, 2009 - Acetaldehyde, Acrolien, Arsenic, Benzene, Carbon Monoxide, Ethylbenzene, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Cyanide, Hydrogen Fluoride, Phosgene, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfuric Acid, Toluene, Trichloroethane, Xylene. These are just some of the chemicals detected in smoke from the Balad Burn Pit, one of the many vast open pits spewing toxic plumes over Iraq and Afghanistan.. But not to worry; In Just the Facts, an information sheet for troops, the Department of Defense has stated that the potential short- and long-term risks from Balad were estimated to be low. The VA has just announced it will monitor reports of veterans pit-related illness. But the DoD has yet to declassify old air sample reports or issue current findings.. The Pentagons fact sheet appeared after VAWatchdog.com linked to a memo showing that, as early as 2006, the DoD had ...

The versatility of phosgene derivatives extends beyond pharma and polymers. ALTIVIA technology involves the manufacture of chemicals via phosgenation...

Rosehip oil has some great skin rejuvenating properties. This oil contains Trans-Retinoic acid and this has been found to be the component responsible for its remarkable scar and cell healing properties. It also contains oleic acid (14-20%), linoleic acid (44-50%) and linolenic (30-35%) and their presence assists the Trans-retinoic acid as they also act to maximize skin cell fortification.

Seven ferrocenyl carbohydrate conjugates were synthesized. Coupling reactions of monosaccharide derivatives with ferrocene carbonyl chloride produced {6-N-(methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-R-D-glucopyranoside)}1- ferrocene carboxamide (3), {1-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose)}-1-ferrocene carboxylate (4), and {6O- (1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose)}-1-ferrocene carboxylate (5). Similarly, 1,1-bis(carbonyl chloride)ferrocene was coupled with the appropriate sugars to produce the disubstituted analogues bis {6-N-(methyl 2,3,4-tri- O-acetyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-R-D-glucopyranoside)}- 1,1-ferrocene carboxamide (8), bis {1-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D- glucopyranose)}- 1,1-ferrocene carboxylate (9), and bis {6-O-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose)}- 1,1-ferrocene carboxylate (10). {6-N-(Methyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-R-D-glucopyranoside)}-1-ferrocene carboxamide monohydrate (12) was synthesized via amide coupling of an activated ferrocenyl ester with the corresponding ...

Non-enzymatic glycation of tissue proteins has important implications in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. While electron transfer dissociation (ETD) has been shown to outperform collision-induced dissociation (CID) in sequencing glycated peptides by tandem mass spectrometry, ETD instrumentation is not yet available in all laboratories. In this study, we evaluated different advanced CID techniques (i.e., neutral-loss triggered MS3 and multi-stage activation) during LC-MSn analyses of Amadori-modified peptides enriched from human serum glycated in vitro. During neutral-loss triggered MS3 experiments, MS3 scans triggered by neutral-losses of 3 H2O or 3 H2O + HCHO produced similar results in terms of glycated peptide identifications. However, neutral losses of 3 H2O resulted in significantly more glycated peptide identifications during multi-stage activation experiments. Overall, the multi-stage activation approach produced more glycated peptide identifications, while the neutral-loss

Answer Poison gas was used to blind the enemy on the other side . It is a very strong and dangerous chemical. Additional answer There are actually many different poison gases. The simplest is the element chlorine. But there are others which have different effects. But basically they all kill, not just blind.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differentiation elicits negative regulation of human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase at the mRNA level in the HL-60 cell line. AU - Taniguchi, Akiyoshi. AU - Higai, Koji. AU - Hasegawa, Yuko. AU - Utsumi, Kunio. AU - Matsumoto, Kojiro. PY - 1998/12/18. Y1 - 1998/12/18. N2 - We studied the regulation of the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) gene during HL-60 cell differentiation induced with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). During HL-60 cell line differentiation, cell surface levels of α2,6-sialic acids expression decreased, as measured by flow cytometric analysis using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA). Activities of hST6Gal I and levels of hST6Gal I mRNA dramatically decreased after 1 day of stimulation. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PT-PCR), we found the major hST6Gal I mRNA isoform in HL-60 cells contains 5-untranslated exons Y and Z. These results suggest that the ...

In this article we analyzed the lipid composition of detergent-insoluble membranes (DIMs) purified from tobacco (and PtdIns4play an important part in the modulation of stomatal closing and that reductions in the levels of functional PtdIns3and PtdIns4enhance stomatal opening. 2004 Physique 2. Lipid composition of PM and DIMs from tobacco leaves (A) and BY-2 cells (B). Lipids from membrane fractions were extracted with organic solvent mixture separated by TLC and quantified by GC as described in Materials and Methods. The … Besides major lipids we focused on polyphosphoinositides using a procedure combining HP-TLC with subsequent GC analysis designed to study such minor lipids (Konig et al. 2008 Analyses were performed on PM and DIMs purified from tobacco leaves or from BY-2 cells. PtdIns4and PtdIns(4 5 PtdIns(4 5 PtdIns(4 5 PtdIns(4 5 PtdIns(4 5 PtdIns(4 5 tobacco leaves decreased from 1.15 in PM to 0.44 in DIMs (Table I). The high level of saturation associated with polyphosphoinositides ...

Seven different polyphosphoinositides have been identified so far, and most of them play central roles in the control of fundamental cell functions, such as spatio‐temporal organization of key signalling pathways, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton or intracellular membrane trafficking (Toker, 1998; Czech, 2000; Odorizzi et al., 2000). A complex set of phosphoinositide‐metabolizing enzymes, such as kinases and phosphatases, accurately regulates the level of these quantitatively minor lipid molecules. These enzymes, which seem to be targeted specifically to various intracellular membrane domains, can also control locally the complex interconversions between the different phosphoinositides (Payrastre et al., 2001). Phosphoinositides can exert their functions either as precursors of second messengers, or directly on themselves, or both. For instance, besides its well documented role as a precursor of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol in response to ...

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CALGARY - A new study shows that Canadas energy sector workforce became larger and more diverse from 2006 to 2016 but remains predominantly the domain of older, white males. PetroLMI says the number of people directly employed in oil and gas grew by about 25,000 to almost 190,000 over a tumultuous decade that included booming [Read more]

Guy With Thick German Accent Wants To Kill His Political Opponents With Poison Gas. http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2013/08/15/guy-with-thick-german-accent-wants-to-kill-his-political-opponents-with-poison-gas. Schwarzenegger got off some good gibes to win the crowd over. Speaking of greenhouse gas deniers: Strap some conservative-thinking people to a tailpipe for an hour and then they will agree its a pollutant! Schwarzenegger: Strap some conservative-thinking people to a tailpipe for an hour and then they will agree its a pollutant! , JunkScience.com […]. ...