Efficiency of a Pneumococcal Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay Improved by Multiplexing and by Coloring Colonies: For evaluating pneumococcal vaccines, the opsonop
The bodys capability to react to antigen depends on a persons age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented.[2] Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a childs immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the ...
Opsonization is a process in which harmful substances like viruses are coated in opsonin, which stimulates the immune system to...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Defective antibody-mediated opsonisation of S. pneumoniae in high risk patients detected by flow cytometry. AU - Obaro, S. K.. AU - Henderson, D. C.. AU - Monteil, Michele Anne. PY - 1996/1/1. Y1 - 1996/1/1. N2 - Invasive pneumococcal infection continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in patients with antibody deficiencies and disorders affecting the reticulo-endothelial system. Current recommendations for prophylaxis in these patients include immunization with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide capsular vaccines. Post-immunization responses are commonly assessed by measuring serum antibody levels. However, there is no defined protective antibody range and this approach fails to determine the functional capacity of the antibodies. A simple, reproducible flow cytometric method of assessing the antibody-mediated opsonic activity against S. pneumoniae is described. This assay detected defective opsonic function in post-immunized at-risk patients ...
Scavenger receptors are important components of the innate immune system in the lung, allowing alveolar macrophages to bind and phagocytose numerous unopsonized targets. Mice with genetic deletions of scavenger receptors, such as SR-A and MARCO, are susceptible to infection or inflammation from inhaled pathogens or dusts. However, the signaling pathways required for scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis of unopsonized particles have not been characterized. We developed a scanning cytometry-based high-throughput assay of macrophage phagocytosis that quantitates bound and internalized unopsonized latex beads. This assay allowed the testing of a panel of signaling inhibitors which have previously been shown to target opsonin-dependent phagocytosis for their effect on unopsonized bead uptake by human in vitro-derived alveolar macrophage-like cells. The non-selective scavenger receptor inhibitor poly(I) and the actin destabilizer cytochalasin D were used to validate the assay and caused near complete
Opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPAs) are important in vitro surrogate markers of protection in vaccine studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We have previously reported the development of a 4-fold multiplexed OPA (MOPA) for the 13 serotypes in Prevnar 13. Because new conjugate vaccines with increased valence are being developed, we developed 4-fold MOPAs for an additional 13 serotypes: serotypes 6C and 6D, plus the 11 serotypes contained in Pneumovax but not in Prevnar 13. A high level of nonspecific killing (NSK) was observed for three serotypes (10A, 15B, and 33F) in multiple batches of baby rabbit complement. The NSK could be reduced by preadsorbing the complement with encapsulated, as well as unencapsulated, pneumococcal strains. The MOPA results compared well with the results of single-serotype OPA for all serotypes except for serotype 3. For serotype 3, the results obtained from the MOPA format were ~40% higher than those of the single-serotype format. Interassay precision of MOPA was ...
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In the present study, we demonstrate that opsonization of HIV with complement enhances both the infection of iDC and the transmission in trans of virus to CD4 T lymphocytes. Enhancement of infection of iDC observed following preincubation of virus with normal serum was complement-dependent and occurred with both R5- and X4-tropic primary isolates of HIV-1. Thus, productive infection of iDC was seen much earlier and was 5-fold higher with AC-OV than in the presence of corresponding HIC-OV and unopsonized virus. The virus produced in supernatant at day 6 was infectious as demonstrated by productive infection of IL-2-activated lymphocytes. In addition, proviral HIV-1 DNA was detected in iDC within 6 h of incubation with complement-opsonized HIV-1, the amounts of HIV-1 pol DNA measured by semiquantitative nested PCR being significantly higher in cells infected with opsonized HIV, as compared with cells infected with virus that had been preincubated with culture medium. These data extend previous ...
Following, we evaluated the result involving opsonization with various IgG subclasses for the amounts of workable intracellular bacterias. Infected THP-1 cellular material were lysed throughout 0��1% Triton X-100 as well as intracellular GDC-0449 mouse viable germs within the lysates have been and then counted through plating upon agar. Opsonization each and every in the IgG subclasses led to a greater number of recovered intra cellular feasible microorganisms than when using the non-specific control antibody. However, small, nevertheless important differences had been known while testing the different IgG subclasses individually. Opsonization using IgG3 led to the very best variety of retrieved intracellular workable germs SB-431542 (5��38?��?0��009 log10?CFU), followed tightly by IgG1 (5��29?��?0��012 log10?CFU), IgG4 (5��17?�� 0��017 log10?CFU) as well as IgG2 (5��02?��?0��011 log10?CFU). The number of recovered intra-cellular workable germs ...
This protocol provides an overview of the IncuCyte® Phagocytosis Assay methodology. It is compatible with the IncuCyte® Live-Cell Analysis System using your choice of phagocyte cells, in combination with IncuCyte® pHrodo® Bioparticles® for Phagocytosis reagents.. View this protocol. ...
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may be part of the humoral arm of innate immunity and behave as functional ancestor of antibodies by mediating agglutination, complement activation and opsonization (Martinez de la Torre 2010 ...
Results of phagocytosis inhibitory assays performed with use of different exogenous sugars (Glc, Gal, Man; at a final concentration 100 mM in PBS) and genistei
Definition of intracellular killing assay in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is intracellular killing assay? Meaning of intracellular killing assay as a finance term. What does intracellular killing assay mean in finance?
The complement cascade is responsible for more than just the lysis of the foreign cell; the different subcomponents released at each stage are responsible for a number of other biological functions.. Opsonisation. Opsonisation is the process of making a foreign cell more appealing to a phagocytic cell. This is useful as it helps to remove the foreign cell by phagocytosis. The complement component responsible for the opsonisation of cells is C3b. It increases the efficiency of phagocytes as they have specific receptors for the C3b component (C3bR). When the C3b binds to its receptor on the phagocyte, the process of phagocytosis begins and the foreign cell is engulfed.. Anaphylatoxin Formation. The peptide subcomponents C3a and C5a are anaphylatoxins meaning they have a number of inflammation properties. They are able to increase vascular permeability at the site of infection and they are also chemotactic. This means they are able to attract phagocytes into the site of infected tissue.. Both C3a ...
In myocardial infarction (MI), a plenty of cardiomyocytes undergo necrosis and necroptosis due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients. The dead cardiomyocytes are promptly engulfed by phagocytes. When the dead cells are not engulfed, the noxious contents of the cells are released outside, and thus, induce inflammation, and obstruct the function of organs. Therefore, phagocytosis is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of organs. Herein, we describe a protocol of an in vitro phagocytosis assay of necroptotic cells.
Yes. Whilst we have focussed on J774A.1 adherent cells in developing the phagocytosis application, the use of non-adherent phagocytic cell types should be possible. Care must be taken to ensure cells remain in the field of view - this may be facilitated by the use of plate coatings such as poly-D-lysine or Matrigel™.. ...
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During the process of opsonization, antigens are bound by antibody and/or complement molecules - phagocytic cells express receptors that bind opsonin molecules - with the antigen coated in these molecules, binding of the antigen to the phagocyte is greatly enhanced - targeted cell is destroyed by ...
தின்குழியமை (Phagocytosis) என்பது உயிரணுக்களின் கலமென்சவ்வினால், உயிரணுக்களுக்கு வெளியாக இருக்கும் திண்மப் பதார்த்தங்கள் வளைத்து எடுத்து விழுங்கப்படும் ஒரு உயிரணுச் செயல்முறையாகும். இது பெருவிழுங்கிகள் போன்ற தின்குழியங்களிலும் (phagocytes), அமீபா போன்ற அதிநுண்ணுயிரிகளிலும் நிகழும் ஒரு பொதுவான செயல்முறையாகும். அதிநுண்ணுயிரிகள் இந்த தின்குழியமை மூலம் உணவை உள்ளெடுப்பதனால், ...
The type III polysaccharides of group B Streptococcus in its native state chemically consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. The core of t
Electron microscopic studies of laboratory-passaged and animal-passaged isolates of Bacteroides fragilis showed significantly more capsular material around the latter. This observation correlated with increased survival of animal-passaged bacteria in rabbit intraperitoneal chambers and increased resistance to phagocytosis and opsonophagocytic killing by neutrophils. With an initial inoculum of 2.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units/ml, the number of bacteria surviving after incubation for 2 hr with neutrophils and pooled normal human serum was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater for animal-passaged than for laboratory-passaged bacteria. Neutrophil uptake of 14C-labeled animal-passaged and laboratory-passaged bacteria after incubation for 20 min was 45% and 63%, respectively (P less than 0.05). No significant difference in survival was found between animal-passaged and laboratory-passaged isolates of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These findings suggest that on mechanism whereby the capsule of B. ...
Reduced opsonisation of protein A containing Staphylococcus aureus in sera with cryoglobulins from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Phagocytic signaling strategies. T2 - Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis as a model system. AU - Cox, Dianne. AU - Greenberg, Steven. PY - 2001/1/1. Y1 - 2001/1/1. N2 - Phagocytosis is a phylogenetically ancient process by which eukaryotic cells engulf insoluble substances whose size exceeds approximately 0.5 μ m. The engulfment process requires the concerted action of several fundamental cellular pathways and is governed by multiple transmembrane signaling events. Here we focus on phagocytosis mediated by a well-studied class of phagocytic receptors that recognize the Fc portion of IgG (Fcγ Rs).. AB - Phagocytosis is a phylogenetically ancient process by which eukaryotic cells engulf insoluble substances whose size exceeds approximately 0.5 μ m. The engulfment process requires the concerted action of several fundamental cellular pathways and is governed by multiple transmembrane signaling events. Here we focus on phagocytosis mediated by a well-studied class of phagocytic ...
When encapsulated type 25 pneumococci (Pn25) were opsonized with normal guinea pig serum, they consumed much more C3 than other complement (C) components. Fixation of C3 to the organisms was demonstrated by radio-labeling techniques, and its capsular localization was established by the use of monospecific anti-C3 antibody. Treatment of the serum with an appropriate dose of a purified cobra venom factor (VF) destroyed C3 and all of the opsonic activity, without appreciably affecting the other C components. Addition of purified C3 completely restored the opsonic activity of the VF-treated serum, indicating a requirement for C3. Since purified C3 alone had no opsonic activity, it was concluded that the C3 molecules had to be cleaved (to C3b) to function as opsonins. Experiments with C5-deficient mice revealed that C5 also plays a definite, but quantitatively less impressive, role in antipneumococcal defense ...
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One vial of 1 mg sterile lyophilized solid sufficient for 100-200 live cell imaging phagocytosis tests in 96-well format. pHrodo® Bioparticles® for Incucyte® are sterile fluorogenic reagents ideally suited to a simple mix-and-read, real-time live cell quantification of phagocytosis. The unique pHrodo®-based system expl
In this paper we re-examine the roles of particle-bound IgG and C3 in phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (E) by monolayers of purified human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We conclude that two fragments of the C3 molecule, that is, C3b and C3d, can function as opsonins if the phagocyte has the appropriate membrane receptors. Monocytes, that bind both C3b and C3d, respond to both as opsonins. PMN, which do not bind C3d, respond only to particles opsonized with C3b. C3 and IgG have separate roles in phagocytosis. IgG, through its Fc fragment, directly stimulates particle ingestion, but is relatively inefficient at inducing particle binding. On the other hand, C3 primarily mediates the binding of the particle via complement receptors. A marked synergy exists between C3 and IgG in inducing phagocytosis. Thus, opsonization of the particle with C3 can be a necessary condition for particle ingestion, although by itself C3 does not trigger phagocytosis. The opsonic effect of C3 can be ...
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Neutrophil chemiluminescence in burned patients.: Phagocytic and bactericidal assays showed that a close correlation was present between bactericidal activity a
Pre- vs. post-vaccination changes in correlations between IgG concentrations (ELISA titres) and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6B, 14 and 23F induced by the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine were studied in paired serum samples received from elderly individ …
TY - JOUR. T1 - Impaired Opsonization with C3b and Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Sera from Subjects with Defects in the Classical Complement Pathway. AU - Yuste, Jose. AU - Sen, Ashwin. AU - Truedsson, Lennart. AU - Jonsson, Goran. AU - Tay, Liang-Seah. AU - Hyams, Catherine. AU - Baxendale, Helen. AU - Goldblatt, Fiona. AU - Botto, Marina. AU - Brown, Jeremy. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. M3 - Article. VL - 76. SP - 3761. EP - 3770. JO - Infection and Immunity. JF - Infection and Immunity. SN - 0019-9567. IS - 8. ER - ...
An opsonin (from the Greek opsōneîn, to prepare for eating) is any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling (i.e., causes the phagocyte to relish the marked cell). Opson in ancient Greece referred to the delicious side-dish of any meal, versus the sitos, or the staple of the meal. Opsonization (also, opsonisation) is the molecular mechanism whereby molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells are chemically modified to have stronger interactions with - to be more delicious to - cell surface receptors on phagocytes and NK cells. With the antigen coated in opsonins, binding to immune cells is greatly enhanced. Opsonization also mediates phagocytosis via signal cascades from cell surface receptors. Opsonins aid the immune system in a number of ways. In a healthy individual, they mark dead and dying self cells for clearance by macrophages and neutrophils, activate complement proteins, and target cells for destruction ...
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and plays an important role in the host defense against infectious pathogens. One of the main effects is the opsonization of foreign invaders … and subsequent uptake by phagocytosis. Due to the continuous default basal level of active complement molecules, a tight regulation is required to protect the bodys own cells (self cells) from opsonization and from complement damage. A major complement regulator is Factor H, which is recruited from the fluid phase and attaches to cell surfaces where it effectively controls complement activation. Besides self cells, pathogens also have the ability to bind Factor H; they can thus escape opsonization and phagocytosis causing severe infections. In order to advance our understanding of the opsonization process at a quantitative level, we developed a mathematical model for the dynamics of the complement system-termed DynaCoSys model-that is based on ordinary differential equations for cell ...
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This Application Note shows how a Microplate Reader provides an accurate, consistent method for quantifying macrophage phagocytosis. Read more.
One vial of 2 mg sterile lyophilized solid sufficient for 100-200 live cell imaging phagocytosis tests in 96-well format. One vial of 2 mg sterile lyophilized solid sufficient for 100-200 live cell imaging phagocytosis tests in 96-well format. IncuCyte® pHrodo® Bioparticles® are sterile fluorogenic reagents ideally sui
Phagocytosis requires receptor-mediated recognition of particles, usually in the guise of infectious agents and apoptotic cells. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes to generate phagolysosomes, which play a key role in enzymatic digestion of the internaliz
The macrophages are important immune cells in the peritoneal cavity because they function to remove aberrant cells or tissues by the process of phagocytosis.
Solid particles are engulfed through the process of Phagocytosis. The particles that are engulfed through this biological process are termed as
Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where a cell modifies its plasma membrane to engulf and internalize external matter, creating a phagosome.
Autore: Krysko - Vandenabeele, Categoria: Libri, Prezzo: € 173,45, Lunghezza: 0 pagine, Editore: Springer Verlag, Titolo: Phagocytosis of Dying Cells - From Molecular Mechanisms to Human Diseases
Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are viral diseases caused by one of four closely related viral serotypes and the most significant viral illnesses transmitted by mosquitoes to humans worldwide. Infec-tion with one of these serotypes provides immunity only to that specific serotype for life, so persons living in a dengue-endemic area can have more than one dengue infec-tion during their lifetime. Infections produce a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific (more) viral syndrome to severe and fa-tal hemorrhagic disease. Over 2.5 billion people, including travelers, are at risk of contracting dengue illness in such tropical regions of the world as South-east Asia, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, South America, and parts of Africa. Each year tens of mil-lions of cases of DF occur and, depending on the year, up to hundreds of thousands of cases of DHF. The case-fatality rate of DHF in most countries is about 5%, but this can be reduced ...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Increased monocyte phagocytosis in cancer patients. AU - Ruco, L. P.. AU - Procopio, A.. AU - Uccini, S.. AU - Baroni, C. D.. PY - 1980. Y1 - 1980. N2 - Phagocytosis of IgG opsonized sheep erythrocytes (EA) by peripheral blood monocytes was evaluated in 73 individuals: 29 patients with malignant neoplastic diseases, 24 patients with non-malignant diseases and 20 normal donors. In a 30-min assay, phagocytosis values observed in 16 of 29 cancer patients and in 3 of 24 control patients were above the upper limit of the 2 S.D. interval for the normal donor population. The enhanced EA phagocytosis was dependent on a higher percentage of phagocytic cells as well as on an increased phagocytic rate. Mean values of phagocytosis obtained for cancer patients were statistically different (P ,0.01) from those obtained for normal donors and control patients. According to a still limited number of observations, no association could be demonstrated between increased monocyte phagocytosis and ...
Alyssa J Rolfe is the author of this article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments: In Vitro Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages
(Mar 2017) Legend: ◼︎ Effect of bismuth thiols (BTs) on slime (CPS) ◆ Effect of BTs on phagocytosis ● Effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on slime (CPS) ▲ Effect of CHX on phagocytosis The featured image on this post is from a key experiment we performed in the mid 1990s at Winthrop-University Hospital. It shows the uniqueness and potential of our antibacterial agents, the…
TY - JOUR. T1 - Critical role for serum opsonins and complement receptors CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in phagocytosis of Francisella tularensis by human dendritic cells (DC). T2 - Uptake of Francisella leads to activation of immature DC and intracellular survival of the bacteria. AU - Nasr, Abdelhakim Ben. AU - Haithcoat, Judith. AU - Masterson, Joseph E.. AU - Gunn, John S.. AU - Eaves-Pyles, Tonyia. AU - Klimpel, Gary R.. PY - 2006/10/1. Y1 - 2006/10/1. N2 - Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious human pathogens known. Although much has been learned about the immune response of mice using an attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) derived from F. tularensis subspecies holarctica (Type B), little is known about the responses of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (DC). Here, we show that optimal phagocytosis of LVS by DC is dependent on serum opsonization. We demonstrate that complement factor C3-derived opsonins and the major complement receptors expressed by ...
Eculizumab, a humanized anti-complement C5 monoclonal antibody for treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, blocks the terminal complement pathway required for serum bactericidal activity (SBA). Because treated patients are at ,1000-fold increased risk of meningococcal disease, vaccination is recommended, but whether vaccination can protect by opsonophagocytic activity in the absence of SBA is not known. Meningococci were added to anticoagulated blood from 12 healthy adults vaccinated with meningococcal serogroup B and serogroup A,C,W,Y vaccines. Bacterial survival was measured after 3 hours incubation in the presence of eculizumab or, a control complement factor D inhibitor, ACH-4471, that blocks the alternative complement pathway (AP) and is in phase 2 development for treatment of PNH. In the absence of inhibitors, CFU/ml in blood from all 12 immunized subjects decreased from ~4000 at time 0 to sterile cultures at 3 hours. In the presence ...
Isolated equine alveolar macrophages were shown to generate a luminol-dependent light response when challenged with a phagocytic stimulus. The chemiluminescent response was not detected with luminol prepared at 1.0 x 10(-5) or 1.0 x 10(-4) molar concentrations, but was readily quantitated when used at a 1.0 x 10(-3) molar concentration. Challenge of the alveolar macrophages with latex particles or with equine IgG-coated sheep red blood cells elicited the luminol-dependent light response, whereas unchallenged equine alveolar macrophages or those challenged with unopsonized erythrocytes failed to emit light above background levels. Latex-bead-challenged macrophages released 8.06 times the total amount of light as those equine alveolar macrophages challenged with equine IgG-opsonized erythrocytes. This study represents the first investigation on chemiluminescence and equine alveolar macrophages. ...
View more ,Background: Efficacy of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was inferred before licensure from an aggregate correlate of protection established for the seven-valent vaccine (PCV7). We did a postlicensure assessment of serotype-specific vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland to derive the correlates of protection for individual serotypes. Methods: We assessed vaccine effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease using the indirect cohort method. We measured serotype-specific IgG concentration in infants after they were given two priming doses of PCV7 (n=126) or PCV13 (n=237) and opsonophagocytic antibody titre from a subset of these infants (n=100). We derived correlates of protection by relating percentage protection to a threshold antibody concentration achieved by an equivalent percentage of infants. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate vaccine effectiveness and reverse cumulative distribution curves ...
Neutrophils, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, comprise a crucial component of innate immunity, controlling bacterial and fungal infection through a combination of both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Indeed, neutrophils are believed to play an important role in controlling infection caused by the major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the method by which neutrophils kill the pneumococcus as well as other Gram-positive bacteria, is not fully understood. We investigated human neutrophil killing of the pneumococcus in a complement-dependent opsonophagocytic assay. In contrast to other Gram-positive organisms, inhibition of the NADPH oxidase did not affect killing of S. pneumoniae. Supernatant from degranulated neutrophils killed the pneumococcus, suggesting a role for granular products. When neutrophil granule proteases were inhibited with either a protease mixture, or specific serine protease inhibitors 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate, ...
Peri- and post-operative (up to day 7 after surgery) neutrophil chemiluminescence and the plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were evaluated in the blood of patients undergoing liver transplantation. IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels increased during early reperfusion and then returned to normal mostly within the first post-operative day. TNF-alpha was increased during the whole period observed. Spontaneous as well as activated neutrophil chemiluminescence was depressed in early reperfusion and remained low during the whole period followed. Samples collected during early reperfusion provided positive correlation for IL-6 vs IL-8 as well as for IL-6 and IL-8 vs chemiluminescence. The data were also evaluated with respect to the outcome of transplantation. Since IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels increased significantly during the first post-operative week, mainly in a group of patients who developed serious complications within the first ...
PLUS THERAPEUTICS proprietary nanotechnology platform is currently centered around the use of PEGylated (Polyethylene Glycol) liposomes to deliver hydrophobic (docetaxel) and hydrophilic (doxorubicin) drugs, or DocePLUS™ and DoxoPLUS™, respectively. DocePLUS™ is further coated and stabilized with a water-soluble protein, albumin. We plan to leverage this platform to develop additional complex and innovative drugs to serve new patient populations and drive future company growth.. + More About PEG (Polyethylene Glycol). The body has many systems that identify and clear foreign particles from the blood. One of these systems, called opsonization, recognizes conventional liposomes as foreign and causes them to be cleared rapidly from the blood. The addition of PEG to the lipids (PEGylation) that make up the liposome membrane creates a stealth liposome that resists opsonization thereby allowing the liposome to circulate far longer in the blood stream than is possible with a conventional ...
nine minutesPhagocytosis occurs after the foreign body, a bacterial cell, for example, has bound to molecules called receptors that are on the surface of the phagocyte. The phagocyte then stretches itself around the bacterium and engulfs it. Phagocytosis of bacteria by human neutrophils takes on average nine minutes ...