Opsins are light-sensitive proteins that play a key role in animal vision and are related to the ancient photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin found in unicellular organisms. In general, opsins involved in vision comprise two major groups: the rhabdomeric (r-opsins) and the ciliary opsins (c-opsins). The functionality of opsins, which is dependent on their protein structure, may have changed during evolution. In arthropods, typically r-opsins are responsible for vision, whereas in vertebrates c-opsins are components of visual photoreceptors. Recently, an enigmatic r-opsin-like protein called arthropsin has been identified in various bilaterian taxa, including arthropods, lophotrochozoans and chordates, by performing transcriptomic and genomic analyses. Since the role of arthropsin and its distribution within the body are unknown, we immunolocalized this protein in a representative of Onychophora - Euperipatoides rowelli - an ecdysozoan taxon which is regarded as one of the closest relatives of Arthropoda.

Development uncertain, possibly oviparous or ovoviviparous. In 1953 a large eggcase, 30 cm long, 14 cm wide and 9 cm thick containing a nearly full-term, 36 cm embryo whale shark was collected from the Gulf of Mexico, and the assumption was made that the species is oviparous (cf. Baughman, 1955, Garrick, 1964, Bass, dAubrey & Kistnasamy, 1975). However, the rarity of free-living whale-shark eggs, the extreme thinness and lack of tendrils on the only known case, the considerable yolk and partially developed gill sieve in the only known embryo, and the presence of umbilical scars on larger free living specimens 55 cm long suggests an alternative explanation (Wolfson, 1983), that the Gulf of Mexico egg was aborted before term, and that the whale shark is ovoviviparous. The type of ovoviviparity practised by the whale shark would be a relatively simple sort very similar to that of the related nurse sharks (Ginglymostomatidae), with retention of the egg case in utero until the embryo hatches. ...

Pregnancy has been traditionally defined as the period during which developing embryos are incubated in the body after egg-sperm union. Although the term often refers to placental mammals, it has also been used in the titles of many international, peer-reviewed, scientific articles on fish, e.g. Consistent with this definition, there are several modes of reproduction in fish, providing different amounts of parental care. In ovoviviparity, there is internal fertilization and the young are born live but there is no placental connection or significant trophic (feeding) interaction; the mothers body maintains gas exchange but the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk. There are two types of viviparity in fish. In histotrophic viviparity, the zygotes develop in the females oviducts, but she provides no direct nutrition; the embryos survive by eating her eggs or their unborn siblings. In hemotrophic viviparity, the zygotes are retained within the female and are provided with nutrients by her, often ...

Abdominal ridges. Paired dermal ridges running from the pectoral fin base to the pectoral fin base.. Abyssal plain. Sea floor constituting vast expanses of deep ocean from 2000 to 6000 meters deep.. Alar thorns. Large, modified dermal denticles on the wings of adult male skates.. Ampullae of Lorenzini. Pores on the head that pick up electrical signals in the sharks environment.. Anal fin. Single fin located ventrally posterior to the pelvic fins. Not always present.. Anterior. Forward. Towards the snout.. Anterior margin. The leading edge of a fin.. Apex. (apices pl.) The free tip of a fin.. Aplacental yolksac viviparity. A mode of reproduction in which the young are primarily nourished by the yolk within their egg case rather than from a placental connection to the mother. Once the yolk is fully consumed the young are ready to pass through the birth canal. AKA Ovoviviparity.. Aplacental viviparity. A mode of reproduction in which the young are not nourished from a yolk sac placenta but are ...

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Animals make use of a variety of modes of reproduction to produce their young. Traditionally this variety was classified into three modes, oviparity (embryos in eggs), viviparity (young born live), and ovoviviparity (intermediate between the first two). However, each of those so-called traditional modes covered a wide range of diverse reproductive strategies. The biologist Thierry Lodé has accordingly proposed five modes of reproduction based on the relationship between the zygote (the fertilised egg) and the parents. His revised modes are ovuliparity, with external fertilisation ; oviparity, with internal fertilisation of large eggs containing a substantial nutritive yolk; ovo-viviparity, that is oviparity where the zygotes are retained for a time in a parent's body, but without any sort of feeding by the parent; histotrophic viviparity, where the zygotes develop in the female's oviducts , but are fed on other tissues; and hemotrophic viviparity, where the developing embryos are fed by the

Abstract Delivery of live crustaceans to markets has the potential to increase profits for Alaskan fishermen, but the practice has been limited in part by mortality occurring during shipment to distant markets. Protocols that select crabs more likely to survive shipment would likely further develop this niche market and evaluating the physiological stress response in crustaceans provides a logical entry point to explore this area. This study measures oxygen consumption rates (MO2; mgO2 g−1 hr−1) of male Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, following 15, 30 or 45 min of emersion at 8°C or −15°C followed 12 h later by a uniform handling stressor (emersion at −15°C for 10 min). MO2 increased immediately following 15, 30 and 45 min emersion at 8°C (on average 1.5 times pre-treatment levels). All crabs survived emersion at 8°C and MO2 returned to pre-treatment levels within 12 hours. These animals also responded similarly to a uniform second stress test by increasing MO2. Crabs previously exposed

This study deals with the larval stages of C. japonicus, and with the comparison with those of Zuwaigani, C. opilio. There are 2 zoneae and 1 megalopa. The larval stages of C. japonicus are morphologically similar to those of C. opilio excepting some characters as follows: (1) Chromatophores of Zoeae and megalopa are vermillion or crimson in C. japonicus and brown or reddish in C. opilio. (2) C. japonicus is generally bigger than C. opilio in zoeae and megalopa. (3) Length of postero-lateral spine on 3rd abdominal segment is>1.3times the length of the 4th abdominal segment in C. japonicus, but is shorter than (rarely equal to) that in C. opilio. (4) Ischiopodite of cheliped has no spine in C. japonicus, but it has a spine in C. opilio, in megalopa ...

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Fig 3. Live and dead semi-granular+granular cells (SGC+GC) and hyalinocyte cells (HC) for Chionoecetes bairdi, Tanner Crab. The upper region contains the semi-granular and granular cells, while the lower region contains the hyalinocytes. The error bars for the dead cells are negative, while the error bar for the live cells is positive. Different homogenous groups are labeled for only the dead cells since there was no significant difference in the number of total cells. - Ocean Acidification Affects Hemocyte Physiology in the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes bairdi)

Members of the Hox gene family encode transcription factors that specify positional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of nearly all metazoans. One among the Caenorhabditis elegans Hox genes is egl-5. A deletion allele of egl-5 was isolated in a screen for animals which fail to develop swollen tails when exposed to the bacterial pathogen Microbacterium nematophilum. We show that compromised rectal development, which occurs as a result of loss of egl-5 function, results in a failure of rectal epithelial cells to express the ERK MAP kinase mpk-1, which was previously shown to mediate tail-swelling in response to bacterial infection. Tissue-specific rescue experiments demonstrated that egl-5 and mpk-1 act autonomously in rectal cells in the morphological response. The weak egl-5 allele (n1439), which does not compromise rectal development, fails to affect tail-swelling. We find that this allele carries an inserted repeat element approximately 13.8 kb upstream of the egl-5 open reading frame, which

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The Artemia Sieve is both a practical and effective way to collect and rinse baby brine shrimp before introducing them into your fish tank.

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SALT LAKE CITY -- The Utah Clean Air partnership announced its latest campaign to combat pollution. UCAIR is a local nonprofit group geared toward educating the public on how to reduce their emissions.

Joshs Frogs Brine Shrimp Flake is ideal for fish and tadpole food. Loaded with color enhancers and natural animal protein, Joshs Frogs Brine Shrimp Flake is the perfect diet for many ornamental fish and tadpoles. Directions: Feed your animals Joshs Frogs Brine Shrimp Flake 1 to 3 times per day. Only feed an amount t

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In the present study, the effect of salinity (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppt) was studied on competition between the sexual Artemia urmiana and parthenogenetic Artemia population of lake Urmia neighbouring lagoons. After cysts hathing, nauplii of both Artemia were reared separately in 1.5 L cylindrical containers containing different salinity. After puberty, the competition experiments between the Artemia populations were set up. Three pairs of sexual Artemia (3 adult male and 3 adult female) and three adult asexual female Artemia were randomly collected from each salinity and transferred to 1.5 L cylindrical containers (in 4 replicates) containing water with similar salinities. Whole population were counted once a week and the population composition were determined in all experimental treatments and compared with the control group. The experiments continued until one population overcome the other population or both population reach to equilibrium. At the end of the culture period in order to ...

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One good scientific reason for putting brine shrimp into space is brought out by Spooner and colleagues (1992). Brine shrimp can put their eggs in tough cysts that can almost entirely dry out, and development stops until they get into salt water again. This means that you can put brine shrimp into space, start them growing, and be sure that all of that development did in fact occur in space. With almost any other animal, you will have a mix of growth on the ground and in space ...

Look at the brine shrimp under the microscope. Draw what you see on the back of the lab sheet. Describe what you see. Can you tell the difference between a female and male brine shrimp? ...