TY - JOUR. T1 - Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. T2 - A cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis. AU - Armstrong, W. E.. AU - Warach, S.. AU - Hatton, G. I.. AU - McNeill, T. H.. PY - 1980/1/1. Y1 - 1980/1/1. N2 - A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the rat paraventricular nucleus has been proposed utilizing the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin-positive cells and fibers, Golgi-like impregnation of neurons, and observations of cell clustering as viewed in Nissl-stained material. Beginning rostrally, it was observed that the anterior commissural nucleus, a cell group sometimes claimed to be part of the paraventricular nucleus, contained many magnocellular perikarya which: (1)projected to the neurohypophysis but apparently not to the brainstem or spinal cord; (2) contained neurophysin; (3) had few (one or two) dendrites, most of which projected toward the third ventricle; and (4) were ...

We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of NF-κB activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), attenuating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and NAD(P)H oxidase in the PVN of young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Young normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats received bilateral PVN infusions with NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or vehicle for 4 weeks. SHR rats had higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, cardiomyocyte diameters of the left cardiac ventricle, and mRNA expressions of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). These SHR rats had higher PVN levels of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), ...

Adrenal-dependent and -independent stress-induced Per1 mRNA in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prefrontal cortex of male and female rats Journal Article ...

Anatomical and physiological studies of the primate visual system have suggested that the signals relayed by the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the LGN remain segregated in visual cortex. It has been suggested that this segregation may account for the known differences in visual function between the parietal and temporal cortical processing streams in extrastriate visual cortex. To test directly the hypothesis that the temporal stream of processing receives predominantly parvocellular signals, we recorded visual responses from the superficial layers of V1 (striate cortex), which give rise to the temporal stream, while selectively inactivating either the magnocellular or parvocellular subdivisions of the LGN. Inactivation of the parvocellular subdivision reduced neuronal responses in the superficial layers of V1, but the effects of magnocellular blocks were generally as pronounced or slightly stronger. Individual neurons were found to receive contributions from both pathways. We ...

The present study indicates that activation of dopamine D1-like receptors by administration of SKF 38393 leads to dose-dependent (doses: 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) increases in the expression of cFos proteins in the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). This effect was abolished by administration of SCH 23390, a dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, given 30 min before SKF 38393--10 mg/kg), suggesting that the apparent effect is specific for activation of dopamine D1-like receptors. Expression of cFos after SKF 38393 (10 mg/kg) was observed in some, but not all, CRF-immunoreactive neurons, as well as in small portion of oxytocin- but not vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons (double-immunofluorescence experiments). There were also certain populations of nuclei that showed expression of cFos but did not co-localize with the above markers. We also found that both acute and repeated (once daily for 5 consecutive days) exposure to cocaine (25 mg/kg) attenuated the induction of cFos

PC1 and PC2 are subtilisin-like processing enzymes capable of cleaving thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) precursor (pro-TRH) at paired basic residues in vitro. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), pro-TRH is synthesized to control adenohypophysial thyrotropin and prolactin release. Biochemical and immunological approaches have shown that in the hypothalamus, pro-TRH is extensively cleaved at pairs of basic amino acids. We quantified, by two different approaches, in situ hybridization (ISH) on consecutive cryostat sections or double label ISH, the proportion of PVN TRH neurons containing either PC1 or PC2 mRNAs. Both techniques gave similar results: PC2 mRNA was present in 60-70% of TRH neurons, and PC1 mRNA in 37-46%. Values were similar in the anterior and medial parts of the parvocellular PVN. TRH neurons containing either PC1 or PC2 mRNA were found throughout the areas containing TRH cells without any evidence of anatomical segregation. These results suggest a biochemical

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) from the hypothalamus continues to be referred to as the autonomic master controller. been at the mercy of some debate, plus they might be involved with physiological stress reactions, blood volume rules, glucose rules, thermoregulation and/or circadian rhythms. This review identifies the pharmacology of PVN spinally-projecting SPANs and discusses their most likely tasks in cardiovascular control. research have looked into the electrophysiological properties of PVN neurones [37-40]. Plxnd1 They display that parvocellular neurones (termed PVN type II neurones) communicate a gradually inactivating postponed rectifier potassium conductance. Conversely, the neurosecretory magnocellular neurones from the PVN (termed PVN type I neurones) may actually express a quickly inactivating (A-type) potassium conductance. Fewer research have been carried out on spinally-projecting SPANs; medulla-projecting neurones display solid inward rectification and A-type potassium ...

Despite the ability of insulin to elevate SNA and alter cardiovascular function,1,2 there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the central neural mechanisms that mediate these effects. The present study provides several novel findings: (1) inhibition of the PVN completely reversed the sympathoexcitatory response to insulin, (2) direct injection of insulin into the PVN did not elevate lumbar SNA, (3) blockade of PVN melancortin 3/4, but not of AT1 receptors, eliminated the sympathoexcitatory response to insulin, (4) and inhibition of the PVN prevented the fall in lumbar SNA and mean ABP in response to RVLM injection of KYN in hyperinsulinemic rats. Collectively, these findings indicate that insulin activates a melanocortin-dependent pathway to the PVN, and activation of PVN neurons increases glutamatergic drive to the RVLM via a direct or indirect pathway to alter cardiovascular function.. The PVN plays a pivotal role in the regulation of SNA and ABP through mono- and poly-synaptic pathways to ...

Exploring the Regulatory Mechanism of Stress Responses in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Backgrounds and Future Perspectives of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Modified Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Knock-In MouseExploring the Regulatory Mechanism of Stress Responses in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Backgrounds and Future Perspectives of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Modified Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Knock-In Mouse ...

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This is the first electrophysiological study to examine the cellular effects of the RFamide group of peptides on hypothalamic parvocellular PVN neurons. We found that NPFF and NPVF, which belong to the RFamide peptide family, significantly inhibited the evoked GABAergic IPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. NPFF-induced reduction in inhibitory synaptic responses could be abolished by RF9, a NPFF receptor antagonist, which has been recently reported to block opioid-induced hyperalgesia and elevations in blood pressure and heart rate evoked by NPFF (35). Also, NPFF and NPVF decreased the frequency of GABAergic mIPSCs without affecting the amplitude or decay time constant of mIPSCs, indicating a presynaptic locus for the actions of these peptides. Furthermore, we observed that NPFF and NPVF caused depolarization of parvocellular PVN neurons. This excitatory effect was present in TTX but eliminated in the presence of bicuculline (and TTX). Collectively, these results indicate that NPFF and the ...

With the advent of more intensive glucose management, hypoglycemia has emerged as a primary limitation in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. It is now recognized that the increased incidence of hypoglycemia derives not only from imperfect insulin replacement but also from impaired counterregulation and hypoglycemic unawareness (1). The latter two observations have led to a renewed interest in the mechanisms underlying hypoglycemic detection. As a result of intensive research over the past decade, the traditional hypothalamocentric model of glucose sensing has been replaced with one emphasizing a widespread neural network involving numerous aspects of the central nervous system, as well as peripheral sensory input. Thus, in addition to the ventromedial hypothalamus, the paraventricular hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus all appear to play important roles (2,3). In the periphery, important glucose sensors have been ...

Die Universität zu Köln ist eine Exzellenzuniversität mit dem klassischen Fächerspektrum einer Volluniversität. Als eine der größen Hochschulen Europas arbeitet sie in Forschung und Lehre auch international auf höchstem Niveau.

The metabolic state (fed or hungry) has been shown to influence varying responses to food-associated cues. Recent studies reveal that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) may play a critical role as it receives ...

Leptin binds to receptors in multiple hypothalamic nuclei to increase sympathetic nerve activity; however, the neurocircuitry is unclear. Here, using anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, we investigated the role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular injection of leptin slowly increased lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and baroreflex control of LSNA and heart rate. Inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus with muscimol completely reversed leptins effects. Blockade of paraventricular melanocortin 3/4 receptors with SHU9119 or ionotropic glutamate receptors with kynurenate, alone or together, each partially reversed the effects of leptin, implicating increased activation of glutamate and melanocortin 3/4 receptors. Conversely, although blockade of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus increased LSNA, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, these responses were prevented by ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus; age-dependent colocalization with vasopressin. AU - Raadsheer, F.C.. AU - Sluiter, A.A.. AU - Ravid, R.. AU - Tilders, F.J.H.. AU - Swaab, D.F.. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. M3 - Article. VL - 615. SP - 50. EP - 62. JO - Brain Research. JF - Brain Research. SN - 0006-8993. ER - ...

Insulin-like immunoreactive (ILIR) neurons were localized in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of normal as well as streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at different time intervals ranging from 1 to 12 months post-diabetes. Insulin-like immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the neuronal somata in the PVN and SON of control rats but the nucleolus appeared unlabelled. In the neuropil of PVN and SON, the reaction product was mainly localized in the dendrites and axonal profiles. The overall intensity of labelling was light and diffuse. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, also the PVN and SON contained ILIR neuronal somata, dendrites and axonal profiles. However, these ILIR neuronal profiles displayed abnormality at all the time intervals studied. At 1-6 months post-diabetes, the ILIR somata and dendrites appeared to be hypertrophied and they contained dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Both ILIR myelinated as well as ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) participates in the down-regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone gene (crh) expression. AU - Miller, Lydia. AU - Foradori, Chad D.. AU - Lalmansingh, Avin S.. AU - Sharma, Dharmendra. AU - Handa, Robert J.. AU - Uht, Rosalie Maire. PY - 2011/8/3. Y1 - 2011/8/3. N2 - The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a central role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Medial parvocellular neurons of the PVH (mpPVH) integrate sensory and humoral inputs to maintain homeostasis. Humoral inputs include glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenals, which down-regulate HPA activation. A primary glucocorticoid target is the population of mpPVH neurons that synthesize and secrete corticotropin-releasing factors, the most potent of which is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Although CRH gene (crh) expression is known to be down-regulated by glucocorticoids, the mechanisms by which this process occurs are still poorly ...

Fos expression is selectively and differentially regulated by endogenous glucocorticoids in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dentate gyrus Journal Article ...

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Figure 1: Structure of Cart peptides. Receptors involved with CART Peptides. So far, no specific CART receptor has been identified. However, there is substantial experimental evidence suggesting the existence of several CART receptor subtypes.. For example, several studies have shown that CART peptides could activate three signaling mechanisms, and that they modulate dopamine receptors-related pathways. First, CART 55-102 has been described to inhibit the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner [5]. PTX is an inhibitor of inhibitory-G-protein (Gi/Go)-dependent signaling pathways [6]. Then, CART 55-102 has been described to increase the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in rats [7]. Ultimately, it promotes the expression of the CREB and induces profound antidepressant effects. Numerous genes associated with ...

(1992) Merlo Pich et al. Brain Research. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide of the pancreatic polypeptide family, exerts a potent stimulatory action on eating when injected into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) in rats. Several...

BACKGROUND: The adipose afferent reflex (AAR), a sympatho-excitatory reflex, can promote the elevation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure (BP). Inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) involves sympathetic abnormality in some cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. This study was designed to explore the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the PVN on the AAR and SNA in rats with obesity-related hypertension (OH) induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. METHODS: Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were continuously recorded in anesthetized rats, and their responses to capsaicin (CAP) stimulation of the right inguinal white adipose tissue were used to evaluate the AAR. RESULTS: Compared to the control rats, the systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma norepinephrine (NE, indicating SNA) and TNFα levels, TNFα mRNA and protein levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and NADPH oxidase activity in the PVN were ...

When anorexigenic peptide is elevated, melanocortin receptor 3/4 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is activated and satiation and thermogenesis are induced. Increased orexigenic peptide activates the Y1/5 receptor in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induces a sense of hunger, and halts thermogenesis ...

In response to stressors, individuals exhibit different coping styles, each characterized by a set of behavioral, physiological, and psychological responses.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in the paraventricular nucleus buffers central endothelin-1-induced pressor response and vasopressin secretion. AU - Rossi, Noreen F.. AU - Black, Stephen M.. AU - Telemaque-Potts, Sabine. AU - Chen, Haiping. PY - 2004/11/1. Y1 - 2004/11/1. N2 - Endothelin 1 (ET-1) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle increases sympathetic output, arterial pressure and plasma vasopressin (AVP). These responses are mediated by glutamatergic inputs and inhibited by γ-amino-butyric acidergic inputs in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). It has been suggested that nitric oxide enhances these γ-amino-butyric acidergic inhibitory inputs. The present studies were designed to test the hypothesis that decreasing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity within the PVN will potentiate ET-1-induced increases in arterial pressure and alter plasma AVP secretion. Male Long Evans rats underwent adenoviral gene transfer of β-galactosidase, Ad.CMV.β-gal ...

GABA(B) receptor function is upregulated in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but it is unclear whether this upregulation occurs pre- or postsynaptically. We therefore determined pre- and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptor function in retrogradely labeled spinally projecting PVN neurons using whole cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Bath application of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen significantly decreased the spontaneous firing activity of labeled PVN neurons in both SHR and WKY rats. However, the magnitude of reduction in the firing rate was significantly greater in SHR than in WKY rats. Furthermore, baclofen produced larger membrane hyperpolarization and outward currents in labeled PVN neurons in SHR than in WKY rats. The baclofen-induced current was abolished by either including G protein inhibitor GDPbetaS in the pipette solution or bath application of the GABA(B) receptor antagonist ...

The immediate early gene c-fos is one of the most studied genes in the CNS as a marker for neuronal activation (Edwards et al.,1999; Abraham and Kovacs,2000; Konkle and Bielajew,2004). It is thus generally believed that activation of a neuronal system with c-fos expression in the brain is a hallmark for reflecting the functional status of a discrete brain structure. The c-fos belongs to the family of immediate-early transcription factor genes that are believed to function in coupling short-term signals elicited by extracellular to long-term changes in cellular phenotype by orchestrating changes in target gene expression (Curran and Morgan,1995). However, the expression of c-Fos, which is normally low, can be increased by a number of pharmacological, physiological, and behavioral manipulations (Morgan and Curran,1989; Herrera and Robertson,1996). Therefore, the measurement of c-Fos protein levels, the product of c-fos gene activation, has been used as a marker for activated neurons (Hoffman et ...

The rapid decreases in plasma VP and corticosterone that occur after dehydration-induced drinking have been well documented (19, 21, 26, 35, 49, 52, 62, 63). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that drinking after a period of chronic water restriction inhibits the activity of hypothalamic magnocellular and specific subpopulations of parvocellular neurons in the PVN that control pituitary-adrenal activity. We have shown that water restriction for 6 days results in increased Fos expression in VP magnocellular and parvocellular neurons but not CRH parvocellular neurons. Because rehydration results in reduced Fos expression in the VP neurons, our results support the hypothesis that water restriction-induced drinking decreases pituitary-adrenal activity by inhibiting neural activity in VP magnocellular and parvocellular neurons. In addition, rehydration in water-restricted rats that have also undergone acute restraint stress reduces plasma ACTH and Fos in VP magnocellular and ...

Stressor and cytokine challenges provoke several common effects, and may synergistically influence behavioral and neurochemical functioning. In the present investigation, we assessed whether the effects of poly I:C would be influenced when administered on a backdrop of a psychosocial stressor. In naïve mice, poly I:C (2 mg/kg) modestly increased sickness behaviors, plasma IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 levels, but did not affect IL-1, IL-4, or IFN-γ. The viral analogue also increased plasma corticosterone levels and norepinephrine (NE) utilization within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN) and hippocampus. However, among mice that had experienced social disruption (comprising 14 days of isolation followed by regrouping), the behavioral, IL-6, IL-10, and corticoid alterations provoked by poly I:C were markedly augmented. Moreover, following social disruption the effect of poly I:C on NE utilization was increased within the PVN, prefrontal cortex and central amygdala, as was serotonin utilization ...

Chronic stress has been associated with degenerative changes in the rodent and primate hippocampus, presumably mediated in part via neuronal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In the rat brain, GRs are widely distributed and are particularly dense in the hippocampus. The distribution of GRs in the primate brain, however, has not been fully characterized. In this study, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to map the distribution of GR mRNA and GR protein, respectively, in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In contrast to its well established distribution in the rat brain, GR mRNA was only weakly detected in the dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis (CA) of the macaque hippocampus, whereas it was abundant in the pituitary (PIT), cerebellum (CBL), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and, to a lesser extent, the neocortex. Immunohistochemical staining indicated a very low density of GR-like immunoreactive cells within the macaque hippocampal formation in ...

© 2014, PLOS ONE. Recent work has shown that oxytocin is involved in more than lactation and uterine contraction. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) contains neuroendocrine neurons that control the release of hormones, including vasopressin and oxytocin. Other populations of PVN neurons do not release hormones, but rather project to and release neurotransmitters onto other neurons in the CNS involved in fluid retention, thermoregulation, sexual behavior and responses to stress. Activation of oxytocin receptors can be cardioprotective and reduces the adverse cardiovascular consequences of anxiety and stress, yet how oxytocin can affect heart rate and cardiac function is unknown. While anatomical work has shown the presence of peptides, including oxytocin, in the projections from the PVN to parasympathetic nuclei, electrophysiological studies to date have only demonstrated release of glutamate and activation of fast ligand gated receptors in these pathways. In this study, using rats,

Die Vorgänge im paraventrikulären Nukleus des Hypothalamus (PVN), einer Kernregion der Angst-Regulation im Gehirn, standen dabei im Zentrum. Speziell gezüchtete Ratten, die sogenannten HAB und LAB Ratten, die sich auf extreme Art in ihrem Angstverhalten unterscheiden (sie weisen sehr hohes bzw. sehr niedriges Angstverhalten auf) bildeten dabei eines meiner Versuchsmodelle. Bei meinen Untersuchungen gelang es mir, den ATP-Rezeptor P2X4R als neuen Faktor der Angst-Regulation zu bestimmen. P2X4R ist ein Ionenkanal, der durch Bindung seines Liganden aktiviert, und somit geöffnet wird. Er ist besonders durchlässig für Ca2+-Ionen und seine Aktivierung steigert daher den intrazellulären Ca2+ Spiegel, was wiederum zur Aktivierung Ca2+-sensibler Signalkaskaden führt. LAB Ratten zeichnen sich im Vergleich zu HAB Ratten durch eine erhöhte Expression jenes P2X4R aus. Eine Aktivierung des Rezeptors direkt im PVN, mit Hilfe des Agonisten CTP, führte nach 10 min zu einer Verringerung des ...

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Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP), peptides synthesised in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, are released during the introduction to a familiar or novel stimulus in low-stress social and environmental scenarios. Importantly, it is unknown whether the activity of neurons synthesising OT and AVP differs when animals are exposed to novel versus familiar objects. Therefore, mice were subjected to a short-term presence of a novel or familiar, small and distinctively shaped plastic object in a pre-exposed arena. Immunohistochemical analysis following exposure to a novel versus familiar object showed significantly greater activation of OT and AVP neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus when exposed to a familiar stimulus versus a novel stimulus. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed an increasing, but not significant, trend in the number of active OT and AVP neurons in the supraoptic nucleus in response to a novel stimulus versus a familiar ...

Chronic stress has been associated with degenerative changes in the rodent and primate hippocampus, presumably mediated in part via neuronal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In the rat brain, GRs are widely distributed and are particularly dense in the hippocampus. The distribution of GRs in the primate brain, however, has not been fully characterized. In this study, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to map the distribution of GR mRNA and GR protein, respectively, in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In contrast to its well established distribution in the rat brain, GR mRNA was only weakly detected in the dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis (CA) of the macaque hippocampus, whereas it was abundant in the pituitary (PIT), cerebellum (CBL), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and, to a lesser extent, the neocortex. Immunohistochemical staining indicated a very low density of GR-like immunoreactive cells within the macaque hippocampal formation in ...

In contrast to the acute and chronic anorectic responses to EAA deprivation, dietary MR produces a hyperphagic response within 6-7 days after introduction of the diet, and the 20-25% increase in consumption of the diet continues indefinitely (7,64). A compilation of the short-term responses to dietary MR and leucine deprivation are summarized in Fig. 2, with differences highlighted in yellow. The acute responses to the diets also share several similarities, including comparable transcriptional effects on lipogenic genes in the liver, increased oxidative genes in WAT, increased EE, and enhanced insulin sensitivity (7-10,30,39,48,58,76,77). A key similarity is that both diets increase SNS stimulation of adipose tissue, which induces oxidative and thermogenic gene programs, resulting in increased EE. Recent studies provide evidence that leucine deprivation activates the SNS by increasing expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (10) through a ...

Ablation of NK1 receptor bearing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract blunts cardiovascular reflexes in awake rats.. Abdala AP, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E.. Brain Res 1119(1):165-173, 2006.. Cardiovascular function is largely controlled by the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). This work focuses on the baroreflex, cardiopulmonary chemoreflex, and arterial chemoreflex. Rats were injected with either 20 nl of 2 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into the subpostremal NTS, or 200 nl into the subpostremal and commissural NTS. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. It was established that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NTS are critical for these reflexes.. Noradrenergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus underlie hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but not hypophagic or conditioned avoidance responses to systemic yohimbine.. Banihashemi L, Rinaman L.. J Neurosci 26(44):11442-11453, 2006.. Yohimbine (YO) is an α2 ...

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Potential mechanism of QSYQ efficacy. Treatment with QSYQ could attenuate inflammation and apoptosis in LAD-induced HF rats. One of the underlying therapeutic m

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Role of paraventricular nucleus (PVH) in baroreflex-mediated changes in lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate. AU - Patel, K. P.. AU - Schmid, P. G.. PY - 1988/4. Y1 - 1988/4. N2 - Electrophysiological and neuronanatomical studies indicate that reciprocal connections between the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and medullary sites are involved in cardiovascular regulation. To determine whether the PVH is involved in the regulation of baroreflex responses, lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) and heart rate (HR) changes were recorded in response to increases in arterial pressure (produced by bolus doses of phenylephrine i.v.) prior to, during, and 60 min following the injection of lidocaine (2% lidocaine, 200 nl) bilaterally in the PVH of chloralose-anesthetized rabbits. Baseline blood pressure, HR, and LSNA did not change in response to the administration of lidocaine in the PVH. The magnitude of baroreflex responses in HR and LSNA were expressed as the ratios of ...

Stressful stimuli induced by immobilization are perceived as acute stress in rats. This acute stress activates corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), resulting in stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ventral ascending noradrenergic bundles (V-NAB) from the brainstem innervate the PVN. To investigate the relationship between the response of the HPA axis and the V-NAB, we examined changes in plasma corticosterone, the final output of the HPA axis, and extracellular noradrenaline (NA) in the PVN following immobilization stress in rats that received bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the V-NAB. 6-OHDA microinjection into the V-NAB reduced the magnitude of the responses of plasma corticosterone and extracellular NA in the PVN following immobilization stress. Our results suggest that V-NAB innervation of the PVN is involved in immobilization stress-induced activation of the HPA axis.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Neuroendoscopic biopsy and the treatment of tumor-associated hydrocephalus of the ventricular and paraventricular region in pediatric patients. T2 - a nationwide study in Japan. AU - Miwa, Tomoru. AU - Hayashi, Nakamasa. AU - Endo, Shunro. AU - Ohira, Takayuki. PY - 2015/10/13. Y1 - 2015/10/13. N2 - A neuroendoscopic biopsy is a minimally invasive and useful procedure for the diagnosis and initial management of tumor-associated hydrocephalus. We describe the nationwide investigation of the current status of neuroendoscopic biopsy for intra- and paraventricular tumors in children, as well as the treatment of tumor-associated hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. The main items examined included the patients age and sex, location of the tumor, pathological diagnosis, complications, treatment and efficacy of treatment of the tumor-associated hydrocephalus, and the dissemination during the postoperative course. Two hundred twenty-one pediatric patients (mean 8.6 years) from 67 ...

Neuropepetide Y (NPY) is best known for its powerful stimulation of food intake and its effects on reducing energy expenditure. However, the pathways involved and the regulatory mechanisms behind this are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that NPY derived from the arcuate nucleus (Arc) is critical for the control of sympathetic outflow and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Mechanistically, a key change induced by Arc NPY signaling is a marked Y1 receptor-mediated reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is also associated with a reduction in TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) and other regions in the brainstem. Consistent with this, Arc NPY signaling decreased sympathetically innervated BAT thermogenesis, involving the downregulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in BAT. Taken together, these data reveal a powerful Arc-NPY-regulated neuronal circuit that controls BAT thermogenesis and sympathetic output via TH

TY - JOUR. T1 - Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuronal Activation in the Paraventricular and Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Depends on Ambient Temperature. AU - Wanner, Samuel P.. AU - Yoshida, Kyoko. AU - Kulchitsky, Vladimir A.. AU - Ivanov, Andrei I.. AU - Kanosue, Kazuyuki. AU - Romanovsky, Andrej A.. PY - 2013/9/19. Y1 - 2013/9/19. N2 - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with either fever or hypothermia, but the mechanisms responsible for switching from one to the other are unknown. In experimental animals, systemic inflammation is often induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To identify the diencephalic and brainstem structures involved in the fever-hypothermia switch, we studied the expression of c-Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation, in rats treated with the same high dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously) either in a thermoneutral (30°C) or cool (24°C) environment. At 30°C, LPS caused fever; at 24°C, the same dose caused profound hypothermia. Both fever ...

Appropriate responses to an imminent threat brace us for adversities. The ability to sense and predict threatening or stressful events is essential for such adaptive behaviour. In the mammalian brain, one putative stress sensor is the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), an area that is readily activated by both physical and psychological stressors. However, the role of the PVT in the establishment of adaptive behavioural responses remains unclear. Here we show in mice that the PVT regulates fear processing in the lateral division of the central amygdala (CeL), a structure that orchestrates fear learning and expression. Selective inactivation of CeL-projecting PVT neurons prevented fear conditioning, an effect that can be accounted for by an impairment in fear-conditioning-induced synaptic potentiation onto somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) CeL neurons, which has previously been shown to store fear memory. Consistently, we found that PVT neurons preferentially innervate SOM+ neurons in ...

The brain has evolved adaptive mechanisms for coping with stress and responds to stressors in highly stereotyped ways. One of the major physiological responses to stressful stimuli, the secretion of pituitary and adrenal hormones, is controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). CRH neuroendocrine neurons constitute the primary control center in the brain for initiating hormonal responses to stress, and the control of these neurons by other parts of the brain has been the subject of intensive investigation. One of the most massive sources of input to these neurons is the collection of axonal inputs originating from subpopulations of catecholaminergic (CA) neurons located in the hindbrain. These CA neurons are critical regulators of the mammalian stress axis, releasing the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine and other co-localized peptide hormones (such as neuropeptide Y) onto CRH neuroendocrine ...

In todays journal club, Meghana Rao (2nd year PhD scholar) reviewed article from Autonomic Neuroscience entitled Paraventricular nucleus modulates autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to acute restraint stress in rats by Cristiane Busnardo et al ...

A hormona liberadora da corticotropina (CRH) ou corticoliberina, antes chamada factor liberador da corticotropina (CRF) é unha hormona polipeptídica hipotalámica e neurotransmisor implicada na resposta ao estrés. A súa principal función é a estimulación da síntese de ACTH na hipófise ou pituitaria. Pertence á familia dos factores liberadores da corticotropina. A CRH é un péptido de 41 aminoácidos derivado dunha preprohormona de 191 aminoácidos codificada nun xene do cromosoma 8 humano. A CRH é segregada polo núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo en resposta ao estrés. Na enfermidade de Alzheimer obsérvase unha marcada redución nos niveis de CRH. Ademais de ser producida polo hipotálamo, a CRH tamén se sintetiza nos tecidos periféricos, como os linfocitos T, e é amplamente expresada na placenta. Na placenta, a CRH é un marcador que determina a duración da xestación e o momento do parto. Ao comezo do parto ten lugar un incremento rápido dos niveis circulantes de CRH, o ...