Primates must solve complex spatial problems when foraging, such as finding patchy resources and navigating between different locations. However, the nature of the cognitive representations supporting these types of behaviors is currently unclear. In humans, there has been great debate concerning the relative importance of egocentric representations (which are viewer-dependent) versus allocentric representations (which are based on aspects of the external environment). Comparative studies of nonhuman apes can illuminate which aspects of human spatial cognition are shared with other primates, versus which aspects are unique to our lineage. The current studies therefore examined spatial cognitive development in one of our closest living relatives, bonobos (Pan paniscus) across contexts. The first study assessed how younger bonobos encode locations in a place-response task in which apes first learn that one of two locations is consistently baited with a reward, and then must approach the two locations from

Because of the promiscuous mating behavior of female bonobos, there is a great deal of paternal uncertainty. If a male cannot be sure which offspring are his, he is less likely to invest any time or energy caring for them. It is because of this lack of certainty that the entirety of parental care in bonobos is assumed by the mothers (de Waal 1997). That is not to say that adult males are not attentive to infants in the unit-group, in fact, there is very little aggression directed towards bonobo infants by adult males in the group and infanticide has never been recorded (Kuroda 1989; de Waal 1997). Like all primates, bonobos exhibit a prolonged maturation period that is necessary for behavioral plasticity, strong mother-offspring relationship, and social development (Kuroda 1989). Bonobos, though, when compared to chimpanzees, have a particularly slow rate of development, and it is reported that bonobo mothers are more attentive to their offspring than chimpanzee mothers. In their first years, ...

Their diet consists mainly of plant products including fruit, seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, bark, stems, pith, roots, and mushrooms. Though the majority of their diet is fruit (57%), bonobos are also known to consume small mammals, insect larvae, earthworms, honey, eggs, and soil (Kano 1992; Bermejo et al. 1994). Unlike chimpanzees, bonobos do not actively hunt mammalian prey but feed on it opportunistically (White 1996). At one study site, bonobos have been observed washing off their food before eating (Bermejo et al. 1994). Daily activities can be partitioned into six categories: feeding in trees, rest, travel, foraging, nest-building, and group excitement. These daily activities are generally in a cycle of resting (43% of the day), traveling (13%), foraging (20%), and feeding (20%). The remaining time is spent doing other activities. Bonobos forage for principal food items between 25 and 40 m (82 and 131 ft) above the ground. Though most primary food sources are found at this height, they ...

The following editorial comment summarises detailed information given within the LITERATURE REPORTS. Links to the LITERATURE REPORTS are provided at the bottom of this box. WILD POPULATION - IMPORTANCE: The total population is estimated at somewhere between 1,000 and 100,00, and declining.. GENERAL LEGISLATION: Bonobos are listed as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and listed as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.. CITES LISTING: Appendix I. RED-DATA LIST STATUS: Endangered under criteria A4cd (version 3.1). THREATS: Major threats include habitat destruction and hunting - for bushmeat and for parts used in religious rituals. Even in areas where bonobos are not hunted specifically, snares can result in severe injury and loss of digits or limbs. The timber trade, by facilitating assess into the forest, and transport of both people and bushmeat, creates a market for bushmeat; forest workers often are not provided with domestic meat, ...

The ovarian steroids, 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), are critical for normal uterine function, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and mammary gland development. Furthermore, the local effects that are essential for normal ovarian physiology are dependent on the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions of E2, P4, and androgens. In most mammals (including humans and mice), ovarian steroidogenesis occurs according to the two-cell/two-gonadotropin theory. This theory describes how granulosa and theca cells work together to make the ovarian steroids. Theca cells respond to LH signaling by increasing the expression of enzymes necessary for the conversion of cholesterol to androgens, such as androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T). Granulosa cells respond to FSH signaling by increasing the expression of enzymes necessary for the conversion of theca-derived androgens into estrogens (E2 and estrone ...

Allograft rejection is the consequence of the recipients alloimmune response to nonself antigens expressed by donor tissues. After transplantation of organ allografts, there are two pathways of antigen presentation. In the direct pathway, recipient T cells react to intact allogeneic MHC molecules expressed on the surface of donor cells. This pathway would activate host CD4 or CD8 T cells. In contrast, donor MHC molecules (and all other proteins) shed from the graft can be taken up by host APCs and presented to recipient T cells in the context of self-MHC molecules - the indirect pathway. Such presentation activates predominantly CD4 T cells. A direct cytotoxic T-cell attack on graft cells can be made only by T cells that recognize the graft MHC molecules directly. Nontheless, T cells with indirect allospecificity can contribute to graft rejection by activating macrophages, which cause tissue injury and fibrosis, and are also likely to be important in the development of an alloantibody response ...

Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression.

Locality of Wild Origin: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bosondjo Plantation, 30 km from Lisala Original locality data: bosondjo plantation, 30 km from lisala, zaire; from yerkes regional primate research center, alanta, georgia ...

Despite the fact that chimpanzees and bonobos share similar starting conditions at birth they develop different behavioural patterns later in life. These differences might be caused by different hormone levels. Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp in Belgium have analyzed thyroid hormones from urine samples of zoo-living chimpanzees and bonobos. They discovered that bonobos retain elevated thyroid hormone concentrations well into adulthood, whereas in humans and chimpanzees thyroid hormone concentrations decline after puberty. The late decline of thyroid hormones in bonobos might have consequences on their behaviour and might also indicate a delayed development of their mental capacities.

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are the closest living relatives of humans, but the two species show distinct behavioral and physiological differences, particularly regarding female reproduction. Despite their recent rapid decline, the demographic histories of the two species have been different during the past 1-2 Myr, likely having an impact on their genomic diversity. Here, we analyze the inferred functional consequences of genetic variation across 69 individuals, making use of the most complete data set of genomes in the Pan clade to date. We test to which extent the demographic history influences the efficacy of purifying selection in these species. We find that small historical effective population sizes (Ne) correlate not only with low levels of genetic diversity but also with a larger number of deleterious alleles in homozygosity and an increased proportion of deleterious changes at low frequencies. To investigate the putative genetic basis for phenotypic ...

Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning6, 7, 8, 9. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers ...

The Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center (Pongoland) is a project of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. It is operated in collaboration with the Leipzig Zoo. Research focuses on the behavior and cognition of the four species of great ape: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), Organgutans (Pongo pygmaeus), and bonobos (Pan paniscus). There is a special focus on the ontogeny of chimpanzee cognition. Researchers and students from the University of Leipzig, and other universities around the world, conduct their research projects at the center guided by the personnel of the Center ...

UPDATE: I emailed one of the researchers and I got this response: Hello, you are of course absolutely right. Bonobos are equally distant to people from Africa, Europe or anywhere else in the world. The X/A ratio measures something completely different: It compares individuals from a certain group (bonobos, chimpanzees, or human populations) and compares…

Clyde and her team, including Zoo veterinary technician Bob Korman, local cardiologist Dr. Sam Wann and cardiac sonographer Leann Beehler, recognized the importance of measuring the bonobos heart health often. That meant training the animals to get blood-pressure readings and echocardiograms (ultrasounds of the heart) while awake instead of putting them under anesthesia. Blood-pressure cuffs placed around the arm didnt work because the bonobos would panic when the cuff tightened. We assumed they felt like they were being grabbed, so they instinctively pulled back, Clyde says. Instead, the team has trained 14 of the Zoos 21 bonobos to sit for blood-pressure readings using a finger cuff, which doesnt cause as much alarm. These finger cuffs really dont feel like anything, Korman says. Even the really skeptical bonobos, after they feel it, theyre fine with it.. The GAHP hopes to confirm that finger cuffs are an effective way to measure bonobos blood pressure through a three-year grant ...

In 1999, neuroscientist Prof. John Allman and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology first published a report[12] on spindle neurons found in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of hominids, but not in any other species. Neuronal volumes of ACC spindle neurons were larger in humans and bonobos (Pan paniscus) than the spindle neurons of the common chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. Allman and his colleagues[13] have delved beyond the level of brain infrastructure to investigate how spindle neurons function at the superstructural level, focusing on their role as «air traffic controllers for emotions ... at the heart of the human social emotion circuitry, including a moral sense»[14]. Allmans team proposes that spindle neurons help channel neural signals from deep within the cortex to relatively distant parts of the brain. Specifically, Allmans team[15] found signals from the ACC are received in Brodmanns area 10, in the frontal polar cortex, where regulation of cognitive ...

The study of endocranial asymmetries of hominids is a central topic in paleoneurology. However, our knowledge about the emergence of these asymmetries during human evolution is still limited. This is partly due to the fact that, so far, these 3D asymmetries have been mostly analyzed using landmarks-based methods. Such methods are limited as they only provide a partial description of the anatomy and thus of the possible asymmetries. The endocranial anatomy may be better described by its whole contour, and the recent advent of computational tools allowing to process 3D free-form surfaces opens new tracks for automated and objective characterization of 3D endocranial asymmetries. One key problem before assessing the evolution of patterns of asymmetry in hominids is the identification of confounding factors such as age, sex and intra-specific variability. For this purpose, we use a new method for the automated quantification of 3D virtual endocranial shape of 60 Pan paniscus and 59 Pan troglodytes of

An analysis of thyroid hormones from urine samples of zoo-living chimpanzees and bonobos has led anthropologists to conclude that hormone levels may be why chimpanzees and bonobos share similar starting conditions at birth but develop different behavioral patterns later in life.

Bonobo population dynamics: past patterns and future predictions for the Lola ya Bonobo population using demographic modeling ...

What would have happened to our ancestors if theyd been more like Bonobos than Chimpanzees? Heres a thought experiment. To translate from Ancient Bonobo to English, I stuck a Babel Fish in my ear. The dialogue is inspired by Duty calls ...

Bonobos are great apes and one of our closest living relatives. The Smithsonian Institutions Division of Mammals ( http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/ ) houses many chimpanzees in its scientific collections.

Bonobos are great apes and one of our closest living relatives. The Smithsonian Institutions Division of Mammals ( http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/ ) houses many chimpanzees in its scientific collections.

1. Inter-male relationships were compared between two groups of bonobos at Wamba, Zaire, and a group of chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. 2. Although distribution of females is much different between the two species, frequencies of affinitive interactions between males (inter-individual proximity and grooming) were similar between the species. 3. By contrast, marked inter-species differences were found in agonistic aspects of male relationships. Such differences could be related to the different estrus patterns of females. 4. Male relationships of both species may have been reflecting the male-bonded strategy which was taken by a common ancestor. Within this framework, males of each species seem to have developed differentiated social tactics for the access to females showing different patterns of distribution and estrus. ...

Researchers have discovered endemic malaria infection in a geographically-restricted set of wild bonobos, including a possible new species of the parasite.

Bonobos collaborates with Cone Denim to produce Earth Day denim Bottle Rockets jeans partially comprised of recycled beer bottles.

Bonobos and chimpanzees look very similar and both share 98.7% of their DNA with humans. The bonobo monkey is currently endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Support WWF in protecting vulnerable species and their habitats.

Junior setting up a camera-trap grid.. Juniors favorite, though, is the camera traps. Animal species that were previously invisible are observed. When we download the photos and videos from the camera trap cards, we see the miracle! We see animals we never saw before, even though TL2 monitoring started in 2007. He is always at the camera trap set-up to make sure the cameras are correctly programed and placed in a good position. We want to maximize the chance of recording animals. He is especially happy to see bonobos, and he would like to see okapis, but they are elusive and only on the west side of the Lomami. So far he has been monitoring the east side of the Lomami.. Junior was born in 1988 in a village of the Haut-Uele Province. When still little, a man of his own ethnic group, Budu, came to the village and showed films. The man worked for the Okapi Reserve. One of the films was about okapis and Junior was fascinated. He asked the man what his job was. He said: conservation.. After this, ...

Theres a new baby bonobo at the Columbus Zoo! The babys mom is Susie, who I personally think is one of the most beautiful bonobos Ive ever seen. In the video, you can see Susie with her new baby--theres also someone to the side, grooming Susies arm. Im not sure who it is, but I would suspect that it is Lola, Susies juvie daughter ...

Is Golden Rule behavior restricted to humans? Or, is it a part of our animal nature that we share with our evolutionary cousins? Frans de Waal is a primatologist who has spent his professional life studying chimpanzees, bonobos (pigmy chimps) and other primate species. In Our Inner Ape (2005, New York: Penguin Group), de Waal says:Our golden rule -Do unto others as you would have them do unto you-asks us to put on someone elses shoes. We think of this as a uniquely human ability…but we are not alone. How many animals can do so? I have already described how Kuni, a bonobo, treated an injured bird she found in her enclosure. By trying to make the bird fly, Kuni recognized the needs of an animal totally unlike herself. There is no shortage of further examples of bonobos figuring out the needs of others.One involves Kidogo, who suffered from a heart condition. He was feeble, lacking the normal stamina and self-confidence of a grown male bonobo. When first introduced to the colony at the ...

Camillo is the highest ranking male bonobo of the study group. He is often seen in his mothers company. Image: Caroline Deimel, Lui Kotale Bonobo Project. Variation in male mating success is often related to rank differences. Males who are unable to monopolize estrous females alone may engage in coalitions with other group members to chase higher ranking males off these females and to thus enhance their own mating success.. Studies on chimpanzees and dolphins suggest that coalitions are independent of kinship. Information from species in which females remain in their natal group, on the other hand, shows the importance of kin support, especially from mothers, on the reproductive success of their daughters. Therefore, one might expect a similar effect on sons in species in which males remain in their natal group like bonobos. With our study we wanted to find out whether in bonobos the mating success of the sons was indeed influenced by the support they received from their mothers, says Martin ...

OK, the title of this post isnt literally correct. Bonobos cant talk, at least not in a human language. But Frans de Waal is an expert on bonobos and other primates, who are our closest evolutionary relatives. At the end...

OK, the title of this post isnt literally correct. Bonobos cant talk, at least not in a human language. But Frans de Waal is an expert on bonobos and other primates, who are our closest evolutionary relatives. At the end...

The bonobo, along with the chimpanzee, is one of our two closest living relatives. Their relatively narrow geographic range (south of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo) combined with the history of political instability in the region, has made their scientific study extremely difficult. In contrast, there are dozens of wild and captive sites where research has been conducted for decades with chimpanzees.

April Flowers for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online. In 2002 a fossil specimen of an ape skeleton was unearthed in Spain. The researchers who discovered the remains assigned it a new genus and species, Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, estimating that the ape lived about 11.9 million years ago. The researchers argued that the ape could be the last common ancestor of modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, orangutans, bonobos, gorillas and humans.. Now a new study led by a University of Missouri integrative anatomy expert has revealed that the shape of the ape´s pelvis indicates that it lived near the beginning of the great ape evolution after the lesser apes started to independently develop but before the great ape species began to diversify.. The international team was led by Ashley Hammond, a Life Sciences Fellow in the MU Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, and included members from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the University of Turin and Stony Brook University. ...

We used these funds to increase our monitoring and patrol coverage in the park (in 2020, patrols covered a total of 12,300 km on foot and mainly off-trail through forest); We maintained a permanent outreach presence in the buffer zone helping local populations with community projects (fish-ponds, village-built research house, bridges and road clearance). We continue to work with the population to improve their overall security and social peace.. Your support and interest are the greatest motivation possible. Our responsibility is to keep you informed through this blog-site and through our reports and photos. Dont hesitate to ask us specific questions.. Our direct thanks go to (in the order that funding was received in 2020) Full Circle Foundation, Woodtiger Fund, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildcat Foundation, Elephant Crisis Fund, Temperatio, Frankfurt Zoological Society Core Funds and the contributors through Paypal at this blogsite.. Many thanks from all of us in TL2 ...

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Kinkekomplekt: Bonobo näohooldus sisaldab nurmenuku ja kortslehe näokreemi normaalsele ja kombineeritud nahale ning piparmündi näovett.

THE GREAT APE NEUROSCIENCE PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT - FEBRUARY 2011 Introduction. As our closest living relatives, great apes share similarities with humans in terms of cognition, emotion, sociality, and susceptibility to some diseases of aging. Yet despite these striking similarities, important differences exist that set humans apart with regard to brain structure and function. The overarching goal of the Great Ape Neuroscience Project is to investigate the neurobiological basis of variation

Malaria parasites, although widespread among wild chimpanzees and gorillas, have not been detected in bonobos, a chimp cousin. Reasoning that previous studies may have missed infected bonobo populations, a team led by Beatrice Hahn, MD, a professor of Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, conducted a more extensive survey, increasing both the number and places they sampled wild bonobo populations.. ...

An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives.[1] Unlike animal shelters, sanctuaries do not seek to place animals with individuals or groups, instead maintaining each animal until his or her natural death. In some cases, an establishment may have characteristics of both a sanctuary and a shelter; for instance, some animals may be in residence temporarily until a good home is found and others may be permanent residents. The mission of sanctuaries is generally to be safe havens, where the animals receive the best care that the sanctuaries can provide. Animals are not bought, sold, or traded, nor are they used for animal testing. The resident animals are given the opportunity to behave as naturally as possible in a protective environment.[1]. What distinguishes a sanctuary from other institutions is the philosophy that the residents come first. In a sanctuary, every action is scrutinized for any trace of human benefit at the ...

Looking for Binobo? Find out information about Binobo. smaller of two species of chimpanzee chimpanzee, an ape, genus Pan, of the equatorial forests of central and W Africa. The common chimpanzee, Pan... Explanation of Binobo

Of course it would be ridiculous to compare the complex, diverse collection of human apes - some 330 million of them - who call the USA home, to the few thousand bonobos who make their home in the forests of the Congo. So call me ridiculous.. Bonobos appear to be an egalitarian lot. They have fun together, sexually and otherwise, they share responsibilities, they look after each others kids, and they generally nip disagreements, which do occur, in the bud, either with sexual healing or with female group force. Unfortunately they dont read, write or do much in the way of science, but you cant have everything.. They dont kill each other, which their close rellies the chimps occasionally do. And its the male chimps who tend to do this, just like male human apes. Now, Americans. They like to think theyre exceptional, many of them, but to an outsider like me they seem exceptional in only two respects - their religiosity and their jingoism, neither of which I have much time for. The nations ...

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Human females have concealed ovulation or hidden estrus. Most female animals show distinctive signs when they are in heat. These include swelling and redness of the genitalia in baboons and bonobos, pheromone release in the feline family, etc. By comparison, human females have few external signs of fertility. It is difficult to tell, by means of external signs only, whether or not a woman is ovulating at the time. Humans are the only mammal to lack obvious, visible manifestations of ovulation, although some argue that the extended estrus period of the bonobo (reproductive-age females are in heat for 75% of their menstrual cycle)[1] has a similar effect to the lack of a heat in human females.[2] While women can be taught to recognize their own ovulation (fertility awareness), whether men can detect ovulation in women is highly debated. At least one recent study has argued that men are more likely to initiate sex with fertile women[3], while another has found male-initiated sex to occur at a ...

The species is included in the Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It is known from the following protected areas in India - Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Gundla Brahmeshwaram Metta Wildlife Sanctuary, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park, Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary and Siwaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh; Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary in Orissa; Balaram-Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary, Jessore Wildlife Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat (Molur et al. 2005). Taxonomic research is recommended for this species (Molur et al. 2005 ...

The Hominidae /hɒˈmɪnᵻdiː/ Hominid, whose pledge are well-known as great apes or Hominids, are a taxonomical family Hominid of tarsioidea that incorporate vii extant Hominid taxonomic category in four genera Hominid: Pongo Hominid, the Bornean Hominid and Sumatran orangutan Hominid; Gorilla Hominid, the eastern Hominid and western gorilla Hominid; Pan Hominid, the common chimpanzee Hominid and the bonobo Hominid; and Homo Hominid, the human Hominid. Several vision in elucidative the large acme have spawn the use of the referent Hominid to widen concluded time. Its first connotation critique alone to group Homo and heritor nearest relatives. That limiting connotation has now old person for the most part false by the referent hominin, which be all pledge of the humanness biological group after the acrobatic stunt from the pan paniscus Pan. (See below, for a workman elaboration of correlated and real sympathetic terms, at Terminology Hominid.) The current, 21st century, connotation of ...

To be classified as communicative, a gesture had to include eye contact with the conversational partner, be accompanied by vocalization (non-speech sounds) or include a visible behavioral effort to elicit a response. The same standard was used for all three species. For all three, gestures were usually accompanied by one or more behavioral signs of an intention to communicate.. Charles Darwin showed in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals that the same facial expressions and basic gestures occur in human populations worldwide, implying that these traits are innate. Greenfield and her colleagues have taken Darwins conclusions a step further, providing new evidence that the origins of language can be found in gestures and new insights into the co-evolution of gestures and speech.. The apes included in the study were named Panpanzee, a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and Panbanisha, a female bonobo (Pan paniscus). They were raised together at the Language Research ...

We generated a total of 26x coverage of the bonobo genome from a sample taken during routine examination of Ulindi, a female bonobo living in Zoo Leipzig. All sequencing was executed on the 454 Sequencing platform and included paired end libraries with 3, 9 and 20 kb insert sizes. The genome sequence was assembled from these reads using the Celera Assembler and yielded an assembly with a N50 contig size of 67 kb and a N50 scaffold size of 9.6 Mb. The genome sequence is comparable in quality to the draft chimpanzee assembly.. Here, we provide contigs, scaffolds and chromosome-assigned scaffolds. Contigs and scaffolds are also available through GenBank (AJFE01000000). All data is made freely available. ...

We generated a total of 26x coverage of the bonobo genome from a sample taken during routine examination of Ulindi, a female bonobo living in Zoo Leipzig. All sequencing was executed on the 454 Sequencing platform and included paired end libraries with 3, 9 and 20 kb insert sizes. The genome sequence was assembled from these reads using the Celera Assembler and yielded an assembly with a N50 contig size of 67 kb and a N50 scaffold size of 9.6 Mb. The genome sequence is comparable in quality to the draft chimpanzee assembly.. Here, we provide contigs, scaffolds and chromosome-assigned scaffolds. Contigs and scaffolds are also available through GenBank (AJFE01000000). All data is made freely available. ...

Even though all mammals have placentas, mammalian placentas are different, even between species we would think should be very similar, like the subjects of this paper, mice and rats. Between mice and rats, the building blocks of a placenta, the genes, are related, and yet the mature placentas are distinct.. How?. You might have run into this situation before- You know how humans and chimpanzees and bonobos share most of the same genes… and yet humans and chimpanzees and bonobos are all distinct species? The trick is the regulation of the same genes. More of Gene A. Less of Gene B. Gene C doesnt turn on at all. Gene D is expressed at the same rate, but earlier. Gene E later. Different species are different recipes using the same ingredients.. And it appears as if ERVs are helping write the recipes in mouse and rat placentas.. These researchers started by mapping the epigenetic landscape of the mouse and rat embryonic cells that start making mouse and rat placentas. And by mapped the ...

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The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology is leading opposition to the Great Ape Protection Act (H.R. 1326), a bill that would end all invasive research on great apes, including chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, orangutans and gibbons. (Note: Gibbons are not technically great apes, but they are defined as such in the legislation.). In a letter sent to all members of the U.S. House of Representatives, FASEB, along with other scientific organizations, patient-advocacy groups and research institutions, expressed concern that the bill would harm medical research that helps both humans and great apes. The legislation was reintroduced in the 111th Congress after failing to gain support in the previous Congress and has rapidly gained more than 100 co-sponsors. Passage of the legislation is considered a high priority by a number of animal-rights groups, including the Humane Society of the United States and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.. The joint letter of ...

The mechanisms that underlie the diversification of tropical animals remain poorly understood, but new approaches that combine geo-spatial modeling with spatially explicit genetic data are providing fresh insights on this topic. Data about the diversification of tropical mammals remain particularly sparse, and vanishingly few opportunities exist to study endangered large mammals that increasingly exist only in isolated pockets. The chimpanzees of Cameroon represent a unique opportunity to examine the mechanisms that promote genetic differentiation in tropical mammals because the region is home to two chimpanzee subspecies: Pan troglodytes ellioti and P. t. trogolodytes. Their ranges converge in central Cameroon, which is a geographically, climatically and environmentally complex region that presents an unparalleled opportunity to examine the roles of rivers and/or environmental variation in influencing the evolution of chimpanzee populations. We analyzed microsatellite genotypes and mtDNA HVRI

To study the evolution of recombination rates in apes, we developed methodology to construct a fine-scale genetic map from high-throughput sequence data from 10 Western chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus. Compared to the human genetic map, broad-scale recombination rates tend to be conserved, but with exceptions, particularly in regions of chromosomal rearrangements and around the site of ancestral fusion in human chromosome 2. At fine scales, chimpanzee recombination is dominated by hotspots, which show no overlap with those of humans even though rates are similarly elevated around CpG islands and decreased within genes. The hotspot-specifying protein PRDM9 shows extensive variation among Western chimpanzees, and there is little evidence that any sequence motifs are enriched in hotspots. The contrasting locations of hotspots provide a natural experiment, which demonstrates the impact of recombination on base composition.

Rambunctious one-year-old Teco, a third-generation captive-born bonobo at the Great Ape Trust in Des Moines, Iowa, has an apes usual fondness for games and grapes. But perhaps because of trauma from a difficult birth (his mother was in labor for 60 hours) or a genetic predisposition, Teco is different from his bonobo peers in ways that resemble autism in young children. He could not cling to his mother or nurse the way healthy young apes do instinctively, mimicking the aversion to physical contact seen in children with autism. Teco also tends to fixate on shiny objects and avoids eye contact, and he has trouble coordinating his four limbs. A genetic analysis of bonobos, already under way, may shed light on Tecos condition and offer new perspectives on autisms genetic roots in humans ...

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NONFICTION REVIEW. Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are. By Frans de Waal. Riverhead. $25.95. 288 pages.. Verdict: An enlightening look at ourselves.. Robert Ardreys 1961 book African Genesis startled the world. Ardrey traced the human lineage back to a line of killer apes. With such a lethal background, he wrote, What should we wonder at? Our murders and massacres and missiles, and our irreconcilable regiments?. This view of humanity as a warlike society was reinforced by field studies of our closest relative, the chimpanzee. Despite their previous reputation as Edenic vegetarians, on-the-ground research revealed them to be violent communities of brutish thugs who beat rivals to death, hunted monkeys and ate them.. It seemed our past destined us to a bloody future. Then, in the 1970s, scientists began studying bonobos.. Bonobos, once called pigmy chimpanzees, are gracile versions of ordinary chimps. Like chimps, they are social animals who live in groups, ...

EDIT: I really appreciate the discussion that this particular post sparked. I just want to add one more thought. I think the general conception has always been that aggression, lethal confrontations, and competition for resources are intrinsic to primitive animal behaviors. On the other hand, we think of sentiments like love, compassion, and empathy in particular as higher sentiments, something that pertains to civilization and hence to higher intelligence. This particular paper intrigues me because, without proving anything, it provides evidence to the opposite: it seems to indicate that empathy pertains to all animals, from mice to apes, not just to humans, and that evolution favors cooperation, while disfavoring disruptive confrontations. It is true that with limited resources aggressive behaviors increase, but if you take a society like the bonobos and observe it when in equilibrium with its own environment, then one cant help but wonder: if the bonobos manage to resolve their issue ...

Science is reporting on interesting research on the Ling Bua stone tools: Archaeologist Mark Moore of the University of New England in Armidale, Australia, and his colleagues studied 11,667 stone tools recovered from Liang Bua Cave on Flores. Excavators have unearthed hobbit bones in cave layers dated to between 17,000 and 95,000 years ago. These…

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Comparing human, chimpanzee and bonobo cells can give us clues to understand biological processes, such as infection, diseases, brain evolution, adaptation or genetic diversity, says senior research associate Iñigo Narvaiza, who led the study with senior staff scientist Carol Marchetto at the Salk Institute in La Jolla. Until now, the sources for chimpanzee and bonobo cells were limited to postmortem tissue or blood. Now you could generate neurons, for example, from the three different species and compare them to test hypotheses. In the new study, published online October 23, 2013, in the journal Nature, scientists found disparities in the regulation of jumping genes or transposons-DNA elements that can copy and paste themselves into spots throughout the genome-between humans and non-human primate cells. Jumping genes provide a means to rapidly shuffle DNA and might be shaping the evolution of our genomes, the scientists say. Working in the lab of Salks Fred Gage, the Vi and John Adler ...

The prefrontal cortex is the most rostral region of the cortex. In other species, it is dedicated to voluntary motor control, but in primates, it has developed considerably. For many years, scientists believed that humans unequalled abilities for planning and abstract reasoning were attributable to their having a more developed prefrontal cortex than other primates. But studies conducted in the first few years of the new millennium have called this idea into question. Earlier studies had compared the human brain to those of other primates, but had not included most of the great apes. In these more recent studies, magnetic resonance imaging has been used to measure the relative size of the prefrontal cortex in all species of great apes, including humans. When this new method was applied to this broader range of species, the relative size of the prefrontal cortex was found to be almost the same in humans as in the great apes who are our closest cousins (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and ...

It appears that you already have an account created within our VIP network of sites on . To keep your personal information safe, we need to verify that its really you. To activate your account, please confirm your password. When you have confirmed your password, you will be able to log in through Facebook on both sites. ...

Alongside the chickens, goats, sheep, turkeys, rabbits, cows and other pigs at the sanctuary, Bruce lived in hog heaven with plentiful food, water, shelter, love and a future that didnt include a skillet. Animal Place - which now includes the relocated sanctuary on 600 acres in Grass Valley and the site in Vacaville for rescued and adoptable farm animals - has rescued thousands of farm animals, many from Bay Area counties, since executive director Sturla started saving them 25 years ago. Sadie came out of a dairy farm, where cows must be bred to maintain lactation and newborn calves are typically separated from their moms at birth. Adopting out chickensAbout 100 of the chickens at the sanctuary came from an egg farm in Turlock (Stanislaus County), the luckiest among 50,000 abandoned and without food for two weeks before local authorities found them in February. The sanctuary opened to visitors about six months ago, allowing families, school groups or Scout troops to walk the pens and barns or get a

From this point forward, TREES will set a maximum herd size of 12-15 horses rather than the average of 18-20 we tried to maintain for the past several years. Not only will a smaller herd lead to a more balanced sanctuary environment, but it will also allow time for more educational efforts, something that suffered greatly in the last few years. Education will, of course, remain focused on equine elder care, but we will also begin to incorporate more green horsekeeping philosophy. Our standards will include integrative management techniques in which the sanctuary environment is every bit as important as the horses in it. Practically speaking, there is no way to separate the two facets of the sanctuary - what we do with the horses affects the farm environment and what we do with the farm environment affects the horses. The Sanctuary is a microcosm of the interconnected nature of all things; what affects one thing affects all things ...

Visit Ranthambore sanctuary and enjoy tourist attraction includes mammals and species in Rantambhore park, Keladevi Sanctuary, wild life reserve, flora and fauna of the Ranthambore Park, Aravalli hills, diverse animal, species of bird, Wild species, numerous tigers, beneath caves, wildlife haven rehabilitation centre, Chambal River and Banas River. Get more information about Rantambhore sanctuary at The Earth Traveler.

/PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- A Wayne State University School of Medicine researcher is one step closer to understanding the genetic basis that enable bonobos,...

For most people, physical activity provides a basis for good health and an enhanced quality of life for the future. However, there are a small number who may be at risk when exercising, and for this reason we ask that you complete this form so that we may give you or your child the highest level of care possible. All information you give us remains confidential ...

http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/10/01/coverstory.tm/index.html Editors note: The following is a summary of this weeks Time magazine cover story. (Time.com) -- You dont have to be a biologist or an anthropologist to see how closely the great apes -- gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and…

Some of the oldest human ancestors that we can unequivocally identify as part of our line lie in the genus Australopithecus. These have been identified by some authors as woodland apes, to distinguish these more dryland inhabitants from the forest apes that survive today in Africas jungles (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas). They are much smaller than a modern human, only as tall as a child, but they have already evolved to walk upright. They still show adaptations for climbing that were lost in later species, suggesting they probably escaped into the trees at night to avoid ground predators, as modern chimps do. Their brains were not much larger than a modern chimpanzees, and their teeth are very heavy, even pig-like, as an adaptation to a tough diet of fibrous plant material - probably roots, tubers, and corms, perhaps dug from plants growing at the waters edge2,3.. The hominids thought to have first started eating meat are Homo habilis, the handy man, and the distinction between them ...

Bonobos, known for their peaceable ways and casual sex, have been caught in the act of cannibalism - the last of the great apes to show a taste for their own flesh

This week WOOC correspondent Elizabeth Press continues coverage on the Troy sanctuary resolution by talking to Siobhan Burke of ICE Free Capital District and Troy Sanctuary Campaign about what activists are doing in town to support immigrants.. ...

The move to deposit arms and confine the PLA fighters to UN-supervised cantonments, in practice, tantamount to abandoning PPW and class struggle in the name of multi-Party democracy and endangering the gains made during the decade-long Peoples War. The first big deviation occurred when the CPN(M) decided to sail with the SPA by agreeing to abandon the Base Areas, demobilize its PLA, and participate in the elections in the name of fighting against the monarchy. This line is a total deviation from MLM and the concept of PPW. To justify this, CPN(M) had cited the example of CPC under Mao which had gone for a united front with Chiang Kai-sheks KMT and had given a call for a coalition government. It is a fact that CPC had given the call for such a united front. However, it is also a fact that it had never proposed giving up the Base Areas or disarming the PLA. And it was precisely this which had made CPCs position stronger by the end of the anti-Japanese War. It was able to dictate terms to others ...

The move to deposit arms and confine the PLA fighters to UN-supervised cantonments, in practice, tantamount to abandoning PPW and class struggle in the name of multi-Party democracy and endangering the gains made during the decade-long Peoples War. The first big deviation occurred when the CPN(M) decided to sail with the SPA by agreeing to abandon the Base Areas, demobilize its PLA, and participate in the elections in the name of fighting against the monarchy. This line is a total deviation from MLM and the concept of PPW. To justify this, CPN(M) had cited the example of CPC under Mao which had gone for a united front with Chiang Kai-sheks KMT and had given a call for a coalition government. It is a fact that CPC had given the call for such a united front. However, it is also a fact that it had never proposed giving up the Base Areas or disarming the PLA. And it was precisely this which had made CPCs position stronger by the end of the anti-Japanese War. It was able to dictate terms to others ...

Research shows how bonobos and chimpanzees coordinate playing and grooming and form joint commitments so that they, like other animals, can agree on what they want to happen ...

Left to right: David Levithan, me, Beth Kephart, Ellen Hopkins, Eliot Schrefer). I was honored to be in such company last night, and energized by the wonderful crowd at Childrens Book World--which included A.S. King, K. M. Walton, Tiffany Schmidt, Jessica Dimuzio, and many other book-lovers who helped make our panel discussion a fun and thoughtful exchange about books and writing. If you ever get the chance to hear any of these authors speak, or to go to an event organized by David Levithan, or visit Childrens Book World, do so! Beth whisked us to Spain, Ellen discussed the human costs of war, Eliot showed us pictures of bonobos and took us to Africa with his prose, David made us contemplate the connection between our inner and outer lives and what identity means, and I shared a bit from my novel about recovery from a suicide attempt. Childrens Book World provided an amazing array of books and refreshments. I cant tell you how exciting it is to be in a roomful of people all devoted to the ...

Le but de la nouvelle stratégie est d assurer la protection à long terme des bonobos partout dans leur aire de répartition par la mise en oeuvre d actions permettant de réduire, et si possible d éliminer les menaces directes et les facteurs sous-jacents causant le déclin des populations. ...

Gene Baur Farm Sanctuary www.farmsanctuary.org To purchase a copy of the book: Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day Event: Today 7:30 p.m. Women and Children First 5233 N.

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The Sanctuary for Independent Media is a project of Media Alliance Inc, a 501c(3) non-profit organization located at 3361 6th Avenue in North Troy, New York.. ...

Colville Valley Animal Sanctuary, located at 1250 N. Highway, PMB 266, Colville, Washington, a Best Friends Network Partner, is an animal sanctuary for dogs and cats in Colville, Washington.

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Wildlife sanctuaries in India provide a safe haven for endangered animals. Here are the must-visit sanctuaries for a memorable safari experience.

Book Sanctuary Park Cottages, Healesville on TripAdvisor: See 159 traveller reviews, 124 candid photos, and great deals for Sanctuary Park Cottages, ranked #3 of 16 Speciality lodging in Healesville and rated 5 of 5 at TripAdvisor.

Sanctuary - Seasons Of Destruction Lyrics. Sanctuary Into The Mirror Black Seasons Of Destruction Feel my pain, live my sorrow Do you know me, I am destruction Conflicts brings, ete

This is the official site of Blind Cat Rescue & Sanctuary, Inc. We are a life time care sanctuary for blind, FIV & FELV+ cats located in St Pauls, NC USA

This is the official site of Blind Cat Rescue & Sanctuary, Inc. We are a life time care sanctuary for blind, FIV & FELV+ cats located in St Pauls, NC USA

One of Northern Irelands oldest animal sanctuaries has plenty to celebrate this weekend. Mid-Antrim Animal Sanctuary has rehomed over 10,000 animals - ranging from cats and dogs to rab

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Originally released in 2000, this is part one of a double album, The Contemporary Nocturne is part two. The Surreal Sanctuary was Vidnas first solo work since Crossing the Trail. This truly intoxicating blend of ethno-ambient musicality and deep space ambienteering is actually the first half of a double-album project, to be completed with the late-2000 release on Hypnos of The Contemporary Nocturne. Including contributions from Steve Roach (electric guitar atmospheres), Jim Cole (overtone singing and tamboura) and Joris De Backer (double bass), The Surreal Sanctuary represents another step in the process of artistic maturation for vidnaObmana, as commenced with his landmark works The River of Appearance and Crossing the Trail ...