The meeting of International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus and related organisms was held within the frame of the FoodMicro 2018 Congress (FoodMicro 2018, 3-6 September 2018, Berlin, Germany). The meeting comprised an open session with a workshop entitled Modern approaches of LAB identification and conservation and a closed session on issues related to ICSP Subcommittee activities.

article{6a5935e7-cef5-41b4-83a4-8e7a5354ed16, abstract = {Bacterial activity was studied in a growth system containing Pinus contorta seedlings inoculated with different mycorrhizal fungi. Nylon nets enabled separation of soil compartments with extramatrical mycorrhizal hyphae from soil compartments with roots and mycelium. In three separate experiments bacterial activity, estimated as thymidine incorporation, was reduced in soils with Paxillus involutus hyphae compared to controls without mycorrhizal hyphae. This effect was found irrespective of compartments with and without roots were compared. Laccaria bicolor only reduced the activity in one of these three experiments. Thelephora terrestris (tested in two experiments), Laccaria proxima, Suillus variegatus and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (one experiment), also reduced the thymidine and leucine incorporation rates of bacteria. The reduction for these fungi varied between 20% and 50% in all experiments. Numbers of viable bacteria appeared to be ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Copper requirements of the ammonia-oxidizing archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 and implications for nitrification in the marine environment. AU - Amin, Shady A.. AU - Moffett, James W.. AU - Martens-Habbena, Willm. AU - Jacquot, Jeremy E.. AU - Han, Yang. AU - Devol, Allan. AU - Ingalls, Anitra E.. AU - Stahl, David A.. AU - Armbrust, E. Virginia. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) have recently been recognized as the primary nitrifiers in the marine environment; they thus play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. Available genome sequences of AOA indicate that numerous Cu-dependent enzymes are essential for both ammonia oxidation and electron transfer, suggesting a particularly high requirement for copper. However, our knowledge of the copper requirements of AOA and their response to copper limitation in the ocean is nonexistent. Here, we examine the copper requirements of the chemolithoautotrophic AOA Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 ...

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The global microbial CH4 production is estimated to reach one billion tons annually. Methanogenic archaea produce CH4 in wetlands, rice fields, ruminant and termite digestive systems and have a decisive impact on the planets atmospheric carbon cycle [42]. At the same time, the industrial scale anaerobic digestion of biomass to CH4 plays a vital role in the future global energy mix. All methanogenic archaea capable of CO2 reduction contain the cofactor F420 as an integral part of the methanogenic pathway. In this study, F420 autofluorescence was tested as a universal marker for methanogenic archaea. Genes encoding for F420 biosynthesis enzymes were identified in 653 bacterial and 173 archaeal species [43]. Non-methanogenic but F420 containing microorganisms have reported F420 concentrations of about one fortieth of the concentrations in hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea [19], which is below detection limit of the developed protocol. For the methanogenic archaea, however, the F420 cofactor ...

The Archaebacterium Haloferax volcanii concentrates K+ up to 3.6 M. This creates a very large K+ ion gradient of between 500- to 1,000-fold across the cell membrane. H. volcaniicells can be...

The last eukaryotic common ancestor already had an amazingly complex cell possessing genomic and cellular features such as spliceosomal introns, mitochondria, cilia-dependent motility, and a cytoskeleton together with several intracellular transport systems. In contrast to the microtubule-based dyneins and kinesins, the actin-filament associated myosins are considerably divergent in extant eukaryotes and a unifying picture of their evolution has not yet emerged. Here, we manually assembled and annotated 7852 myosins from 929 eukaryotes providing an unprecedented dense sequence and taxonomic sampling. For classification we complemented phylogenetic analyses with gene structure comparisons resulting in 79 distinct myosin classes. The intron pattern analysis and the taxonomic distribution of the classes suggest two myosins in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, a class-1 prototype and another myosin, which is most likely the ancestor of all other myosin classes. The sparse distribution of class-2 and

Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6, a thermophilic and obligately chemoautotrophic bacterium, assimilates ammonium using glutamine synthetase (GS). GS was purified using three chromatography steps. The purified GS was found to belong to GS type I on the basis of its subunit composition and molecular …

6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine is the biosynthetic precursor of riboflavin, which, as a coenzyme, plays a vital role in the electron transfer process for energy production in all cellular organisms. The enzymes involved in lumazine biosynthesis have been studied in considerable detail. However, the conclusive mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by lumazine synthase has remained unclear. Here, we report four crystal structures of the enzyme from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus in complex with different inhibitor compounds. The structures were refined at resolutions of 1.72 Angstrom, 1.85 Angstrom, 2.05 Angstrom and 2.2 Angstrom, respectively. The inhibitors have been designed in order to mimic the substrate, the putative reaction intermediates and the final product. Structural comparisons of the native enzyme and the inhibitor complexes as well as the kinetic data of singlesite mutants of lumazine synthase from Bacillus subtilis showed that several highly conserved residues at ...

Chrysophycean stomatocyst assemblages were analysed from the sediments of 17 lakes and ponds from Svalbard as one component of a multi-proxy investigation of recent environmental change in the high Arctic. Sediment cores and water chemistry were collected from each of the study lakes, and chrysophyte stomatocysts were investigated from the top 0.25 cm of sediment (present-day) and bottom (i.e. bottom of short sediment core, pre-industrial) sediment samples. This study represents the first undertaking of chrysophyte cyst morphology and distribution on Svalbard. A total of 153 cyst morphotypes were described with light microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy, of which 21 are new forms. Canonical correspondence analysis indicates that the present-day distribution of cysts is significantly related to pH (p = 0.02), altitude (p = 0.02), and Na+ (p = 0.04). Marked shifts in chrysophyte cyst assemblages were recorded between the top and bottom sediment samples of most lakes. Rose et al. (2004) ...

Breakdown of microtubules takes place at the tips of tubules at the distal ends of axopodia when axopodial shortening is induced with colchicine. When small flagellates are captured for ingestion, rapid contraction of axopodia (100 μm in under a second) occurs which apparently involves breakdown of axonemal microtubules. Elongation of a single axopodium after rapid contraction, when all other axopodia are of normal length, proceeds at the same rate as it does when all the axopodia are growing out after microtubule-breakdown induced by cold treatment. In both cases the rate of elongation decreases as axopodia increase in length. Axopodia elastically resist mild bending along their longitudinal axes. They yield nonelastically when more severe bending is applied; bends are formed at certain points along their longitudinal axes. These bends move out along axopodia to their tips.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Colonization of rice roots with methanogenic archaea controls photosynthesis-derived methane emission. AU - Pump, Judith. AU - Pratscher, Jennifer. AU - Conrad, Ralf. PY - 2015/7. Y1 - 2015/7. N2 - The methane emitted from rice fields originates to a large part (up to 60%) from plant photosynthesis and is formed on the rice roots by methanogenic archaea. To investigate to which extent root colonization controls methane (CH4) emission, we pulse-labeled rice microcosms with 13CO2 to determine the rates of 13CH4 emission exclusively derived from photosynthates. We also measured emission of total CH4 (12+13CH4), which was largely produced in the soil. The total abundances of archaea and methanogens on the roots and in the soil were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene and the mcrA gene coding for a subunit of the methyl coenzyme M reductase respectively. The composition of archaeal and methanogenic communities was determined with terminal ...

Tindall,B.J. ( 2008 ) Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Bacteria. The type strain of Lactobacillus casei is ATCC 393, ATCC 334 cannot serve as the type because it represents a different taxon, the name Lactobacillus paracasei and its subspecies names are not rejected and the revival of the name Lactobacillus zeae contravenes Rules 51b (1) and (2) of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Opinion 82 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (7) :1764-1765 ...

ABSTRACT: The relationship between bacterial community profile in biofilm and attachment of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite was investigated using a double-dish choice larval attachment bioassay and the DNA fingerprinting technique T-RFLP (terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism). Biofilms for bioassays were either developed at 3 intertidal heights (i.e. high, mid and low) for 6 d or at the mid-intertidal height for 3 to 12 d. A clear distinction among biofilm communities at the 3 intertidal heights was revealed in the bacterial community profiles (determined by T-RFLP), biomass (determined by total organic carbon analysis), and abundance of bacteria and diatoms. Overall, cyprids of B. amphitrite preferred intertidal biofilms (i.e. 6 d old) over unfilmed surfaces for attachment. Moreover, cyprids also preferred to attach on biofilms of mid-intertidal height over high-intertidal or subtidal heights. There was no correlation between cypris attachment and any of the 3 biofilm ...

Archaea are divided into two main groups based on rRNA trees, the Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Two other groups have been tentatively created for certain environmental samples and the peculiar species Nanoarchaeum equitans, discovered in 2002 by Karl Stetter, but their affinities are uncertain. Woese argued that the bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes each represent a primary line of descent that diverged early on from an ancestral progenote with poorly developed genetic machinery. This hypothesis is reflected in the name Archaea, from the Greek archae or ancient. Later he treated these groups formally as domains, each comprising several kingdoms. This division has become very popular, although the idea of the progenote itself is not generally supported. Some biologists, however, have argued that the archaebacteria and eukaryotes arose from specialized eubacteria. The relationship between Archaea and Eukarya remains an important problem. Aside from the similarities noted above, many genetic ...

A quantitative molecular technique was developed for rapid analysis of microbial community diversity in various environments. The technique employed PCR in which one of the two primers used was fluorescently labeled at the 5 end and was used to amplify a selected region of bacterial genes encoding 16S rRNA from total community DNA. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes, and the fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragment was precisely measured by using an automated DNA sequencer. Computer-simulated analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) for 1,002 eubacterial sequences showed that with proper selection of PCR primers and restriction enzymes, 686 sequences could be PCR amplified and classified into 233 unique terminal restriction fragment lengths or ribotypes. Using T-RFLP, we were able to distinguish all bacterial strains in a model bacterial community, and the pattern was consistent with the predicted outcome. Analysis of complex ...

She ream dy vynvioee eh archaea (un.: archaeon). Cha nel çheshvean killag ny mynolt far-chrackanagh erbee elley oc. Traa dy row, vad currit marish bacteyryn myr prokaryota ny myr reeriaght Monera, fon ennym archaebacteria (shenn vacteyryn). Ec y traa tayn, cha nel bea-oayllee goaill rish y rang-oardraghey shen.[1] Ta shennaghys aafilleydagh er lheh oc, as shimmey scansh teddyr ocsyn as bioagyn elley; myr shen, ta rang-oardraghey noa oc nish myr ream er lheh sy chorys tree reamyn. Tan corys shoh eddyraghey tree banglaneyn aafilleydagh: Archaea, Bacteria as Eukaryota. Tad rheynn Archaea ayns kiare phyla, agh scosoylagh eh dy vel foddey ny smoo ayn. Cha nel monney studeyrys er ny yannoo orroo. She Crenarchaeota as Euryarchaeota ad ny phyla smoo er studeyrys. Ta archaea jeeaghyn gollrish bacteyryn dy mennick, agh ta cummey goan ec kuse jeu; myr shen, killagyn rea kerrooagh Haloquadratum walsbyi. Ta gientagyn as cassanyn soe oc ta faggys dadsyn tec eukaryota, myr sampleyr, ensymeyn ta ...

The active seepage of the marine cold seeps could be a critical process for the exchange of energy between the submerged geosphere and the sea floor environment through organic-rich fluids, potentially even affecting surrounding microbial habitats. However, few studies have investigated the associated microbial community changes. In the present study, 16S rRNA genes were pyrosequenced to decipher changes in the microbial communities from the Thuwal seepage point in the Red Sea to nearby marine sediments in the brine pool, normal marine sediments and water, and benthic microbial mats. An unexpected number of reads from unclassified groups were detected in these habitats; however, the ecological functions of these groups remain unresolved. Furthermore, ammonia-oxidizing archaeal community structures were investigated using the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene. Analysis of amoA showed that planktonic marine habitats, including seeps and marine water, hosted archaeal ammonia oxidizers that

Bacteria are common single-celled organisms and are a natural component of lakes, rivers, and streams. Most of these bacteria are harmless to humans; however, certain bacteria, some of which normally inhabit the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, have the potential to cause sickness and disease in humans. High numbers of these harmless bacteria often indicate high numbers of harmful bacteria as well as other disease-causing organisms such as viruses and protozoans.. One method of determining bacteria counts is to count the number of bacteria colonies that grow on a prepared medium.. Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli) are bacteria found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals. E. coli are a large and diverse group of bacteria. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, others can make you sick. Some kinds of E. coli can cause diarrhea, while others cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses.. Total ...

Bacteria and archaea dominate the biomass of benthic deep-sea ecosystems at all latitudes, playing a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles, but their macroscale patterns and macroecological drivers are still largely unknown. We show the results of the most extensive field study conducted so far to investigate patterns and drivers of the distribution and structure of benthic prokaryote assemblages from 228 samples collected at latitudes comprising 34°N to 79°N, and from ca. 400- to 5570-m depth. We provide evidence that, in deep-sea ecosystems, benthic bacterial and archaeal abundances significantly increase from middle to high latitudes, with patterns more pronounced for archaea, and particularly for Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota. Our results also reveal that different microbial components show varying sensitivities to changes in temperature conditions and food supply. We conclude that climate change will primarily affect deep-sea benthic archaea, with important consequences on global ...

Some taxonomic recommendations and a proposal of neotype strains for nineteen species of Enterobacteriaceae. ICSB Subcommittee on taxonomy of ...

Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) - Science Exchange Lets You Compare Quotes From Leading Service Providers.

A study published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry is the first to describe a signaling pathway that affects communication - a process called quorum sensing - between Streptococcus bacteria cells.. This type of bacterium is responsible for illnesses like strep throat, scarlet fever, and some cases of soft tissue infections and pneumonia. In extreme cases, or when bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, these common but serious infections can lead to death.. The University of Illinois at Chicago researchers who wrote the paper have been studying Streptococcus bacteria and have hypothesized that quorum sensing pathways are ideal drug targets for manipulating bacterial activity and suppressing virulence.. Quorum sensing is how bacteria regulate their behavior as a collective, said Michael Federle, corresponding author on the study. This social regulation may provide many benefits to bacteria and, in the case of bad bacteria, may help promote survival and help defend against the immune ...

Once they had finished their analysis, Bill Martins team was left with just 355 genes from the original 11,000, and they argue that these 355 definitely belonged to LUCA and can tell us something about how LUCA lived.. Such a small number of genes, of course, would not support life as we know it, and critics immediately latched onto this apparent gene shortage, pointing out that essential components capable of nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, for example, were missing. We didnt even have a complete ribosome, admits Martin.. However, their methodology required that they omit all genes that have undergone LGT, so had a ribosomal protein undergone LGT, it wouldnt be included in the list of LUCAs genes. They also speculated that LUCA could have gotten by using molecules in the environment to fill the functions of lacking genes, for example molecules that can synthesize amino acids. After all, says Martin, biochemistry at this early stage in lifes evolution was still primitive and all ...

By Michael Biamonte CCN. While bacteria are an essential part of a healthy small bowel and perform important functions, the growth of the wrong small intestinal bacteria can lead to leaky gut and a number of other symptoms. This is a different yet similar condition to candida.. The predominant bacteria in the small intestines are from the Lactobacillus family. There are many types. Lactobacillus Acidophilus is the most well know. This is the bacteria found in yogurt and many supplements. It prevents candida growth in the small intestines, or small bowel. The normal small bowel, which connects the stomach to the large bowel, is approximately 20 feet long. Bacteria are normally present throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, but in varied amounts. Relatively few bacteria normally live in the small bowel (less than 10,000 bacteria per milliliter of fluid) when compared with the large bowel, or colon (at least 1,000,000,000 bacteria per milliliter of fluid). And the types of bacteria normally ...

URBANA, Ill. - One in three American adults suffers from high blood pressure, or hypertension. The disease can be passed down in families, and certain lifestyle factors such as smoking, high-sodium diets, and stress can increase the risk. In recent years, scientists have discovered that certain gut bacteria may contribute to hypertension, as well. In a few studies, when gut bacteria were killed off with antibiotics, patients with hypertension saw a drop in blood pressure. And when gut bacteria were transplanted from hypertensive people into normal mice, they developed high blood pressure. The evidence is compelling, but until now, scientists have not identified a mechanism to explain how bacteria increase blood pressure. Researchers from the University of Illinois and Brown University are pursuing a promising lead. Jason Ridlon, an assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at U of I, first discovered the gene for an enzyme in certain bacteria that changes cortisol, a steroid ...

The composition of bacterial communities in Lake Baikal in different hydrological periods and at different depths (down to 1515 m) has been analyzed using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3 variable region. Most of the resulting 34 562 reads of the Bacteria domain have clustered into 1693 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) classified with the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Cyanobacteria. It has been found that their composition at the family level and relative contributions to bacterial communities distributed over the water column vary depending on hydrological period. The number of OTUs and the parameters of taxonomic richness (ACE, Chao1 indices) and diversity (Shannon and inverse Simpson index) reach the highest values in water layers. The composition of bacterial communities in these layers remains relatively constant, whereas that in surface layers differs between hydrological seasons. The dynamics of physicochemical conditions

Introduction to state-of-the-art technologies that are being used to study microbial systems biology Provides step-by-step detail essential for

Paneth cells are like the guardians of the intestine and autophagy is like their armor, said Yarovinsky, associate professor in the Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at URMC. When we removed their armor, the Paneth cells couldnt control the intestinal bacteria and it went wild, causing severe disease.. The study suggests that normal autophagy in Paneth cells is required to regulate bacteria in the gut, keeping it at bay and preventing the gut bacteria from invading host tissue. Paneth cells make up just 2 percent of the cells in the intestine, and the fact that restricting autophagy in these cells led to big problems was an unexpected result.. Gut bacteria play a role in inflammatory bowel disease. Scientists know that gut bacteria play a role in the development of IBD, which includes Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. But how bacteria in the gut are controlled in these conditions remains elusive. This study and others point to ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Corrigendum to Rates of susceptibility of carbapenems, ceftobiprole, and colistin against clinically important bacteria collected from intensive care units in 2007. T2 - Results from the Surveillance of Multicenter Antimicrobial Resistance in Taiwan (SMART) [J Microbiol Immunol Infect 49. AU - Jean, Shio Shin. AU - Lee, Wen Sen. AU - Yu, Kwok Woon. AU - Liao, Chun Hsing. AU - Hsu, Chin Wan. AU - Chang, Feng Yi. AU - Ko, Wen Chien. AU - Chen, Ray Jade. AU - Wu, Jiunn Jong. AU - Chen, Yen Hsu. AU - Chen, Yao Shen. AU - Liu, Jien Wei. AU - Lu, Min Chi. AU - Lam, Carlos. AU - Liu, Cheng Yi. AU - Hsueh, Po Ren. PY - 2018/6. Y1 - 2018/6. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85015290210&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85015290210&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.01.001. DO - 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.01.001. M3 - Article. AN - SCOPUS:85015290210. VL - 51. SP - 423. EP - 424. JO - Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and ...

Abstract. The distribution of the various cell wall and cell envelope (S-layer) polymers among the main lineages of the domain Archaea (Archaebacteria) and the chemical composition and primary structure of polymers forming rigid cell wall sacculi is described. Differences between bacteria and archaea in their sensitivity to antibiotics which inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria are discussed.

original description Stetter, K.O., Konig, H., and Stackebrandt, E. 1984. Pyrodictium gen. nov., a new genus of submarine disc-shaped sulphur reducing archaebacteria growing optimally at 105°C. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4:535-551. [details] ...

In marine sediments archaea often constitute a considerable part of the microbial community, of which the Deep Sea Archaeal Group (DSAG) is one of the most predominant. Despite their high abundance no members from this archaeal group have so far been characterized and thus their metabolism is unknown. Here we show that the relative abundance of DSAG marker genes can be correlated with geochemical parameters, allowing prediction of both the potential electron donors and acceptors of these organisms. We estimated the abundance of 16S rRNA genes from Archaea, Bacteria, and DSAG in 52 sediment horizons from two cores collected at the slow-spreading Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, using qPCR. The results indicate that members of the DSAG make up the entire archaeal population in certain horizons and constitute up to ~50% of the total microbial community. The quantitative data were correlated to 30 different geophysical and geochemical parameters obtained from the same sediment horizons. We observed a significant

Bacteriophages escaping from a dying bacterial cell (Streptococcus sp.), coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). This bacteriophage was discovered in freshwater near a sewage outlet. A bacteriophage, also known as a phage, is a virus (virion) that infects a bacterium. It consists of a head (capsid), containing the genetic material (either RNA or DNA) and usually a tail and tail fibres (not seen), which the phage uses to attach to a specific receptor sites on the bacterium. This specific binding means that a bacteriophage can only infect certain bacteria bearing specific receptors. Once attached to the cell surface genetic material is injected into the bacterium, taking over the bacteriums own cellular machinery and forcing it to produce more copies of the bacteriophage. When sufficient numbers have been produced the phages escape from the bacterium by cellular lysis, killing the bacterium in the process. Magnification: x21,335 when shortest - Stock Image C032/0258

On the basis of Gram staining method bacteria are classified into two types. They are Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. Bacteria are also classified according to their growth and reproduction. Such classification includes Autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. Autotrophic bacteria take the required carbon from carbon dioxide by itself. Some types of autotrophs will use sunlight to transform carbon dioxide to sugar. While heterotrophic bacteria will take sugar or carbon from the environment they live ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The effect of phylogenetically different bacteria on the fitness of Pseudomonas fluorescens in sand microcosms. AU - Tyc, Olaf. AU - Wolf, Alexandra. AU - Garbeva, Paolina. N1 - 5773, ME.; Data archiving: data archived at publisher.. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - n most environments many microorganisms live in close vicinity and can interact in various ways. Recent studies suggest that bacteria are able to sense and respond to the presence of neighbouring bacteria in the environment and alter their response accordingly. This ability might be an important strategy in complex habitats such as soils, with great implications for shaping the microbial community structure. Here, we used a sand microcosm approach toinvestigate how Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 responds to the presence of monocultures or mixtures of two phylogenetically different bacteria, a Gram-negative (Pedobacter sp. V48) and a Gram-positive (Bacillus sp. V102) under two nutrient conditions. Results revealed that under ...

Viruses infection millions annually, causing severe illness and threatening global public health. Limiting the impact of viral infection requires a multi-layered understanding of viral immunity, from basic research on viral recognition and host immune response, to the clinical applications of novel antiviral and host-targeted therapies and vaccines. Despite recent advances, the mechanisms of both both rapid host recovery as well as severe and fatal disease outcomes, are far from clear. This Keystone Symposia conference will cover a wide range of topics in viral immunity including innate immunity and inflammation, viral sensing and antigen presentation, adaptive T and B cell immunity, novel vaccine development, human immunology across anatomical sites, and innovative computational analyses. Animal models will be examined alongside human and clinical studies, and multi-disciplinary integration will enhance perspectives. A key outcome will be fostering collaborations across different approaches ...

Johnson, Leander Floyd, The Effect of Antagonistic Soil Microorganisms on the Severity of Pythium Root Rot of Sugarcane. (1954). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 8087 ...

To Veljo Kisand , Does anybody have or know how I can get minicells which I like to stain , with some fluorescence marker and use for protozoa grazing experiments on , these bacterial mini cells? I have used E. Coli minicells for protozoa grazing expriments. At first,you had better get E. Coli x1488 strain. And, refer to the next paper when you separate minicells from E.coli cells. A.A.Christen, M.L.Pall, T.Manzara & P.Lurquin. Gene 23, 195-198 (1983). I tried to stain minicells with DTAF. About Staining method of DTAF,I refered to the next paper. B.F.Sherr, E.B.Sherr & R.D.Fallon. Appled and Environmental Microbiology 53, 958-965 (1987). Hope it will help. -- Tetsuji ISHIGAKI Address : ishigaki at ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp University of Tokyo , Ocean research Institute , Plankton Division TEL : 81-3-5351-6477 FAX : 81-3-5351-6480 ...

Permafrost-affected soils in the Northern latitudes store huge amounts of organic carbon (OC) that is prone to microbial degradation and subsequent release of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. In Greenland, the consequences of permafrost thaw have only recently been addressed, and predictions on its impact on the carbon budget are thus still highly uncertain. However, the fate of OC is not only determined by abiotic factors, but closely tied to microbial activity. We investigated eight soil profiles in northeast Greenland comprising two sites with typical tundra vegetation and one wet fen site. We assessed microbial community structure and diversity (SSU rRNA gene tag sequencing, quantification of bacteria, archaea and fungi), and measured hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. Sampling site and thus abiotic factors had a significant impact on microbial community structure, diversity and activity, the wet fen site exhibiting higher potential enzyme activities and presumably being a hot ...

The factors controlling the relative abundances of Archaea and Bacteria in marine sediments are poorly understood. We determined depth distributions of archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes by quantitative PCR at eight stations in Aarhus Bay, Denmark. Bacterial outnumber archaeal genes 10-60-fold in uppermost sediments that are irrigated and mixed by macrofauna. This bioturbation is indicated by visual observations of sediment color and faunal tracks, by porewater profiles of dissolved inorganic carbon and sulfate, and by distributions of unsupported 210Pb and 137Cs. Below the depth of bioturbation, the relative abundances of archaeal genes increase, accounting for one third of 16S rRNA genes in the sulfate zone, and half of 16S rRNA genes in the sulfate-methane transition zone and methane zone. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a strong shift in bacterial and archaeal community structure from bioturbated sediments to underlying layers. Stable isotopic analyses on organic matter and porewater ...

1999 97. Schwerdtfeger, R. M., Chiaraluce, R., Consalvi, V., Scandurra, R., Antranikian, G. (1999) Stability, refolding and Ca2+ binding of pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus woesei . Eur. J. Biochem. 264:479-487. 96. Linden, A., Niehaus, F., Antranikian, G. (20 00) Single-step purification of a recombinant thermostable α-amylase after solubilization of the enzyme from insoluble aggregates. Journal of Chromtography B. 737: 253-259. 95. Andrade, C.M., Pereira, N. Jr., Antranikian, G. (1999) Extremely thermophilic microorganisms and their polymerhydrolytic enzymes. Revista de Microbiologia 30: 287-298. 94. Stefanova, M. E., Schwerdtfeger, R., Antranikian, G., Scandurra, R. (1999) Heat-stable pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus : characterization and refolding after guanidinium chloride-induced unfolding. Extremophiles 3: 147-152. 93. Niehaus, F., Bertoldo, C., Kähler, M., Antranikian, G. (1999) Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application. ...

Archaea-specific radA primers were used with PCR to amplify fragments of radA genes from 11 cultivated archaeal species and one marine sponge tissue sample that contained essentially an archaeal monoculture. The amino acid sequences encoded by the PCR fragments, three RadA protein sequences previously published (21), and two new complete RadA sequences were aligned with representative bacterial RecA proteins and eucaryal Rad51 and Dmc1 proteins. The alignment supported the existence of four insertions and one deletion in the archaeal and eucaryal sequences relative to the bacterial sequences. The sizes of three of the insertions were found to have taxonomic and phylogenetic significance. Comparative analysis of the RadA sequences, omitting amino acids in the insertions and deletions, shows a cladal distribution of species which mimics to a large extent that obtained by a similar analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA sequences. The PCR technique also was used to amplify fragments of 15 radA genes from ...

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Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is critical for controlling the flux of methane from anoxic environments. AOM coupled to iron, manganese and sulphate reduction have been demonstrated in consortia containing anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea. More recently it has been shown that the bacter …

Newborns delivered by C-section acquire human skin microbes just after birth, but the sources remain unknown. We hypothesized that the operating room (OR) environment contains human skin bacteria that could be seeding C-section born infants. To test this hypothesis, we sampled 11 sites in four operating rooms from three hospitals in two cities. Following a C-section procedure, we swabbed OR floors, walls, ventilation grids, armrests, and lamps. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of 44 samples using Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were analyzed using the QIIME pipeline. Only 68 % of the samples (30/44, |1000 sequences per site) yielded sufficient DNA reads to be analyzed. The bacterial content of OR dust corresponded to human skin bacteria, with dominance of Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium. Diversity of bacteria was the highest in the ventilation grids and walls but was also present on top of the surgery lamps. Beta diversity analyses showed OR dust bacterial content clustering first

Many bacteria synthesize extracellular polymers forming variable outer layer when growing in their natural environment. (i) Capsule. Capsule forms a well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell. Functions: Capsule plays role in the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by contributing to invasiveness and preventing phagocytosis. Typing of certain bacteria are done on antigenic character of the capsule. Capsulated bacteria form smooth or mucoid colonies, and if they become noncapsulated then form rough colonies, e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extracellular material is polysaccharide except the capsule of Bacillus anthraces which is poly D-glutamic acid, a polypeptide. Capsule is demonstrated by special stain. (2) Glycocalyx. When the polymer forms a loose meshwork of fibrils, it is called glycocalyx. Glycocalyx plays role in adherence of bacteria on surface, e.g. Streptococcus mutans adheres to tooth enamel. (3) If the polymer is detached from the cells then it is called ...

In spite of their common hypersaline environment, halophilic archaea are surprisingly different in their nutritional demands and metabolic pathways. The metabolic diversity of halophilic archaea was i

I worked in different labs, and in 2008, at the Wageningen University, I grew my skins bacteria using agar from 30 different parts of my body.. This was aesthetically pleasing to the eye. It was amazing to see my bodys bacteria growing independently of my body in a Petri dish.. In another project, Cartography of the Human Body, I walked outside on one day in Vienna to cultivate bacteria from my own skin. I (came back inside) then collected the bacteria of my temporary skin flora and grew them first on agar plates. The different morphologies, colors and quantities of bacteria on different body areas were examined, analyzed, counted and documented. The bacteria were bred, partially reanimated and stored at -70 degrees C. In the framework of an interaction study, experiments were made to study the bacterias hierarchies. Weak bacteria that didnt seem to grow much at all or grew smaller were applied first to guarantee their unhindered growth and to achieve the desired colors on the bacterias ...

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