article{cd7f6278-687b-4a1d-9f0d-d122c28d5b7f, abstract = {Postnatal neurogenesis takes place in two brain regions, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). The transcriptional cascade controlling hippocampal neurogenesis has been described in detail; however, the transcriptional control of olfactory bulb neurogenesis is still not well mapped. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular events controlling postnatal olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We first show the existence of diverse neural stem cell/progenitor populations along the SVZ-rostral migratory stream (RMS) axis, focusing on those expressing the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Mash1. We provide evidence that Mash1-derived progenies generate oligodendrocytic and neuronal precursors through the transient expression of the bHLH transcription factors Olig2 and neurogenin2 (Ngn2), respectively. Furthermore, we reveal that Ngn2-positive progenies express the T-box transcription factors Tbr2 and Tbr1, which ...

New olfactory bulb granule cells (GCs) are GABAergic interneurons continuously arising from neuronal progenitors and integrating into preexisting bulbar circuits. They receive both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs from olfactory bulb intrinsic neurons and centrifugal afferents. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of newborn GC synaptogenesis in adult mouse olfactory bulb. First, we established that GABAergic synapses onto mature GC dendrites contain the GABA(A) receptor alpha2 subunit along with the postsynaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin. Next, we characterized morphologically and electrophysiologically the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs onto newborn GCs labeled with eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) using lentiviral vectors. Already when reaching the GC layer (GCL), at 3 d post-vector injection (dpi), newborn GCs exhibited tiny voltage-dependent sodium currents and received functional GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses, recognized ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Olfactory bulbectomy induced oxidative and cell damage in rat. T2 - Protective effect of melatonin. AU - Tasset, Inmaculada. AU - Medina, F. J.. AU - Peña, J.. AU - Jimena, I.. AU - muñoz, M. del Carmen. AU - Salcedo, M.. AU - Ruiz, C.. AU - Feijóo, M.. AU - Montilla, P.. AU - Túnez, I.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - In this study we analyzed the effects of melatonin (Mel, 1 mg/kgip) on behavioral changes as well as cell and oxidative damage prompted by bilaterally olfactory bulbectomy. Olfactory bulbectomy caused an increase in lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3, whereas it prompted a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. Additionally, olfactory bulbectomy induced behavioral changes characterized by the enhancement of immobility time in the forced swim test and hyperactivity in the open field test. All these changes were normalized by treatment of Mel (14 days). Our data show that Mel has a beneficial neuropsychiatric action ...

Antibodies for proteins involved in olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification

What triggered release from calcium stores in GC spines? Application of 50 μm APV and 100 μm Ni2+ completely blocked the synaptic Ca2+ transient in all spines examined [7 ± 10% of control; mean (ΔF/F)syn, 2 ± 3%; n = 5; p , 0.05; χ2 test] (Fig. 5B,D), although it had little effect on the corresponding EPSP amplitudes (80 ± 16% of control; p , 0.09) (Fig. 5B,C). Thus, internal stores are activated via calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) rather than via the metabotropic glutamate receptor/IP3 pathway. This manipulation also showed that other possible ligandgated sources of synaptically gated calcium, in particular calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, play no significant role.. For spines of cultured hippocampal neurons, it has been suggested that CICR carries most of the Ca2+ signal and is triggered by an NMDA-R-mediated Ca2+ signal too small for detection (Emptage et al., 1999). Could the APV-sensitive component of the Ca2+ transient in GC spines be attributable to NMDA-R triggered CICR ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia transplantation therapies. AU - Nazareth, Lynnmaria. AU - Tello Velasquez, Johana. AU - Lineburg, Katie E.. AU - Chehrehasa, Fatemeh. AU - St John, James A.. AU - Ekberg, Jenny A K. PY - 2015/3/1. Y1 - 2015/3/1. N2 - The rodent olfactory systems comprise the main olfactory system for the detection of odours and the accessory olfactory system which detects pheromones. In both systems, olfactory axon fascicles are ensheathed by olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are crucial for the growth and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. The growth-promoting and phagocytic characteristics of OECs make them potential candidates for neural repair therapies such as transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. However, transplanting mixed populations of glia with unknown properties may lead to variations in outcomes for neural repair. As the ...

In mammals, new neurons in the adult olfactory bulb originate from a pool of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Adult-born cells play an important role in odor information processing by adjusting the neuronal network to changing environmental conditions. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis is supported by several non-neuronal cells. In this review, we focus on the role of astroglial cells in the generation, migration, integration and survival of new neurons in the adult forebrain. In the subventricular zone, neural stem cells with astrocytic properties display regional and temporal specificity when generating different neuronal subtypes. Non-neurogenic astrocytes contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the neurogenic niche. Neuroblast chains migrate through the rostral migratory stream ensheathed by astrocytic processes. Astrocytes play an important regulatory role in neuroblast migration and also assist in the development of a vasculature scaffold in the

TY - JOUR. T1 - Enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potential evoked in rat medial-amygdala neuron following olfactory bulbectomy. AU - Nakanishi, Hiroshi. AU - Ukai, Kiyoharu. AU - Nakagawa, Terutake. AU - Watanabe, Shigenori. AU - Kamata, Osamu. AU - Yamamoto, Kenji. PY - 1990/11/5. Y1 - 1990/11/5. N2 - Synaptic potentials evoked in the medial amygdala (m-AMG) neurons were studied in in vitro slice preparations obtained from normal and olfactory bulbectomized rats. Local stimulation induced a sequence of responses: a fast EPSP, a fast IPSP and a slow EPSP. The fast EPSP was suppressed by kynurenic acid (KYN) at a concentration of 1 mM but not by 3-[(±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl-]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) at a concentrations up to 20 μM. The slow EPSP was reversibly blocked by both KYN (1 mM) and CPP (5-10 μM). Addition of bicuculline methiodide (50 μM) to the bath suppressed the fast IPSP and augmented both the fast and slow EPSPs leading to burst discharges. In a small ...

After bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats a significant increase of norepinephrine (NE) level in the hypothalamus was found. However, no difference was observed between hypothalamic NE turnover of bulbectomized and sham operated animals. In the amygdaloid cortex the NE level was not affected by bulbectomy. In this area, however, the ... read more NE turnover appeared to be decreased after bulbectomy. The latter finding may be related to the deficits in passive avoidance behaviour as found in bulbectomized rats. show less ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Accumulation of stress-related proteins within the glomeruli of the rat olfactory bulb following damage to olfactory receptor neurons. AU - Hirata, Kazuho. AU - Kanemaru, Takaaki. AU - Minohara, Motozumi. AU - Togo, Akinobu. AU - Kira, Jun Ichi. PY - 2008/12/1. Y1 - 2008/12/1. N2 - The expression of stress-responsive proteins, such as nestin and a 27-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP27), was immunohistochemically examined in order to demonstrate glial responses in the rat olfactory bulb following sensory deprivation. At 3 days to 1 week after sensory deprivation, numerous nestin-expressing cells appeared within the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. These cells were regarded as reactive astrocytes since they were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and showed hypertrophic features. The glomeruli, in which nestin-immunoreactive astrocytes were localized, were filled with degenerating terminals of olfactory receptor neurons and migrated microglia. A small population of ...

By using biochemical, immunological and immunohistochemical techniques, we have investigated the expression and functional activity of protease-activated receptor (PARs) 1 and 2 in the rat olfactory system. Western blot analysis of microdissected main olfactory bulb indicated the presence of both PAR1 and PAR2 in olfactory nerve-glomerular cell layer (ON-GL), external plexiform layer (EPL) and granule cell layer (GRL). In functional assays, PAR1 and PAR2 selective peptides stimulated [35S]GTPyS binding and phosphoinositide hydrolysis and inhibited cyclic AMP formation in ON-GL but not in EPL and GRL, whereas they induced RhoA activation in both ON-GL and EPL+GRL. Olfactory bulb deafferentation by lesions of the olfactory mucosa elicited a significant decrease of PAR1 and PAR2 immunoreactivity in ON-GL and a reduced stimulation of [35S]GTPyS binding by PAR selective peptides. In primary cultures of olfactory neurons both PAR1 and PAR2 were detected by immunofluorescence and their activation by ...

Hyperosmia is an increased olfactory acuity (heightened sense of smell), usually caused by a lower threshold for odor. This perceptual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex. The causes of hyperosmia may be genetic, environmental or the result of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. When odorants enter the nasal cavity, they bind to odorant receptors at the base of the olfactory epithelium. These receptors are bipolar neurons that connect to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, traveling through the cribriform plate. At the glomerular layer, axons from the olfactory receptor neurons intermingle with dendrites from intrinsic olfactory bulb neurons: mitrial/tufted cells and dopaminergic periglomerular cells. From the olfactory bulb, mitral/tufted cells send axons via the lateral olfactory tract (the cranial nerve I) to the olfactory cortex, which includes the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and ...

The main olfactory bulb (OB) is made up of several concentric layers, forming circuitries often involving dendro-dendritic synapses. Important interactions between OB neurons occur in the external plexiform layer (EPL), where dendrites of tufted and Van Gehuchten cells form synapses with dendrites of deeper lying mitral, tufted, and granule cells. OB neurons display a variety of neurotransmitters. Here, the focus is on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid neuropeptide transmitter that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the OB, CGRP-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were mostly observed in the mitral cell layer (MCL) of normal mice, and their number increased following colchicine treatment. Sparsely distributed CGRP-ir cell bodies were also found in the EPL and granular cell layer. Double-immunofluorescence experiments revealed a lack of co-localization between CGRP-like immunoreactivity (LI) and corticotropin-releasing factor- or galanin-LI, ...

The periglomerular region of the olfactory bulb, apart from containing the somata and stem dendrites of the cells contributing to the glomeruli, is the sole region of distribution of the periglomerular cell thin dendrites and the short-axon cell dendrites. It is also the major site of termination of all axons to the glomerular layer except the olfactory axons - i.e. tufted cell collaterals, periglomerular cell and short-axon cell axons and centrifugal fibres. Its characteristic neuropil has been studied with the electron microscope to define the cells of origin of the types of neuronal process and their synaptic relationships. Three types of axon terminals have been found: those with spherical, large flattened and small flattened vesicles, which are deduced to derive from tufted cell collaterals or centrifugal fibres, periglomerular cell and short axon-cell axons respectively; those with spherical vesicles are consistently associated with asymmetrical membrane thickenings and those with either ...

The mammalian brain maintains few developmental niches where neurogenesis persists into adulthood. One niche is located in the olfactory system where the olfactory bulb continuously receives functional interneurons. In vivo two-photon microscopy of lentivirus-labeled newborn neurons was used to directly image their development and maintenance in the olfactory bulb. Time-lapse imaging of newborn neurons over several days showed that dendritic formation is highly dynamic with distinct differences between spiny neurons and non-spiny neurons. Once incorporated into the network, adult-born neurons maintain significant levels of structural dynamics. This structural plasticity is local, cumulative and sustained in neurons several months after their integration. Thus, I provide a new experimental system for directly studying the pool of regenerating neurons in the intact mammalian brain and suggest that regenerating neurons form a cellular substrate for continuous wiring plasticity in the olfactory bulb.

I am interested in describing synaptic circuits in the olfactory bulb, the first relay station for odor processing in the brain. In the mammalian olfactory system, sensory inputs converge in the olfactory bulb in spatially segregated anatomical structure called glomeruli. Olfactory neurons expressing the same olfactory receptor project in specific glomeruli where they transmit sensory information to ~25 mitral and tufted cells, the principal output neurons of the bulb. Each glomerulus is surrounded by local juxtaglomerular neurons that shape the output of mitral and tufted cells. Juxtaglomerular cells include different types of neurons like inhibitory periglomerular cells, excitatory external tufted cells and mixed dopaminergic-GABAergic short axon cells.. My earlier work focused on intraglomerular excitatory interactions that amplify the complex and unique long-lasting synaptic response of mitral and tufted cells to an olfactory nerve input. I demonstrated the unexpected role of external tufted ...

The adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) harbors neural stem cells that are thought to exclusively generate GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb. We examined the adult generation of glutamatergic juxtaglomerular neurons, which had dendritic arborizations that projected into adjacent glomeruli, identifying them as short-axon cells. Fate mapping revealed that these originate from Neurog2- and Tbr2-expressing progenitors located in the dorsal region of the SEZ. Examination of the progenitors of these glutamatergic interneurons allowed us to determine the sequential expression of transcription factors in these cells that are thought to be hallmarks of glutamatergic neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex and adult hippocampus. Indeed, the molecular specification of these SEZ progenitors allowed for their recruitment into the cerebral cortex after a lesion was induced. Taken together, our data indicate that SEZ progenitors not only produce a population of adult-born glutamatergic ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Low-dose curcumin stimulates proliferation, migration and phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells. AU - Velasquez, Johana Tello. AU - Watts, Michelle E.. AU - Todorovic, Michael. AU - Nazareth, Lynnmaria. AU - Pastrana, Erika. AU - Diaz-Nido, Javier. AU - Lim, Filip. AU - Ekberg, Jenny A K. AU - Quinn, Ronald J.. AU - St John, James A.. PY - 2014/10/31. Y1 - 2014/10/31. N2 - One of the promising strategies for neural repair therapies is the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) which are the glial cells of the olfactory system. We evaluated the effects of curcumin on the behaviour of mouse OECs to determine if it could be of use to further enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol compound found in the spice turmeric, is known for its anti-cancer properties at doses over 10 μM, and often at 50 μM, and it exerts its effects on cancer cells in part by activation of MAP kinases. In contrast, we found that low-dose curcumin ...

Sprague Dawley rats (21-29 d of age) of either gender were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and decapitated in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and National Institutes of Health guidelines. The olfactory bulbs were removed and immersed in sucrose-artificial CSF (sucrose-aCSF) equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2, pH 7.38. The sucrose-aCSF had the following composition (in mm): 26 NaHCO3, 1 NaH2PO4, 2 KCl, 5 MgSO4, 0.5 CaCl2, 10 glucose, and 248 sucrose. Horizontal slices (400 μm thick) were cut with a microslicer (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). After a period of recovery at 30°C for 15 min, slices were then incubated at room temperature (22°C) in aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2 [composition (in mm): 124 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2 MgSO4, 2 CaCl2, and 10 glucose] until they were used. For recording, a single slice was placed in a recording chamber and continuously perfused at the rate of 1.5 ml/min with normal aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2. All ...

The olfactory bulb (OB) receives and integrates newborn interneurons throughout life. This process is important for the proper functioning of the OB circuit and consequently, for the sense of smell. Although we know how these new interneurons are produced, the way in which they integrate into the pre-existing ongoing circuits remains poorly documented. Bearing in mind that glutamatergic inputs onto local OB interneurons are crucial for adjusting the level of bulbar inhibition, it is important to characterize when and how these inputs from excitatory synapses develop on newborn OB interneurons. We studied early synaptic events that lead to the formation and maturation of the first glutamatergic synapses on adult-born granule cells (GCs), the most abundant subtype of OB interneuron. Patch-clamp recordings and electron microscopy (EM) analysis were performed on adult-born interneurons shortly after their arrival in the adult OB circuits. We found that both the ratio of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)

In rodents, sexual behavior depends on the adequate detection of sexually relevant stimuli. The olfactory bulb (OB) is a region of the adult mammalian brain undergoing constant cell renewal by continuous integration of new granular and periglomerular neurons in the accessory (AOB) and main (MOB) olfactory bulbs. The proliferation, migration, survival, maturation, and integration of these new cells to the OB depend on the stimulus that the subjects received. We have previously shown that 15 days after females control (paced) the sexual interaction an increase in the number of cells is observed in the AOB. No changes are observed in the number of cells when females are not allowed to control the sexual interaction. In the present study we investigated if in male rats sexual behavior increases the number of new cells in the OB. Male rats were divided in five groups: 1) males that did not receive any sexual stimulation, 2) males that were exposed to female odors, 3) males that mated for 1 h and could not

Previous research suggests that volatile body odourants detected by the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are processed mainly by the main olfactory bulb (MOB) whereas nonvolatile body odourants detected by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are processed via the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). We asked whether urinary volatiles from males and females differentially activate the AOB in addition to the MOB in gonadectomized mice of either sex. Exposure to urinary volatiles from opposite-sex but not same-sex conspecifics augmented the number of Fos-immunoreactive mitral and granule cells in the AOB. Volatile urinary odours from male as well as female mice also stimulated Fos expression in distinct clusters of MOB glomeruli in both sexes. Intranasal administration of ZnSO4, intended to disrupt MOE function, eliminated the ability of volatile urinary odours to stimulate Fos in both the MOB and AOB. In ovariectomized, ZnSO4-treated females a significant, though attenuated, AOB Fos response occurred after ...

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) accompany the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, which regenerate throughout life, from the olfactory mucosa into the olfactory bulb. OECs have shown widely varying efficacy in repairing the injured nervous system. Analysis of the transcriptome of OECs will help in understanding their biology and will provide tools for investigating the mechanisms of their efficacy and interactions with host tissues in lesion models. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profile of cultured OECs with that of Schwann cells (SCs) and astrocytes (ACs), two glial cell types to which OECs have similarities. Two biological replicates of RNA from cultured OECs, SCs, and ACs were hybridized to long oligo rat 5K arrays against a common reference pool of RNA (50% cultured fibroblast RNA and 50% neonatal rat brain RNA). Transcriptional profiles were analyzed by hierarchical clustering, Principal Components Analysis, and the Venn diagram. The three glial cell types had similarly

Background: There is continuing neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain which supplies interneurons to the olfactory bulb. There is also continuing neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) supplying new olfactory sensory neurons whose axons terminate in the olfactory bulb. These axons synapse with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive periglomerular neurons, which are the product of subventricular zone neurogenesis. Hypothesis: SVZ neurogenesis is regulated coordinately with olfactory epithelial neurogenesis. Aims: The aim is to quantify the rate of cell proliferation in the SVZ after killing the olfactory sensory neurons, which upregulates neurogenesis in the OE. Methods: Adult mice were treated with methimazole, and the tissues were examined at different times after treatment. The survival of the olfactory sensory neurons within the OE was assessed together with their terminals within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The loss of tyrosine hydroxylase periglomerular neurons ...

This study of the ventral olfactory bulb of larval Xenopus laevis shows for the first time the existence of a thermosensitive olfactory glomerulus. This thermosensitive olfactory glomerulus was found to be innervated by axons of olfactory sensory neurons emerging from the ipsilateral olfactory epithelium as well as from the contralateral olfactory epithelium. The perfusion of the ipsilateral or contralateral olfactory epithelium with cold, odor-free Ringer solution elicited a transient [Ca2+]i response within the axons of olfactory sensory neurons and in mitral cells. The activation of mitral cells demonstrated that the response to temperature stimulation is transmitted across the first olfactory synapse. The thermoreception was spatially restricted to this glomerulus, which did not respond to any of the tested odors. Adjacent olfactory glomeruli responded to olfactory and mechanical stimulation without showing any response to temperature changes. The spatially restricted, bilateral processing ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential regulation of synaptic GABA(A) receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mouse cerebellar and olfactory bulb neurones. AU - Nusser, Zoltan. AU - Sieghart, Werner. AU - Mody, Istvan. PY - 1999/12/1. Y1 - 1999/12/1. N2 - 1. It has been demonstrated that the regulation of recombinant GABA(A) receptors by phosphorylation depends on the subunit composition. Here we studied the regulation of synaptic GABA(A) receptor function by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in neurones expressing distinct receptor subtypes. 2. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that granule cells of the olfactory bulb express only the β3 as the β subunit variant, whereas cerebellar stellate and basket cells express only the β2 as the β subunit. 3. In cerebellar interneurones, intracellular application of 20 μM microcystin, a protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitor, prolonged (63 ± 14%; mean ± S.E.M.) the decay time course of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without significantly affecting ...

Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[7] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...

Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[23] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...

Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[13] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...

When insects search for food, a sexual mate or the ideal place for laying eggs - somewhere where the hatching larvae have a good chance to survive - they have to rely on their sense of smell. They use their olfactory organs, the antennae, to detect odor molecules in their environment. These odors are processed in the so-called antennal lobe, the actual olfactory center of the insect brain, which consists of spherical structures: the olfactory glomeruli. Here, inside the olfactory glomeruli, different groups of olfactory neurons form conjunctions or synapses which enable different environmental odors to be processed.. Until now, scientists had assumed that olfactory glomeruli share a pretty homogeneous architecture and that particular functions of the different glomeruli can be attributed primarily to special olfactory receptors on the membranes of the olfactory sensory neurons. A research team of the Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology has now shown for the first time that the neuronal ...

There is ongoing neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain which supplies interneurons to the olfactory bulb. There is also continuous neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) supplying new olfactory sensory neurons whose axons terminate in the olfactory bulb. These axons synapse with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive periglomerular neurons within the olfactory bulb, which are the product of subventricular zone neurogenesis. We hypothesize that focal denervation of the olfactory sensory neurons and thereby lesioning of the presynaptic input to the Type 1 neurons would result in their degeneration, and a subsequent upregulation of subventricular zone neurogenesis. Adult mice (n=26) were treated with methimazole causing the ablation of the OE, and the tissues examined at multiple time-points after treatment. The survival of the olfactory sensory neurons within the OE was assessed together with their terminals within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The loss of tyrosine ...

In sensory systems, peripheral organs convey sensory inputs to relay networks where information is shaped by local microcircuits before being transmitted to cortical areas. In the olfactory system, odorants evoke specific patterns of sensory neuron activity that are transmitted to output neurons in olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. How sensory information is transferred and shaped at this level remains still unclear. Here we employ mouse genetics, 2-photon microscopy, electrophysiology and optogenetics, to identify a novel population of glutamatergic neurons (VGLUT3+) in the glomerular layer of the adult mouse OB as well as several of their synaptic targets. Both peripheral and serotoninergic inputs control VGLUT3+ neurons firing. Furthermore, we show that VGLUT3+ neuron photostimulation in vivo strongly suppresses both spontaneous and odour-evoked firing of bulbar output neurons. In conclusion, we identify and characterize here a microcircuit controlling the transfer of sensory information at an early

The aim of this study is to analyzed the three nervi; terminalis, vomeronasalis and olfactorius emerging from the olfactory apparatus. The lizard Chacidessepoides was collected from Sinai and was undergone to permanent histological preparation. Through the examination of the olfactory apparatus of this species resulted in the vomeronasal organ is innervated by two correlating nerves: terminal and vomeronasal nerves that originating from its sensory epithelium. The terminal nerve bears the ganglion terminale. The olfactory nerve innervates the olfactory chamber. The three nerves leave the nasal capsule through the fenestra olfactoriaadvehens as separate bundles. They enter the cranial cavity through the fenestra olfactoriaevehens. The olfactory nerve connected with the main olfactory bulb. The terminal connects with the outer layer of the brain, while the vomeronasal one joins the accessory olfactory bulb. The three nerves are perspicuous special sensory.. ...

What is the role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in olfactory processing? In this podcast, Editor-in-Chief Bill Yates talks with Thomas Heinbockel (Howard University) and Alex Straiker (Indiana University, Bloomington) about their recent study in mice, which revealed that CB1 is involved in the regulation of glomerular activity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Listen to learn about the endocannabinoid system, mitral cells, implications for olfactory behavior, and more!. Cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of inhibitory inputs to mitral cells in the main olfactory ...

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synapses are thought to play pivotal roles in the processing of activity patterns in the olfactory bulb (OB), but their functions have been difficult to study during odor responses in the intact system. We pharmacologically manipulated GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor …

The gaseous radical nitric oxide (NO) is generated in the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Being a highly mobile free radical, NO reacts with a wide range of targets. This allows NO to modulate many and various biological functions, from its cardinal role as a potent vasodilator, to neuronal signalling. In mammals, the olfactory bulbs (OB) are the first brain structures to receive and process odour information from the olfactory epithelium (OE), and are among the most prominent nitrergic areas in the rodent brain. Despite this, the acute function of NO in mammalian OBs is unknown. In this thesis, I aim to test the acute electrophysiological effect of NO on the mouse OB in vitro. Hundreds of glomeruli, discrete odour specific neuropils, are the sites of synapses between odour specific axons from the OE and mitral cells (MCs), the principal OB neurons. Glomeruli comprise the circuitry necessary to drive OB output, and are thought to be ideally suited to ...

Glaucoma is the term used to describe a group diseases characterised by a specific type of damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) known as cupping and a characteristic type of visual field loss. This loss is associated with progressive atrophy and loss of the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. This project was aimed at investigating olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), a population of radial glia proven to be neuroprotective in central and peripheral nerve injury models, and their potential to protect the retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. We studied the interactions of RGC and OEC in culture. We show that OEC can straighten, ensheath and bundle RGC neurites as well as support the survival of RGC and their synapses in culture. We also show that OEC endocytose dead RGC in culture. We modified a rat model of glaucoma (where paramagnetic microbeads are injected into the anterior chamber of the rat eyes) and characterised the early and late ...

Rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity have been found at multiple levels of various sensory systems. In the olfactory bulb or the antennal lobe, oscillatory activity exhibits a broad range of frequencies and has been proposed to encode sensory information. However, the neural mechanisms underlying …

The consequences of ongoing neurogenesis have long been the subject of speculation. New neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus seem to be added throughout juvenile and adult life, suggesting that they do not replace neurons that die (36). Alternatively, work in the song-control system of birds has shown that neuronal replacement occurs in some nuclei, perhaps to play a role in song learning (37). Concerning olfaction, one possibility is that new interneurons are simply added to the bulbs, as they are in the hippocampus. Yet, although increases in the number of interneurons have been reported in the adult, substantial granule cell death has also been observed, suggesting that newly generated neurons may replace dying ones (38).. This ongoing recruitment of interneurons may also open new opportunities to investigate the cellular basis for olfactory processing and its functional plasticity. The presence of a pool of new neurons accompanied by the emergence of new synapses could play a role ...

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a type of specialized glial cell currently considered as having a double function in the nervous system: one regenerative, and another immune. OEC cultures resulted in continuous NF-B activation. The IFN-induced increase of iNOS manifestation was reversed in infected OECs. OECs are susceptible to infection, which can suppress their cytotoxic mechanisms in order to survive. We suggest that, in contrast to microglia, OECs might serve as safe focuses on for pneumococci, providing a more stable environment for evasion of the immune system. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a type of specialized glial cell that accompany and ensheath the primary olfactory axons through the olfactory pathway, from your olfactory epithelium to Natamycin small molecule kinase inhibitor the olfactory tract. OECs are crucial for olfactory axonal assistance and outgrowth inside the developing and adult olfactory program1,2. This real estate of OECs makes them a superb candidate ...

The mammalian the olfactory bulb (OB) maintains a continuous inflow of new neurons to its circuitry throughout adulthood. The role of these newborn neurons in

Orthodromic stimulation of axons in the olfactory nerve from sensory receptor cells excites periglomerular neurons in the input layer of the bulb, modeled by a KIe set ( Figure 2, A), producing an excitatory bias. The root locus ( Figure 4, A, Mode 1e) is nearly parallel to the real axis, because the frequency is invariant, and the decay rate increases with increased amplitude, as does the PSTH of the periglomerular cells ( Figure 2, A). Antidromic stimulation of output axons from the bulb that monosynaptically excite bulbar inhibitory neurons but not periglomerular neurons produces an inhibitory bias. The amplitude of the AEP to single shock stimulation of the olfactory tract increases with input intensity, but the decay rate is unchanged, and the frequency decreases ( Figure 4, A, Mode 1i) because the excitatory bias is lacking. The effect of increasing intensity of antidromic stimuli to the bulb is to increase the AEP initial amplitude above the background activity. The same effect results by ...

In the present study, we have shown that Robo proteins are expressed in cultured OECs and exhibit enriched distribution at the leading edge. A Slit-2 gradient indeed strongly repelled the migration of these cultured OECs. To our knowledge, this is the first guidance factor discovered to repel OEC migration. Because Slit-2 is highly expressed in the apical cells of OE, it is likely that it might help Robo-expressing OECs and olfactory axons migrate out of the OE through chemorepulsion during early development. Slits expressing in the OB might also regulate the stop and scattering of OECs that have arrived at the surface of the OB. OECs have been reported to pioneer the olfactory sensory nerves and provide a conductive substrate for the growth of olfactory sensory axons during development (Tennent and Chuah, 1996; Tisay and Key, 1999). An intriguing possibility is that the guidance of OECs by Slits might contribute to the guidance of axons because of the close interaction between neurons and glia. ...

followed by humans, and is least in the goat, p , 0.05.. DISCUSSION. The present paper analyses the morphometric parameters of olfactory bulb, tract and stria in the human (primate), dog (carnivore) and goat (herbivore) in relation to differences in olfactory functional needs. In these species, a comparison is made on the volumes and linear dimensions of the olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and striae and the proportions of the sizes of these structures relative to the cerebrum and the whole brain.. We hypothesize that the sizes of these structures correlate with the olfactory functional needs and therefore the life-styles of these animals.. The olfactory bulb provides one of the direct links between the peripherally located olfactory receptors and the primary olfactory cortex and therefore offers connection between the brain and the environment (Turetsky et al., 2000). In a recent study (Kavoi et al., 2010), it was shown that the structure of the primary olfactory cells are structurally ...

Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. Lateral dendritic shunt conductances delayed spiking to a degree dependent on both their electrotonic distance and phase of onset. Recurrent inhibition significantly narrowed the distribution of mitral cell spike times, illustrating a tendency towards coordinated synchronous activity. This result suggests an essential role for early mechanisms of temporal coordination in olfaction. The model was adapted from Davison et al, 2003, but include additional noise mechanisms, long lateral dendrite, and specific synaptic point processes ...

Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. Lateral dendritic shunt conductances delayed spiking to a degree dependent on both their electrotonic distance and phase of onset. Recurrent inhibition significantly narrowed the distribution of mitral cell spike times, illustrating a tendency towards coordinated synchronous activity. This result suggests an essential role for early mechanisms of temporal coordination in olfaction. The model was adapted from Davison et al, 2003, but include additional noise mechanisms, long lateral dendrite, and specific synaptic point processes ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter in developing mouse olfactory nerve layer marks a specialized subgroup of olfactory ensheathing cells. AU - Wang, Ya Zhou. AU - Molotkov, Andrei. AU - Song, Lanying. AU - Li, Yunhong. AU - Pleasure, David E. AU - Zhou, Chengji. PY - 2008/11. Y1 - 2008/11. N2 - Wnt reporter TOPgal mice carry a β-galactosidase (βgal) gene under the control of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive elements. We found that the intensely immunolabeled βgal+ cells were co-immunolabeled with Nestin and formed a tangentially oriented single-cell layer in the connecting or docking zone where the olfactory sensory axons attached to the brain surface during mid-gestation. During early postnatal development, βgal+ cells were located in the inner olfactory nerve layer (ONLi) and co-labeled with olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) markers S100β and NPY but not with lineage-specific markers for neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, ...

Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons.[3] In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium.[4] Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cells dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.[5] ...

Multiple factors contribute to the onset and progress of PD, that initially targets few susceptible neuron types in motor nuclei of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and in the anterior olfactory nucleus [2, 3, 24]. Many animal models are available for mimicking PD landmarks, however none can reproduce in full the human pathology. The picture is even more complicated by the presence of both motor and non-motor symptoms, whose assessment in animal models may be difficult and need careful overall interpretation (for a review, see [25]). We choose the MPTP model because we were interested in olfactory dysfunctions, which are a hallmark of early PD stages. MPTP administered acutely in mice can reproduce early stages of PD [26], however, it is not sufficient for fully exploring PD, since MPTP-injected mice recover spontaneously, which precludes the study of pharmacological interventions. Moreover, various strains of mice show different sensitivity to MPTP.. PD implies a complex imbalance of the ...

The role of olfaction, that is to say of the main olfactory system, in sexual behavior is not much better known than that of the vomeronasal system. If, to make things easy, we start with its role in copulatory behavior, a review of existing data tells us that the importance of the main olfactory system is modest. We have already insinuated that the elimination of olfactory input has variable effects. Early studies (Stone, 1922) showed that anosmia did not modify the copulatory behavior of male rats, not even in their first encounter with a receptive female. This observation was confirmed about 50 years later (Cain and Paxinos, 1974). However, later studies have not always replicated this observation. For example, Bergvall et al. (1991) reported that peripheral anosmia reduced the intensity of male rat copulatory behavior when the subjects had been anosmic for a month. After one week, though, their behavior was unaffected. Anosmia-induced degeneration of neurons in the olfactory bulb may be the ...

The mammalian olfactory cortex is a complex structure located along the rostro-caudal extension of the ventrolateral prosencephalon, which is divided into several anatomically and functionally distinct areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdaloid olfactory nuclei, and the more caudal entorhinal cortex. Multiple forebrain progenitor domains contribute to the cellular diversity of the olfactory cortex, which is invaded simultaneously by cells originating in distinct germinal areas in the dorsal and ventral forebrain. Using a combination of dye labeling techniques, we identified two novel areas that contribute cells to the developing olfactory cortices, the septum and the ventral pallium, from which cells migrate along a radial and then a tangential path. We characterized these cell populations by comparing their expression of calretinin, calbindin, reelin and Tbr1 with that of other olfactory cell populations.

Brain Regions (94): CTX (Cerebral cortex) MOB (Main olfactory bulb) AOB (Accessory olfactory bulb) AON (Anterior olfactory nucleus) TT (Taenia tecta) PIR (Piriform area) NLOT (Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract) PAA (Piriform-amygdalar area) COA (Cortical amygdalar area) TR (Postpiriform transition area) CA (Ammons Horn) DG (Dentate gyrus) RHP (Retrohippocampal region) SUB (Subiculum) CP (Caudoputamen ) ACB (Nucleus accumbens ) FS (Fundus of striatum) OT (Olfactory tubercle ) LS (Lateral septal nucleus ) CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus ) AAA (Anterior amygdalar area) MEA (Medial amygdalar nucleus ) PALd (Pallidum_ dorsal region) PALv (Pallidum_ ventral region) BST (Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis ) PALm (Pallidum_ medial region) AM (Anteromedial nucleus) AV (Anteroventral nucleus of thalamus ) LD (Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus) RT (Reticular nucleus of the thalamus) LAT (Lateral group of the dorsal thalamus) LP (Lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus) LGv (Ventral part of the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Heterogeneity of antigen expression and lectin labeling on microglial cells in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. AU - Wu, C. H.. AU - Chien, H. F.. AU - Chang, C. Y.. AU - Ling, E. A.. PY - 1997/5. Y1 - 1997/5. N2 - Microglia in different layers of the rat olfactory bulb expressed a variety of membrane antigens except for CD4 (OX-35). Bulb microglial cells bearing complement receptor type 3 (OX-42) were ubiquitous and their immunoreactivity varied considerably in different bulb layers. Although very few in number, labeled microglia in all layers also expressed major histocompatibility complex class I antigen (OX-18), leukocyte common antigen (OX-1) and unknown macrophage antigen (ED-2). The latter was localized in cells distributed almost exclusively in the perivascular spaces. The immunoreactivity of ED-1, an unknown cytoplasmic or lysosomal membrane antigen in macrophages, was localized in labeled microglia which were concentrated mainly in the granule cell layer and ...

Watzlawick R, Rind J, Sena ES, Brommer B, Zhang T, Kopp MA, Dirnagl U, Macleod MR, Howells DW, Schwab JM Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is …

Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfact... ion occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus, a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb. Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems-the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system. For air-breathing animals, the main olfactory system detects volatile chemicals, and the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase chemicals. Olfaction, along with taste, is a form of chemoreception. The chemicals themselves that activate the olfactory system, in general at very low concentrations, are called odorants. Although taste and smell are separate ...

Synonyms for olfactory cell in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for olfactory cell. 24 synonyms for cell: room, chamber, lock-up, compartment, cavity, cubicle, dungeon, stall, unit, group, section, core, nucleus, caucus, coterie, electric cell. What are synonyms for olfactory cell?

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We have identified a replication-independent histone variant, Hist2h2be (referred to herein as H2be), which is expressed exclusively by olfactory chemosensory neurons. Levels of H2BE are heterogeneous among olfactory neurons, but stereotyped according to the identity of the co-expressed olfactory receptor (OR). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that changes in H2be expression affect olfactory function and OR representation in the adult olfactory epithelium. We show that H2BE expression is reduced by sensory activity and that it promotes neuronal cell death, such that inactive olfactory neurons display higher levels of the variant and shorter life spans. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of H2BE differ from those of the canonical H2B, consistent with a role for H2BE in altering transcription. We propose a physiological function for H2be in modulating olfactory neuron population dynamics to adapt the OR repertoire to the environment. The objective of generating this dataset was to

Field potential, patch-clamp and optical recordings were performed in accessory olfactory bulb slices of postnatal rats following single electrical stimulation of the vomeronasal nerve layer. On the basis of differences in the components of the field potential, postnatal days were divided into three periods: immature (until postnatal day 11), transitional (postnatal days P12-17) and mature periods (after postnatal day 18). During the immature period, vomeronasal nerve layer stimulation provoked a characteristic damped oscillatory field potential, and the field potential recorded in the glomerular layer consisted of a compound action potential followed by several periodic negative peaks superimposed on slow components. Reduction in [Mg2+] enhanced slow components but did not affect oscillation, whereas an NMDA receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, depressed slow components but did not affect the oscillation. During the mature period, slow components and the periodic waves ...

In article ,30r5sl$g71 at portal.gmu.edu,, HARRY R. ERWIN ,herwin at mason1.gmu.edu, wrote: ,so. Walter Freeman indicates that no one who has studied the GABAergic ,synapse has investigated the effect of chloride concentration on its ,excitatory/inhibitory nature. Has there been any work done here? Im Barry Rhodes did his dissertation on the excitatory action of GABA on the periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb, and another group (I dont have the reference on me) imaged Cl- and found that the distribution of Chloride in the olfactory bulb would also indicate that GABA has an excitatory action on the periglomerular cells. In the retina GABA has both actions (or so Im told), and Michaelson and Wong published some evidence that GABA is both excitatory and inhibitory in the Hippocampus. The most elementary thing one learns about neurotransmitters is that the action depends on the receptors and on the ion gradients, not on the neurotransmitter, but this is often ignored. Leslie Kay lmk2 at ...

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Retrograde signaling from the brain to the olfactory sensory epithelium is important for neuronal survival, but the importance of the olfactory bulb in retrograde signaling during the naturally-induced, neuronal plasticity occurring during metamorphosis is unclear. The olfactory system of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) undergoes dramatic rearrangements during metamorphosis, making this an ideal system in which to examine interactions between the brain and the olfactory sensory epithelium. The main olfactory epithelium of larvae, located in the principal cavity (PC), changes at metamorphosis in function, receptor neuron morphology, biochemistry, and axon termination sites. A new,

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Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are chemoreceptors that establish excitatory synapses within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. OSNs undergo continuous turnover throughout life, causing the constant replacement of their synaptic contacts. Using Xenopus tadpoles as an experimental system to investigate rewiring of glomerular connectivity, we show that novel OSN synapses can transfer information immediately after formation, mediating olfactory-guided behavior. Tadpoles recover the ability to detect amino acids 4 days after bilateral olfactory nerve transection. Restoration of olfactory-guided behavior depends on the efficient reinsertion of OSNs to the olfactory bulb. Presynaptic terminals of incipient synaptic contacts generate calcium transients in response to odors, triggering long lasting depolarization of olfactory glomeruli. The functionality of reconnected terminals relies on well-defined readily releasable and cytoplasmic vesicle pools. The continuous growth of non-compartmentalized axonal ...

Glomeruli are anatomical and possibly functional modules in the vertebrate olfactory bulb. We investigated the spatial arrangement of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of adult zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). A solution of the lipophilic tracer Dil was injected into the nasal cavities. Axons of sensory neurons projecting from the olfactory epithelium into the bulb were traced anterogradely, thus labeling the whole population of glomeruli. The glomerular distribution was analyzed in detail by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We find that a typical olfactory bulb contains a small number of about 80 glomeruli that have a stereotyped configuration in all animals investigated. All glomeruli exhibit bilateral symmetry. Twenty-two single glomeruli could be identified from animal to animal by their characteristic position and morphology. The remaining glomeruli either are embedded in glomerular plexus and therefore cannot be delineated reliably, or belong to a densely clustered subpopulation of on ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum. AU - Yamashita, Toru. AU - Ninomiya, Mikiko. AU - Acosta, Pilar Hernández. AU - García-Verdugo, Jose Manuel. AU - Sunabori, Takehiko. AU - Sakaguchi, Masanori. AU - Adachi, Kazuhide. AU - Kojima, Takuro. AU - Hirota, Yuki. AU - Kawase, Takeshi. AU - Araki, Nobuo. AU - Abe, Koji. AU - Okano, Hideyuki. AU - Sawamoto, Kazunobu. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2006. Y1 - 2006. N2 - Recent studies have revealed that the adult mammalian brain has the capacity to regenerate some neurons after various insults. However, the precise mechanism of insult-induced neurogenesis has not been demonstrated. In the normal brain, GFAP-expressing cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles include a neurogenic cell population that gives rise to olfactory bulb neurons only. Herein, we report evidence that, after a ...

Modulation of sensory processing by corticofugal (CRTF) projections has been suggested to play a vital role during active sensing. Indeed retrograde CRTF projec...

Histopathology was used to characterize long-term toxic effects in the olfactory system following a single ip dose (4-65 mg/kg) of methylsulfonyl-2,6-dichlorobenzene, (2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B)), in female NMRI mice. The effects of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) and its 2,5-chlorinated isomer, (2,5-(diCl-MeSO2-B)), on the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a biomarker for neurotoxicity) in different brain regions were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histopathologic effects of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) were dose-, time-, and tissue-dependent. At the highest doses (16-65 mg/kg), the initial effect of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) was necrosis of the Bowmans glands, followed by a sequence of secondary events including degeneration of the olfactory neuroepithelium, repopulation of the basement membrane by a ciliated respiratorylike epithelium, fibrosis and ossification in the lamina propria, formation of bilateral polyps, angiogenesis, and disappearance of nerve bundles. Remodeling was most ...

0026] Electrical stimulation devices implanted in the stomach of obese patients have been reported to have variable positive effects on weight loss (Zhang C, Ng K L, Li J D, He F, Anderson D J, Sun Y E, and Zhou Q Y. Prokineticin 2 is a target gene of proneural basic helix-loop-helix factors for olfactory bulb neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 282: 6917-6921, 2007), with improvements in glucose control in T2D patients secondary to weight loss. This stimulation would not be expected to act directly on L-cells since these cells are absent from the stomach. Intestinal electrical stimulation studies in obese or diabetic patients are fewer in number and tend to report the resulting neural and motility effects. For example, in diabetic neuropathy, electrical stimulation of the duodenum, which is located at the oral end of the small intestine, results in nerve responses that are weaker than in control patients (Frokjaer J B, Andersen S D, Ejskaer N, Funch-Jensen P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gregersen H, and Drewes A M ...

article{4e73d8d8-aee6-4a90-ac16-4f2d90df0295, abstract = {Neurons are continuously generated from stem cells in discrete regions in the adult mammalian brain. We found that ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles were quiescent and did not contribute to adult neurogenesis under normal conditions in mice but instead gave rise to neuroblasts and astrocytes in response to stroke. Ependymal cell quiescence was actively maintained by canonical Notch signaling. Inhibition of this pathway in uninjured animals allowed ependymal cells to enter the cell cycle and produce olfactory bulb neurons, whereas forced Notch signaling was sufficient to block the ependymal cell response to stroke. Ependymal cells were depleted by stroke and failed to self-renew sufficiently to maintain their own population. Thus, although ependymal cells act as primary cells in the neural lineage to produce neurons and glial cells after stroke, they do not fulfill defining criteria for stem cells under these conditions and ...

Mice, Lead, Rodents, Olfactory Bulbs, Pheromones, Vomeronasal System, Amygdala, Accessory Olfactory Bulbs, Bedding, Communication, Reward, Roles, Sexual Pheromones, Sucrose, Urine, Vomeronasal Systems, Hypothalamus, L-arginine, Role, Behaviors

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immune Uncategorized PD 166793, PSK-J3 Development of the adult olfactory program of the moth depends upon reciprocal connections between olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) PD 166793 axons developing in in the periphery and centrally-derived glial cells. recently fasciculated axon bundles will terminate in protoglomeruli the forming of which induces various other glial cells to migrate to surround them. Glial cells usually do not migrate PSK-J3 unless ORN axons can be found axons neglect to fasciculate and focus on correctly without enough glial cells and protoglomeruli arent maintained with out a glial surround. Weve proven previously that Epidermal Development Factor receptors as well as the IgCAMs Neuroglian and Fasciclin II are likely involved in the ORN replies to glial cells. In todays function we present proof for the need for glial Fibroblast Development Aspect receptors in glial migration proliferation and survival with this developing pathway. We also statement changes in growth ...

Zebrafish imprint on visual (at day 5 post fertilization) and olfactory (at day 6 post fertilization) cues coming from kin siblings.