Organotin compounds have classically been one of the more utilized synthons in palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. Since the first report by Stille in 1977, numerous applications of organotin reagents have found to be commonplace in the formation of new C-C bonds in the synthesis of natural products and other small molecules for drug discovery. Sigma-Aldrich also offers an extensive portfolio of organoditin and organotin hydride reagents for the generation of Stille Coupling precursors to obtain more complex coupling partners and dehalogenation reactions to afford hydrocarbons in late-stage synthetic sequences.Learn More about OrganotinHeterocyclic Organotin Reagents for Stille Coupling

The present study reports an in vitro screening method for contaminants in sediment samples utilizing an RTG-2 cell line. This technique integrates cytotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry with the aim of achieving a toxicity evaluation of the sediment sample. The toxic effect of individual organotin (OT) compounds and their presence in the sediment sample is the focus of the present study; however, other contaminants are also discussed. The following OT compounds: tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and a sediment solvent extract are exposed to the RTG-2 fish cell line. Both the alamar blue (AB) and neutral red (NR) assays are used to assess cytotoxicity after 24-h and 96-h exposure. Methodology for preparation of a sediment solvent extract suitable for biological testing and analytical determination is also described. With the RTG-2 cells, the AB and NR assays had comparable sensitivity for each individual OT compound exposure after 24

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of interaction between triphenyltin chloride and anions in organic solvents by electrophoresis and conductometric titration. AU - Koizum, Sadayuki. AU - Imato, Toshihiko. AU - Ishibashi, Nobuhiko. PY - 1993/1/1. Y1 - 1993/1/1. N2 - Interactions between triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) and several anions in organic solvents were evaluated by using a paper electrophoresis and a conductometric titration. Nitrobenzene solutions containing trioctylmethylammonium chloride (TOMACl),(TOMASCN), nitrate (TOMANO3) and perchlorate (TOMAClO4) were used as impregnating solutions for the paper electrophoresis. The 0.1 M TPTCl nitro-benzene solution was spotted on the filter paper impregnated with the nitrobenzene solution of above quaternary ammonium salts. After electrophoresis, the TPTCl spots on the filter paper was detected by spraying a mercury (I) nitrate solution which leads color development. The TPTCl spot migrated toward the anode during electrophoresis when TOMACl and TOMASCN ...

1 Graceli JB, Sena GC, Lopes PFI, Zamprogno GC, da Costa MB, Godoi AFL, dos Santos DM, de Marchi MR, Fernandez MAS. 2013. Organotins: A review of their reproductive toxicity, biochemistry, and environmental fate. Reproductive Toxicology 36: 40-52.. 2 Garrett C. 2004. Priority Substances of Interest in the Georgia Basin. Profiles and background information on current toxics issues. Technical Supporting Document of the Canadian Toxics Work Group. Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force. GBAP Publication No. EC/GB/04/79.. 3 Antizar-Ladislao B. 2008. Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment - A review. Environment International 34: 292-308.. 4 Wu L, Chen Z, Zhu J, Hu L, Huang X, Shi H. 2014. Developmental toxicity of organotin compounds in animals. Frontiers in Marine Science 1.. 5 CCME 1999. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Organotins - Tributyltin, triphenyltin, and tricyclohexyltin. In: ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Organotin-induced hyperglycemia in the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex fabricius. AU - Nagaraju, G. Purna Chandra. AU - Basha, Md Riyaz. AU - Reddy, P. Sreenivasula. PY - 2001/1/1. Y1 - 2001/1/1. N2 - Injection of three different organotin compounds such as tripalmitin, fentin and fenbutatin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crabs at Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by stimulating release of the hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).. AB - Injection of three different organotin compounds such as tripalmitin, fentin and fenbutatin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crabs at Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by stimulating release of the hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).. KW - Hyperglycemia. KW - Organotins. KW - Oziotelphusa senex senex. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0035022585&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1515/znc-2001-3-425. DO - 10.1515/znc-2001-3-425. M3 - Article. C2 - 11371028. AN - ...

Tributyltin-based (TBT) antifouling paints, widely used for the treatment of flooded surfaces, ha...ve been banned in 2008 for their high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Although it is still present in aquatic ecosystems, oxidative stress driven by TBT has been still poorly investigated in fish. The aim of the study was to examine the time-course stress responses in liver of rainbow trout that received a single intraperitoneal injection of tributyltin chloride (TBTC) or tributyltin ethoxide (TBTE), both at a dose of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Levels of metallothioneins, total glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were evaluated at 3 and 6 days post-injection. Tin load was measured in the muscle of the same fish. Differences were observed in the time-course accumulation of tin with a clear dose-response relationship. Although individual oxidative stress biomarkers varied, the biomarker ...

Tributyltin (TBT) is an umbrella term for a class of organotin compounds which contain the (C4H9)3Sn group, with a prominent example being tributyltin oxide. For 40 years TBT was used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint, commonly known as bottom paint, applied to the hulls of ocean going vessels. Bottom paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of biofouling (the growth of organisms on the ships hull). Unfortunately, the TBT slowly leaches out into the marine environment where it is highly toxic toward nontarget organisms. After it led to collapse of local populations of organisms, TBT was banned. TBT compounds are organotin compounds, with 3 butyl groups covalently bonded to a tin(IV) centre. A general formula for these compounds is (n-C4H9)3Sn-X. The X group is typically an electronegative, such as chloride, hydroxide, or carboxylate. When introduced into a marine or aquatic environment, TBT adheres to bed sediments because of its high specific gravity and low ...

Isolated thymocytes were incubated with various carbohydrates in the presence of dimethyltindichloride (DMTC), diethyltindichloride (DETC), di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC), and di-n-octyltindichloride (DOTC) and the substrate conversion, oxygen consumption, and cell viability were measured. All the dialkyltin compounds produced a dose-dependent stimulation of the glucose consumption, but at different concentrations. The most toxic ... read more homologs, DBTC and DETC, stimulated the glucose consumption maximally at levels of 5 and 10 μ, respectively, whereas DMTC and DOTC were less active, inducing a maximum stimulation at 120 μ. At higher exposure levels a sharp fall in the stimulation of the glucose consumption was noted together with a decrease of the oxygen consumption and viability of the thymocytes. The oxidative metabolism of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate by the TCA cycle was inhibited by dialkyltin compounds in a dose-related fashion. The glycolytic pathway was not affected, since ...

STUDIES OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF WATERPROOF COATINGS BASED ON URETHANE ISOCYANATE, ALKYL-PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN AND DIBUTYLTIN DILAURATE USING THE HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE

Applied Organomerallir Chrmisr? (1989) 3 431-436 9 Longman Group UK Ltd 1989 Assessment of the in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activity of some selected antitumor organotin complexes Sarah G Ward,* R Craig Taylor,*? Alan J Crowe,$ Jan Balzarinis and Erik De Clercq* * Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, 48309-4401 USA, $ International Tin Research Institute, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PJ, UK, and 9 Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Received 8 March I989 Accepted 15 June I989 Eleven antitumor-active octahedral organotin complexes of the type R2SnX2L2, where R = methyl, ethyl or phenyl, X = chloride or bromide, and L2 = o-phenantholine (phen), 2-)2-pyridyl)benzimidazole (PBI) or two dimethylsulfoxides (2DMSO), were examined for their broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. The DNA viruses included in this study were herpes simplex virus type 1and type 2, ...

APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, VOL. 8,385-391 (1994) Butyltin Compounds in Severn Sound, Lake Huron, Canada P. T. S. Wong,* Y. K. Chau,tS M. Brownt and D. M. Whittle * Department of Fisheries and Oceans and t National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6 Severn Sound is a heavily used recreational and boating area in the southeast corner of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Canada. Because of the concern over the possible release of tributyltin species (TBT) from antifouling paints on boat hulls and marinas, surveys were carried out in 1989 and 1992 to determine the presence of this species and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in this area. Many fish (pike and young-of-the-year spottail shiners) and sediment samples collected in 1989 contained detectable levels of TBT. A maximum concentration of TBT was recorded in northern pike in the spring to be 240 ng Sn g-. Maximum levels occurred in marinas during the ...

TY - THES. T1 - Synthesis of Organotin Reagents Supported on a Silicone Backbone for Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions. AU - Schrempf, Kristina. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. M3 - Masters Thesis. ER - ...

Potassium 2-{[(2Z)-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl 2-butenylidene)]amino}-4-methyl-pentanoate (L1HK) and potassium 2-{[(E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)alkylidene]amino}-4-methyl-pentanoates (L2HK-L3HK) underwent reactions with PhnSnCl4-n (n = 2 and 3) to give the amino acetate functionalized Schiff base organotin(IV) complexes [Ph3SnLH]n (1-3) and [Ph2SnL] (4), respectively. These complexes have been characterized by 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR, IR spectroscopic techniques in combination with elemental analyses. The crystal structures of 1 and 3 were determined. The crystal structures reveal that the complexes exist as polymeric chains in which the L-bridged Sn-atoms adopt a trans-R3SnO2 trigonal bipyramidal configuration with the Ph groups in the equatorial positions and the axial locations occupied by a carboxylate oxygen atom from one carboxylate ligand and the alcoholic or phenolic oxygen atom of the next carboxylate ligand in the chain. The carboxylate ligands coordinate in the zwitterionic form with the ...

No data is available for DBT(2 -EHMA) itself. Limited data from a presumably robust study indicated dibutyltin diacetate not to be carcinogenic in mice or in male rats; data for female rats was compromised by loss of tissues and no conclusion can be drawn. A read-across approach was considered appropriate between dibutyltins. Under gastric conditions dibutyltins are hydrolysed to form dibutyltin chloride. This is demonstrated in various dibutyltin compounds presented in the TNO report V5047, (presented as individual reports as under Toxicokinetics). ...

Extraordinary progress in medicinal inorganic chemistry in the past few years led to the rational design of novel platinum compounds, as well as nonplatinum metal-based antitumor agents, including organotin compounds, whose activity is not based on unrepairable interaction with DNA. To overcome poor solubility and toxicity problems that limited the application of these compounds numerous delivering systems were used (Lila et al. in Biol Pharm Bull 37:206-211, 2014; Yue and Cao in Curr Cancer Drug Targets 16:480-488, 2016; Duan et al. in WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 8:776-791, 2016). Regarding high drug loading capacity, mesoporous silica nanoparticles like SBA-15 became more important for targeted drug delivery. In this study, cellular uptake and biological activities responsible for organotin(IV) compound Ph3Sn(CH2)6OH (Sn6) grafted into (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane functionalized SBA-15 (SBA-15p → SBA-15p,Sn6) were evaluated in human melanoma A375 cell line. Moreover, the influence of ...

United States Patent Office 3,523,103 Patented Aug. 4, 1970 US. Cl. 260-75 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A process of making a cured polymer such as polyurethane by forming a mixture of a polyisocyanate and an active hydrogen-containing compound, e.g., a polyol, which is reactive therewith on curing, which comprises incorporating into said mixture a latent catalyst which is ineffective to cure said mixture at room temperature, the latent catalyst being an organotin compound, and then heating said curable mixture to a temperature of at least 100 C. to activate said catalyst and cure said mixture. This invention relates to the catalytic formation or curing of polyurethanes and to novel curable polyurethane-forming compositions containing latent organotin catalysts. The excellent physical properties of polyurethane plastics are well known. It is also well known to prepare nonporous molded polymeric plastics having H o N s1 0- or si l-1L groups in the polymer chain (such as polyurethanes and ...

DBT inhibits ligand binding to GR and subsequent activation of the receptor. By blocking GR activation, DBT may disturb metabolic functions and modulation of the immune system, providing an explanation for some of the toxic effects of this organotin.

The Stille reaction, or the Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling, is a chemical reaction widely used in organic synthesis which involves the coupling of an organotin compound (also known as organostannanes) with a variety of organic electrophiles via palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction. R 1 − Sn ( Alkyl ) 3 + R 2 − X → ligand set Pd 0 (catalytic) R 1 − R 2 ⏞ c o u p l e d p r o d u c t + X − Sn ( Alkyl ) 3 {\displaystyle {\color {Blue}{\ce {R^{1}-Sn(Alkyl)3}}}+{\color {Red}{\ce {R^{2}-X}}}\ {\ce {->[{\color {Green}{\ce {Pd^{0}}}}{\text{ (catalytic)}}][{\text{ligand set}}]}}\ \overbrace {{\color {Blue}{\ce {R^{1}}}}\!-\!{\color {Red}{\ce {R^{2}}}}} ^{coupled\ product}+{\color {Red}{\ce {X}}}\!-\!{\color {Blue}{\ce {Sn(Alkyl)3}}}} R 1 , R 2 {\displaystyle {\color {Blue}{\ce {R^1}}}\!,\ {\color {Red}{\ce {R^2}}}} : sp 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {sp^2}}} hybridized C (allyl, alkenyl, or aryl). X {\displaystyle {\color {Red}{{\ce {X}}}}} : halides (Cl, Br, I), pseudohalides (OTf, OPO ( OR ) 2 ...

Recent studies have shown that organotin compounds affect lipid homeostasis in vertebrates, probably through interaction with RXR and/or PPARγ receptors. Molluscs are sensitive species to the toxic effects of tributyltin (TBT), particularly to masculinization, and TBT has been recently shown to bind to molluscs RXR. Thus, we hypothesized that exposure to TBT could affect lipid homeostasis in the ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis. For comparative purposes, the synthetic androgen methyl-testosterone (MT) was included in the study due to its masculinization effects, but its lack of binding to the RXR receptor. M. cornuarietis was exposed to different concentrations of TBT (30, 125, 500 ng/L as Sn) and MT (30, 300 ng/L) for 100 days. Females exposed to 500 ng/LTBT showed increased percentage of lipids and increased levels of fatty acids in the digestive gland/gonad complex (2- to 3-fold). In addition, fatty acid profiles were altered in both males and females exposed to 125 and 500 ng/L TBT. These ...

The high TPT-decomposing capacity of FePCH, the chelate complex of PCH with Fe3+, compared to that of PCH (Fig. 1) suggests that the decomposing ability of TPT was improved in the presence of ferric iron. Pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid) is a metal-chelating agent obtained from cultures of Pseudomonas stutzeri KC. Its metal complexes with Cu2+ also have the capacity to dechlorinate CCl4 (16). HO· was assayed and identified in the presence of FePCH in the Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), while no HO· was detected when FePCH was replaced by PCH. This indicates that HO· formation was dependent on the presence of iron. Other researchers have found that vanadium can form complexes with PCH and that V-PCH can undergo an oxidative cycle (1). Iron-chelated aminochelin, a kind of siderophore produced by Azotobacter vinelandii, also has the ability to catalyze the formation of HO· (6). HO· formation in the reaction system suggested that FePCH contributed to augmentation of TPT decomposition via the ...

Dibutyltin dichloride (DBT}, one of a series of dialkyltin derivatives used industrially as polyvinylchloride stabilizers and urethane catalysts, was investigated for its ability to induce liver fibrosis in rats. Collagen, the predominant protein in fibrotic tissue, is synthesized in a series of sequential steps consisting of assembly of a proline-rich and lysine-rich polypeptide precursor of collagen, enzymatic hydroxylation of some of the prolyl and lysyl residues, and glycosylation of some of · the hydroxylysyl residues. Since prolyl residues are not hydroxylated before they are in peptide-bound form, the conversion of isotopically labeled proline to hydroxyproline by prolyl hydroxylase was taken as one parameter reflecting the rate of collagen formation. In vitro collagen synthesis was determined by incubation of liver biopsies with labeled proline, after which incorporation of label into collagenase digestible protein is compared to incorporation into collagenase- resistant protein. Hydroxyproline

Tributyltin hydride is the reagent of the choice for the reduction of functional groups after a radical mechanism. But organotin compounds are toxic and can sometimes only be separated laboriously from nonpolar reaction products. It was necessary to find new reagents which made the adaption of these radical methods possible in (pharmaceutical) production, without having fear of toxic impurities.. Silanes are often an alternative. But the Si-H - bond in silanes is relatively strong compared to the appropriate bond in tributyltin hydride. The discoveries gained from the 80s, that replacement of alkyl by silyl groups weakens the Si-H bond at the central silicon atom, were very important for the discovery of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as reducing agent. (bond strengths: Bu3Sn-H 74 kcal/mol, Et3Si-H 90 kcal/mol, TMS3Si-H 79 kcal/mol).. ...

Basu Baul, T S; Paul, A; Linden, A (2012). Synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of 2-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1-diazenyl]benzoic acid and its polymeric and monomeric triorganotin(IV) complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 696(26):4229-4235.. Basu Baul, T S; Das, P; Eng, G; Linden, A (2010). Synthesis and Characterization of Some Triphenyltin(IV) Complexes from Sterically Crowded [((E)-1-{2-Hydroxy-5-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]phenyl}methylidene)amino]acetate Ligands and Crystal Structure Analysis of a Tetrameric Triphenyltin(IV) Compound. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 20(1):134-141.. Linden, A; Basu Baul, T S; Das, P (2010). Tetrakis(μ2-4-aminobenzoato)di-μ3-oxido-tetrakis[dibutyltin(IV)]. Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications, 66(3):m58-m61.. Basu Baul, T S; Masharing, C; Ruisi, G; Pettinari, C; Linden, A (2009). Synthesis and Structures of Two Triorganotin(IV) Polymers ...

The main goal of the work presented in this thesis is to improve the reliability of existing methods for speciation analysis of organotin compounds. Species-specific isotope dilution (SSID) calibration in combination with gas chromatography - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to investigate the transformation of phenyltin species during sample preparation. Isotope-enriched phenyltin species were synthesized from corresponding isotope-enriched tin metals. SSID with a mixture of phenyltin species (PhTs) from one isotope was used to evaluate different extraction procedures for the determination of PhTs in fresh water sediment. Preparative liquid chromatography was used to produce single isotope-enriched phenyltin species making a multi-isotope spike (MI) SSID calibration possible. Different extraction procedures for the analysis of phenyltin species in biological samples were evaluated by applying MI-SSID. Degradation of TPhT and DPhT during sample extraction was observed and ...

0183]As such a curing catalyst, a known catalyst may suitably be used as a component to accelerate the reaction of reactive silicon groups. Specifically, it may, for example, be an organic tin carboxylate such as dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dioctyltin dilaurate, (n-C4H9)2Sn(OCOCH═CHCOOCH3)2, (n-C4H9)2Sn(OCOCH═CHCOO(n-C4H9))2, (n-C8H17)2Sn(OCOCH═CHCOOCH3)2, (n-C8H17)2Sn(OCOCH═CHCOO(n-C4H9))2 or (n-C8H17)2Sn(OCOCH═CHCOO(iso-C8H17))2; a sulfur-containing organic tin compound such as (n-C4H9)2Sn(SCH2COO), (n-C8H17)2Sn(SCH2COO), (n-C8H17)2Sn(SCH2CH2COO), (n-C8H17)2Sn(SCH2COOCH2CH2OCOCH2S), (n-C4H9)2Sn(SCH2COO(iso-C8H17))2, (n-C8H17)2Sn(SCH2COO(iso-C8H17))2, (n-C8H17)2Sn(SCH2COO(n-C8H17))2 or (n-C4H9)2SnS; an organic tin oxide such as (n-C4H9)2SnO or (n-C8H17)2SnO; a reaction product of an ester compound selected from the group consisting of ethyl silicate, dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dioctyl maleate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate, with ...

A mathematical model, describing the curing behaviour of a two-component, solvent-based, thermoset coating, is used to conduct a parameter study. The model includes curing reactions, solvent intra-film diffusion and evaporation, film gelation, vitrification, and crosslinking. A case study with a polyisocyanate and a polyol in an organic solvent, catalysed by an organotin compound, is selected for analysis. The transient effects on reactant conversion values and solid content of the film of the following parameters are studied: initial solvent concentration and film thickness, wind velocity, and bulk air concentration of solvent. Simulations of solvent evaporation are compared to experimental data from a previous investigation. As part of the parameter study, mechanisms of this complex coating system are discussed ...

Among organotin(IV) complexes, a number of trimethyltin derivatives form polymeric structures with trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the SnIV atom, e.g. as reported by Molloy et al. (1989); Sadiq-ur-Rehman et al. (2004); Aziz-ur-Rehman et al. (2006); Zhang et al. (2008).. The title compound, {(C16H36N)[Sn2(CH3)6Cl(SO4)]}n, crystallizes with one tetrabutylammonium cation, Bu4N+, and one organotin(IV) complex anion in the asymmetric unit (Fig. 1). The two independent SnIV atoms within the trans-OXSnC3 (X = O, Cl) moieties have a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment. The axial positions involve either two O atoms of different sulfate anions [Sn11], or one O atom of a sulfate anion and a Cl atom [Sn1]; both SnIV atoms are bonded to three methyl groups in equatorial positions. The axial angle O10-Sn11-O9 is 176.23 (15)° and is more distorted from the ideal angle of linearity compared to Cl2-Sn1-O6 (177.89 (12)°). The axial Sn-O distances (Sn1-O6 2.345 (4) Å; Sn11-O10 2.286 (5) Å; Sn11-O9 ...

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Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) under its National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) has initiated the National Digital Library of India (NDL India) pilot project to develop a framework of virtual repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility. Filtered and federated searching is employed to facilitate focused searching so that learners can find out the right resource with least effort and in minimum time. NDL India is designed to hold content of any language and provides interface support for leading Indian languages. It is being arranged to provide support for all academic levels including researchers and life-long learners, all disciplines, all popular form of access devices and differently-abled learners. It is being developed to help students to prepare for entrance and competitive examination, to enable people to learn and prepare from best practices from all over the world and to facilitate researchers to ...

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DI-fusion, le Dépôt institutionnel numérique de lULB, est loutil de référencementde la production scientifique de lULB.Linterface de recherche DI-fusion permet de consulter les publications des chercheurs de lULB et les thèses qui y ont été défendues.

Immortalized cell lines and primary neuronal cultures were used to characterize the selective toxicity of trimethyltin (TMT),triethyltin (TET) and tributyltin (TBT). TBT and TET were cytotoxic at similar concentrations in the immortalized cell lines tested; the 50% toxic concentration (TC50) was 1 to 11 microM. In contrast, immortalized cell lines varied considerably in their sensitivity to TMT, with sensitive cell lines (neuroblastomas, T-, B-cell lines) showing TC50 values of 2 to 8 microM, whereas insensitive cells (NIH-3T3 fibroblast, HTB-14 glioma, TC-7 kidney cells) had TC 50 values , 100 microM. Primary neuronal cell cultures were very sensitive to organotins (TC50 values, 1-10nM), and showed patterns of selective toxicity with respect to neuronal and glial cells. Because organotin toxicity evolves over 24 to 48 hr. we determined whether these compounds induced apoptosis in primary cultures. TMT increased (P , .05) the fraction of apoptotic cells 6 and 12 hr after treatment with TMT at ...

4887 Jonas Oreland 2012-03-14 ndb - add extra arguments (yet unused) to Dbtc::trigger_op_finished. To be used by FK modified: storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/Dbtc.hpp storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp 4886 magnus.blaudd@stripped 2012-03-14 ndb - add const to variable only assigned once modified: storage/ndb/src/common/transporter/TransporterRegistry.cpp === modified file storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/Dbtc.hpp --- a/storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/Dbtc.hpp 2012-01-17 15:21:49 +0000 +++ b/storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/Dbtc.hpp 2012-03-14 10:00:46 +0000 @@ -1595,8 +1595,11 @@ private: TcConnectRecord* trigOp); void restoreTriggeringOpState(Signal* signal, TcConnectRecord* trigOp); - void trigger_op_finished(Signal* signal, ApiConnectRecordPtr, - TcConnectRecord* triggeringOp); + void trigger_op_finished(Signal* signal, + ApiConnectRecordPtr, + Uint32 triggerPtrI, + TcConnectRecord* triggeringOp, + Uint32 returnCode); void continueTriggeringOp(Signal* signal, ...

Koshy, J.; Ansary, A.; Lo, K.M.; Das, V.G. (2001) Evaluation of antibacterial properties of triorganotin carboxylates containing functionalised ester groups in tests against some pathogenic bacteria. Metal-based drugs, 8 (2). pp. 107-11. ISSN 0793-0291. Koshy, J.; Das, V.G.; Balabaskaran, S.; Ng, S.W.; Wahab, N. (2000) High In-Vitro Antitumour Activity of Triphenyltin Coumarin 3-Carboxylate and its Coordination Complexes With Monodentate Oxygen Donor Ligands Against the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-DNA Positive Raji and the P-388 Murine Leukaemia Cell Lines, and Evidence for the Suppression by Organotin of the Early Antigen Complex in the EBV Lytic Cycle. Metal-based drugs, 7 (5). pp. 245-51. ISSN 0793-0291. ...

ORAL Two reliable 90-day studies were available to address this endpoint. Beyrouty (1997a) is a well reported 90 day study performed to GLP. It was selected as the key study on account of higher purity of the test material and because effects were seen at lower dosage levels than in the Appel (2000) study. In Beyrouty (1997a), rats were treated for up to 13 weeks with a methyltin chloride mixture containing 90% dimethyltin dichloride at concentrations of 25, 75 or 200 ppm. The study resulted in several deaths, reduced body weight, decreased food and water intake, blood biochemical changes, behavioural effects such as aggressiveness and neuropathological lesions at 200 ppm (equivalent to 15.5 and 19.4 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively). For the 75 ppm group (equivalent to 5.2 and 6.7 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively), one male died, body weights were reduced (males only), food and water intake were decreased, and behavioural changes (such as reduced motor activity for ...

4052 Pekka Nousiainen 2012-10-27 [merge] merge to 7.2 modified: storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp 4051 Pekka Nousiainen 2012-10-24 [merge] merge to 7.2 modified: storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/ERROR_codes.txt storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/Dbtc.hpp storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp storage/ndb/src/ndbapi/ndberror.c storage/ndb/test/ndbapi/testBasic.cpp storage/ndb/test/run-test/daily-basic-tests.txt === modified file storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp --- a/storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp 2012-10-24 11:26:37 +0000 +++ b/storage/ndb/src/kernel/blocks/dbtc/DbtcMain.cpp 2012-10-27 11:47:45 +0000 @@ -4255,7 +4255,11 @@ Dbtc::CommitAckMarker::insert_in_commit_ Uint32 instanceKey, NodeId node_id) { - Uint32 item = instanceKey + (node_id ,, 16); + const NodeInfo& nodeInfo = tc-,getNodeInfo(node_id); + Uint32 workers = nodeInfo.m_lqh_workers; + assert(instanceKey != 0); + Uint32 instanceNo = workers == 0 ? 0 : 1 + (instanceKey - 1) % workers; ...

Imposex and butyltin concentrations were assessed in Hexaplex trunculus, Conus mediterraneus, Cyclope neritea and Nassarius mutabilis from Menzel Jemil, and H. trunculus and Stramonita haemastoma from...

A series of diethyltin(IV) complexes with carbohydrate ligands (aldoses, polyalcohols, sugar acids, sugar amines, and di- and trisaccharides] was prepared. The compositions of the complexes were...

Pincer-type compounds of general formula [{C5H3N(CH2S)2}SnRHal] [Hal = Cl, R = n-Bu (1), Ph (2); Hal = Br, R = n-Bu (3)] were prepared by the reaction of the dithiol ligand {C5H3N(CH2SH)2} with a suitable organotin reagent. The molecular structures of the compounds were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and exhibit trigonal bipyramidal geometry at the tin atom with degrees of tbp distortion ranging from 75 to 81, being caused by a transannular N ? Sn interaction. The behavior of all tin compounds in solution was investigated by NMR spectroscopy revealing that the N ? Sn interaction in solution was present on the basis of the chemical shifts values. DFT calculations with Gaussian 09 using M06/DGDZVP were carried out for all compounds. The structural data of the total optimization agreed with the experimental results and the topological analysis indicated that bond critical points are present along the N ? Sn direction. ...

Sublethal effects of tributyltin and triphenyltin on larvae of four species of marine gastropods,the abalone Haliotis madaka,H.gigantea and H.discus discus and the topshell Batillus cornutus from Japan. ...

Cuprate(1-), (C,C-bis((dibutylamino)sulfonyl)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine-C-sulfonato(3-)-N29,N39,N31,N32)-, ammonium CL 205925 Carbonothioic dihydrazide, N-(((3-methylphenyl)amino)thioxomethyl)-N-((1E)-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidene)- 3,5-Dibromo-2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (o-Methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid 2-morpholinoethyl ester hydrochloride 1-Naphthacenecarboxylic acid, 2-ethyl-6,11-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-, methyl ester (8CI)(9CI) (3R,5R,7R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-heptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7-diol 5H-Benzocycloheptene-8-carboxylic acid,1-[(2R,3R)-3,4-dihydro-3,5,7- trihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl]-3,4,6- trihydroxy-5-oxo-,(2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)- 3,4-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2H-1- benzopyran-3-yl ester 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid; triphenyltin 2,8-bis(phenyl-phenylsulfanyl-methyl)cyclooctan-1-one

A method for making an adhesive for use in joining soft living tissue including the steps of preparing a hydroxyl-terminated polyester by reacting a biodegradable monomer with a polyhydroxy polymerization initiator in the presence of an amount up to about 2.0 weight percent of a catalyst, and then preparing a diisocyanate-terminated prepolymer adhesive by reacting about 24 to 92 weight percent of the hydroxy-terminated polyester with about 8 to 76 weight percent excess aromatic diisocyante. The polyester and the diisocyanate are preferably dissolved in an organic solvent prior to the mixture thereof in a ratio of solids to solvent of about 60:40. The polyester is a polymer or copolymer of lactide, glycolide or ε-caprolactone. The initiator is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, pentaerythritol or 1,1,1-tris (hydroxymethyl) ethane. The catalyst is stannous octoate, a zinc compound, an aliphatic tertiary amine, dibutyltin diacetate or 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane.

A method for making an adhesive for use in joining soft living tissue including the steps of preparing a hydroxyl-terminated polyester by reacting a biodegradable monomer with a polyhydroxy polymerization initiator in the presence of an amount up to about 2.0 weight percent of a catalyst, and then preparing a diisocyanate-terminated prepolymer adhesive by reacting about 24 to 92 weight percent of the hydroxy-terminated polyester with about 8 to 76 weight percent excess aromatic diisocyante. The polyester and the diisocyanate are preferably dissolved in an organic solvent prior to the mixture thereof in a ratio of solids to solvent of about 60:40. The polyester is a polymer or copolymer of lactide, glycolide or ε-caprolactone. The initiator is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, pentaerythritol or 1,1,1-tris (hydroxymethyl) ethane. The catalyst is stannous octoate, a zinc compound, an aliphatic tertiary amine, dibutyltin diacetate or 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane.

Korean Industrial Standards KS K 0733, KS K 0736 and KS K 0737 for determination of chlorinated phenols, allergenic disperse dyes and organotin content in textiles and/or leathers products respectively have been released. These national standards in the Republic of Korea were developed by the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS) and distributed by the Korean Standards Association (KSA) in order to enforce product safety.

168] K. Wu, N. Sukumar, N. A. Lanzillo, C. Wang, R. Ramprasad, R. Ma, A. F. Baldwin, G. Sotzing, C. Breneman Prediction of Polymer Properties Using Infinite Chain Descriptors (ICD) and Machine Learning: Toward Optimized Dielectric Polymeric Materials, J. Polymer Sci., 54, pp 2082 (2016). Full text.pdf. [167] Z. Li, H. Uehara, R. Ramprasad, S. Boggs, Y. Cao, Dynamics of Nonlinear Charge Injection in Polymeric Films, IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), pp 978 (2016). Full text.pdf. [166] Z. Li, H. Uehara, R. Ramprasad, S. Boggs, Y. Cao, Density of Bulk Trap States in Polymeric Films, IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp 1041 (2016). Full text.pdf. [165] G. M. Treich, S. Nasreen, A. Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, R. Ma, M. Tefferi, J. Flynn, Y. Cao, R. Ramprasad, G. A. Sotzing, Optimization of Organotin Polymers for Dielectric Applications, Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8 (33), 21270 (2016). Full text.pdf. [164] V. Botu, J. Chapman, R. Ramprasad, ...

The catalytic mechanism of intra and extra catechol cleaving dioxygenases is still a matter of debate, because the intermediate transient oxygen adduct has never been isolated in these enzymes. The complex [(triphos)Ir(dtbc)]+ (triphos=MeC(CH2PPh2)3, DBTC2−=3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate), reacts with molecular oxygen and exhibits a ring-cleaving catalytic activity, and a stable oxygen intermediate appears; this stimulates an opportunity for obtaining information that can be transferable to the above-mentioned enzymatic catalytic centers, therefore, giving a breakthrough into the strategy of oxygen activation in these natural systems. Here, we present the results of our computational approach, based on density functional theory, focusing on the following aspects: to explain the interaction with molecular oxygen and how to avoid the existing spin problem, to understand the formation of the bridging moiety, to clarify, if any, the possible influence on the structure of the formed adduct of the ...

I have a large rock that is completely covered in gsp. I was given the frag that started this through DBTC so now its time to pay that forward. Im...

Nominated Substances: Tributyltin chloride. Nomination Date: 01/08/1999 Nominator: NIEHS Rationale: High production volume; widespread human exposure; structure-activity relationship to known toxic organotin compounds NTP Principles: not specified More Detailed Information ...

Therapeutic strategies designed to increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to apoptosis have the potential to significantly augment the efficacy of a variety of cancer treatments. Enhancement of the apoptotic potential of tumor cells increases tumor responses to chemotherapy (21). The increase in GSH content in the cells after curcumin treatment suggests that curcumin interferes with the cell survival systems. Similar observations were also noted with several compounds undergoing anticancer activity tests like organotin compounds (22) and chemotherapeutic drugs like cisplatin (23). Curcumin has also been shown to increase the levels of GSH in several other systems like rat hepatocytes (24), kidney cells (25), and human leukemia cells (26). In this study, the depletion of endogenous GSH sensitized the cells to curcumin treatment and thereby increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, thus suggesting that curcumin may be inactivated by the formation of GSH-curcumin conjugate, and GSTs are ...

The results of the present study that NaCl transport by in vitro rabbit gallbladder must be a consequence of a neutral coupled carrier-mediated mechanism that ultimately results in the active absorption of both ions; pure electrical coupling between the movements of Na and Cl can be excluded on the grounds of electrphysiologic considerations. Studies on the unidirectional influxes of Na and Cl have localized the site of this coupled mechanism to the mucosal membranes. Studies on the intracellular ion concentrations and the intracellular electrical potential are consistent with the notion that (a) the coupled NaCl influx process results in the movement of Cl from the mucosal solution into the cell against an apparent electrochemical potential difference; (b) the energy for the uphill movement of Cl is derived from the Na gradient across the mucosal membrane which is maintained by an active Na extrusion mechanism located at the basolateral membranes; and (c) Cl exit from the cell across the ...

A fresh marine sediment certified reference material, NMIJ CRM 7306-a, for butyltin and phenyltin analysis has been prepared and certified by the National Metrological Institute of Japan at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST). of analytes in sample preparations. Tropolone was used as chelating agent in all the extraction methods. Certified values are given for TBT 443?g kg?1 as Sn, DBT 51 2?g kg?1 as Sn, MBT 67 625115-55-1 manufacture 3?g kg?1 as Sn, TPhT 6.9 1.2?g kg?1 as Sn, and DPhT 3.4 1.2?g kg?1 as Sn. These levels are less than in additional sediment CRMs designed for analysis of organotin chemical substances currently. option of NaBEt4 was ready inside a glove package that was purged with N2 gas. Additional chemicals used had been of analytical reagent quality. Pure water made by usage of a Milli-Q water-purification program (resistivity 18?M cm, Nihon Millipore Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan) was used through the entire experiments. Synthesis from the ...

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A multiple component catalyst system for curing of energetic urethane bins for solid fuel propellants and gas generators based upon curing of glycidyl-azide polymer and isocynate curative mixtures. Void or bubble free propellant grains are obtained by employing a cure catalyst composed of a mixture of triphenyl bismuth and dibutyltin dilaurate, preferably in a respective ratio of about 10:1 by weight. The void free propellant grains have burn characteristics acceptable for missile propulsion applications.

Marine biofouling refers to the undesirable accumulation of living organisms including microorganisms, seaweeds, and animals on submerged surfaces (Callow and Callow, 2002). Among which, fouling invertebrates cause major damage to ship hulls and propulsors, block mariculture cages and water pipes, increase fuel consumption of marine transport, and therefore are one of the most serious problems of maritime and aquaculture industries (Yebra et al., 2004; Schultz et al., 2011; Clare, 1995). For instance, US navy vessels spend 180 to 260 million US dollars annually to control and prevent biofouling (Schultz et al., 2011). Historically, a variety of physical and chemical antifouling methods have been implemented (Qian et al., 2013). In particular, the most commonly employed practice is to coat submerged surfaces with biocidal paints, such as organotin, tributyltin (TBT), Irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 (Qian et al., 2013). Due to the threat to the marine environment revealed after a long-term ...

From the kinetic investigation of the cleavage of the 4-acetoxybenzoate anion (4-ABA) in the presence of three cyclodextrins (Ì-CD, Ý-CD, and Þ-CD) in basic aqueous solution, the results indicate that 4-ABA binds to Ì-CD fairly weakly while no binding is observed between 4-ABA and Ý-CD or Þ-CD. The effects of the three CDs on the kinetics of the aminolysis of 4-ABA by primary amines have been investigated. Rate constants for the nucleophilic attack by free and CD-bound amine are obtained. For Ì-CD, values of the reactivity ratios for the linear amines are low (,1) implying deceleration of the aminolysis reaction due to binding to the CD. In the case of Ý-CD, the reactivity ratios are slightly larger (,1 for both n -alkyl and branched amines), implying modest catalysis. As for Þ-CD, the values of the reactivity ratios are ,2, which also signifies modest catalysis ...

Affan, M.A.; Salam, M.A.; Ahmad, F.B.; White, F.; Ali, H.M. (2012) Organotin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-N(4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone (H(2)dact): synthesis, spectral characterization, crystal structure and biological studies. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 387. pp. 219-225. ISSN 0020-1693. Ahmad, N.; Ramsch, R.; Esquena, J.; Solans, C.; Tajuddin, H.A.; Hashim, R. (2012) Physicochemical characterization of natural-like branched-chain glycosides toward formation of hexosomes and vesicles. Langmuir, 28 (5). pp. 2395-2403. ISSN 0743-7463. Al-Bayaty, F.H.; Ali, H.M.; Hassan, M.I.A.; Abdulla, M.A. (2012) Effect of andrographis paniculata leaf extract on wound healing in rats. Natural Product Research, 26 (5). pp. 423-429. ISSN 14786419. Al-Mamary, M.; Abdelwahab, S.I.; Ali, H.M.; Ismail, S.; Abdulla, M.A.; Darvish, P. (2012) Synthesis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of some schiff bases containing hydroxyl and methoxy groups. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 24 (10). pp. 4335-4339. ISSN ...

Isolation and Degradation Activity of a TBTCl (Tributyltin Chloride) Resistant Bacteriain Gwangyang Bay - Gwangyang Bay;Pantoea sp. T7;TBTCl-degrading activity;Tributyltin Chloride;

Buy Tributyltin Chloride in wholesale. Established in 1997, we are trusted manufacturer and exporter of Tributyltin Chloride located in Nashik, Maharashtra, India.

Synthesis, spectral studies and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some new Di/Triorganotin (IV) complexes of Schiff bases derived from 2-benzoylpyridine

TY - JOUR. T1 - Diorganotin-based coordination polymers derived from sulfonate/phosphonate/phosphonocarboxylate ligands. AU - Shankar, R. AU - Jain, A. AU - Kociok-Kohn, Gabriele. AU - Molloy, Kieran C. PY - 2011/2/21. Y1 - 2011/2/21. N2 - The reactions of diorganotin precursors [R2Sn(OR1)(OSO2R1)](n)[R = R-1 = Me (1); R = Me, R-1 = Et (2)] with an equimolar amount of t-butylphosphonic acid (AT, 8-10 h) in methanol result in the formation of identical products, of composition [(Me2Sn)(3)(O3PBut)(2)(O2P(OH)Bu-t)(2)](n) (3). On the other hand, a similar reaction of 2, when carried out in dichloromethane, affords [(Me2Sn)(3)(O3PBut)(2)(OSO2Et)(2)center dot MeOH](n) (4). A plausible mechanism implicating the role of solvent in the formation of these compounds has been put forward. In addition, the synthesis of [(Me2Sn)(3)(O3PCH2CH2COOMe)(2)(OSO2Me)(2)](n) (5) and [R2Sn(O2P(OH)CH2CH2COOMe)(OSO2R1)](n) [R = Et, R-1 = Me (6); R = Bu-n, R-1 = Et (7)] has been achieved by reacting 1 and related ...

Stannanes, also known as organotins, are extremely versatile synthons that can be utilized in palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions (Stille Reaction1). These cross coupling reactions, which form C-C bonds, are widely used in natural product synthesis and in drug discovery for the preparation of small molecules2-4. Synthonix offers and stocks a wide variety of stannane synthons. We also supply SnAP reagents5, which can be used for the preparation of morpholines, piperazines, and other related ring systems. If you dont see what you are looking for please contact us. We offer custom synthesis to provide our customers with all their synthetic needs.1Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 508-524.2Wollenberg, R. H.; Albizati, K. F.; Peries, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 7365-7. (E2342)3Kosugi, M.; Sumiya, T.; Obara, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Sano, H.; Migita, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. (Japan), 1987,60, 767-8. (T5149)4Heldmann, D. K.; Sauer, J. Tett. Lett. 1997, 38, 5791-4. (T2247)5Luescher, M. U.; Vo,

Stannanes, also known as organotins, are extremely versatile synthons that can be utilized in palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions (Stille Reaction1). These cross coupling reactions, which form C-C bonds, are widely used in natural product synthesis and in drug discovery for the preparation of small molecules2-4. Synthonix offers and stocks a wide variety of stannane synthons. We also supply SnAP reagents5, which can be used for the preparation of morpholines, piperazines, and other related ring systems. If you dont see what you are looking for please contact us. We offer custom synthesis to provide our customers with all their synthetic needs.1Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 508-524.2Wollenberg, R. H.; Albizati, K. F.; Peries, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 7365-7. (E2342)3Kosugi, M.; Sumiya, T.; Obara, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Sano, H.; Migita, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. (Japan), 1987,60, 767-8. (T5149)4Heldmann, D. K.; Sauer, J. Tett. Lett. 1997, 38, 5791-4. (T2247)5Luescher, M. U.; Vo,

Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate chemical properties, What are the chemical properties of Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate 7791-18-6, What are the physical properties of Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate ect.

Tungsten dichloride dioxide 13520-76-8 NMR spectrum, Tungsten dichloride dioxide H-NMR spectral analysis, Tungsten dichloride dioxide C-NMR spectral analysis ect.

The reactions of the ligands N-methyl-(pyridin-2-yl)aldimine (a), N-ethyl-(pyridin-2-yl)aldimine (b), and N-benzyl-(pyridin-2-yl)aldimine (c) with SnCl4 and SnBr4 led to the formation of compounds [Sn{(C5H4N) HC=NMe)Cl-4] (1), [Sn{(C5H4N)HC=NMe)Br-4] (2), [Sn{(C5H4N)HC=NEt}Cl-4] (3), [Sn{(C5H4N)HC=NEt}Br-4] (4), [Sn{(C5H4N)HC=NBn}Cl-4] (5), and [Sn{(C5H4N)HC=NBn}Br-4] (6) in good yields. All the compounds were characterized by H-1, C-13{H-1}, and Sn-119{H-1} NMR, vibrational IR-Raman spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural studies confirmed the formation of the respective six-coordinate tin complexes as a result of the chelation of the iminic and pyridinic nitrogen atoms of the ligands towards the tin atom; the Sn-N distances were shortened as the Lewis acid character at the tin atom was increased. In all the molecular structures the tin atom displayed a distorted octahedral local geometry ...

Physical and chemical properties:. FASCAT®4101 is an amorphous, hydrolytically stable butyl tin chloride dihydroxide. It can be used for esterification, polycondensation and transesterification reactions. The catalyst is used to synthesize saturated polyester resin for powder coatings.. FASCAT® 4101 is used to produce unsaturated polyester resins for gel coating, sheet molding and casting molding applications. The temperature range of ester and antioxidant formation in the transesterification reaction is 140-180°C.. The production of PBT engineering resins for the automotive and construction markets requires the same temperature. It provides shorter esterification time, transesterification cycle time, lower reaction temperature and effective use of equipment.. CAS 13355-96-9. EC 236-406-1. Molecular formula C4H11CIO2SN. Specifications: different specifications, can be packaged according to customer needs. Product English name: Butylchlorodihydroxytin. CAS Number: 13355-96-9. EINECS Number: ...

CH2) of Lim. 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the copolymer has shown peaks at δ = 1.2-1.5 and δ = 5.3-5.6 due to acetoxy and trisubstituted olefinic protons of VA and Lim, respectively. The reactivity ratios have been calculated to be 0.05 for VA and 0.011 for Lim with the Kelen-Tüdos method. The glass-transition temperature of the copolymer, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, is 32.4°C. The copolymer is likely biodegradative in nature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007 ...

Pulsed laser polymerization coupled with size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) was implemented to study the micellar radical homopropagation kinetics of cationic surfmer, polycaprolactone choline iodide ester methacrylate (PCLnChMA with n = 2 average polyester units), at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 wt% in aqueous solutions at 25, 50, 70, and 85 °C. PCL2ChMA can propagate in both aqueous and compartmentalized phases, with the relative importance of the two reaction loci changing with temperature. As the corresponding saturated macromonomer concentration, [M], inside the growing polymeric micelles cannot be easily determined, only the product of propagation rate coefficient (kp) and [M] are measured by PLP-SEC; at 25 °C, a minimum kp of 863 ± 95 L mol−1 s−1 is estimated assuming bulk [M]. (Macro)monomer composition drifts for batch acrylamide (AM)/PCLnChMA micellar copolymerizations in D2O at 50 °C are well represented by the apparent reactivity ratios rAM = 0.31 ± 0.03 and ...

Application of a Monte Carlo method for the evaluation of reactivity ratios in the copolymerization of furfuryl methacrylate with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone ...

Seguimos con las mixtapes de calidad en TBT: The Black Time. Ahora le toca al turno al integrante de Roc Nation, Wale, el cual con la ayuda de DJ Omega ha sacado More About Nothing una mixtape/Album de esas que nos gustan aquí en TBT.. + Descargar mixtape. ...

Advice and warnings for the use of Radium 223 dichloride (Xofigo) during pregnancy. FDA Pregnancy Category X - Not for use in pregnancy

A one-pot reaction between di-n-propyl/di-n-butyltin oxide, dialkyl sulfite, and triethylamine or tetra-n-alkylammonium iodide proceeds under ambient conditions (110-120 degrees C, 20 h) via sulfur-centered Arbuzov rearrangement to afford the corresponding dianionic tetraalkanesulfonato diorganostannates [R2Sn(OSO2Me)(4)]center dot 2Et(3)NMe [R = n-Pr (1), n-Bu (2)] as well as [n-Bu2Sn(OSO2R1)(4)]center dot 2R(4)(2)N [R-1 = Me, Et, n-Pr; R 2 = Et (3, 5, and 7), n-Bu (4, 6, and 8)]. X-ray crystal structures of 2 and 3 reveal a monomeric motif of the dianion, with methanesulfonate groups acting as unidentate ligands. The Sn-119 NMR spectral studies suggest the existence of pentacoordinated tin species in solution.. ...

The TbT range of air rifle tuning kits offer an extensive range of options for all the most popular air rifles with great value for money.. The TbT Standard guide set will work with your existing spring to reduce spring twang, vibration and recoil at a stroke. Guides that fit the spring properly keep it under control during the firing cycle prevent it from rattling around, all metal to metal contact is eliminated. The kit includes a rear guide, top hat and slip washer to reduce torsional recoil, preload washers to allow some control over power output, standard molybdenum grease and a TbT sticker for your rifle. With the addition of a small amount of optional Bum-Slide hi moly paste, this will give you many thousands of quiet, maintenance free shots between services.. Our TbT Maxi range of kits offer all the advantages of our standard kit, but with the addition of an export powered spring. In the case of Weihrauch and Diana guns, this means a genuine factory replacement part. This spring will ...

According to WTO rules, countries are allowed to adopt regulations under the Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) agreements

10pm-2am Join us for our new weekly #TBT #OLDSCHOOLHIPHOP with FX BOX 10pm-2am Join us for #happyhour and meet our new resident dj!!! Kaleidoscope with Kona FM, Every Thursday during Happy Hour (7pm-10pm) at The Flat, #happyhour 4pm-7pm Kitchen open till 12 am

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Cytokines Cytokines are a group of regulatory proteins critically involved in many physiological processes such as immune recognition, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. They have been identified in many vertebrate species and are produced by a variety of different cell types. Cytokines are usually produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner. They interact with high affinity cell surface receptors specific for each cytokine or cytokine group and are active at very low concentrations mostly in the picogram range.

Cytokines Cytokines are a group of regulatory proteins critically involved in many physiological processes such as immune recognition, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. They have been identified in many vertebrate species and are produced by a variety of different cell types. Cytokines are usually produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner. They interact with high affinity cell surface receptors specific for each cytokine or cytokine group and are active at very low concentrations mostly in the picogram range.

The human and animal proteomes are area of large scientific interest for identifying desease biomarkers. Their proteomic approach is challenging because most of proteins of interest to be diagnosed are present at very low concentration in specialized cell types and biological fluids ...

Find Dialectical (DBT) Therapists, Psychologists and Dialectical (DBT) Counselling in L1N, get help for Dialectical (DBT) in L1N.

Bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)niobium Dichloride C12H14Cl2Nb bulk & research qty manufacturer. Properties, SDS, Applications, Price. Free samples program. Term contracts & credit cards/PayPal accepted.

Huge TBT Summer Sale. Discount items are non refundable and non returnable unless faulty. Discount codes cannot be used in conjunction with sale prices. ...