Title:DREADD in Parvalbumin Interneurons of the Dentate Gyrus Modulates Anxiety, Social Interaction and Memory Extinction. VOLUME: 16 ISSUE: 1. Author(s):D. Zou, L. Chen, D. Deng, D. Jiang, F. Dong, C. McSweeney, Y. Zhou, L. Liu, G. Chen, Y. Wu and Y. Mao. Affiliation:Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.. Keywords:Parvalbumin-positive interneurons, hippocampus, Cre transgenic mice, DREADD, social memory, recognition memory.. Abstract:Parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the hippocampus play a critical role in animal memory, such as spatial working memory. However, how PV-positive interneurons in the subregions of the hippocampus affect animal behaviors remains poorly defined. Here, we achieved specific and reversible activation of PV-positive interneurons using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology. Inducible DREADD expression was demonstrated in vitro in cultured neurons, in which co-transfection of ...

To date, unequivocal neuroanatomical features have been demonstrated neither for sporadic nor for familial schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the neuroanatomical changes in a transgenic rat model for a subset of sporadic chronic mental illness (CMI), which modestly overexpresses human full-length, non-mutant Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), and for which aberrant dopamine homeostasis consistent with some schizophrenia phenotypes has previously been reported. Neuroanatomical analysis revealed a reduced density of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and reduced dopaminergic fibres in the striatum. Parvalbumin-positive interneuron occurrence in the somatosensory cortex was shifted from layers II/III to V/VI, and the number of calbindin-positive interneurons was slightly decreased. Reduced corpus callosum thickness confirmed trend-level observations from in vivo MRI and voxel-wise tensor based morphometry. These neuroanatomical changes help explain functional phenotypes of this ...

Parvalbumins are low molecular weight, water soluble sarcoplasmic proteins that are found in abundance in the fast twitch muscles of fish and amphibia. They are further characterized by a high affinity for calcium, acidic nature, polymorphism, unusual amino acid composition, unique ultraviolet absorption spectrum and high antigenicity. Parvalbumins are believed to serve in the rapid removal of calcium ions from troponin C during the relaxation phase of fast twitch muscle. Parvalbumins are species-specific for each species of fish in terms of these physico-chemical characteristics. In view of this specificity and of the proteins considerable antigenicity, it was proposed to employ the parvalbumin from red drum (Sciaenops ocellata) as the basis for an immunological field test to identify the red drum species from muscle samples. The ability to identify red drum from only a sample of muscle tissue would allow game law enforcement personnel to screen contraband fish fillets on site. A field test as ...

Difference between revisions of Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons coordinate hippocampal network dynamics required for memory consolidation ...

In the hippocampal CA1 area, a relatively homogenous population of pyramidal cells is accompanied by a diversity of GABAergic interneurons. Previously, we found that parvalbumin-expressing basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells, innervating different domains of pyramidal cells, have distinct firing patterns during network oscillations in vivo. A second family of interneurons, expressing cholecystokinin but not parvalbumin, is known to target the same domains of pyramidal cells as do the parvalbumin cells. To test the temporal activity of these independent and parallel GABAergic inputs, we recorded the precise spike timing of identified cholecystokinin interneurons during hippocampal network oscillations in anesthetized rats and determined their molecular expression profiles and synaptic targets. The cells were cannabinoid receptor type 1 immunopositive. Contrary to the stereotyped firing of parvalbumin interneurons, cholecystokinin-expressing basket and dendrite

Perisomatic inhibition provided by a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in timing the output of pyramidal cells. To test their contribution at the network and the behavioral level, we generated genetically modified mice in which the excitatory drive was selectively reduced either by the knockout of the GluR-D or by conditional ablation of the GluR-A subunit in parvalbumin-positive cells. Comparable cell type-specific reductions of AMPA-mediated currents were obtained. Kainate-induced gamma oscillations exhibited reduced power in hippocampal slices from GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice. Experimental and modeling data indicated that this alteration could be accounted for by imprecise spike timing of fast-spiking cells (FS) caused by smaller interneuronal EPSPs. GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice exhibited similar impairments in hippocampus-dependent tasks. These findings directly show the effects of insufficient recruitment of fast-spiking cells at the network and behavioral

Perisomatic inhibition provided by a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in timing the output of pyramidal cells. To test their contribution at the network and the behavioral level, we generated genetically modified mice in which the excitatory drive was selectively reduced either by the knockout of the GluR-D or by conditional ablation of the GluR-A subunit in parvalbumin-positive cells. Comparable cell type-specific reductions of AMPA-mediated currents were obtained. Kainate-induced gamma oscillations exhibited reduced power in hippocampal slices from GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice. Experimental and modeling data indicated that this alteration could be accounted for by imprecise spike timing of fast-spiking cells (FS) caused by smaller interneuronal EPSPs. GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice exhibited similar impairments in hippocampus-dependent tasks. These findings directly show the effects of insufficient recruitment of fast-spiking cells at the network and behavioral

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

GS: Where are you from? EL: Roanoke, Alabama. GS: What degree will you receive and when? EL: I expect to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology with a concentration in Behavioral Neuroscience in Summer 2011.. GS: How long have you been at UAB? EL: I have been at UAB for 7 years, receiving a B.S. in Psychology in 2005 and working on my doctoral degree.. GS: What is your research? EL: My project focuses on the transcriptional regulation of inhibitory interneurons during brain development. During my first two years, I found that the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha is required for the expression of the interneuron-specific calcium binding protein parvalbumin in the forebrain. This finding is sexy, so to speak, for two main reasons. First, parvalbumin-positive interneurons control the activity of large populations of principle neurons throughout cortex and hippocampus and are thought to be the driving force behind gamma oscillations in the brain. Second, PGC-1alpha is highly inducible by ...

GS: Where are you from? EL: Roanoke, Alabama. GS: What degree will you receive and when? EL: I expect to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology with a concentration in Behavioral Neuroscience in Summer 2011.. GS: How long have you been at UAB? EL: I have been at UAB for 7 years, receiving a B.S. in Psychology in 2005 and working on my doctoral degree.. GS: What is your research? EL: My project focuses on the transcriptional regulation of inhibitory interneurons during brain development. During my first two years, I found that the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha is required for the expression of the interneuron-specific calcium binding protein parvalbumin in the forebrain. This finding is sexy, so to speak, for two main reasons. First, parvalbumin-positive interneurons control the activity of large populations of principle neurons throughout cortex and hippocampus and are thought to be the driving force behind gamma oscillations in the brain. Second, PGC-1alpha is highly inducible by ...

Fuchs EC, Zivkovic AR, Cunningham MO, Middleton S, Le Beau FEN, Bannerman DM, Rozov A, Whittington MA, Traub RD, Rawlins JNP, Monyer ...

Epileptic seizures are characterized by periods of hypersynchronous, hyperexcitability within brain networks. Most seizures involve two stages: an initial tonic phase, followed by a longer clonic phase that is characterized by rhythmic bouts of synchronized network activity called afterdischarges (ADs). Here we investigate the cellular and network mechanisms underlying hippocampal ADs in an effort to understand how they maintain seizure activity. Using in vitro hippocampal slice models from rats and mice, we performed electrophysiological recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons to monitor network activity and changes in GABAergic signaling during epileptiform activity. First, we show that the highest synchrony occurs during clonic ADs, consistent with the idea that specific circuit dynamics underlie this phase of the epileptiform activity. We then show that ADs require intact GABAergic synaptic transmission, which becomes excitatory as a result of a transient collapse in the chloride (Cl(-)) reversal

Perturbations in fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are hypothesized to be a major component of various neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the mechanisms regulating PV interneurons remain mostly unknown. Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been shown to function as a major regul …

ZUHLKE, C., SCHOFFL, F., Jockusch, H., SIMON, D., & GUENET, J. L. (1989). CDNA SEQUENCE AND CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION OF THE MOUSE PARVALBUMIN GENE, PVA. GENETICAL RESEARCH, 54(1), 37-43 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Receptor subtypes involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of dopamine on striatal interneurons. AU - Centonze, Diego. AU - Grande, Cristina. AU - Usiello, Alessandro. AU - Gubellini, Paolo. AU - Erbs, Eric. AU - Martín, Ana B.. AU - Pisani, Antonio. AU - Tognazzi, Nadia. AU - Bernardi, Giorgio. AU - Moratalla, Rosario. AU - Borrelli, Emiliana. AU - Calabresi, Paolo. PY - 2003/7/16. Y1 - 2003/7/16. N2 - By stimulating distinct receptor subtypes, dopamine (DA) exerts presynaptic and postsynaptic actions on both large aspiny (LA) cholinergic and fast-spiking (FS) parvalbumin-positive interneurons of the striatum. Lack of receptor- and isoform-specific pharmacological agents, however, has hampered the progress toward a detailed identification of the specific DA receptors involved in these actions. To overcome this issue, in the present study we used four different mutant mice in which the expression of specific DA receptors was ablated. In D1 receptor null mice, DIR-/-, ...

Dudok B, Klein PM, Hwaun E, Lee BR, Yao Z, Fong O, Bowler JC, Terada S, Sparks FT, Szabo GG, Farrell JS, Berg J, Daigle TL, Tasic B, Dimidschstein J, Fishell G, Losonczy A, Zeng H, Soltesz I. Alternating sources of perisomatic inhibition during behavior. Neuron. 2021 03 17; 109(6):997-1012.e9 ...

It takes a village of diverse neurons to make a brain, and among the villagers, parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons hold a special position. Here, SRF reviews recent developments in PV interneuron biology, including two studies specific to schizophrenia, which bolster the proposition that PV interneurons are structurally sound but functionally compromised in the disorder. Read this story…

Neural circuits, governed by a complex interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons, are the substrate for information processing, and the organization of synaptic connectivity in neural network is an important determinant of circuit function. Here, we analyzed the fine structure of connectivity in hippocampal CA1 excitatory and inhibitory neurons innervated by Schaffer collaterals (SCs) using mGRASP in male mice. Our previous study revealed spatially structured synaptic connectivity between CA3-CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs). Surprisingly, parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVs) showed a significantly more random pattern spatial structure. Notably, application of Peters Rule for synapse prediction by random overlap between axons and dendrites enhanced structured connectivity in PCs, but, by contrast, made the connectivity pattern in PVs more random. In addition, PCs in a deep sublayer of striatum pyramidale appeared more highly structured than PCs in superficial layers, and little or no ...

Monoclonal antibody against oncomodulin (beta-parvalbumin) expressed by for use in ELISA, Western Blot against Gerbil, Guinea Pig, Human, Mouse, Rat

Truncated Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (Disc 1) ablates signaling of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the prefrontal cortex and underlies depression-related behaviour in mice.

Abstract: Inhibitory cells are essential to fine-tuning the activity of neural circuits. Different classes of interneurons target distinct subcellular compartments of the pyramidal cell. This suggests that there is a differential contribution of each subtype of interneuron in the regulation of the network. In particular, cholecystokinin (CCK) expressing interneurons differ in chemical features and their postsynaptic targets, yet the role of each of these subtypes in the regulation of neuronal network activity is poorly understood. In this study, we describe a subpopulation of CCK interneurons co-expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGlut3) that also shows tyrosine kinase ErbB4 receptor expression. These interneurons are mainly basket cells targeting both, pyramidal cells and Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus. To address the role of CCK-VGlut3 interneurons in network activity regulation, we combined mouse genetics with a set of different experimental approaches. ...

Essential antioxidant peroxidase that directly reduces phospholipid hydroperoxide even if they are incorporated in membranes and lipoproteins (By similarity). Can also reduce fatty acid hydroperoxide, cholesterol hydroperoxide and thymine hydroperoxide (By similarity). Plays a key role in protecting cells from oxidative damage by preventing membrane lipid peroxidation. Required to prevent cells from ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death resulting from an iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. The presence of selenocysteine (Sec) versus Cys at the active site is essential for life: it provides resistance to overoxidation and prevents cells against ferroptosis. The presence of Sec at the active site is also essential for the survival of a specific type of parvalbumin-positive interneurons, thereby preventing against fatal epileptic seizures. May be required to protect cells from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Required for normal sperm development and male ...

Rhythmic neural network activity patterns are defining features of sleep, but interdependencies between limbic and cortical oscillations at different frequencies and their functional roles have not been fully resolved. This is particularly important given evidence linking abnormal sleep architecture and memory consolidation in psychiatric diseases. Using EEG, local field potential (LFP), and unit recordings in rats, we show that anteroposterior propagation of neocortical slow-waves coordinates timing of hippocampal ripples and prefrontal cortical spindles during NREM sleep. This coordination is selectively disrupted in a rat neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: fragmented NREM sleep and impaired slow-wave propagation in the model culminate in deficient ripple-spindle coordination and disrupted spike timing, potentially as a consequence of interneuronal abnormalities reflected by reduced parvalbumin expression. These data further define the interrelationships among slow-wave, spindle, and ...

Striatal fast spiking interneurons (FSI) modulate the output of the striatum by synchronizing medium-sized spiny neurons (MSN). Recent studies have broadened our understanding of FSI, showing that they are implicated in severe motor disorders such as Parkinsonism, dystonia and Tourette syndrome. FSI are the only striatal neurons to express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). This selective expression of PV raises questions about the functional role of this Ca2+ buffer in controlling FSI Ca2+ dynamics, and, consequently, the FSI spiking mode and neurotransmission.

NMDA receptors on PV+ interneurons mediate supralinear integration at feedback synapses from local pyramidal neurons, enabling competing networks to lock onto salient inputs.

To investigate the electrophysiological properties, synaptic connections, and anatomy of individual parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive (CCK-IR) interneurones in CA1, dual intracellular recordings using biocytin-filled microelectrodes in slices of adult rat hippocampus were combined with fluorescence labelling of PV- and CCK-containing cells. Of 36 PV-IR cells, 29 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the stratum pyramidale (SP). Six were bistratified cells with axons ramifying throughout stratum oriens (SO) and stratum radiatum (SR). One was a putative axo-axonic cell with an axonal arbour confined to half of the SP and a narrow adjacent region of the SO. Of 27 CCK-IR neurones, 13 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the SP, and included basket cells with somata in the SP (6), SO (3), and SR (2) and at the border between the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) and the SR (2). In addition, several dendrite-targeting cell ...

Fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing basket cells (BCs) play a key role in feedforward and feedback inhibition in the hippocampus. However, the dendritic mechanisms underlying rapid interneuron recruitment have remained unclear. To quantitatively address this question, we developed detailed passive cable models of BCs in the dentate gyrus based on dual somatic or somatodendritic recordings and complete morphologic reconstructions. Both specific membrane capacitance and axial resistivity were comparable to those of pyramidal neurons, but the average somatodendritic specific membrane resistance (R(m)) was substantially lower in BCs. Furthermore, R(m) was markedly nonuniform, being lowest in soma and proximal dendrites, intermediate in distal dendrites, and highest in the axon. Thus, the somatodendritic gradient of R(m) was the reverse of that in pyramidal neurons. Further computational analysis revealed that these unique cable properties accelerate the time course of synaptic potentials at the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of spine formation by ErbB4 in PV-positive interneurons. AU - Yin, Dong Min. AU - Sun, Xiang Dong. AU - Bean, Jonathan C.. AU - Lin, Thiri W.. AU - Sathyamurthy, Anupama. AU - Xiong, Wen Cheng. AU - Gao, Tian Ming. AU - Chen, Yong Jun. AU - Mei, Lin. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - The trophic factor neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) and its receptor ErbB4 are schizophrenia candidate genes. NRG1-ErbB4 signaling was thought to regulate spine formation and function in a cell-autonomous manner. Yet, recent studies indicate that ErbB4 expression is largely restricted to GABAergic interneurons and is very low or absent in pyramidal cells. Here, we generated and characterized cell type-specific ErbB4 mutant and transgenic mice. Spine density and the number of excitatory synapses were unaltered by neither deletion nor overexpression of ErbB4 in pyramidal neurons. However, spine density and excitatory synapse number were reduced in PV-ErbB4-/- mice where ErbB4 was selectively ablated in ...

EGF promotes proliferation and migration of stem/progenitor cells in the normal adult brain. The effect of epidermal growth factor on neurogenesis in ischemic brain is unknown, however. Here we show that intraventricular administration of EGF and albumin augments 100-fold neuronal replacement in the injured adult mouse striatum after cerebral ischemia. Newly born immature neurons migrate into the ischemic lesion and differentiate into mature parvalbumin-expressing neurons, replacing more than 20% of the interneurons lost by 13 weeks after ischemia and representing 2% of the total BrdU-labeled cells. These data suggest that administration of EGF and albumin could be used to manipulate endogenous neurogenesis in the injured brain and to promote brain self-repair.. ...

Parvalbumin alpha / PVALB, 0.1 ml. Parvalbumin?is a?calcium-binding?albumin?protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).

TY - JOUR. T1 - Parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibres within human molar tooth pulps. AU - Ichikawa, Hiroyuki. AU - Ueyama, Yoshiya. AU - Yamaai, Tomoichirou. AU - Sugimoto, Tomosada. AU - Matsumura, Tomohiro. PY - 1994/8. Y1 - 1994/8. N2 - The root pulp contained two types of parvalbumin-immunoreactive nerve fibres, smooth and varicose. The smooth were relatively thick (mostly 3-5 μm in diameter) and sometimes had large swellings, whereas the varicose consisted of oval varicosities of 1-3 μm in long diameter with very fine strands interconnecting them. Most of the parvalbumin-immunoreactive root fibres were smooth, and the varicose were rare. Upon entering the pulp chamber, both types of fibre splayed out and ran towards the roof of the chamber and the pulp horn. In the subodontoblastic layer of the roof and horn, parvalbuminimmunoreactive fibres showed relatively straight chains of granules; they sent their granular terminals to the odontoblastic layer. Some ...

In this report, the United States Flexible PV Cell market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of

Espinoza Martinez, Claudia M, José Guzmán, Xiaomin Zhang, and Peter M Jonas. Parvalbumin+ Interneurons Obey Unique Connectivity Rules and Establish a Powerful Lateral-Inhibition Microcircuit in Dentate Gyrus. Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06899-3 ...

Gutbrod, M. J., Martienssen, R. A. (May 2020) Conserved chromosomal functions of RNA interference. Nat Rev Genet, 21 (5). pp. 311-331. ISSN 1471-0056 Somerville, T. D. D., Biffi, G., DaBler-Plenker, J., Hur, S.K., He, X.-Y., Vance, K.E., Miyabayashi, K., Xu, Y., Maia-Silva, D., Klingbeil, O., Demerdash, O. E., Preall, J. B., Hollingsworth, M. A., Egeblad, M., Tuveson, D. A., Vakoc, C. R. (April 2020) Squamous trans-differentiation of pancreatic cancer cells promotes stromal inflammation. Elife, 9. e53381. ISSN 2050-084x (Public Dataset) Delevich, K., Jaaro-Peled, H., Penzo, M., Sawa, A., Li, B. (February 2020) Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamo-prefrontal cortical circuit in Disc1 locus impairment mice. eNeuro. ISSN 2373-2822 Dore, K., Pao, Y., Soria Lopez, J., Aronson, S., Zhan, H., Ghosh, S., Merrill, S., Zador, A. M., Malinow, R., Kebschull, J. M. (January 2020) SYNPLA, a method to identify synapses displaying plasticity after learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117 (6). pp. ...

Complete information for PVALB gene (Protein Coding), Parvalbumin, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

In addition to PV-expressing cells, cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing GABAergic interneurons also innervate pyramidal cells (Fig. 1) at the soma and proximal dendrites (types 3 and 4), at the apical dendrites (type 9), at dendrites receiving glutamatergic CA3 input (type 8), and at the apical tuft (type 10). These CCK-expressing cells receive specific inputs from modulatory brain-stem nuclei (25) and fire different spike trains in vitro (26); their asynchronous GABA release causes longer-lasting inhibition in pyramidal cells (27); and their inhibitory effect is attenuated by postsynaptic pyramidal cells via cannabinoid receptors (28). Electrical stimulation of presynaptic fibers in vitro indicated that CCK-expressing cells may be particularly suited for integrating excitation from multiple afferents (29).. In vivo recordings of identified CCK-expressing cells in anesthetized rats (30) showed that CCK- and PV-expressing interneurons fire at distinct times (Fig. 2). During theta oscillations, ...

Based on the intricate expression pattern of ErbB4 during development and in the adult brain, we decided to compare the behavioral outcomes between ErbB4−/− and PV-Cre;ErbB4 mice. Interest in identifying the potential role of PV-expressing interneurons in mediating NRG/ErbB4 effects on behavior stems from multiple observations, including (1) the extensive coexpression of PV and ErbB4 in the PFC and, albeit to a lesser extent, the hippocampus (Fisahn et al., 2009; Fazzari et al., 2010; Neddens and Buonanno, 2010); (2) the notion that PV interneurons are involved in gamma oscillations whose power is reduced in schizophrenia (Kwon et al., 1999; Wilson et al., 2008); and (3) the finding that the number of PV mRNA and protein-expressing cells is reduced in the PFC of individuals with schizophrenia (for review, see Lewis et al., 2005). Intriguingly, acute NRG-1/ErbB4 signaling potently augments the power of kainate-induced hippocampal gamma oscillations, while slices from ErbB4−/− mice exhibit ...

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Parvalbumin in human brain.: Parvalbumin was isolated from human cerebral cortex and biceps and triceps muscles by HPLC. The immunological properties of the hum

Juvenile brain experiences a unique time window or critical period when neuronal circuits are intensively remodeled based on experience. For example, binocular vision is established in the primary visual cortex (V1) through an activity-dependent competition between the two eyes. Otx2 homeoprotein is the only known transcription factor essential for activation of the critical period in V1 (Sugiyama et al., Cell 134:508, 2008). Recently, we have reported the binding sites of Otx2 throughout the neuronal genome revealed by ChIP-seq analysis of mouse cortex (Sakai et al., Neuro2013). Among 2034 genes bearing Otx2 binding sites, factors involved in neural development, transcriptional regulations and signal transmission were enriched. Moreover, identification of critical factors for development of Parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneuron, like TrkB receptor, was consistent with the notion that Otx2 promotes their maturation to activate the plasticity. However, it is still unclear which genes are ...

Unlike traditional solar modules, where photo-voltaic (PV) cells can only use the sunlight that strikes the front of the module, Prisms bifacial modules generate energy on both sides, capturing a substantial amount of light scattered from clouds and surrounding surfaces. In traditional modules this additional light is NOT converted into electricity.. Our solutions are especially valuable when Prisms modules are mounted over highly reflective backgrounds, such as white roof, snow, sand, or other light-colored surfaces.. We build to outlast the competition, using tempered glass-on-glass design and hermetical sealing to protect the PV cells inside the module from any external damage. All components used are of the highest quality carefully sourced from the leading global partners.. This unique combination of N-type silicon with our patented module design results in virtually zero potential and light induced degradations (PID; LID), guaranteeing outstanding performance over the lifetime of your ...

We quantified the oddball effect by comparing the amplitude of early and late Vm responses for pre-oddball and oddball stimuli as well as for the first standard stimulus in trial blocks. Early Vm peak amplitudes were significantly enhanced for oddball compared with pre-oddball stimuli for all cell types (Fig. 3E; by a factor of 3.7, 3.1, and 3.7 for Exc, SST, and PV neurons, respectively; p , 0.01; n = 20, 20, 12). For the late component a significant fourfold to fivefold enhancement of the mean Vm amplitude was observed for Exc and PV neurons (p , 0.05, paired t test). Despite this enhancement, oddball Vm responses were, however, generally ∼20-35% smaller than the responses to the first stimulus. Our finding is consistent with a synaptic mechanism underlying SSA, with deviant tones recovering neuronal activity by recruiting distinct, largely nonadapted afferent pathways together with afferents partially overlapping with those adapted by the standard tone.. We also analyzed the selectivity of ...

Recent studies have established dysfunctional evoked and induced gamma (40 Hz) oscillations as well as changes in parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the brains of schizophrenic patients (Uhlhaas & Singer, 2010).

The proposed STTR Phase II study is aimed at exploring lightweight and multi-layer materials towards enhancing their armor performance. Different Al alloys will be assembled into a multi-layer configuration with good metallic bond between inter-layers. 2139-T8 Al alloy evolved by efforts of Alcan and the Army Research Laboratory will be selected as one of the layers in the laminated assembly. Othe .... ...

The project aims at investigating the potential for exploiting PV cells under non-optimum light conditions in urban space, ie at less than 1,000 W/m2 under optimum light conditions ...

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100 µg purified IgG, lyophilized. Albumin and azide were added for stabilization. For reconstitution add 100 µl H2O to get a 1mg/ml solution in PBS. Then aliquot and store at -20°C until use ...

Author(s): Goel, Anubhuti; Cantu, Daniel A; Guilfoyle, Janna; Chaudhari, Gunvant R; Newadkar, Aditi; Todisco, Barbara; de Alba, Diego; Kourdougli, Nazim; Schmitt, Lauren M; Pedapati, Ernest; Erickson, Craig A; Portera-Cailliau, Carlos | Abstract: To uncover the circuit-level alterations that underlie atypical sensory processing associated with autism, we adopted a symptom-to-circuit approach in the Fmr1-knockout (Fmr1-/-) mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Using a go/no-go task and in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we find that impaired visual discrimination in Fmr1-/- mice correlates with marked deficits in orientation tuning of principal neurons and with a decrease in the activity of parvalbumin interneurons in primary visual cortex. Restoring visually evoked activity in parvalbumin cells in Fmr1-/- mice with a chemogenetic strategy using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs was sufficient to rescue their behavioral performance. Strikingly, human subjects with Fragile X

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders, and the change in the activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered as the underlying pathological mechanism. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibition contributes to the overall activity of the PFC. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the excitation-inhibition imbalance of PV+ neurons in the PFC is unknown. Efnb2 is a membrane-bound molecule that plays an important role in the nervous system through binding the Eph receptor. To investigate whether the loss of Efnb2 in PV+ affects anxiety, we examined the behavior of wild type and Efnb2 in PV+ neurons knockout (KO) mice. We monitored the defensive responses to aversive stimuli of elevated plus maze (EPM) and found that KO mice exhibited obvious fearless and anxiolytic behaviors. To further investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism, we performed RNA sequencing, analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and constructed the weighted gene co-expression network

Several different populations of interneurons in the murine cortex, including somatostatin (SST)- or parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells, are born in the ventral ganglionic eminences during mid-gestation and then migrate tangentially to the cortex. SST is expressed by some interneuron progenitors in the cerebral cortex and in migrating populations in the ventrolateral cortex at birth. However, PV (also known as PVALB) is not expressed by interneurons until the second postnatal week after reaching the cortex, suggesting that molecular cues in the cerebral cortex might be involved in the differentiation process. BMP4 is expressed at high levels in the somatosensory cortex at the time when the PV(+) interneurons differentiate. Treatment of cortical cultures containing interneuron precursors is sufficient to generate PV(+) interneurons prematurely and inhibit SST differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP4 in vivo increases the number of interneurons expressing PV, with a reduction in the number of

The present work aims at investigating how Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection may be linked to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction in schizophrenia and related disorders and puts forward the hypothesis that immune responses against T. gondii may involve NMDARs. Indeed, the analysis of the protozoan proteome and NMDAR subunits for peptide commonalities shows a massive peptide overlap and supports the possibility that anti-T. gondii immune responses raised during active protozoan infection may cross-react with host NMDARs, determining disruption of neural circuits and cognitive deficits. In particular, the NMDA 2D subunit, which is mainly expressed in parvalbumin-positive interneurons, appears to be a hotspot for potential T. gondii-induced cross-reactive immune attacks.

Huntingtons disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (PolyQ) in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In HD, striking neuropathological changes occur in the striatum, including loss of medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons accompanied by neurodegeneration of the striosome and matrix compartments, leading to progressive impairment of reasoning, walking and speaking abilities. The precise cause of striatal pathology in HD is still unknown; however, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests multiple plausible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration in HD. Here, we review and discuss the characteristic neurodegenerative patterns observed in the striatum of HD patients and consider the role of various huntingtin-related and striatum-enriched proteins in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.

Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available. ...

One of the most ecologically-valid rodent models of depression is the learned helplessness paradigm. You get a rat or a mouse and you confine it in a cage with an electrified grid. Then you apply mild foot shocks at random intervals and of random duration for an hour (which is one session). The mouse initially…

The US National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) has created a two-junction PV cell with a world record 31.1% conversion efficiency.

The claustrum is present in all mammalian species examined so far and its morphology, chemoarchitecture, physiology, phylogenesis and ontogenesis are still a matter of debate. Several morphologically distinct types of immunostained cells were described in different mammalian species. To date, a comparative study on the neurochemical organization of the human and non-human primates claustrum has not been fully described yet, partially due to technical reasons linked to the postmortem sampling interval. The present study analyzes the localization and morphology of neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), NPY, and somatostatin (SOM) in the claustrum of man (# 5), chimpanzee (# 1) and crab-eating monkey (#3). Immunoreactivity for the used markers was observed in neuronal cell bodies and processes distributed throughout the anterior-posterior extent of human, chimpanzee and macaque claustrum. Both CR- and PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were mostly localized in the central and ventral region of

the expression of this firing phenotype. In particular, Kv3 channels are highly expressed by fast-spiking, arvalbuminpositive interneurons in corticolimbic brain circuits, which modulate the synchronization of cortical circuits and the generation of brain rhythms. Here, we describe a novel small molecule, (5R)-5-ethyl-3-(6-{[4-methyl-3-(methyloxy)phenyl]oxy}-3-pyridinyl)- 2,4-imidazolidinedione (AUT1), which modulates Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels in human recombinant and rodent native neurons. AUT1 increased whole currents mediated by human Kv3.1b and Kv3.2a channels, with a concomitant leftward shift in the voltage dependence of activation. A less potent effect was observed on hKv3.3 currents. In mouse somatosensory cortex slices in vitro, AUT1 rescued the fast-spiking phenotype of parvalbumin-positive-fast-spiking interneurons following an impairment of their firing capacity by blocking a proportion of Kv3 channels with a low concentration of tetraethylammonium. Notably, AUT1 had no effect on ...

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The cellular diversity of interneurons in the neocortex is thought to reflect subtype-specific roles of cortical inhibition. Here we ask whether perturbations to two subtypes-parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons-can be compensated for with respect to their contributions to cortical development. We use a genetic cell fate switch to delete both PV+ and SST+ interneurons selectively in cortical layers 2-4 without numerically changing the total interneuron population. This manipulation is compensated for at the level of synaptic currents and receptive fields (RFs) in the somatosensory cortex. By contrast, we identify a deficit in inhibitory synchronization in vitro and a large reduction in cortical gamma oscillations in vivo. This reveals that, while the roles of inhibition in establishing cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance and RFs can be subserved by multiple interneuron subtypes, gamma oscillations depend on cellular properties that cannot be compensated ...

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What makes chandeliers such a big deal among all other light apparatuses? Its the look and the placement of it. Chandeliers are generally extravagant and placed over an important spot of the home -a spot where people would usually gather. Thus, naturally, the look and placement are such that it would attract a lot of attention. Hence, a piece in your interior that will constantly remain at the centre of attention -is bound to be a big deal.. Chandeliers traditionally, were very illustrious and grand. They were mostly put in a formal or royal setup. Mammoth multi-layered Chandeliers with many arms and extensions, hanging down from the centre of the ceiling -was the iconic appeal of chandeliers. However, times have drastically changed, and with it - chandeliers. In a world enveloped in financial crisis and scarcity of resources -extravagance is nothing short of a crime. Although, that doesnt mean we need to discard whole range of commodities altogether. Starting from necessities to luxuries -all ...

Molecular definitions of neural cell types largely depend on the expression of RNAs or proteins as assessed by in situ hybridization, RNA array and sequencing,...

Now that have threads on global warming sceptics and on global warming underway, time for a thread on Potential ways of reducing warming Just in UK newspaper The Independent:

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The death of excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus may be one explanation for any result that reports a reduced level of inhibition, but it is not the entire story. It has also been reported that in rat models of TLE mIPSCs frequency in granule cells (remember the release is coming from the pre-synaptic basket cell, but is being recorded in the post-synaptic granule cell) drop 35-70% versus control.44,54,86 One suggestion for the decrease in mIPSCs frequency is the death of basket cells (fewer basket cells means lower probability for an mIPSC (i.e. lower frequency)); however, such a suggestion re-ignites the question of interneuron death in the dentate gyrus. Although interneuron death is rather small early into SE, suppose if PV-IR cells are indeed dying then their death could explain such a considerable drop because of the extensive synaptic connections that they have with the granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Basically although the total number of interneurons lost is only a small ...

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The possibility of making stained glass solar panels from these new PV cells could open up new possibilities for deploying solar power.

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What are interneurons and how do they affect our brains ability to function, to change, and to learn? Research scientist Dr. Scott Owen explains the latest findings. The post #222: What are

The referees raised a number of points, with which I concur and where I would like the authors to find appropriate answers. 1. The reporting of the data is in my view too parcelated. The key effect that the authors report is shown in figure 5 with a change in the density of parvalbumin terminals on somata, while with the underlying original data is distributed to two additional figures 4 and 3. These three numerical analyses should be combined because if the reviewer understands it correctly it is essentially dividing the number of parvalbumin terminals (figure 4) by the soma area (figure 3).. 2. It would be very helpful if the presented data could be extrapolated to assumed soma sizes. When the authors for instance report soma area in figure 3 but this is in fact cross-sectional soma area in a very thin slice and not the surface area of a cell body, this is rather confusing. Also in order to be able to interpret these numbers in the context of circuit data would be very helpful to report ...

oncomodulin: cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein found only in tumor cells; MW 11,500; not a fragment of calmodulin; stimulates liver cell DNA synthesis

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In this paper we develop morphologically detailed multi-compartment models of Hippocampal CA1 interneuron specific 3 interneurons using cell current-clamp recordings and dendritic calcium imaging data. In doing so, we developed several variant models, as outlined in the associated README.html file ...

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Article: Submillisecond firing synchrony between different subtypes of cortical interneurons connected chemically but not electrically. ...