TY - JOUR. T1 - Retinoic acid is a potential negative regulator for differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. AU - Shibuya, Natsuko. AU - Nemoto, Eiji. AU - Kanaya, Sousuke. AU - Kunii, Ryotaro. AU - Shimauchi, Hidetoshi. PY - 2005/9/1. Y1 - 2005/9/1. N2 - Retinoic acid (RA) exerts a wide variety of effects on development, cellular differentiation and homeostasis in various tissues. However, little is known about the effects of RA on the differentiation of periodontal ligament cells. In this study, we investigated whether RA can affect the dexamethasone-induced differentiation of periodontal ligament cells. Human periodontal ligament cells were differentiated via culturing in the presence of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate for mineralized nodule formation, as characterized by von Kossa staining. Continuous treatment with all-trans-RA inhibited mineralization in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition over 1 μM RA. Other RA analogs, 9-cis-RA and ...

Background and Objective: Molecular gene markers, which can distinguish human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from human fibroblasts, have recently been reported. Messenger RNA levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2, major histocompatibility complex-DR-α, major histocompatibility complex-DR-β, and neuroserpin are higher in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells than in human fibroblasts. However, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express less apolipoprotein D mRNA than human fibroblasts. Periodontal ligament cells are a heterogeneous cell population including fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and progenitor cells of osteoblasts or cementoblasts. The use of molecular markers that distinguish human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from human fibroblasts may provide insight into the characteristics of human periodontal ligament cells. In this study, we compared the molecular markers of human periodontal ligament cells with those of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is expressed in periodontal tissue, and variations in LL-37 levels have been associated with periodontal disease. The effects of LL-37 on periodontal ligament cell function have not been described before. Here, we assess anti-inflammatory properties of LL-37 and investigate the effects of LL-37 on cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis in human periodontal ligament cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Periodontal ligament cells were obtained from teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. Cytokine (interleukin-6) and chemokine (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) expression was determined by quantitative PCR, cell differentiation by alkaline phosphatase activity, cell proliferation by counting cells in a Bürker chamber, DNA synthesis by incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine and apoptosis by cell morphology and activated caspase 3 quantities. RESULTS: Treatment with 0.1 and 1 μm of LL-37 totally reversed ...

Objective: Ferritin, an iron-binding protein, is ubiquitous and highly conserved; it plays a crucial role in inflammation, which is the main symptom of periodontitis. Full-length cDNA library analyses have demonstrated abundant expression of ferritin in human periodontal ligament. The aims of the present study were to explore how ferritin is regulated by local inflammation, and to investigate its functions and mechanisms of action in the process of periodontitis. Methods: Human gingival tissues were collected from periodontitis patients and healthy individuals. Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligature of second molars in mice. The expression of ferritin light polypeptide (FTL) and ferritin heavy polypeptide (FTH) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, after stimulating human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) with P. gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the expression of FTH and FTL were measured. Then, IL-6 and ...

The oral cavity is a complex environment in which periodontal tissue is constantly stimulated by external microorganisms and mechanical forces. Proper mechanical force helps maintain periodontal tissue homeostasis, and improper inflammatory response can break the balance. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play crucial roles in responding to these challenges and maintaining the homeostasis of periodontal tissue. However, the mechanisms underlying PDL cell property changes induced by inflammatory and mechanical force microenvironments are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that exosomes function as a means of cell-cell and cell-matrix communication in biological processes. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPDLSCs) were tested by the CCK8 assay, EdU, alizarin red, and ALP staining to evaluate the functions of exosomes induced by a mechanical strain. MicroRNA sequencing was used to find the discrepancy miRNA in exosomes. In addition, real-time PCR, FISH, luciferase reporter assay, and western

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has been revealed to promote human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) proliferation. The abnormal proliferation of PDLSCs has also been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The long non‑coding RNA, metastasis‑associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), has been demonstrated to regulate FGF2 secretion. Therefore, MALAT1 may also be associated with periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of MALAT1 overexpression on the proliferation of PDLSCs. In the current study, PDLSCs derived from healthy and periodontitis‑affected teeth were collected. MALAT1 and FGF2 mRNA expression in PDLSCs was detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. PDLSCs overexpressing MALAT1 were subsequently generated. PDLSC proliferation was analyzed using a Cell Counting kit‑8 assay. FGF2 protein expression was detected using western blot analysis. The results revealed that MALAT1 and FGF2 mRNA were significantly ...

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the roles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in periodontitis.Methods: Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs between periodontitis periodontal ligament tissues and healthy periodontal ligament tissues were selected out using R project. PDLSCs were identified using flow cytometry. Western blot was employed to detect pathway relative proteins. Besides, targeted relationships between lncRNA and miRNA, as well as miRNA and mRNA were verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red Staining (ARS). Markers for osteoblast (Runx2, Osterix, Osteocalcin, Colla1) were detected using western blot.Results: LncRNA MEG3 and IGF1 were both down-regulated, while miR-27a-3p was up-regulated in periodontitis samples compared with healthy samples. Overexpression

The purpose of this study is to compare the properties of dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells from extracted supernumerary teeth by quantitative real-time PCR. Impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region were extracted. Dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells were collected from extracted supernumerary teeth on the same day. After isolation and culture of cells, compare characterization of them by using qRT-PCR. Primer sequences for odontoblasts are ONT, ALP, OC

Cryopreservation has been extensively applied to the long-term storage of a diverse range of biological materials. However, no comprehensive study is currently available on the cryopreservation of periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) sheets which have been suggested as excellent transplant materials for periodontal tissue regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cryopreservation on the structural integrity and functional viability of PDLSC sheets. PDLSC sheets prepared from extracted human molars were divided into two groups: the cryopreservation group (cPDLSC sheets) and the freshly prepared control group (fPDLSC sheets). The cPDLSC sheets were cryopreserved in a solution consisting of 90% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for 3 months. Cell viability and cell proliferation rates of PDLSCs in both groups were evaluated by cell viability assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, respectively. The multilineage

TY - JOUR. T1 - Osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells on non-stoichiometric calcium phosphate and titanium surfaces. AU - Winning, L. AU - Robinson, L. AU - Boyd, A. R.. AU - El Karim, I A. AU - Lundy, F T. AU - Meenan, BJ. N1 - Compliant in UIR; evidence uploaded to Other files Reference text: 1 Olivares-Navarrete R, Hyzy SL, Park JH, Dunn GR, Haithcock DA, Wasilewski CE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Mediation of osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on titanium surfaces by a Wnt-integrin feedback loop. Biomaterials 2011;32:6399-6411. CrossRef , PubMed , CAS , Web of Science® Times Cited: 50 2 Rausch-fan X, Qu Z, Wieland M, Matejka M, Schedle A. Differentiation and cytokine synthesis of human alveolar osteoblasts compared to osteoblast-like cells (MG63) in response to titanium surfaces. Dent Mater 2008 ;24:102-110. Jan CrossRef , PubMed , CAS , Web of Science® Times Cited: 71 3 Seo BM, Miura M, Gronthos S, Bartold PM, Batouli S, Brahim J, Young M, ...

During the last decade it has become clear that periodontal ligament fibroblasts may contribute to the in vitro differentiation of osteoclasts. We surveyed the current findings regarding their osteoclastogenesis potential. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts have the capacity to select and attract osteoclast precursors and subsequently to retract and enable migration of osteoclast precursors to the bone surface. There, fusion of precursors takes place, giving rise to osteoclasts. The RANKL-RANK-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis is considered crucial in this process. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts produce primarily OPG, an osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory molecule. However, they may be influenced in vivo by direct or indirect interactions with bacteria or by mechanical loading. Incubation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts with bacteria or bacterial components causes an increased expression of RANKL and other osteoclastogenesis-stimulating molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage-colony ...

OBJECTIVE To compare the mechanotransduction caused by cyclic and static mechanical strains in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) cultured under identical conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS hPDLFs, originating from the same donors, were exposed either to cyclic or to static tensile strain using specially designed devices and under identical culture conditions. Activation of all members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was monitored by western immunoblot analysis. Expression levels of immediate/early genes c-fos and c-jun were assessed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Time course experiments revealed that both types of stresses activate the three members of MAPK, that is ERK, p38, and JNK, with cyclic stress exhibiting a slightly more extended activation. Further downstream, both stresses upregulate the immediate/early genes c-fos and c-jun, encoding components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1), a key transcription factor in osteoblastic ...

Over the last years, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have become more popular, particularly in individuals who want to give up smoking tobacco. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of the different e-smoking liquids on the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. For this study six test solutions with components from ECs were selected: lime-, hazelnut- and menthol-flavored liquids, nicotine, propylene glycol, and PBS as control group. The fibroblasts were incubated up to 96 h with the different liquids, and cell viability was measured by using the PrestoBlue® reagent, the ATP detection and the migration assay. Fluorescence staining was carried out to visualize cell growth and morphology. Data were statistically analyzed by two-tailed one-way ANOVA. The cell viability assay showed that the proliferation rates of the cells incubated with nicotine or the various flavored liquids of the e-cigarettes were reduced in comparison to the controls, though not all

Bone repair by periodontal ligament stem cell-seeded nanohydroxyapatite-chitosan scaffold Shaohua Ge,1 Ning Zhao,1 Lu Wang,1 Meijiao Yu,1 Hong Liu,2 Aimei Song,1 Jing Huang,1 Guancong Wang,2 Pishan Yang11Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Shandong Province, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, 2Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaBackground: A nanohydroxyapatite-coated chitosan scaffold has been developed in recent years, but the effect of this composite scaffold on the viability and differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone repair is still unknown. This study explored the behavior of PDLSCs on a new nanohydroxyapatite-coated genipin-chitosan conjunction scaffold (HGCCS) in vitro as compared with an uncoated genipin-chitosan framework, and evaluated the effect of PDLSC-seeded HGCCS on bone repair in vivo.Methods: Human PDLSCs were cultured and identified, seeded on a

Background and Objective: Cell adhesion plays important roles in maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues and sensing changes in the biomechanical environment of cells. The objective of the present investigation was to extend our understanding of the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion-related genes by human periodontal ligament cells. Material and Methods: Cultured periodontal ligament cells were subjected to a cyclic in-plane tensile deformation of 12% for 5s (0.2Hz) every 90s for 6-24h in a Flexercell FX-4000 Strain Unit. The following parameters were measured: (i)cell viability by the MTT assay; (ii)caspase-3 and -7 activity; and (iii)the expression of 84 genes encoding adhesion-related molecules using real-time RT-PCR microarrays. Results: Mechanical stress reduced the metabolic activity of deformed cells at 6h, and caspase-3 and -7 activity at 6 and 12h. Seventy-three genes were detected at critical threshold values <35. Fifteen showed a ...

1. Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005;366:1809-20 2. Khan SA, Kong EF, Meiller TF, Jabra-Rizk MA. Periodontal Diseases: Bug Induced, Host Promoted. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(7):e1004952 3. Larsson L, Decker AM, Nibali L, Pilipchuk SP, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV. Regenerative Medicine for Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases. J Dent Res. 2016;95:255-66 4. Seo BM, Miura M, Gronthos S, Bartold PM, Batouli S, Brahim J. et al. Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament. Lancet. 2004;364:149-55 5. Nagatomo K, Komaki M, Sekiya I, Sakaguchi Y, Noguchi K, Oda S. et al. Stem cell properties of human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res. 2006;41:303-10 6. Bartold PM, Shi S, Gronthos S. Stem cells and periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000. 2006;40:164-72 7. Boisselier E, Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity. Chem Soc Rev. 2009;38:1759-82 8. Khlebtsov ...

Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 16;670(1):295-303. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.008. Epub 2011 Sep 2. Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cyclic stretch force induces periodontal ligament cells to secrete exosomes that suppress IL-1β production through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. AU - Wang, Zhuyu. AU - Maruyama, Kentarou. AU - Sakisaka, Yukihiko. AU - Suzuki, Shigeki. AU - Tada, Hiroyuki. AU - Suto, Mizuki. AU - Saito, Masahiro. AU - Yamada, Satoru. AU - Nemoto, Eiji. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - In the oral mechanical environment, periodontal ligament cells (PDL cells) contribute to maintaining periodontal tissue homeostasis. Recent studies showed that exosomes, which are small vesicles secreted by various types of cells, play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication in biological processes. We examined the secretion of exosomes from PDL cells stimulated with cyclic stretch and their role in the inflammatory response of macrophages using the human macrophage cell line THP-1 and human primary monocytes/macrophages. We prepared supernatants from human PDL cells (PDL-sup) ...

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Yoonsun Cha, Mijeong Jeon, Hyo-Seol Lee, Seunghye Kim, Seong-Oh Kim, Jae-Ho Lee, Je Seon Song].

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Effects of TGF-β1 on the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells and a human periodontal ligament stem/progenitor cell line （2010 ...

Principal Investigator：KAWASE Toshio, Project Period (FY)：1991 - 1992, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C), Research Field：Functional basic dentistry

Define periodontal ligament nerve. periodontal ligament nerve synonyms, periodontal ligament nerve pronunciation, periodontal ligament nerve translation, English dictionary definition of periodontal ligament nerve. n. 1. Any of the cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the...

Definition of fibrous, of periodontal ligament matrix in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is fibrous, of periodontal ligament matrix? Meaning of fibrous, of periodontal ligament matrix as a finance term. What does fibrous, of periodontal ligament matrix mean in finance?

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BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) is a potent regulator of bone formation. The proposed mechanism of GH action is through the stimulation of osteogenic precursor cell proliferation and, following clonal expansion of these cells, promotion of differentiation along the osteogenic lineage. OBJECTIVES: We tested this hypothesis by studying the effects of GH on primary cell populations of human periodontal ligament cells (PLC) and alveolar bone cells (ABC), which contain a spectrum of osteogenic precursors. METHODS: The cell populations were assessed for mineralization potential after long-term culture in media containing beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid, by the demonstration of mineral deposition by Von Kossa staining. The proliferative response of the cells to GH was determined over a 48-h period using a crystal violet dye-binding assay. The profile of the cells in terms of osteogenic marker expression was established using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ...

Although previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) stimulated or inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, little is known about the effects of H2S on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To determine the possible bioactivities of H2S on bone metabolism, we investigated the in vitro effects of H2S on cytotoxicity, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic differentiation as well as the underlying mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nicotine-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). The H2S donor, NaHS, protected hPDLCs from nicotine and LPS-induced cytotoxicity and recovered nicotine- and LPS-downregulated osteoblastic differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of osteoblasts, including ALP, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), and mineralized nodule formation. Concomitantly, NaHS inhibited the differentiation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in mouse bone marrow cells and blocked ...

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are best seed cells for periodontal regeneration. A larger understanding of the dynamic protein profiles throughout osteogenic differentiation contributed to the advance of periodontal regeneration tissue engineering. Tandem Mass Tag quantitative proteomics was utilized to disclose the temporal protein expression sample throughout osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs on days.... ...

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are best seed cells for periodontal regeneration. A larger understanding of the dynamic protein profiles throughout osteogenic differentiation contributed to the advance of periodontal regeneration tissue engineering. Tandem Mass Tag quantitative proteomics was utilized to disclose the temporal protein expression sample throughout osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs on days.... ...

The aim of this study was to observe the time-lapse changes in the rat periodontal ligament (PDL) during function and tooth movement. Under Nembutal anaesthesia, time-lapse changes in the thickness of the PDL of the first molars were investigated in five 12-week-old adolescent rats with microcomputed tomography. Three-dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed from the data. Histological observation was also performed, using undecalcified frozen sections of the maxillary first molar area.. The PDL appeared as a radiolucent furrow on the 3D images. A slight change in the thickness of the PDL was observed 1 hour after initiation of orthodontic force loading, which became significant after 6 hours, with the appearance of pressure-tension zones during the tooth movement. These changes were more significant 3 days after orthodontic loading.. Histological observation of the lingual cervical PDL (pressure zone) in nine 12- to 13-week-old rats demonstrated that the periodontal space had become narrow ...

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) represent a good source of multipotent cells for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. The success rate of these treatments is severely dependent on the establishment of adequate vasculature in order to provide oxygen and nutrients to the transplanted cells. Pharmacological preconditioning of stem cells has been proposed as a promising method to augment their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, the aim was to improve the intrinsic angiogenic properties of PDLSCs by in vitro pretreatment with deferoxamine (DFX; 100μM), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2; 10ng/mL) or both substances combined. An antibody array revealed the differential expression of several proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF). ELISA data confirmed a 1.5 to 1.8-fold increase in VEGF for all tested conditions. Moreover, 48 hours after the removal of DFX, VEGF levels remained elevated (1.8-fold) compared to control conditions. FGF

TY - JOUR. T1 - Coexpression of calretinin and parvalbumin in Ruffini-like endings in the rat incisor periodontal ligament. AU - Ichikawa, Hiroyuki. AU - Jacobowitz, David M.. AU - Sugimoto, Tomosada. PY - 1997/10/3. Y1 - 1997/10/3. N2 - The coexpression of calretinin- (CR) and parvalbumin-immunoreactivities (irs) was examined in oro-facial tissues of the rat. Nerve fibers coexpressing these calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) were observed in the lingual periodontal ligament of incisors but not other tissues. In the part of periodontal ligament adjacent to the alveolar bone, such nerve fibers left nerve bundles and formed bush-like endings, i.e., they ramified repeatedly and terminated with one to four twigs. An immunoelectron microscopic method indicated that these endings were identical to Ruffini- like endings. 4% of trigeminal neurons retrogradely labeled from the inferior alveolar nerve coexpressed CR- and parvalbumin-irs. The present observations suggest that the coexpression of these CaBPs ...

Monkey periodontal ligament fibroblasts (MPLF cells), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF cells), rat embryonic calvaria cells (REC cells), porcine periodontal ligament epithelial cells (PPLE cells) and rat osteosarcoma 17/2 cells (ROS cells) were incorporated into 3-dimensional collagen gels plated in 60 mm Petri dishes in order: first, to measure the capacity of these cell types to contract; second, to investigate cell-collagen and intercellular relationships during contraction; and third, to define the cellular contribution to tissue contraction in an in vitro system. Measurements at times up to 72 h on 3 ml gels containing 5 × 10(5) cells and with a collagen concentration of 1.20 mg/ml showed that MPLF cells contracted the gels at a significantly greater rate (P less than 0.001) than did the other cell types. In addition, contraction started sooner and was of greater extent than with the other cells. HGF cells contracted the gels more rapidly than REC and PPLE cells, while ROS cells caused no ...

Recently, inflammation has been recognised as an important co-requisite to orthodontic tooth movement. When such a reaction is initiated, the process of up-regulation of certain adhesion molecules may occur, resulting in the extravasation of leukocytes. This may stimulate progenitor/precursor pathways and signals that regulate the biological responses resulting in tooth movement. We propose that up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules occurs in response to orthodontic forces, resulting in circulating monocyte attraction, extravasation and differentiation into osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption that results in orthodontic tooth movement. To investigate this hypothesis, it is necessary to determine whether periodontal ligament (PDL) endothelium responds to inflammatory stimuli as other organs do. We studied the normal distribution of endothelial adhesion molecule ICAM-1 within PDL vessels, and then the following exposure to an inflammatory endotoxin. The rat PDL blood vessels

Purpose/Aim: Cementogenesis is a critical step in periodontal tissue regeneration given the essential role of cementum in anchoring teeth to the alveolar bone. This study is designed to achieve integrated cementum formation on the root surfaces of human teeth using growth factor-releasing scaffolds with periodontal ligament stem/progenitor cells (PDLSCs). Materials and methods: Human PDLSCs were sorted by CD146 expression, and characterized using CFU-F assay and induced multi-lineage differentiation. Polycaprolactone scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing, embedded with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acids) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7). After removing cementum on…. ...

Recently, research has focused intensely on age-related tissue changes, not only in the field of aesthetic dermatology but also in the dental field. Judging from clinical experience, relevant changes were suspected in the periodontal tissue thus influencing orthodontic tooth movement and the progression of periodontal disease.. Evidence was found that orthodontic tooth movement seems to be impaired in adult patients, thus requiring different treatment protocols than in adolescent patients. These findings will be discussed more thoroughly later in this article.. Periodontal disease however seems to be less dependent on age [1]. A study comparing experimental gingivitis in young vs. old individuals by Fransson et al. [2, 3] did confirm that older individuals experience more severe inflammation in response to experimental gingivitis. Nevertheless, several studies evaluating whether age is a risk factor for increased loss of periodontal support, have shown that aging either has no effect at all or, ...

The export option will allow you to export the current search results of the entered query to a file. Different formats are available for download. To export the items, click on the button corresponding with the preferred download format. By default, clicking on the export buttons will result in a download of the allowed maximum amount of items. To select a subset of the search results, click Selective Export button and make a selection of the items you want to export. The amount of items that can be exported at once is similarly restricted as the full export. After making a selection, click one of the export format buttons. The amount of items that will be exported is indicated in the bubble next to export format. ...

The cells of cementum are the entrapped cementoblasts, the cementocytes. Each cementocyte lies in its lacuna, similar to the pattern noted in bone. These lacunae also have canaliculi or canals. Unlike those in bone, however, these canals in cementum do not contain nerves, nor do they radiate outward. Instead, the canals are oriented toward the periodontal ligament and contain cementocytic processes that exist to diffuse nutrients from the ligament because it is vascularized. After the apposition of cementum in layers, the cementoblasts that do not become entrapped in cementum line up along the cemental surface along the length of the outer covering of the periodontal ligament. These cementoblasts can form subsequent layers of cementum if the tooth is injured. Sharpey fibers are part of the principal collagenous fibers of the periodontal ligament embedded in the cementum and alveolar bone to attach the tooth to the alveolus.[2] ...

It is generally thought that the physical change of expanding the dental alveolar bone (socket) along with the severing of the periodontal ligament is the basis of a tooth extraction. Albeit that this does happen, an understanding of what is occurring biochemically is even more important. When the periodontal ligament is traumatized with forceps or elevators, hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase) is released. This is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the interstitial barrier, hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), which is the cement substance (extracellular matrix) of all human tissue. Once this chemical breakdown of the periodontal ligament by hyaluronidase is sufficient, the tooth is released from its attachment to the alveolus and can be removed.. This explains why the PHYSICS FORCEPS, with its steady unrelenting trauma to the periodontal ligament, quantitatively creates a greater release of hyaluronidase in a shorter period of time than traditional forceps or elevators extractions ...

Background: Bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) have capabilities of cell migration and differentiation into cells/organs in the body and related with the differentiation of teeth or periodontal cells including fibroblasts. the periodontal cells. Results: The immunohistochemistry exposed that GFP positive cells were recognized in the periodontal cells, both in the experimental and control specimens. The percentage of pixel quantity in the exam group showed 5.77 3.24 % (mean SD); and that in the control group, 0.710.45 % (mean SD). The exam group was significantly greater than that of control group (Mann-Whitney U test: p 0.001). Summary: These results suggest that orthodontic mechanical stress accelerates transplanted BMC migration into periodontal cells. strong class=kwd-title Keywords: bone marrow-derived cell (BMC), periodontal cells, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mechanical stress, fibroblast. Intro It has been known that some kinds of stem cells have the impressive properties of ...

Periodontitis is a chronic destructive category of periodontal disease that progresses to the resorption of alveolar bone, which leads to progressive bone destruction and tooth loss. As a consequence of resorption, breakdown of products are released into periodontal tissues, migrating toward the gingival sulcus and gathering from the surrounding site in whole saliva, where several of them have been identified. 2930. Among the several host enzymes proposed as diagnostic indicators of periodontal status, ALP was one of the first to be identified. 31 ALP is released from polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) during inflammation 10 and from osteoblasts 32 and periodontal ligament fibroblasts 33 during bone formation and periodontal regeneration respectively.. ALP activity in serum has been extensively studied, and it was suggested that ALP allows bone mineralization by releasing an organic phosphate that contributes to the deposition of calcium phosphate complexes into the osteoid matrix. 3435 ALP might ...

THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 222:191-200 (1988) Radioautographic Demonstration of Receptors for Epidermal Growth Factor in Various Cells of the Oral Cavity MOON-IL CHO, YU LIN LEE, AND PHILIAS R. GARANT Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794-8700 ABSTRACT Mouse iodinated epidermal growth factor (EGF)was localizedby light and electron microscopic radioautography in basal cells of oral epithelium, papillary cells of the enamel organ, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, preodontoblast precursor cells, and preosteoblasts of the alveolar bone of 13-day-old Sprague-Dawleyrats. The specificity of binding in these cells was suggested by an observed reduction of about 90% in the labeling when excess unlabeled EGF was injected along with the 125I-EGF. In contrast, fully differentiated cells, such as ameloblasts. odontoblasts, and osteoblasts, were only poorly labeled. Quantitative analysis of the light microscopic ...

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3) on osteogenic and inflammatory properties of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and investigate underlying mechanisms ...

Primary Tooth A primary tooth that has been avulsed is usually not reimplanted. The risk of injury to the developing permanent tooth bud is high. Permanent Tooth Do not touch the root of the tooth. Handle the tooth by the crown only. Rinse the tooth off only if covered by debris. Do not scrub or scrape the tooth. Attempt to reimplant the tooth into the socket with gentle pressure, and hold it in position. Hold the tooth in place. Aluminium foil may be used to help stabilise the tooth, or the patient can bite gently on gauze or a soft cloth. Time is critical and immediate replacement is best, and ideally should not be delayed more than 30 minutes. If unable to reimplant the tooth, place it in a protective transport solution, such as Hanks solution, milk, saline, or placing it in the patients mouth next to the cheek, if the patient is able to do so. This will hydrate and nourish the periodontal ligament cells which are still attached to the root. A small container of Hanks Balanced Salt ...

Primary Tooth A primary tooth that has been avulsed is usually not reimplanted. The risk of injury to the developing permanent tooth bud is high. Permanent Tooth Do not touch the root of the tooth. Handle the tooth by the crown only. Rinse the tooth off only if covered by debris. Do not scrub or scrape the tooth. Attempt to reimplant the tooth into the socket with gentle pressure, and hold it in position. Hold the tooth in place. Aluminium foil may be used to help stabilise the tooth, or the patient can bite gently on gauze or a soft cloth. Time is critical and immediate replacement is best, and ideally should not be delayed more than 30 minutes. If unable to reimplant the tooth, place it in a protective transport solution, such as Hanks solution, milk, saline, or placing it in the patients mouth next to the cheek, if the patient is able to do so. This will hydrate and nourish the periodontal ligament cells which are still attached to the root. A small container of Hanks Balanced Salt ...

Supplementary MaterialsNIHMS923971-supplement-supplement_1. and could end up being amenable to healing reversal. Launch Periodontitis, a bacterially-mediated chronic inflammatory disease from the tissue supporting the teeth is among the most common inflammatory illnesses in human beings and it could adversely influence systemic wellness (Armitage, 2004, Armitage, 2008). Country wide surveys show that most adults have problems with mild-to-moderate periodontitis, with up to 15% of the populace suffering from severe forms during their lives (Pihlstrom research further indicate these FN fragments, induce many detrimental results, including induction of apoptosis and suppression of osteoblast differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (Kapila along with and be prevalent in past due levels of subgingival biofilm formation and consist of the bacterial reddish colored complicated that is regarded pathogenic in the etiology of periodontal disease (Socransky frequently predominate in periodontal ...

The restoring of the periodontal tissue and reduction of inflammation are the goals of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Studies have been completed to study the effect Chlorhexidine (CHX) has on periodontal ligament ...

Background. Stem cells have contributed to the development of tissue-engineered-based regenerative periodontal therapies. In order to find the best stem cell sources for such therapies, the biologic properties of stem cells isolated from periodontal ligaments (PDL) of deciduous (DePDLSC) and permanent (PePDLSC) teeth were comparatively evaluated. Methods. PDL stem cells were isolated from six sound fully erupted premolars and six deciduous canines of healthy subjects. In vitro biologic characteristics such as colony formation, viability, stem cell marker identification and osteogenic differentiation (using alkaline phosphatase analysis and Alizarin red staining) were comparatively assessed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests using SPSS 13 ...

Recombinant Human Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1), CD274, B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) Protein produced in human 293 cells, C-mFc Tag

Looking for online definition of Malassez epithelial rests in the Medical Dictionary? Malassez epithelial rests explanation free. What is Malassez epithelial rests? Meaning of Malassez epithelial rests medical term. What does Malassez epithelial rests mean?

The therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases still represent a vast research field because of the lack of targeted, effective and resolutive treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. The use of stem cell-based therapy is an alternative approach that could lead to the replacement of damaged neuronal tissue. For this purpose, adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), including periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), could be very useful for their differentiation capacity, easy isolation and the ability to perform an autologous implant. The aim of this work was to test whether the Moringin [4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate; GMG-ITC], an isothiocyanate extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds, was able to induce PDLSCs toward neural progenitor differentiation. Next-generation transcriptomics sequencing showed that moringin treatment increased the expression of genes involved in neuron cortical development and in particular in neuron belonging to upper and deep cortical layers. ...

Looking for online definition of periodontal ligament in the Medical Dictionary? periodontal ligament explanation free. What is periodontal ligament? Meaning of periodontal ligament medical term. What does periodontal ligament mean?

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Hypotonic stress induces RANKL via transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) and Vaniloid 4 (TRPV4) in human PDL cells. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Cytotoxicity of a novel nano-silver particle endodontic irrigant Eric LK Chan,1 Chengfei Zhang,2 Gary SP Cheung2 1Department of Health, Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; 2Comprehensive Dental Care (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of a novel nano-silver particle (25.2±6.5 nm) endodontic irrigant (0.2 mM) and compare it with 3% sodium hypochlorite. Materials and methods: Two cell types, mouse fibroblast National Institutes of Health 3T3 (NIH 3T3) and primary human periodontal ligament stem cell (hPDLSCs) were used in a test for the effect of direct and indirect (by separating the agent and cell with a layer of agar) exposure to the two solutions. In the direct exposure experiment, ten groups of cell cultures were exposed to one dilution (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 or 1:7) of a

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative gene-expression analysis of the dental follicle and periodontal ligament in humans. AU - Lee, Hyo Seol. AU - Lee, Jongeun. AU - Kim, Seong Oh. AU - Song, Je Seon. AU - Lee, Jae Ho. AU - Lee, Syng Ill. AU - Jung, Han Sung. AU - Choi, Byung Jai. PY - 2013/12/23. Y1 - 2013/12/23. N2 - The human dental follicle partially differentiates into the periodontal ligament (PDL), but their biological functions are different. The gene-expression profiles of the dental follicle and PDL were compared using the cDNA microarray technique. Microarray analysis identified 490 genes with a twofold or greater difference in expression, 365 and 125 of which were more abundant in the dental follicle and PDL, respectively. The most strongly expressed genes in the dental follicle were those related to bone development and remodeling (EGFL6, MMP8, FRZB, and NELL1), apoptosis and chemotaxis (Nox4, CXCL13, and CCL2), and tooth and embryo development (WNT2, PAX3, FGF7, AMBN, AMTN, and SLC4A4), ...

It is well-documented that both chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) and 21 (CCL21) mediate cell migration and angiogenesis in many diseases. However, these ligands precise pathological role in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to examine the expression of CCL19 and CCL21 (CCL19/CCL21) in AS hip ligament tissue (LT) and determine their pathological functions. The expression levels of CCL19, CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 in AS (n = 31) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 21) LT were analyzed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expression of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 in AS ligament fibroblasts was also detected. The proliferation of ligament fibroblasts was measured via a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay after exogenous CCL19/CCL21 treatment. Additionally, the role of CCL19/CCL21 in osteogenesis was evaluated via RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in individual AS fibroblast cultures. Furthermore,

The alveolar process of the jaw develops along with the eruption of teeth, ongoing root formation, and subsequent growth.The alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, and tooth constitute a developmental unit, as they form together.The dimension of the alveolar process differs significantly among the various regions of the jaw, with the tooth type correlating to the size of the alveolar process.Genetic factors may also play a role in determining the alveolar process dimension.The alveolar process is composed of two types of bone: the alveolar bone proper (known histologically as bundle bone) and the supporting bone.The bundle bone comprises the inner portion of the alveolar socket while the remaining part of the alveolar process consists of supporting bone.The bundle bone is a periodontal tissue similar to cementum that connects the periodontal ligament to the alveolar bone. When a tooth is removed, the developmental unit is altered, and the alveolar process resorbs.

The lateral periodontal cyst is a non-inflammatory developmental cyst that arises from the epithelial post-functional dental lamina, which is a remnant from odontogenesis. It is more common in middle-aged males. Usually asymptomatic, it presents as a regular well-corticated radiolucency on the side of a mandibular canine or premolar root. Histologically, the cyst appears similar to the gingival cyst of the adult, having a non-keratinized squamous epithelial lining. The involved tooth is usually vital and has no indication for root canal treatment unless the signs of non-vital or necrotic pulpal tissue were confirmed. The cysts arise from epithelial rest cells in the periodontal ligament, although it is unknown whether from the cell rests of Malassez, reduced enamel epithelium or dental lamina remnants, and are generally treated by surgical enucleation. Altini M, Shear M. The lateral periodontal cyst: an update. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992 Jul; 21(6):245-50. Wood K, Goaz P. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; ...

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Hong-Shi Li, Jie Ke, Gui-Zhi Zhao, Li-An Wu, Jun-Ping Kou, Hong-Chen Liu].

Retention is a critical follow-through stage that typically involves wearing an orthodontic appliance called a retainer. Several different kinds of retainers are available, all of which are custom-made just for you. We will recommend the type (or types) that will work best in your situation, and well tell you exactly when and how long you need to wear them.. But if your teeth are straight now, why do you need a retainer at all? Simply put, its because if you dont wear one, your teeth will start moving right back to where they were!. Teeth arent set rigidly in the jawbone - instead, theyre held in place by a network of fibers called the periodontal ligaments. After they have been moved, it takes several months for the periodontal ligament to adjust to the new position. So if you want to keep that new smile - and not waste all the time, effort, and money it took to get it - its essential to wear your retainer as directed.. Being fitted for a retainer usually happens on the same day your ...

Retention is a critical follow-through stage that typically involves wearing an orthodontic appliance called a retainer. Several different kinds of retainers are available, all of which are custom-made just for you. We will recommend the type (or types) that will work best in your situation, and well tell you exactly when and how long you need to wear them.. But if your teeth are straight now, why do you need a retainer at all? Simply put, its because if you dont wear one, your teeth will start moving right back to where they were!. Teeth arent set rigidly in the jawbone - instead, theyre held in place by a network of fibers called the periodontal ligaments. After they have been moved, it takes several months for the periodontal ligament to adjust to the new position. So if you want to keep that new smile - and not waste all the time, effort, and money it took to get it - its essential to wear your retainer as directed.. Being fitted for a retainer usually happens on the same day your ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor β. AU - Horiuchi, Keisuke. AU - Amizuka, Norio. AU - Takeshita, Sunao. AU - Takamatsu, Hiroyuki. AU - Katsuura, Mieko. AU - Ozawa, Hidehiro. AU - Toyama, Yoshiaki. AU - Bonewald, Lynda F.. AU - Kudo, Akira. PY - 1999/7/17. Y1 - 1999/7/17. N2 - We had previously identified the cDNA for a novel protein called osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) from an MC3T3-E1 cDNA library using subtraction hybridization and differential screening techniques. Here we describe the localization, regulation, and potential function of this protein. Immunohistochemistry using specific antiserum revealed that in adult mice, the protein is preferentially expressed in periosteum and periodontal ligament, indicating its tissue specificity and a potential role in bone and tooth formation and maintenance of structure. ...

The ACP Education Foundation is proud to announce the recipient of the 2015 GSK Prosthodontist Innovator Award.. Dr. Alireza Moshaverinia is a tenure-track assistant professor at the UCLA School of Dentistry. His research, titled Novel Multifunctional Polymeric Membrane for Periodontal Tissue Engineering, aims to develop a novel bioactive smart membrane for periodontal tissue regeneration and promising treatment approach for maxillofacial and skeletal defects.. More information on this educational grant:. ...

Orthodontic treatment (commonly known as braces) can be a lengthy process to re-align your teeth to a more functional and aesthetic position. Once the orthodontic devices are removed, however, the treatment isnt finished. Wearing a retainer is the final step to ensuring that the re-alignment doesnt eventually fail. Its designed to do just what its name implies - to retain the teeths new position and prevent a relapse to the old.. This can happen because of the way teeth fit into the jaw bone. The teeth are joined to the bone by the periodontal ligament, which works somewhat like a hammock: the ligaments fibers act like threads that fit into the tooth on one side and into the bone on the other, and hold the teeth in place.. As living tissue, the ligaments cell structure is dynamic and can adapt to the gentle pressure applied by an orthodontic device. However, once this pressure subsides after the device is removed muscle memory can cause the ligament to resist the new position and pull ...

Normal Periodontium and its components including gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone. Formation, classification and functions of these components.

Molecules involved in periodontal regeneration, Cytokines, Growth factors, Adhesion molecules, Fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2, Bone morphogenetic proteins, Insulin-like growth factor-I and II, Platelet-derived growth factor.

Fu, J.-H.,Wang, H.-L. (2013-04-05). Clinical Correlate: Periodontal Regeneration. Mineralized Tissues in Oral and Craniofacial Science: Biological Principles and Clinical Correlates : 201-205. [email protected] Repository. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118704868.ch23 ...

Those of us that have worn braces during childhood have probably never realized that this force on teeth evokes unique cellular responses of the cells that are located in the tiny gap of approximately 0.1 millimeter between the tooth and the bone socket into which the tooth is embedded. Teeth migrate through bone by induction of bone break-down at the pull-side and by inducing bone formation at the push-side. The space between tooth and bone is the periodontal ligament, and, similar to muscle-to-bone ligaments that are more commonly known, fibroblasts from this ligament secure tight anchoring of teeth into bone. READ MORE ...

Periodontal or gum disease is a common condition affecting the tissues that comprise the dental supporting structure: gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone (). Periodontal disease is broadly classified as either gingivitis or

The tooth is an ectodermal organ that arises from a tooth germ under the regulation of reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Tooth morphogenesis occurs in the tooth-forming field as a result of reaction-diffusion waves of specific gene expression patterns. Here, we developed a novel mechanical ligation method for splitting tooth germs to artificially regulate the molecules that control tooth morphology. The split tooth germs successfully developed into multiple correct teeth through the re-regionalisation of the tooth-forming field, which is regulated by reaction-diffusion waves in response to mechanical force. Furthermore, split teeth erupted into the oral cavity and restored physiological tooth function, including mastication, periodontal ligament function and responsiveness to noxious stimuli. Thus, this study presents a novel tooth regenerative technology based on split tooth germs and the re-regionalisation of the tooth-forming field by artificial mechanical force ...

Upon occasion, when a live nerve becomes irritated (in this case due to the close proximity of the filling), it may become sick and forget its usual function of remaining inert and keeping the tooth hydrated. When this happens, it may start to eat away at the very tooth that it is supposed to be protecting. The image above shows a dark (radiolucent) area in the distal (back) root next to the furcation (where the two roots join together). This radiolucency represents a hole in the tooth structure at that point. The nerve simply ate away the tooth from the inside out. This hole is an example of internal resorption.. The reason that this defect is labeled internal/external resorption is that a second phenomenon can cause the same defect. This involves cells in the periodontal ligament which forget their usual function of supporting the root of the tooth. If this happens, these external cells may eat the same hole in the tooth, this time from the outside in. Once the nerve is exposed in the ...

When braces are first applied, it can take several days to get used to the new appliances. During this time, the mouth may feel tender or sore. While soreness is rarely problematic enough to warrant additional dental care, contact your orthodontist if soreness becomes highly uncomfortable. Causes of Orthodontic Soreness When braces are initially applied or the archwire is changed during an orthodontic adjustment appointment, teeth start to gradually shift toward their new destination. This initial movement causes adjacent tissue to become inflamed. This inflammation causes fibers that join the teeth to the jawbone and gums (periodontal ligaments) to swell. The swelling in turn leads to compressed nerve fibers, which are the true cause of orthodontic soreness. What Can Be Done to Ease Soreness? It is important to remember that orthodontic discomfort generally decreases within a few days. After the initial affixation of braces, it can take between one and two weeks for the tissues of the tongue, ...

1. Assists in the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism:. The presence of phytochemicals in Avocado is a healthy reason for its effectiveness in the treatment of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory conditions. It is for this reason, Avocado along with the blend of Soybean oil is recommended by Denmark as a food supplement for treating inflammation and influencing the repair and growth of cartilage.. France has determined this duo oil as prescription medicine. This is further substantiated by various research analyses published in the journal Ugeschrift for laeger that have proved the usefulness of this blend in the healing of osteoarthritis in the knee and hip area.. Avocado oil inhibited a pro-inflammatory cytokine molecule states the research report published in the 2006 Journal Periodontal Disease issue, where human bone cells and periodontal ligaments were studied, thus demonstrating that Avocado oil with its anti-inflammatory values aids in reducing inflammation and preventing certain ...

Straumann® Emdogain® is a unique gel containing enamel matrix derivative. This mixture of natural proteins can induce biological processes that usually take place during the development of the periodontium and may stimulate certain cells involved in the healing process of soft and hard tissues ...

Serious gum disease is called periodontitis. Over time, this condition can break down the bones and tissues that hold teeth in place. Untreated, it can lead to tooth loss.

solutions, Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and tap water. Tissue culture plates were incubated with experimental media at 37°C for 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 hours. PDL cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by the Tukeys test. The level of significance was 5% (p, 0.05). ...

Paola Maffi, Torbjörn Lundgren, Gunnar Tufveson, Ehab Rafael, James A.M. Shaw, Aaron Liew, Frantisek Saudek, Piotr Witkowski, Karolina Golab, Federico Bertuzzi, Bengt Gustafsson, Luisa Daffonchio, Pier Adelchi Ruffini, Lorenzo Piemonti, the REP0211 Study Group ...

I understand its legal but I looked up their license and not showing license on either. How can you find out if they are legal or tribal. I dont mind paying the principal back but the interest is 2 times the principal and it just keeps rolling over ...