TY - JOUR. T1 - Scale-up study of high osmotic pressure chromatography for separation of poly(ε-caprolactone). AU - Lee, Dean. AU - Teraoka, Iwao. PY - 2003/5/9. Y1 - 2003/5/9. N2 - Methods to prepare fractions of poly(ε-caprolactone) with a narrow molecular mass distribution in large quantities have been examined using high osmotic pressure chromatography under the theta condition. Effects of column dimension and coupling columns in series on the separation resolution were studied. We found that use of a thicker column can improve the resolution if adverse effects of viscous fingering are avoided. We also demonstrated that coupling the columns results in a better separation if the second column does not adsorb high-molecular-mass components purified in the first column.. AB - Methods to prepare fractions of poly(ε-caprolactone) with a narrow molecular mass distribution in large quantities have been examined using high osmotic pressure chromatography under the theta condition. Effects of ...

Osmotic pressure is the basis of reverse osmosis, a process commonly used to purify water. The water to be purified is placed in a chamber and put under an amount of pressure greater than the osmotic pressure exerted by the water and the solutes dissolved in it. Part of the chamber opens to a differentially permeable membrane that lets water molecules through, but not the solute particles. The osmotic pressure of ocean water is about 27 atm. Reverse osmosis desalinators use pressures around 50 atm to produce fresh water from ocean salt water. Osmotic pressure is necessary for many plant functions. It is the resulting turgor pressure on the cell wall that allows herbaceous plants to stand upright, and how plants regulate the aperture of their stomata. In animal cells which lack a cell wall however, excessive osmotic pressure can result in cytolysis. ...

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Biological systems of bacteria were investigated at the single-cell and single-molecule level. Additionally, aspects of the techniques employed were studied. A unifying theme in each project is the reliance on optical imaging techniques coupled to microfluidic devices. Hypo-osmotic shock experiments with an Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channel deletion mutant were carried out at the single-cell level. E. coli MJF465 cells in which the three major mechanosensitive channel genes are deleted (∆mscL, ∆mscS, ∆mscK) show only 10% cell viability upon hypo-osmotic shock (from LB + 0.5 M NaCl into distilled water), compared to 90% viability of the wild-type strain. Bacterial cells were trapped with optical tweezers in microfluidic devices, enabling the first direct observation of single-cell behaviour upon hypo-osmotic shock. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed intra-population diversity in the cells response: Different features of lysis included cells bursting rapidly and leakage of ribosomes, ...

Actin reorganization following hypoosmotic stress is essential for the FAK-mediated activation of the PI-3-K/PKB/AP-1 proliferative cascade. These data delineate a possible mechanism by which the cell swelling-induced cytoskeletal changes can initiate proliferative signal transduction in human liver …

When DArcy Wentworth Thompsons On Growth and Form was published 100 years ago, it raised the question of how biological forms arise during development and across evolution. In light of the advances in molecular and cellular biology since then, a succinct modern view of the question states: how do genes encode geometry? Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and tissue patterning, morphogenesis and dynamics, and that provide a physical framework to capture these processes operating across scales.. Read the Editorial by guest editors Thomas Lecuit and L. Mahadevan, as they provide a perspective on the influence of DArcy Thompsons work and an overview of the articles in this issue.. ...

What is the Difference Between Osmotic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure? Oncotic pressure is the contribution made to total osmolality by colloids. Osmotic pressure

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It had been long been believed that water could not pass through the membrane due to the hydrophobic property of the lipid bilayer in the membrane. However, it has been recently found that a 28 kD protein family on the membrane, namely, the AQP protein, that has a structure like other channel proteins, can adjust the transcellular permeability of water. The basic function of AQP is to mediate the transcellular transport of free water molecules. The major difference from other ion channels is that the osmotic pressure gradient only regulates the transport of water (i.e., the water molecules could be diffused through the AQP along the osmotic pressure gradient) instead of the so-called turn-on or turn-off phases. Thus, water molecules could be directly allowed into and out of the cells. Once the endothelial cells are injured, the expression of AQP increases, which augments capillary permeability and is believed to be closely associated with the onset of hydrocephalus. To date, there are 13 ...

For most cells, a sudden decrease in external osmolarity results in fast water influx that can burst the cell. To survive, cells rely on the passive response of mechanosensitive channels, which open under increased membrane tension and allow the release of cytoplasmic solutes and water. Although the gating and the molecular structure of mechanosensitive channels found in Escherichia coli have been extensively studied, the overall dynamics of the whole cellular response remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize E. colis passive response to a sudden hypoosmotic shock (downshock) on a single-cell level. We show that initial fast volume expansion is followed by a slow volume recovery that can end below the initial value. Similar response patterns were observed at downshocks of a wide range of magnitudes. Although wild-type cells adapted to osmotic downshocks and resumed growing, cells of a double-mutant ( ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased extracellular leucine concentration on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle cells when exposed to 3 different osmotic stresses. L6 skeletal muscle cells were incubated in either a normal or supplemental leucine (1.5mM) medium set to hypo-osmotic (230 ± 10 Osm), iso-osmotic (330 ± 10 Osm) or hyper-osmotic (440 ± 10 Osm) conditions. 3H-tyrosine was used to quantify protein synthesis. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the activation of mTOR, p70S6k, ubiquitin, actin, and μ-calpain. Hypo-osmotic stress resulted in the greatest increase in protein synthesis rate under the normal-leucine condition while iso-osmotic stress has the greatest increase under the elevated-leucine condition. Elevated-leucine condition had a decreased rate in protein degradation over the normal condition within the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (p,0.05). Leucine and hypo-osmotic stress therefore creates a favourable environment for ...

Definitions of osmotic pressure. What is osmotic pressure: The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute.. Synonyms: pressure, hypertonicity, pressure level, force per unit area, hypotonicity

I am a PhD student working the group of Zoya Ignatova. Cellular and extracellular changes like crowding and osmotic stress conditions play a major role in protein aggregation. A change in the cytoplasmic composition is the result of an interplay between high osmotic pressures outside the cell volume and the cellular response to it in terms of uptake of K+ and secondary organic osmolytes. My research focuses on elucidating the role of natural osmolytes (known also as chemical chaperones or compatible ...

I am a PhD student working the group of Zoya Ignatova. Cellular and extracellular changes like crowding and osmotic stress conditions play a major role in protein aggregation. A change in the cytoplasmic composition is the result of an interplay between high osmotic pressures outside the cell volume and the cellular response to it in terms of uptake of K+ and secondary organic osmolytes. My research focuses on elucidating the role of natural osmolytes (known also as chemical chaperones or compatible ...

Osmotic pressure maintained by liver or kidney tissue measured by its water equilibrium with solutions of sodium chloride remains unchanged from 5 minutes up to 1½ hours following removal of the tissue from the body. Then with autolytic increase of molecular concentration within the cytoplasm of cells it reaches a higher level. Osmotic pressure maintained by pancreas or submaxillary gland, as ascertained in the same way, remains unchanged during ½ hour and later increases. Liver tissue of rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat maintains an osmotic pressure greater than twice that of the blood, and kidney tissue maintains an osmotic pressure somewhat less than twice that of blood. Fasting throughout a period of 7 days has little influence upon osmotic pressure maintained by cells of liver or kidney. Low protein diet has been found to depress osmotic pressure of liver cells after about 4 weeks, and with degenerative changes in the parenchyma, notably fatty infiltration, this pressure has ...

Osmotic pressure is the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure of an ideal solution, with low concentration can be approximate calculated by the molarity and the temperature of the solution

Osmotic Pressure Definition - Osmotic Pressure is the minimum amount of pressure that is applied on a solution to stop the inward flow of a liquid...

At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has a osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bar at the same temp

Author: Halozan, D. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2007; Keywords: polyelectrolyte hollow capsule; Donnan equilibrium; osmotic pressure; Title: Donnan equilibrium and osmotic pressure in hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules

results when a two solutions of differing concentrations are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane; solvent flows down a concentration gradient from a solution with a high concentration (and a high osmotic pressure) to a solution with a low concentration (low osmotic pressure). Lesson 25 - Glossary Terms. equilibrium ...

Water and small proteins leak out of capillaries at their arterial ends because hydrostatic pressure is greater than colloid osmotic pressure...

The osmotic pressure for a macrogel is described by Flory-Rehner theory: where the left side of the Equation 1 represents the total osmotic pressure, and the right side represents the mixing and elastic contributions to osmostic pressure, respectively. As the particles are compressed by the applied pressure, the particles become squeezed together, forming a tightly packed network. As the network compresses, the elastic contribution to osmotic pressure dominates the Flory-Rehner equation giving rise to the sharp increase in osmotic pressure for low polymer concentrations. However, as the pressure is increased further, the polymer matrix becomes fully compressed, and the only way for the matrix to further contract is through the expulsion of entrapped solvent (raising the polymer concentration). As the solvent escapes the gel matrix and begins to mix with the rest polymer of the polymer, the osmotic pressure contribution as a result of mixing increases. Thus, at high polymer concentration when the ...

Osmophillic organisms are extremophiles that are able to grow in environments with a high sugar concentration. Osmophiles are similar to halophillic (salt-loving) organisms because a critical aspect of both types of environment is their low water activity, aW. High sugar concentrations represent a growth-limiting factor for many microorganisms, yet osmophiles protect themselves against this high osmotic pressure by the synthesis of osmoprotectants such as alcohols and amino acids. Nearly all osmophillic microorganisms fall under the yeast genus.. Osmophile yeasts are important because they cause spoilage in the sugar and sweet goods industry, with products such as fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, liquid sugars (such as golden syrup), honey and in some cases marzipan.. Among the most osmophillic are:. ...

Plant growth and productivity are greatly affected by various stress factors. The molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in plant species have been well established. Metabolic pathways involving the synthesis of metabolites such as polyamines, carbohydrates, proline and glycine betaine have been shown to be associated with stress tolerance. Introduction of the stress-induced genes involved in these pathways from tolerant species to sensitive plants seems to be a promising approach to confer stress tolerance in plants. In cases where single gene is not enough to confer tolerance, metabolic engineering necessitates the introduction of multiple transgenes in plants ...

Some dikaryan anamorphs (especially coelomycetes) grow in dead leaves and stems of desert plants, and other moulds are the most drought tolerant of all organisms, able to grow at water activities below 0.70 (for example, on jams, salt fish and other substrates of extremely high osmotic pressure - see Chapter 20). While many zygomycetes can assimilate only accessible substrates like sugars and starch, ascomycetes can often exploit cellulose, and many basidiomycetes can digest both cellulose and lignin, carbon sources that are available to remarkably few other organisms. Though fungi cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen (this talent seems to be restricted to the bacteria), dikaryan fungi can use many different forms of combined nitrogen: some ascomycetes even specialize in metabolizing the protein keratin, which is the main component of hair and skin. In case you were wondering if members of this group constitute a health hazard -- they do. Some other orders of ascomycetes are obligate parasites of ...

They are but im concerned with how someone can have high osomtic blood pressure which means(i think) not having enough water and too much salt. Wouldnt not having enough enough water in your blood NOT cause presure. Or...Does high osmotic pressure refer to what will happen: that the blood with try to retain more water to dilute all the Na in it(that makes sense to me). But then again....all that has to happen to begin with to solve this problem is to inhibit aldolsterone which will stop Na reabsorption ...

I dare say most of you will remember this classroom demonstration, in which water passes through a semi-permeable membrane and causes the liquid level to rise in the stem of the thistle funnel. The phenomenon is called osmosis, and at equilibrium the osmotic pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure. Historical background This experiment has…

a solution containing 4 g of a non volatile organic solute per 100 ml was found to have an osmotic pressure equal to 500 cm of mercury at 27oc27octhe - Chemistry - TopperLearning.com | m0sdl299

A method and system for the extracorporeal treatment of blood to remove fluid from the fluid overloaded patient is disclosed that non-invasively measures osmotic pressure across a filter membrane of a blood filter. The filter is permeable to water and electrolytes, but not to blood protein. The osmotic pressure indicates the protein concentration in the blood. Osmotic pressure is used to detect when hypotension is about to occur in a patient, as a result of excessive blood volume reduction during treatment of the blood. Using the osmotic pressure measurement as a feedback signal, the rate of fluid extraction is automatically controlled to achieve the desired clinical outcome and avoid precipitating a hypotensive crisis in the patient.

where π is the osmotic pressure, Pa; R is the gas constant (R= m 3 Pa/(K mol), T is the absolute temperature (K), ν i is the number of different dissociated ions (e.g. this number is equal to 2 in case of NaCl) and C i is the concentration of component i (mol/m 3).The concentration should be multiplied by two for, e.g., NaCl solute because it dissociates into two ions ...

This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of solute to add to create a specific osmotic pressure in a solution.

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So isotonic solutions need not to have the same osmolality.. The osmotic pressure is caused by decreased water activity, what does not depend on if solute is or is not able to pass the membrane. By other words, osmotic pressure and related osmolality is property of solvent, not solutes, similarly as kryoscopic and ebulioscopic effects, all belonging to the class of colligative properties( depending on solute molality, but not on solute nature ). Primary is osmolality and osmotic pressure difference it causes. The difference then causes water osmotic flow.. When the osmolality is getting about balanced, then there is progressively coming into the play the difference in tonicity.. The same osmolality but higher tonicity means there is lower osmolality and therefore indirectly concentration of permeable solutes. This means there is concentration gradient powering the diffusion flow toward more tonic side. It is taking water with it, keeping osmolality balanced.. As result, volume of more tonic side ...

An osmotic active agent dispenser is comprised of: (1) a first helical compartment of relatively impervious material containing an active agent and provided with a dispensing head for releasing active agent to the exterior of the dispenser; (2) a second helical compartment of controlled permeability to water containing a solution of an osmotically effective solute which exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient against water, the second compartment being interconnected with said first compartment to define a continuous helix therewith; and (3) a movable barrier member separating the first from the second compartment. The barrier member is slidably responsive to an increase in volume in the second compartment via absorption of water by osmosis therein; whereby as water flows into the compartment (2) of the dispenser in a tendency towards osmotic equilibrium with its environment, corresponding pressure is exerted behind the barrier (3) driving it into and diminishing the volume of the compartment (1), in turn

Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution. Like osmotic pressure, tonicity is influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane, as only these exert an osmotic pressure. Solutes able to freely cross the membrane do not affect tonicity because they will always be in equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane ...

An osmotic device is disclosed for delivering two beneficial drugs to an environment of use. The device comprises a wall surrounding a lumen divided into a first compartment containing a drug that is separated by a hydrogel partition from a second compartment containing a different drug. An orifice through the wall communicates with the first compartment for delivering drug formulation from the first compartment, and another orifice through the wall communicates with the second compartment for delivering drug formulation from the second compartment. In operation, drug formulation is dispensed separately from each compartment by fluid being imbibed through the wall into each compartment at a rate controlled by the permeability of the wall and the osmotic pressure gradient across the wall against the drug formulation in each compartment thereby producing in each compartment a solution containing drugs, and by the expansion and swelling of the hydrogel, whereby drug formulation is dispensed through their

Cordell E Logan. Aquagen™ may be one of the greatest discoveries since air. Since 1776, it is estimated that the oxygen in our atmosphere has declined about 11%. Oxygen is needed now more than ever before. Oxygen is a healer and a preventer of disease. Aquagen™ is a stabilized water-oxygen-salt mixture typically used by putting 10-15 drops in pure drinking water as a nutritional supplement.. A lack of oxygen has been assisted with almost all degenerative disease conditions. Lack of oxygen impairs nutrient transport by the red blood cells. Oxygen prevents build up of excess fluid around the cells. Excessive fluid causes oxygen to be pulled in from the blood stream as well as pulling blood proteins into this excess fluid (osmotic pressure gradient changes). This results in less oxygen in the blood and lymphatic congestion. Lack of oxygen contributes to pain. One final stage is when the cells, in a last ditch effort to survive, turns more or less into a plant cell. Plant cells don t use ...

Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure were found to modulate NMDA responses of cultured embryonic mouse neurons recorded in various patch-clamp configurations. In nucleated patches, NMDA currents were potentiated by reductions in external osmolarity and were reduced in hyper-osmotic solutions. …

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Date: Thu, 15 Jan 2004 15:58:37 -0500 From: -S ,-s at adelphia.net, Subject: re: Yeast Washing/Osmotic Pressure Travis Dahl asks, ,So for the microbiology geeks in the crowd: Not a biologist but ... , Can osmotic pressure differences harm yeast. Yes, obviously. Some basics [ref Microbial Water Stress Technology, A.D.Brown]. the concept of osmotic pressure in biological systems is confusing and at least a bit of that confusion begins with its calculation. First we need to consider Water Activity (Aw). Water activity is literally the mole fraction of water in a solution. A kilogram of water (a liter more or less) at a MW of 18 contains 55.51 moles. If we have a 1 molal solution of some non-electrolyte solute then the water activity is just: Aw = 55.51 / (55.51 + 1) = 0.9823 I can understand that this solution comes to equilibrium with air at 98.23% relative humidity. I have a little harder time understanding its exact meaning at the biological membrane level ... Ill leave that to a real ...

To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, we apply osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division.

To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, we apply osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division.

d) 27 atm. 21) 100 cc of 1.5% solution of urea is found to have an osmotic pressure of 6.0 atm and 100 cc of 3.42% solution of cane sugar is found to have an osmotic pressure of 2.4 atm. If the two solutions are mixed, the osmotic pressure of the resulting solution will be ...

Steady-state levels of PI3,5P2 are dependent on both its rate of synthesis and turnover. In the studies reported here, the large increases in the levels of PI3,5P2 observed after hyperosmotic shock or in the presence of the activated Fab1p mutants were accompanied by a decrease in the levels of PI3P (Fig. 7 B). Decreases in PI3P could be caused by the activation of Fab1p and a corresponding depletion of its substrate or caused by the inhibition of a PI3,5P2 5-phosphatase and a corresponding loss in the production of its product. Strains that are defective in normal hyperosmotic shock-induced PI3,5P2 elevation, including fab1Δ in which no PI3,5P2 is produced, have up to 35% higher levels of PI3P than wild-type cells (Fig. 7 D). This observation strongly suggests that the steady-state levels of PI3P are caused by its synthesis from PI rather than from the turnover of PI3,5P2. Also, in wild-type cells under basal conditions, the levels of PI3,5P2 are 20-fold lower than the levels of PI3P, making ...

One of the reasons (among others that are too lengthy to describe here) you are having problems with your proceedures is related to the disequalibrium in osmotic pressure between the solutions and the fluid trapped behind the yeast cell walls. This condition will cause the cell structures to rupture. The beer solution should be avoided due to the difficulty of adjusting for pressure and is unnecessary anyway as they need no nutrition or alcohol protection at these temperatures. The ASBC research I have read relating to cryogenic storage has utilized distilled water that is adjusted to match the osmotic pressure with saline. Now... how to determine how much to use is out of my league. If you are really into this concept, I can find out how this is done, but I think there is a cheaper, safer option. If you are only looking for 12 months of shelf life, simply transfer a single colony of yeast into a slant tube of media composed of agar and hopped wort and refrigerate it at about 35 deg. F. This is ...

LEYBOLD® Chemistry Experiments.Illustrate a variety of key chemistry concepts using the materials provided by these demonstrative lab activity kits. Explore common chemistry concepts such as the interaction of chemicals in controlled reactions, the formation of precipitates, and more spectacular reactions. These latter reactions can help students become familiar with chemical principles such as redox, synthesis, decomposition, ionic reactions in aqueous solutions, and exothermic reactions. Starter sets and comprehensive kits include all the reaction plates, pipettes, and more that may be required for performing reactions.

When a solution of higher concentration and a solution of lower concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, one through which solvent mo...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure in neonatal foals under intensive care. T2 - Comparison of direct and indirect methods and the association of COP with selected clinical and clinicopathologic variables. AU - Magdesian, K G. AU - Fielding, C. Langdon. AU - Madigan, John E. PY - 2004/6. Y1 - 2004/6. N2 - Objectives: To describe and compare admission colloid osmotic pressure (COP) measurement using both direct and indirect methods in neonatal foals under intensive care, and to evaluate for associations between COP and clinical/clinicopathologic parameters. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Intensive care unit at a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals: Twenty-six critically ill neonatal foals were studied. A control group consisted of 9 clinically healthy neonatal foals. Interventions: Clinicopathologic data were collected at the time of admission. COP was measured directly using a colloid osmometer. Indirect COP was calculated using equations by both ...

PubMed journal article: Effects of a hydroxyethylstarch solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in acutely ill patients. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

The regulation of glycine betaine accumulation by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The accumulation of glycine betaine was regulated by the osmotic pressure of the medium and the low affinity transport system played the major role in this regulation. Mutants were isolated that lack the low affinity, osmotically activated glycine betaine/proline transport system. Such mutants accumulated glycine betaine via the high affinity system but the glycine betaine pool was smaller and responded poorly to osmotic pressure changes. The regulation of glycine betaine transport has revealed that at the steady state net influx is reduced and that this is achieved by inhibition of both the low affinity and the high affinity transport systems. Cells pre-loaded with glycine betaine exhibited a reduced V max for both systems: the low affinity system was reduced in activity fivefold and the high affinity system was reduced 10-fold and became virtually undetectable. Although glycine betaine transport at the steady

The decision about which side of the membrane to call high osmotic pressure is a troublesome one. The choice made here is the opposite of that made in many biology texts, which attribute high osmotic pressure to the solution and zero osmotic pressure to pure water. The rationale for the choice is that the energy which drives the fluid transfer is the thermal energy of the water molecules, and that energy density is higher in the pure solvent since there are more water molecules. The thermal energy of the solute molecules does not contribute to transport, presuming that the membrane is impermeable to them. The choice is also influenced by the observed direction of fluid movement, since under this choice the fluid transport is from high pressure to low, congruent with normal fluid flow through pipes from high pressure to low. The final rationale has to do with the measurement of osmotic pressure by determining how much hydrostatic pressure on the solution is required to prevent the transport ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - TRPV4-mediated detection of hyposmotic stress by skin keratinocytes activates developmental immunity. AU - Galindo-Villegas, Jorge. AU - Montalban-Arques, Ana. AU - Liarte, Sergio. AU - De Oliveira, Sofia. AU - Pardo-Pastor, Carlos. AU - Rubio-Moscardo, Fanny. AU - Meseguer, Jose. AU - Valverde, Miguel A.. AU - Mulero, Victoriano. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2016/1/15. Y1 - 2016/1/15. N2 - As an organism is exposed to pathogens during very early development, specific defense mechanisms must take effect. In this study, we used a germ-free zebrafish embryo model to show that osmotic stress regulates the activation of immunity and host protection in newly hatched embryos.Mechanistically, skin keratinocytes were responsible for both sensing the hyposmolarity of the aquatic environment and mediating immune effector mechanisms. This occurred through a transient ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Pause-and-stop. T2 - The effects of osmotic stress on cell proliferation during early leaf development in Arabidopsis and a role for ethylene signaling in cell cycle arrest. AU - Skirycz, Aleksandra. AU - Claeys, Hannes. AU - de Bodt, Stefanie. AU - Oikawa, Akira. AU - Shinoda, Shoko. AU - Andriankaja, Megan. AU - Maleux, Katrien. AU - Eloy, Nubia Barbosa. AU - Coppens, Frederik. AU - Yoo, Sang Dong. AU - Saito, Kazuki. AU - Inzé, Dirk. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2011/5. Y1 - 2011/5. N2 - Despite its relevance for agricultural production, environmental stress-induced growth inhibition, which is responsible for-significant yield reductions, is only poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying cell-cycle inhibition in young proliferating leaves of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana when subjected to mild osmotic stress. A detailed cellular analysis demonstrated that as soon as osmotic stress is sensed, ...

Read Effects of Purinergic Stimulation, CFTR and Osmotic Stress on Amiloride-sensitive Na+ Transport in Epithelia and Xenopus Oocytes, The Journal of Membrane Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Graphene gas osmometers. AU - Dolleman, Robin. AU - Cartamil Bueno, Santiago. AU - van der Zant, Herre. AU - Steeneken, Peter. N1 - Accepted Author Manuscript. PY - 2016. Y1 - 2016. N2 - We show that graphene membranes that separate two gases at identical pressure are deflected by osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure is a consequence of differences in gas permeation rates into a few-layer graphene enclosed cavity. The deflection of the membrane is detected by measuring the tension-induced resonance frequency with an interferometric technique. Using a calibration measurement of the relation between resonance frequency and pressure, the time dependent osmotic pressure on the graphene is extracted. The time dependent osmotic pressure for different combinations of gases shows large differences that can be accounted for by a model based on the different gas permeation rates. In this way, a graphene-membrane based gas osmometer with a responsivity of ~60 kHz mbar-1 and nanoscale ...

This project will evaluate fluid balance and oedema formation in children with the same congenital heart disease (Atrial Septal Defect) who will either go through heart surgery with the use of Cardio Pulmonary Bypass and hypothermia or through interventional catheterization. The investigators will measure interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, distribution of proteins and cytokines. The study hypothesis is that Oedema developed during heart surgery is caused by reduced colloid osmotic pressure gradient through the capillary membrane ...

The behavior of monoclonal antibodies at high concentrations is important in downstream processing, drug formulation, and drug delivery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the osmotic pressure of a highly purified monoclonal antibody at concentrations up to 250 g/L over a range of pH and ionic strength, and in the presence of specific excipients, using membrane osmometry. Independent measurements of the second virial coefficient were obtained using self-interaction chromatography, and the net protein charge was evaluated using electrophoretic light scattering. The osmotic pressure at pH 5 and low ionic strength was ,50 kPa for antibody concentrations above 200 g/L. The second virial coefficients determined from the oncotic pressure (after subtracting the Donnan contribution) were in good qualitative agreement with those determined by self-interaction chromatography. The second virial coefficient decreased with increasing ionic strength and increasing pH due to the reduction in ...

Yeast cells adapt to hyperosmotic shock by accumulating glycerol and altering expression of hundreds of genes. This transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock encompasses genes whose products are implicated in protection from oxidative damage. We addressed the question of whether osmotic shock caused oxidative stress. Osmotic shock did not result in the generation of detectable levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To preclude any generation of ROS, osmotic shock treatments were performed in anaerobic cultures. Global gene expression response profiles were compared by employing a novel two-dimensional cluster analysis. The transcriptional profiles following osmotic shock under anaerobic and aerobic conditions were qualitatively very similar. In particular, it appeared that expression of the oxidative stress genes was stimulated upon osmotic shock even if there was no apparent need for their function. Interestingly, cells adapted to osmotic shock much more rapidly under

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The cyclic (1----2)-beta-D-glucans produced by species of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium resemble the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli in their periplasmic localization, intermediate size, and (1----2)-beta-D-glucan backbones. The regulation of the biosynthesis of cyclic (1----2)-beta-D-glucan by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is now shown to parallel the osmotic regulation of membrane-derived oligosaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. This result suggests a general role for periplasmic oligosaccharides in the osmotic adaptation of Gram-negative bacteria as ecologically diverse as enteric and soil bacteria. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hypertonic shock inhibits growth factor receptor signaling, induces caspase-3 activation, and causes reversible fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. AU - Copp, Jeremy. AU - Wiley, Sandra. AU - Ward, Manus. AU - Van Der Geer, Peter. PY - 2005/2/1. Y1 - 2005/2/1. N2 - Hyperosmotic stress can be encountered by the kidney and the skin, as well as during treatment of acute brain damage. It can lead to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Exactly how mammalian cells detect hyperosmolarity and how the cell chooses between cell cycle arrest or death remains to be established. It has been proposed that hyperosmolarity is detected directly by growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases. To investigate this, we tested whether growth factors and osmotic stress cooperate in the activation of signaling pathways. Receptors responded normally to the presence of growth factors, and we observed normal levels of GTP-bound Ras under hyperosmotic conditions. In contrast, activation of Raf, Akt, ...

Protein ubiquitylation is a key process in the regulation of many cellular processes. The balance between the activity of ubiquitin ligases and that of proteases controls the level of ubiquitylation. In response to extracellular stimuli, stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) modulate gene expression to maximize cell survival. In yeast, the Hog1 SAPK has a key role in reprogramming the gene expression pattern required for cell survival upon osmostress. Here, we show that the Ubp3 ubiquitin protease is a target for the Hog1 SAPK to modulate gene expression. ubp3 mutant cells are defective in expression of osmoresponsive genes. Hog1 interacts with and phosphorylates Ubp3 at serine 695, which is essential to determine the extent of transcriptional activation in response to osmostress. Furthermore, Ubp3 is recruited to osmoresponsive genes to modulate transcriptional initiation as well as elongation. Therefore, Ubp3 activity responds to external stimuli and is required for transcriptional ...

Sensing the osmolarity of the environment is a critical response for all organisms. Whereas bacteria will migrate away from high osmotic conditions, most eukaryotic cells are not motile and use adaptive metabolic responses for survival. The p38 MAPK pathway is a crucial mediator of survival during cellular stress. We have discovered a novel scaffold protein that binds to actin, the GTPase Rac, and the upstream kinases MEKK3 and MKK3 in the p38 MAPK phospho-relay module. RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrates that MEKK3 and the scaffold protein are required for p38 activation in response to sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity. FRET identifies a cytoplasmic complex of the MEKK3 scaffold protein that is recruited to dynamic actin structures in response to sorbitol treatment. Through its ability to bind actin, relocalize to Rac-containing membrane ruffles and its obligate requirement for p38 activation in response to sorbitol, we have termed this protein osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3 (OSM). The Rac-OSM-MEKK3

Ser431 is a major in vivo K8 phosphorylation site, which localizes at the K8 tail domain (Fig. 8). This site is conserved among mouse, rat and human K8 but is not found in other type II keratins, which suggests a unique function related to glandular epithelia (Ku and Omary, 1997). Limited information is known regarding specific phosphatases that may dephosphorylate K8 or other keratins, but several other studies previously showed that exposure of cells or tissues to phosphatase inhibitors causes dramatic hyperphosphorylation of K8 and K18 (Omary et al., 1996; Favre et al., 1997; Eriksson et al., 1998; Toivola et al., 2002). Keratin (and other IF protein) hyperphosphorylation occurs in association with most if not all injury situations that have been tested in cultured cells and animals, and in hepatocytes of patients with liver disease (Coulombe and Omary, 2002; Toivola et al., 2004). The study herein adds osmotic stress (both hypo and hyper) as inducers of increased phosphorylation of human K8 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Osmotic shrinkage of giant egg-lecithin vesicles. AU - Boroske, E.. AU - Elwenspoek, M.. AU - Helfrich, W.. PY - 1981. Y1 - 1981. N2 - Osmotic shrinkage of giant egg-lecithin vesicles was observed by phase- contrast microscopy. The vesicles remained or became spherical when shrinking. Small and thick-walled vesicles formed visible fingers attached to the sphere. The water permeability of the single bilayer was found to be 41 micrometers/s. A variety of observations indicate that osmosis induces a parallel lipid flow between the monolayers of the bilayer, leading to a strong positive spontaneous curvature. They also suggest the formation of mostly submicroscopic daughter vesicles. The estimated coupling constant, 2 . 10(-6) mol/mol, is large enough to be biologically significant.. AB - Osmotic shrinkage of giant egg-lecithin vesicles was observed by phase- contrast microscopy. The vesicles remained or became spherical when shrinking. Small and thick-walled vesicles formed visible ...

All cells use stress responses to identify and mitigate toxic threats. Hog1 is an evolutionarily conserved stress-activated protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is best known for its role in the osmotic stress response, wherein it orchestrates a complex program of cellular remodeling (1). Hog1 controls the transcription of ~600 genes, and this is achieved in large part through Hog1-dependent phosphorylation of transcription factors. Hog1 also has important nontranscriptional functions, including regulation of key membrane proteins (2). Hog1 is related to a family of mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and is generally considered to be the yeast ortholog of the p38 family of MAPKs, which function in a wide variety of cellular processes.. In addition to osmotic stress, Hog1 is also activated by various mechanistically distinct environmental stressors including heat shock, hypoxia, tunicamycin, and arsenic, suggesting a broad role for Hog1 in cellular stress responses (3). ...

Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.. Often I speak in metaphors which may seem out of place in the current conversation. My brain likes to dig up particularly esoteric or far-fetched descriptions for me to use when I am trying to better convey a certain feeling or state of affairs. This happens frequently at work, and while I register the lack of comprehension, Im somewhat at a loss to replace my outlandish metaphors with more down-to-earth descriptions. Heave forbid I come off prosaic.. So here is my metaphor from today. I could feel the osmotic pressure of my Within and my Without this morning- the tug and swirl of the happiness experienced through self-discovery and creative effort over the weekend (Inside), contending with the lack of challenge and inability to focus on a long-term goal of the mundane Monday (Outside).. I just sort ...

Patrick McCarter, a graduate student in Henrik Dohlman and Tim Elstons labs, and Andrew Crowther, a graduate student in Juan Songs lab, will be presenting research seminars.. Patrick McCarter - Temporal separation of counter-acting feedback loops leads to robust hyper-osmotic stress adaptation in S. Cerevisiae. Andrew Crowther - A viral-based toolkit for targeting and manipulating quiescent neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Come early to get a seat!. ...

The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries tends to force fluid and its dissolved substances through the capillary pores into the interstitial spaces

At low levels, sucrose is an excellent substrate for the growth of microorganisms. The most important fermentation in which sucrose is used is in the production of alcohol. In the process of fermentation, sucrose is inverted to glucose and fructose. In the production of wine, sucrose is sometimes added when the natural sugar content of the grape juice is too low. Sucrose is also added to increase fermentation in yogurt and bread dough.. Sucrose is practical in the sense that at high concentrations it binds water, which makes the water unavailable for microbial growth. Sugar is often used as a preservative in foods because of the high osmotic pressure generated by sugar solutions. Sucrose is used as a preservative in canning, fruit preservation and in meat curing. Not only does sucrose affect the water activity of fruit products, it also influences enzyme activity, carbonyl-amine reactions and fat oxidation. ...

The main difference between halophiles and osmophiles is that halophiles are microorganisms that inhabit environments with high salinity whereas osmophiles are microorganisms that inhabit environments with high osmotic pressure.

A field mushroom improves its odds by manic seeding, producing 16 billion spores that are released at a rate of 100 million an hour. Some fungi have evolved methods to disperse spores a few inches higher, improving their odds of picking up a favorable breeze. Puffball mushrooms launch their spores upward into the air when the fruiting body is pressed by a raindrop or the foot of an animal. (See picture- Note cloud from Earth Star). Recent research has identified ways some plants have developed to launch their spores. Gibberella zeae, a fungal pathogen of wheat is currently the reigning champion in acceleration. By producing chemicals that create high osmotic pressure in the cells, it is able to accelerate the spores to 870,000 times the acceleration of gravity, reaching 80 miles per hour. This translates to traveling 2,000,000 spore lengths per second. They are shot into the air to an amazing altitude of -are you ready for this?- quarter of an inch. (Remember, they are infinitesimally light ...

Prices earned for Japanese Maple trees can range from between $100 and $1,000 for specimen trees. To get a larger crop of truffles, plant between 100 and 1,000 trees on the plot of land you will be using to grow truffles. It can take six years to grow a six-foot tree and about 1,000 trees can be grown per acre. The American Elm is a fast growing shade tree that can grow to a … Rowans view of farm forestry extends beyond commercial wood production (although that is clearly his main focus, as you can see from the other Contents page). However, we can say that a farm of 1 hectare (10.000 square meters) with 300 trees is a good start. However we need to remember that truffle fungus is growing on the roots in the top 20cm. Avoid planting an inoculated tree near one that might host other types of fungi, such as a poplar, oak, conifer, or nut tree. The host should be surface rooted, evergreen, water storing, nutrient storing and with a high osmotic pressure. Best of all, trees are […] So while ...

The Fudge 2012 was created from desiccated grapes, which were terming petrified. We managed to pin down winemaker Clayton Reabow mid-harvest to ask him all about this luscious dessert wine, made with 100% chardonnnay.. We crimp the bunches stem so that all water translocation to the bunch is cut off. This occurs on the vine. The grapes begin to desiccate or dehydrate to the point that they look like raisins. The sugar level in the grape at harvest is close to 500g/L. When we harvest, we de stem the grapes and then place the stems back into the press so that they act abrasively on the grapes and assist with juice extraction. We press over 24 hours as it is difficult to extract juice from a raison. The first juice that runs off we disregard, and we rather keep the syrup The juice is not settled and transferred directly into barrel for wild fermentation. The ferment stops naturally due to the high osmotic pressure of the sugar on the yeast which eventually kills it off. The wine is matured in ...

Maple syrups are classed as non-hazardous and non-perishable, which means they generally do not age or go rancid over time like wines, vinegar, and oils. Dense minerals, like salts and sugars, maintain high osmotic pressure. Microorganisms cannot grow inside such fluid. Sometimes however, especially after extended storage, mold can form on the surface of the syrup. Surface molds that form on maple syrup are generally considered harmless. Do not throw your syrup away! You can remove the mold by heating the syrup in a pot to just below boiling, skim the mold off the surface, and return it to the clean bottle. While heating the syrup, add a little water, just enough to compensate for the evaporation. (DO NOT LEAVE THE POT UNATTENDED.) To delay or avoid molds, you can store syrup in your fridge or even in the freezer. The syrup will not freeze solid ...

Kal Renganathan Sharma: Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering: Artifical organ Design and Development, and Tissue Engineering. Osmotic Pressure, Solvent Permeability, and Solute Transport, Chapter (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010), AccessEngineering Export ...

Introduction. Osmosis Aim To find the osmotic pressure of potato cells. I can find this out, when there is no net movement (change of mass in potato cylinder) when placed in different concentrations of sugar solution. Background Information Arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases. Solids have strong forces of attraction between molecules. The molecules are held in fixed positions, in a very regular lattice arrangement. They keep a definite shape and volume. Solids cant be compressed because the molecules are very close together. Solids are generally very dense. Liquids have some force of attraction between molecules. The molecules are free to move. Liquids dont keep a definite shape. The molecules are constantly moving in random motion. Liquids cant be compressed because the molecules are already packed closely together; liquids are quite dense. Gases do not have a force of attraction between their molecules. The molecules are free to move. Gases dont keep a ...

2 Expert Answer(s) - 254613 - Osmotic pressure of dilute solution is a directly proportional to temp b independent of temp and mo. Answer this question and win exciting prizes

Unlike reverse osmosis (RO) that is dominated by the hydraulic pressure differential, forward osmosis (FO) uses the osmotic pressure gradient as the driving force between a dilute feed solution and a concentrated draw solution across a membrane. High pressure is not required in FO, which means that FO can be used as an alternative to RO as an energy-saving separation process in desalination technology. However, a major limiting factor of the FO process is the internal concentration polarization (ICP). Because of the stagnant environment inside the porous supporting layer of a FO membrane, it is difficult to mitigate the ICP by simply increasing the shear stress or promoting turbulence ...

Figure 1 .11 (A) Plots of h(g-water/g-protein) versus the inverse of osmotic pressure1/P gives linear plots for which the slope varies as the inverse of the effective molecular weight and the constant is the solute solvent interaction parameter expressing hydration encapsulated by the protein henc (Fullerton et a/., 1993). The value henc includes water bridges, dielectric water clusters, and bulk water fraction that are encapsulated inside the protein such that they are excluded from thermodynamic solution expressions for osmotic pressure and freezing depression. Encapsulated water molecules never interact with the osmotic membrane but can change dramatically, as shown in Figure 1.12 with solution parameters and most especially with pH. Under native condition, however, the measured henc -, hM(nat) as it does here for hemoglobin. (B) Reevaluation of RBC volume measurements as a function of osmotic pressure show that the henc = hM(nat) = 1.7 g/g in the isotonic region. There are changes in the ...

A population of proliferating and differentiating cells from normal bone marrow of the Long-Evans rat has been isolated and maintained in long-term suspension culture. This population of cells has been used to investigate the effects of cellular maturation on membrane function and the osmotic properties of cells. A hypothesis has been formulated which states that in normal proliferating and differentiating cells, the cell interior behaves as a mixture model where water and electrolytes exist both in the free and the bound state; this state is determined by the activity of functioning biological macromolecules. The population of cells has all the distinguishing morphological characteristics of the megakaryocyte. These cells are acetylcholinesterase positive, increase in volume with maturation, and range in ploidy from 2N to greater than 16N. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of the following: 1. A specialized membrane system of tubules or channels similar if not identical to the ...

The experimental evidence presented here indicates that the SOS pathway controls expression of only a few salt stress-specific tolerance determinant genes among the numerous genes (six of 89 in this study) that are regulated in the plant response to NaCl treatment (Zhu et al., 1997). This is similar to the paradigm that has been established recently for the salt stress response of the unicellular eukaryote yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Genome-wide array analysis determined that osmotic upshock causes a rapid and multi-fold increase in mRNA of between 186 and 1,359 genes and reduced transcript abundance of more than 100 genes depending on the severity of osmotic shock, the osmotic agent (NaCl or sorbitol), and time after treatment (Posas et al., 2000; Rep et al., 2000; J. Yale and H.J. Bohnert, unpublished data). Salt-induced expression of most is either partially or completely controlled by the high osmolarity glycerol and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The yeast calcineurin ...

Increasing demand is appearing for the fast, robust prediction of the equation of state of colloidal suspensions, notably with a view to using it as input data to calculate transport coefficients in complex flow solvers. This is also of interest in rheological studies, industrial screening tests of new formulations, and the real-time interpretation of osmotic compression experiments, for example. For charge-stabilized spherical particles, the osmotic pressure can be computed with standard liquid theories. However, this calculation can sometimes be lengthy and/or unstable under some physicochemical conditions, a drawback that precludes its use in multiscale flow simulators. As a simple, fast, and robust replacement, the literature reports estimations of the osmotic pressure that have been built by adding the Carnahan−Starling and the cell model pressures (CSCM model). The first contribution is intended to account for colloid−colloid contacts, and the second, for electrostatic effects. This ...

Osmotic Challenges Osmoconformers, consisting only of some marine animals, are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity Osmoregulators expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment Most animals are stenohaline; they cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity Euryhaline animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

The soil-dwelling nematode C. elegans is a powerful system for comparative molecular analyses of environmental stress response mechanisms. Infection of worms with bacterial and fungal pathogens causes the activation of well-characterized innate immune transcriptional programs in pathogen-exposed hypodermal and intestinal tissues. However, the pathophysiological events that drive such transcriptional responses are not understood. Here, we show that infection-activated transcriptional responses are, in large part, recapitulated by either physiological or genetic activation of the osmotic stress response. Microarray profiling of wild type worms exposed to non-lethal hypertonicity identified a suite of genes that were also regulated by infection. Expression profiles of five different osmotic stress resistant (osr) mutants under isotonic conditions reiterated the wild type transcriptional response to osmotic stress and also showed substantial similarity to infection-induced gene expression under isotonic

Osmosis (also Active water absorption) is the flow of one constituent of a solution through a membrane while the other constituents are blocked and unable to pass through the membrane.

నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్‌రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు,కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర,రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్‌దేవ్‌పల్లిలో కింగ్స్‌ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు,కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి,సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ...

Definition: The pressure that resists the flow of water into cytoplasm. Source: Hickman, C.P., et al. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology. Fifteenth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ...

A sample of helium gas initially at 37.0 degrees C, 785 torr and 2.00 L was heated to 58.0 degrees C while the volume expanded to 3.24 L. What is the final pressure in atm? a)1.79 b)3.21 c)0.681 d).517 e)none of the above please explain--I need to know how to do this--this is ... ...

The neck warmer is made out of antimicrobial fabric that keeps each skier safe all day long. The material prevents bacterial regeneration and reproduction. The antimicrobial fabric used in the product can efficiently and completely remove bacteria, fungi and moldon the fabric, and prevent bacterial regeneration and reproduction. In the production process, the antibacterial fabric-injection agent dyes the interior of the polyester and nylon fibres under high temperature. The antibacterial fabric-injection agent is so fixed inside the fiberand therefore also protected by the fiber, which leads to washing resistance and a reliable, wide antibacterial effect. The antibacterial effect itself is achieved by damaging the cell wall of the bacteria: The intracellular osmotic pressure is 20-30 times higher than the extracellular osmotic pressure provided by the treatment. Therefore, the cell membrane is ruptured and the cytoplasm is leaked. This also stops the metabolic process of microorganisms and prevents the

One of the most important features of a healthy red blood cells in your dog is the ability to maintain maximum hydration. This is also referred to as osmotic pressure. Under a microscope, this essential characteristic is similar to a fully inflated basketball. Where the cell becomes round and tight. Because electromagnetically charging the cells enhances their osmotic pressure; it induces rapid cellular hydration and the ability to carry oxygen, vitamins, and minerals into the cells ...

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Journal de Physique II, Journal de Physique Archives représente une mine dinformations facile à consulter sur la manière dont la physique a été publiée depuis 1872.

Cloning, sequence analysis, and purification of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis: a bacterial enzyme involved in osmotic stress tolerance ...

Mechanosensative cation-selective channel with a conductance of 100 pS, YnaI (344aas; 4TMSs). Protects against hypoosmotic shock (Edwards et al. 2012). The structure has been solved by cryo-electron microscopy to a resolution of 13 A (Böttcher et al. 2015). While the cytosolic vestibule is structurally similar to that in MscS, additional density is seen in the transmembrane region, consistent with the presence of two additional TMSs predicted for YnaI. The location of this density suggests that the extra TMSs are tilted, which could induce local membrane curvature extending the tension-sensing paddles seen in MscS. Off-center lipid-accessible cavities are seen that resemble gaps between the sensor paddles in MscS. The conservation of the tapered shape and the cavities in YnaI suggest a mechanism similar to that of MscS (Böttcher et al. 2015). The voltage dependence of inactivation occurs independently of the positive charges of R46, R54, and R74 (Nomura et al. 2016). A 3.8 Å structure by ...

IV Fluids: Lesson 1 - Basic Principles - lesson plan ideas from Spiral. Tagged under: iv fluids,intravenous fluids,Intravenous Therapy (Medical Treatment),intracellular,interstitial,tonicity,osmosis,osmotic pressure,oncotic pressure,colloid,normal saline,lactated ringers

The S. cerevisiae genome encodes multiple MAP kinase orthologs. One (Fus3) mediates cellular response to peptide pheromones. Another (Kss1) permits adjustment to nutrient limiting conditions. A third (Hog1) is necessary for survival under hyperosmotic conditions. A fourth (Slt2/Mpk1) is required for repair of injuries to the cell wall. As in mammalian cells, these pathways consist of a conserved module in which three kinases phosphorylate each other in sequence. The MAPK is phosphorylated by the MAPK/ERK kinase (MAPKK/MEK), which is itself phosphorylated by a MEK kinase (MAPKKK/MEKK ...