Previous investigations have drawn conflicting conclusions concerning the association between childhood leukemia and maternal age, birth order, socioeconomic status, and paternal occupation. In this study, 255 childhood leukemia cases diagnosed in California between 1975 and 1980 were individually matched with two living controls on the basis of sex, date of birth, and county of birth. Data were derived from subjects birth certificates. Socioeconomic status and paternal benzene exposure were determined from the paternal occupation stated on the birth certificate. Hispanics and males were overrepresented in the case group. Cases were also less likely to be of birth order one. No difference was found between case and control groups for maternal age or paternal occupation. Analyses with stratification on age, sex, and leukemia cell type are reported.

Advances in Epidemiology is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies in all areas of epidemiology.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of paternal exposures in the etiology of sporadic heritable retinoblastoma (RBL). The study has a matched case-control design with a sample size of 255 pairs. Cases will be children with sporadic heritable (RBL) identified from eight hospitals that together treat most of the RBL patients in the U.S. and Canada. We will use regional controls matched on year of birth and state/province of residence identified by randomdigit-dialing (RDD). Fathers and mothers of cases and controls will be interviewed by telephone about their occupational, medical, dietary, and personal exposures before the index childs conception. Blood samples will be obtained on cases and their parents for DNA isolation. The cases DNA will be used to characterize the disease-causing RB1 mutation. The parents DNA will be used to detect the few instances in which a parent also has the RB1 mutation, i.e., the childs RBL is familial rather than sporadic ...

Cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide is a widely used anticancer drug and immunosuppressive agent which, following metabolic activation, forms DNA adducts, mostly N7-substituted guanine derivatives and phosphoester adducts ( 28, 29). Single doses for anticancer treatment in humans are typically between 400 and 1,200 mg/m2 ( 23); the equivalent mouse dose for this drug is 130 to 400 mg/kg. The stage-specificity of mutation induction by this drug is an issue of some controversy. Thus, the analysis of mutation induction at specific loci showed that paternal exposure to 120 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide mostly affects postmeiotic spermatids ( 30). However, according to the results of other studies, premeiotic exposure to this drug results in significant increases in the frequency of dominant mutations and chromosome aberrations in treated males (reviewed in ref. 28). We found that premeiotic spermatogonial exposure to cyclophosphamide resulted in a linear increase of ESTR mutation frequency in the germ ...

A new research has suggested that moderate paternal exposures, like smoking, can raise the number of mutations passed on to the coming generations.

BACKGROUND: Paternal occupational exposures have been proposed as a risk factor for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumours. This study investigates possible associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood CNS tumours in Great Britain. METHODS: The National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided all cases of childhood CNS tumours born and diagnosed in Great Britain from 1962 to 2006. Controls without cancer were matched on sex, period of birth and birth registration sub-district. Fathers occupations were assigned to one or more of 33 exposure groups. A measure of social class was also derived from fathers occupation at the time of the childs birth. RESULTS: Of 11 119 cases of CNS tumours, 5 722 (51%) were astrocytomas or other gliomas, 2 286 (21%) were embryonal and 985 (9%) were ependymomas. There was an increased risk for CNS tumours overall with exposure to animals, odds ratio (OR) 1.40 (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.01, 1.94) and, after adjustment for occupational

Occupational pesticide exposure and respiratory health: a large-scale cross-sectional study in three commercial farming systems in Ethiopia ...

Results Multivariable analysis showed a strong association with potential maternal occupational exposure to heavy metals with an over twofold increased risk of hypospadias (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 5.2), and women exposed to phthalates were more likely to have an affected son (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.8 to 1.7). Compared with mild or isolated cases, the risks of moderate-severe hypospadias or multiple defects were increased up to two- and fivefold, respectively, with maternal exposure to most types of EDCs. Paternal occupational exposures to polychlorinated organic (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8) and bi-phenolic (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6) compounds were also possible risk factors. ...

Those of you with whom I work more closely, or who I have met at a conference or meeting in the previous year, may have overheard me grumbling about spending most of my time reading various degrees of draft chapters for PhD students theses.... However, the good news is that even though my recent posts…

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Across species there is evidence that the quality of the early social environment can have a profound impact on neurobiology and behavior. In the present study we explore the effect of communal rearing conditions (3 dams with 3 litters per cage) during the postnatal period on offspring (F1) and grand-offspring (F2) anxiety-like and maternal behavior in Balb/c mice. Females rearing pups in communal nests exhibited increased levels of postpartum maternal care and communal rearing was found to abolish sex-differences in weaning weights. In adulthood, communally reared offspring were observed to display reduced anxiety-like behavior when placed in a novel environment. When rearing their own offspring under standard conditions, communally reared females demonstrated higher levels of motivation to retrieve pups, built higher quality nests, and exhibited higher levels of postpartum care compared to standard reared females. When exposed to an intruder male, communally reared females were more subordinate

Moi wrote in Common household chemicals link to drop in child IQ: The goal of this society should be to raise healthy and happy children who will grow into concerned and involved adults who care about their fellow citizens and environment. Science Daily reported in Prenatal exposure to common household chemicals linked with substantial drop…

The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases provides an extremely dynamic environment for research into the aging process and its diseases.

Background: Adverse associations between maternal pesticide exposure and neural tube defects (NTDs) have been suggested but not consistently observed. This study used data from the multisite National Birth Defects Prevention Study to examine associations between maternal periconceptional (1 month preconception through 2 months postconception) occupational pesticide exposure and NTDs. Methods: Moth

Method A population-based case-control study of childhood ALL was conducted in Australia. Information about the occupational pesticide exposure of mothers and fathers was collected using job-specific modules. Information on the types and extent of pesticide exposure was collected for mothers and fathers before and around the time of conception, and also for mothers during pregnancy for the index case or control and for 1 year after birth.. ...

To test the hypothesis that children born to mothers living near the sea are at increased risk of limb reduction defects. Descriptive data analysis. The northern health region of England. All children born between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1992 in the northern region of England with isolated limb reduction defects. The birth prevalence of isolated limb reduction defects was not affected by the distance the mother lived from the sea. There was some evidence of space-time clustering, but there was no evidence of statistically significant variation in the occurrence of the condition with sex, time of birth (monthly or yearly), or county of birth. There is no evidence that children born to mothers living near the sea are at increased risk of limb reduction defects.. ...

Objectives This paper presents the results of a pilot study of the job-specific modules developed for use in the study questionnaire of the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (i) to estimate the variability in response between people administered the same module and (ii) to estimate the number of modules required per family.. Methods For 63 participants in the pilot study, between-person variability was assessed by comparing reported job tasks among the respondents administered the same job-specific module. Within-respondent variability was assessed by examining changes in the timing and frequency of the job tasks and product use across critical time segments from 12 months before the childs birth to 3 years of age. Parental occupational histories were reviewed to estimate the expected number of job-specific modules required per family.. Results Considerable variability was identified for the tasks performed by the respondents with similar jobs and in the timing of tasks and products ...

Author(s): Omidakhsh, Negar; Bunin, Greta R; Ganguly, Arupa; Ritz, Beate; Kennedy, Nola; von Ehrenstein, Ondine S; Krause, Niklas; Heck, Julia E | Abstract: OBJECTIVES:We examined associations between parental occupational chemical exposures up to 10 years before conception and the risk of sporadic retinoblastoma among offspring. METHODS:In our multicentre study on non-familial retinoblastoma, parents of 187 unilateral and 95 bilateral cases and 155 friend controls were interviewed by telephone. Exposure information was collected retroactively through a detailed occupational questionnaire that asked fathers to report every job held in the 10 years before conception, and mothers 1 month before and during the index pregnancy. An industrial hygienist reviewed all occupational data and assigned an overall exposure score to each job indicating the presence of nine hazardous agents. RESULTS:We estimated elevated ORs for unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma among offspring of fathers who were exposed to

Male pseudoscorpions treated with tetracycline suffer significantly reduced sperm viability and this toxic effect is passed on to their untreated sons, say University of Nevada researchers who believe a similar effect could occur in humans.. Tetracycline is commonly used as an additive in animal feed and also as an antimicrobial therapy in developing countries. Researcher David Zeh notes that this is the first time a transgenerational effect from antibiotics has been observed. His full report appears in the journal Scientific Reports.. Zehs work involved a three-generation study of Cordylochernes scorpioides, a small scorpion-like arachnid. To control for genetic influences, in the first generation, brothers and sisters from each of 21 broods were either treated with weekly doses of tetracycline from birth to adulthood or were reared as untreated controls. Subsequent generations were not treated with tetracycline.. ...

Domesticering är en urvalsprocess för önskvärda egenskaper hos djur som över tid förändrar deras utseende, beteende och genetik. Några exempel av djur som genomgått denna riktade avel är vargen, mufflon, uroxen, vildsvinet och den röda djungelhönan som vi idag känner som hunden, fåret, kon, grisen och slaktkycklingen.. Några gemensamma egenskaper hos domesticerade djur är minskad rädsla för människor, och att de troligen har en högre stresstolerans jämfört med sina vilda förfäder. Det finns två huvudsakliga fysiologiska mekanismer som styr dessa responser, en hormonell och en nervös. Nervsystemet är i sin tur uppdelat i sympatiska och parasympatiska nervsystemet vilka har motsatta roller för kroppens funktioner. Under stress ger det sympatiska den så kallade Fight-and-flight-responsen, och det parasympatiska aktiveras under vila och kallas rest-and-digest-systemet. Det verkar troligt att domesticeringen agerat på dessa system för att minska rädsla och stress ...

Mutation rates at two expanded simple tandem repeat loci were studied in the germ line of first- and second-generation offspring of inbred male CBA/H, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice exposed to either high linear energy transfer fission neutrons or low linear energy transfer x-rays. Paternal CBA/H exposure to either x-rays or fission neutrons resulted in increased mutation rates in the germ line of two subsequent generations. Comparable transgenerational effects were observed also in neutron-irradiated C57BL/6 and x-irradiated BALB/c mice. The levels of spontaneous mutation rates and radiation-induced transgenerational instability varied between strains (BALB/c,CBA/H,C57BL/6). Pre- and postmeiotic paternal exposure resulted in similar increases in mutation rate in the germ line of both generations of CBA/H mice, which together with our previous results suggests that radiation-induced expanded simple tandem repeat instability is manifested in diploid cells after fertilization. The remarkable finding ...

Funding This study was supported by the Pesticide Risk Reduction Programme (PRRP) Ethiopia. PRRP was a comprehensive programme for pesticide registration and management started in 2010 and lasted till 2015. The following donors funded the programme: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia by making available sufficient qualified personnel to execute the activities, the government of the Netherlands, represented by the Ministry of Development Cooperation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. The sponsors have no involvement in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. ...

Parental exposure to pathogens can prime offspring immunity in diverse organisms. The mechanisms by which this heritable priming occurs are largely unknown. Here we report that the soil bacteria Pseudomonas vranovensis is a natural pathogen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and that parental exposure of animals to P. vranovensis promotes offspring resistance to infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate a multigenerational enhancement of progeny survival when three consecutive generations of animals are exposed to P. vranovensis. By investigating the mechanisms by which animals heritably adapt to P. vranovensis infection, we found that parental infection by P. vranovensis results in increased expression of the cysteine synthases cysl-1 and cysl-2 and the regulator of hypoxia inducible factor rhy-1 in progeny, and that these three genes are required for adaptation to P. vranovensis. These observations establish a CYSL-1, CYSL-2, and RHY-1 dependent mechanism by which animals heritably adapt to ...

Greatly reduced sperm viability caused by tetracycline passes from father to son in pseudoscorpions. In a paper published today in Natures open access journal Scientific Reports, researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno report that male pseudoscorpions treated with the antibiotic tetracycline suffer significantly reduced sperm viability and pass this toxic effect on to their untreated sons. They suggest that a similar effect could occur in humans and other species.. This is the first research to show a transgenerational effect of antibiotics, David Zeh, chair of the Department of Biology in the College of Science, said. Tetracycline has a significant detrimental effect on male reproductive function and sperm viability of pseudoscorpions - reducing viability by up to 25 percent - and now we know that effect is passed on to the next generation. We didnt see the effect in subsequent generations.. The research involved a three-generation study of the pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes ...

This population-based U.S. study investigated the association between major musculoskeletal malfor-mations and periconceptional maternal occupational pesticide exposure for a wide range of occupations.We conducted a multi-site case-control analysis using data from the National Birth Defects Preven-tion Study among employed women with due dates from October 1, 1997 through December 31, 2002.Cases i

Amelia of Upper Limb (Limb Reduction Defect): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis.

The association between the higher occurrence of pediatric leukemia and maternal exposure to residential or occupational pesticides is a debatable sub..

(ID:14943) There is a large body of evidence that when a developing foetus is exposed to environmental chemicals ECs its future re

A paper in the October issue of the Journal of Psychopharmacology will be of interest to my readership. It looks at the consequences of exposure to an exogenous cannabinoid agonist Byrnes JJ, Johnson NL, Schenk ME, Byrnes EM. Cannabinoid exposure in adolescent female rats induces transgenerational effects on morphine conditioned place preference in male offspring.J…

On March 18, 2020, upper-secondary schools in Sweden moved to online instruction, while lower-secondary schools continued instruction as normal. This partial school closure provides a rare opportunity to study the impact on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during a period of widespread contagion. The impact of school closures on the transmission of the virus in society is best captured by the results for parents. We find that parental exposure to open, rather than closed, schools is associated with a somewhat higher rate of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections [OR 1.17; CI95 1.03 to 1.32]. The association is weaker for COVID-19 diagnoses from healthcare visits [OR 0.94; CI95 0.77 to 1.14] and severe cases that include hospitalizations and deaths [OR 0.84; CI95 0.64 to 1.11].. The positive association for PCR-confirmed cases could partly reflect other behavioral or biological differences between households with slightly younger and older children, but if treated as a causal, the estimates indicate ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Lack of familial clustering of hepatitis C virus infection. AU - Kim, Young Sik. AU - Chi, Hyun Sook. AU - Ahn, Yoon Ok. AU - Lee, Hyo Suk. AU - Klag, Michael John. PY - 1998/6. Y1 - 1998/6. N2 - Background. Although transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) through parental exposure is well documented, it is still controversial whether familial clustering of HCV occurs. Methods. To investigate risk factors for HCV infection, 109 cases and 84 non-infected controls were studied. In addition, 250 family members (104 men, 146 women) of cases and 170 family members of controls (64 men, 106 women) were tested for HCV infection using an anti-HCV antibody, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. In the case-control analysis, people aged ≤ 60 were almost three times more likely to be infected by HCV than those aged ,40. Risk of HCV infection was most strongly related to a history of blood transfusion (OR = 12.6, 95% CI: ...

Soon-to-be mothers have heard the warning - dont drink while pregnant. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued numerous statements about the dangers of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, as it can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in newborns.

The Collaborative on Health and the Environments (CHEs) primary mission is to strengthen the science dialogue on environmental factors impacting human health and to facilitate collaborative, multifactorial, prevention-oriented efforts to address environmental health concerns.

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Meghan A Jobson, James M Jordan, Moses A Sandrof, Jonathan D Hibshman, Ashley L Lennox, L Ryan Baugh].

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Lessening the risk of occupational pesticide exposure in agriculture is the purpose of EPAs Agricultural Worker Protection Standard. Now, EPA is proposing to amend its 1992 regulation so that almost 2 million workers can benefit from annual pesticide safety training that will include how to better protect themselves from pesticide exposure in the workplace and from bringing pesticides home on their clothes, exposing their families to chemicals. The proposal also includes updated personal protective equipment standards for pesticide handlers; a first-time ever minimum age requirement for pesticide handlers and some workers; improvements in the notification of pesticide treated areas; and access to information on pesticide application, the pesticide label, and safety data for farmworkers and their advocates.. ...

Project LEAF (Limiting Exposures Around Families) is a program developed by the Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs that seeks to mitigate and increase awareness of take-home exposure risks to farmworkers and their families through a training curriculum and other educational materials. Visit the Project LEAF website. Exit. Pesticide take-home exposure occurs when farmworkers go home bearing pesticide residues that may cling to their skin, clothing, hats, boots, tools, lunch coolers, car seats and any other items in the work environment. Their children may then be exposed to these pesticide residues.. For more information on Project LEAF, contact Ana Rivera-Lupianez ([email protected]), (703) 305-0871. Project LEAF training materials are available in a bilingual, low-literacy format that offers advice on how to reduce or even eliminate the possibility of exposing children to pesticide residues.. You can get one free copy of materials by calling the National Service Center for ...

Despite the well-characterized occurrence of uranium (U) in the aquatic environment, very little is known about the chronic exposure of fish to low levels of U and its potential effect on reproduction. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of environmental concentrations of depleted U on the reproductive output of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and on survival and development of the F1 embryo-larvae following parental exposure to U. For that purpose, sexually mature male and female zebrafish were exposed to 20 and 250 µg/L of U for 14 days and allowed to reproduce in clean water during a further 14-day period. At all sampling times, whole-body vitellogenin concentrations and gonad histology were analyzed to investigate the effects of U exposure on these reproductive endpoints. In addition, accumulation of U in the gonads and its genotoxic effect on male and female gonad cells were quantified. The results showed that U strongly affected the capability of fish to reproduce and to

Epigenetic phenomena, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, changes in chromatin structure or effects of non coding RNAs, affect gene expression and thus are expected to have important effects on phenotypes. The phenotypic diversity of a population is the result of both genetic and epigenetic variations, with epigenetics accounting for a portion of the variability of complex traits that is linked to interactions with the environment [1, 2]. The real contribution of epigenetics to phenotypic variation remains to be evaluated, but it is an attractive new path in animal breeding that might help to explain the missing causality of complex traits [3]. In recent years, a growing number of studies have shown that epigenetic information can be transmitted across generations. In particular, the intergenerational transmission of DNA methylation and the influence of epigenetic marks on phenotype variability has been clearly established in plants [4]. These phenomena could also partly explain the ...

The nuclear industrys Delivering the Nuclear Promise program has found almost $650 million in potential efficiency improvement savings since it began in December 2015. Over a thousand staff across the industry have collaborated to develop 46 efficiency bulletins targeting improvements in all aspects of operations. To date, over 95% of these measures are being implemented, reflecting the commitment to continuous improvement, said Nuclear Energy Institute President and CEO Maria Korsnick.. ...

We run a weekly research discussion seminar on topics in behaviour and evolution every Friday at 4pm in PSQ A429. If you are interested in contributing and participating, please contact me.. My research focuses on the shaping of individual development by early environmental effects, in particular social and transgenerational influences. One major goal is to understand more about the behavioural, physiological and genetic mechanisms of transgenerational effects. I also study how social influences later in life shape adult behavior. Finally, I work on the links between ecology, behaviour and physiology. So far I have mostly been involved in fundamental research, but my questions and methods are clearly relevant also for applied aspects in wildlife conservation and animal welfare, particularly in relation to climate change, endocrine disruption and other anthropogenic influences. I am also experienced with the development of molecular methods to assess genetic diversity, paternity and sex as well ...

A project in Denmark whose aim is to assess the reliability of preconceptional lifestyle and biological factors as predictors of fertility has found a pronounced effect of the contraceptive pill on markers used to assess ovarian reserve, a predictor of future reproductive lifespan. Available evidence of whether the Pill has an effect on fertility has so far been reassuring - and usual advice to those stopping the Pill is that cycles will soon revert to normal, with pregnancy likely within six months or so.(1)

(June 9, 1997) As in most of his writing, and on his Web page, Jeremy Whitlocks letter (June 4) is a mixed bag: a handful of quasi-religious nuclear-industry perspective and a pinch of downright falsehood.

In addition, a clinical health study of about 12,000 individuals was conducted between 2002 and 2006 with a focus on lifestyle diseases, based on the idea that adulthood is when disorders from radiation effects may develop. In this study, possible relationships between parental exposure and a combination of six multifactorial diseases (e.g., diabetes and hypertension) were analyzed, taking into consideration such lifestyle habits as drinking and smoking. The results showed no evidence at this time of increased risk of these multifactorial diseases among the target individuals. However, given that the subjects were still young at the time of the health examinations, with an average age of 48.6, it would be desirable to continue the clinical health study of this fixed cohort ...

Although many challenges lie ahead, there has been definite progress made in the management of childhood brain tumors. Some of these advances have increased progression-free and overall survival. Other advances, while not improving survival, have resulted in a better quality of life for long-term su …

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between adiposity, physical activity (PA), and fecundability. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A total of 2,062 female pregnancy planners from the United States and Canada who were enrolled during the preconception period. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Self-reported pregnancy. Fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using proportional probabilities models that adjusted for potential confounders.

There was no clear association with cellular telephone phone use, but durations were relatively short (median 24-26 months), and there was a suggestion that risk may be increased for those with certain usage practices (ORs, 1.8-3.0 with lower confidence intervals >1.0) and those who used GSM service (OR, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.0). Myeloid leukemia (acute and chronic combined) was associated with benzene (OR, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11), a nonspecific group of other solvents (2.3; 1.1-4.9), occupational pesticides that were mostly unspecified (3.8; 2.1-7.1), and working with or near powerlines (4.3; 1.3-15). No associations were found for diagnostic X-rays, cigarette smoking, or other occupational exposures. ...

November 30, 2017. How do cancer and cancer treatments affect the reproductive function of men? Can this affect the health of their direct descendants and subsequent generations? To get a clear picture, INRS researchers evaluate the current state of knowledge on this public health issue in a review article appearing in the journal Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité. They analyze the results of scientific studies to find evidence and better understand the mechanisms of action of chemotherapy on spermatogenesis. The initial observation is that cancer survivors have greater difficulty becoming fathers and use more assisted reproductive techniques, regardless of their age at diagnosis. Despite a lower birth rate, it seems that having had cancer has no significant affects on the health of their children. However, there is no epidemiological study on the transgenerational effects of cancer treatments. There is also no data available on the reproductive function of the descendants of cancer ...

2) Why do organisms age? This is one of the big, unsolved questions in biology, because it is unclear how a process that ultimately decreases fitness can persist evolutionarily, and why species do not evolve to live longer. Many theories have been put forward to explain from an evolutionary perspective why organisms change with age, but it is likely that many factors contribute to the phenomenon. One factor that can strongly affect selection pressure for longevity has, however, not received much attention: the transgenerational effects of senescence. It has been known for nearly a century that a parents age can affect her offsprings, and even her grand-offsprings fitness, but it is not clear how this affects population dynamics and the evolution of ageing and longevity. We studied the effects of parental and grand-parental age on their offsprings lifespan, reproductive success, physiology and genetics in a wild and a captive population of house sparrows.. ...

Mounting evidence suggests that poor nutrition (e.g. folate deficiency) can influence our epigenomes leading to increased disease risk in adult life and in the next generation. Understanding how diseases are epigenetically transmitted between generations will impact human health; however, the mechanism remains unclear. To explore this phenomenon, I will utilise a genetic mouse line (Mtrr) in which normal folate metabolism is disrupted resulting in congenital defects similar to those seen in maternal folate deficiency in humans. Remarkably, the phenotypes in the Mtrr model, such as growth restriction, developmental delay and congenital defects (e.g. neural tube, heart and placental defects) are transgenerationally inherited by the wildtype grandprogeny. Using genetic, cellular and embryo manipulation techniques in the Mtrr model, I will investigate the transgenerational effects of folate metabolism on feto-placental development ...

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