Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a useful method to preserve endangered species and to study the reprogramming event of a nuclear donor cell by the oocyte. Although several studies of iSCNT using murine cells and bovine oocytes have been reported, the development of murine-bovine iSCNT embryos beyond the 8-cell stage has not been successful. In this paper, we examined the developmental potential of embryos reconstructed with a murine embryonic fibroblast as the nuclear donor and a bovine oocyte as the cytoplasm recipient. The reconstructed embryos were cultured in CZB (murine medium) or CR1aa (bovine medium). In addition, for the development of a murine-bovine iSCNT blastocyst, the antioxidant ??mercaptoethanol (??ME) was supplemented to CR1aa medium. Furthermore, to verify the mouse genome activation in murine-bovine iSCNT embryos, RT-PCR analysis of murine Xist was performed. The development of the murine-bovine iSCNT embryos cultured in CR1aa was significantly higher than ...

Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technique for Researching Dog Cloning and Embryonic Stem Cells - Canine;Interspecies;Porcine;Somatic cell Nuclear Transfer;

This study investigated whether four cumulus-specific genes: follicular stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr), hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), prostaglandin synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and steroidogenic acute regulator protein (Star), were correctly reprogrammed to be transcriptionally silent following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in a murine model. Cumulus cells of C57xCBA F1 female mouse were injected into enucleated oocytes, followed by activation in 10 micromol/L strontium chloride for 5 h and subsequent in vitro culture up to the blastocyst stage. Expression of cumulus-specific genes in SCNT-derived embryos at 2-cell, 4-cell and day 4.5 blastocyst stages was compared with corresponding in vivo fertilized embryos by real-time PCR. It was demonstrated that immediately after the first cell cycle, SCNT-derived 2-cell stage embryos did not express all four cumulus-specific genes, which continually remained silent at the 4-cell and blastocyst stages. It is therefore concluded that all four ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Improvement of a porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer technique by optimizing donor cell and recipient oocyte preparations. AU - Lee, Gabsang. AU - Hyun, Sang Hwan. AU - Kim, Hye Soo. AU - Kim, Dae Young. AU - Lee, So Hyun. AU - Lim, Jeong Mook. AU - Lee, Eun Song. AU - Kang, Sung Keun. AU - Lee, Byeong Chun. AU - Hwang, Woo Suk. PY - 2003/1/1. Y1 - 2003/1/1. N2 - This study was conducted to improve a porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique by optimizing donor cell and recipient oocyte preparations. Adult and fetal fibroblasts, and cumulus and oviduct cells were used as donor cells, and in vivo- and in vitro-matured oocytes were employed as recipient oocytes. The percentages of fusion and development to the blastocyst stage, the ratio of blastocysts to 2-cell embryos, and cell number of blastocysts were monitored as experimental parameters. In Experiment 1, donor cells of four different types were transferred to enucleated oocytes matured in vitro, and more (P , ...

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a valuable tool for studying the interactions between an oocyte and somatic nucleus. The object of this study was to investigate the developmental competence of in vitro‐matured porcine oocytes after transfer of the somatic cell nuclei of 2 different species (goat and rabbit). Porcine cumulus oocytes were obtained from the follicles of ovaries and matured in TCM‐199. The reconstructed embryos were electrically fused with 2 DC pulses of 1.1 kV/cm for 30 μs in 0.3 M mannitol medium. The activated cloned embryos were cul‐ tured in porcine zygote medium‐3 (PZM‐3), mSOF or RDH medium for 7 days. The blastocyst formation rate of the embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts was significantly lower than that of the embryos recon‐ structed from porcine fetal fibroblast cells. However, a significantly higher number of embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts cultured in mSOF or RDH, respectively, developed to

The developmental efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer has slowly improved over the past five years. Dr. Wilmut achieved a developmental efficiency (recipient oocytes to offspring obtained) of 0.4% in 1996 (Wilmut et al 1997). Dr. Wakayama managed to improve this to 2.8% in subsequent murine research, by using microinjection rather than electrofusion (and other factors) (Wakayama et al 1998). However, the efficiency of development from adult mammalian somatic cells has remained at around 2% since that time (Polejaeva et al 2000). It is anticipated that for every one hundred nuclear transplant embryos, only one or two embryos will result in healthy developmentally normal offspring (Colman 2000). It should be emphasized that this does not mean that 98% of the live-born offspring will be developmentally abnormal, the vast majority of nuclear transplant zygotes do not even get implanted into the uterus. From the scientific literature over the past few years, an averaged developmental ...

Cell. 2014 Nov 6;159(4):884-95. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.055. Epub 2014 Oct 30. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt

WEDNESDAY, Jan. 24, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- Cloning cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is feasible by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using fetal fibroblasts, according to a study published online Jan. 24 in Cell.. Zhen Liu, from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai, and colleagues examined the feasibility of cloning cynomolgus monkeys by SCNT to generate genetically uniform non-human primates for establishing animal models for research.. The researchers found that following SCNT, injection of H3K9me3 demethylase Kdm4d mRNA and treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A at one-cell stage correlated with improvement in blastocyst development and the rate of pregnancy of transplanted SCNT embryos in surrogate monkeys. Six pregnancies were confirmed in 21 surrogates for SCNT using fetal monkey fibroblasts, yielding two healthy babies. Twenty-two pregnancies were confirmed in 42 surrogates for SCNT using adult monkey cumulus cells, ...

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) has been regarded as a potential alternative for rescuing highly endangered species and can be used as a model for studying nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. However, iSCNT embryos often fail to produce viable offspring. The alterations in normal molecular mechanisms contributing to extremely poor development are for the most part unknown. Przewalskis gazelle-bovine iSCNT embryos (PBNT) were produced by transferring Przewalskis gazelle fibroblast nuclei into enucleated bovine oocytes. The percentages of PBNT embryos that developed to morula/blastocyst stages were extremely low even with the use of various treatments that included different SCNT protocols and treatment of embryos with small molecules. Transcriptional microarray analyses of the cloned embryos showed that the upregulation of reprogramming-associated genes in bovine-bovine SCNT (BBNT) embryos was significantly higher than those observed in PBNT embryos (1527:643). In all, 139 transcripts

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning), being a reproductive or therapeutic method, and mitochondrial DNA transfer, as a strategy to avoid the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, are analyzed within this paper from a bioethics perspective. reduction of individual embryos delimits the moral acceptability of the promising techniques. research CDC42BPA related to the creation of individual Taxifolin pontent inhibitor blastocysts by SCNT. IN-MAY 2005, another group led by Hwang released articles (also in (Kennedy 2006). Around once, Stojkovic et al. (2005) also released a study where they too mentioned that that they had cloned individual embryos towards the blastocyst stage, and they also were regarded as the first to accomplish this technological feat. However, they were unable to derive ESC lines from your biological entities produced by them, so this work could not be considered as an objective demonstration of human being SCNT either. In 2006, Zavos and Illmensee (Zavos and ...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Epigenetic reprogramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Enucleated mouse 1-cell embryos arrest development at the 2-cell stage following transplantation of cleavage stage nuclei. Earlier studies employing one-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis failed to reveal obvious differences in gene expression in the manipulated embryos that might account for this block. We report here the results of a quantitative, two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis that reveals at least 50 alterations in protein synthesis in the 8--|1-cell nuclear transplant embryos. Approximately half of these alterations involve proteins that normally decrease in synthesis between the 2-cell and 8-cell stages and half involve proteins that are synthesized constitutively between these two stages. These results are the first to reveal significant biochemical alterations that accompany the morphological and cytological differences previously described and indicate that the 8-cell stage nucleus is unable to completely recapitulate the normal progression of changes in protein

Researchers from the CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, the Institute of Neuroscience of CAS and the Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-inspired Intelligence cloned five macaque monkeys from the skin fibroblasts of a gene-edited BMAL1-deficient monkey using somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT). The BMAL1-deficient monkeys exhibited circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, anxiety, depression and schizophrenia-like sensory processing impairment. Transcriptome analysis also revealed elevated inflammation and stress response in the BMAL1-deficient monkeys. Their condition suggested they could be used to model human maladies such as sleep deprivation, major depressive disorder, and perhaps aging. This represents the first time anywhere in the world that gene-edited macaque monkeys of uniform genetic background have been successfully produced. This advance will help propel research on the mechanisms of human brain disease and early diagnosis and ...

A potential use of stem cells genetically matched to a patient would be to create cell lines that have genes linked to a patients particular disease. By doing so, an in vitro model could be created, would be useful for studying that particular disease, potentially discovering its pathophysiology, and discovering therapies.[5] For example, if a person with Parkinsons disease donated his or her somatic cells, the stem cells resulting from SCNT would have genes that contribute to Parkinsons disease. The disease specific stem cell lines could then be studied in order to better understand the condition.[6]. Another application of SCNT stem cell research is using the patient specific stem cell lines to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient.[7] The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, thus avoiding any complications from immune system rejection.[6][8]. Only a handful of the labs in the world are currently using SCNT techniques ...

Embryo Transfer, gene mapping, and gene transfer The Institute has engaged in the studies to develop a model of producing mice through gene transfer for many years and established the techniques. These techniques were applied to related studies in embryos in cattle, goats and pigs. Since embryo transfer in cattle and goats becomes a current tendency of developing biotechnology, the techniques of flushing, identifying, freezing and transfer of embryos have been established at our Institute. Embryo transfers either with frozen embryo bisected after thawing or frozen demi-bisected embryo resulted in the normal calvings. The study of sex determination in bovine embryo by PCR was introduced and a system was set up to produce offspring of predicted sex. In pigs, nuclear transplantation with the nucleus of Small-Ear pig transferred into Landrace oocyte also resulted in piglets born. The follow up survey of the performance of the nuclear transplant offspring and the study on effects of maternal ...

|Who knew there was a term for an animal/human hybrid? Actually, cybrid is short for cytoplasmic hybrid. Wesley Smith has already reported on the story that scientists in the UK - where such things are regulated by the government, unlike in the USA - have requested permission to produce a somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo…

Biology of Reproduction contains original scientific research on a broad range of topics in the field of reproductive biology, as well as minireviews.

An affiliate of LifeNews.com, this is 2 minutes of daily radio news to help form good pro-life thought and good pro-life action, by Jim ...

2010 Cell Methods: [[Group 1 Project - Fluorescent-PCR,Group 1 - Fluorescent-PCR]] , [[Group 2 Project - RNA Interference,Group 2 - RNA Interference]] , [[Group 3 Project- Immunohistochemistry,Group 3 - Immunohistochemistry]] , [[Group 4 Project - Cell Culture,Group 4 - Cell Culture]] , [[Group 5 Project - Electron Microsopy,Group 5 - Electron Microsopy]] , [[Group 6 Project - Confocal Microscopy,Group 6 - Confocal Microscopy]] , [[Group 7 Project - Monoclonal Antibodies,Group 7 - Monoclonal Antibodies]] , [[Group 8 Project - Microarray,Group 8 - Microarray]] , [[Group 9 Project - Fluorescent Proteins,Group 9 - Fluorescent Proteins]] , [[Group 10 Project - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,Group 10 - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ...

2010 Cell Methods: [[Group 1 Project - Fluorescent-PCR,Group 1 - Fluorescent-PCR]] , [[Group 2 Project - RNA Interference,Group 2 - RNA Interference]] , [[Group 3 Project- Immunohistochemistry,Group 3 - Immunohistochemistry]] , [[Group 4 Project - Cell Culture,Group 4 - Cell Culture]] , [[Group 5 Project - Electron Microsopy,Group 5 - Electron Microsopy]] , [[Group 6 Project - Confocal Microscopy,Group 6 - Confocal Microscopy]] , [[Group 7 Project - Monoclonal Antibodies,Group 7 - Monoclonal Antibodies]] , [[Group 8 Project - Microarray,Group 8 - Microarray]] , [[Group 9 Project - Fluorescent Proteins,Group 9 - Fluorescent Proteins]] , [[Group 10 Project - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,Group 10 - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ...

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has emerged as an important tool for producing transgenic animals and deriving transgenic embryonic stem cells. The process of SCNT involves fusion of in vitro matured oocytes with somatic cells to make embryos that are transgenic when the nuclear donor somatic cells carry foreign DNA and are clones when all the donor cells are genetically identical. However, in canines, it is difficult to obtain enough mature oocytes for successful SCNT due to the very low efficiency of in vitro oocyte maturation in this species that hinders canine transgenic cloning. One solution is to use oocytes from a different species or even a different genus, such as bovine oocytes, that can be matured easily in vitro. Accordingly, the aim of this study was: (1) to establish a canine fetal fibroblast line transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene; and (2) to investigate in vitro embryonic development of canine cloned embryos derived from transgenic and non-transgenic ...

Developmental Ability of Bovine Embryos Nuclear Transferred with Frozen-thawed or Cooled Donor Cells - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer;Frozen-thawed;Cooled;Apoptosis;Bovine;

Scientists at Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research have success...The theory called altered nuclear transfer (ANT) proposes that resea... The purpose of our study was to provide a scientific basis for the et...First proposed by William Hurlbut Stanford University professor and m...For SCNT a donor nucleus for example one taken from a skin cell is ...,Researchers,offer,proof-of-concept,for,Altered,Nuclear,Transfer,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte(unfertilized egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned. Alternatively, if cells are extracted from the cloned cells during very early embryonic stages (blastocyst or morula), embryonic stem cells can be created. These cells can be grown in laboratories indefinitely and can theoretically be made into any of the 200+ cell types in the mammalian body, and thus are an extraordinary tool for biologists as well as a therapeutic agent with the potential to treat currently untreatable medical conditions ...

Background Over the last decade a number of species, from farm animals to rodents, have been cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (SCNT). This technique has the potential to revolutionize the way that genetically modified animals are made. In its current state, the process of SCNT is very inefficient (|5% success rate), with several technical and biological hurdles hindering development. Yet, SCNT provides investigators with powerful advantages over other approaches, such as allowing for prescreening for the desired level of transgene expression and eliminating the excess production of undesirable wild-type animals. The rat plays a significant role in biomedical research, but SCNT has been problematic for this species. In this study, we address one aspect of the problem by evaluating methods of activation in artificially constructed rat embryos. Principal Findings We demonstrate that treatment with a calcium ionophore (ionomycin) combined with a variety of cyclin-dependent kinase

Differentially regulated proteins within porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived conceptuses were compared with conceptuses that were derived from natural matings on day 14 of pregnancy.

If you think of futuristic discoveries, the idea of cloning yourself must come to mind. What if I had another person exactly like me roaming around on the earth? Although many people might think this, few people actually know what genetic cloning is. Genetic cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another, meaning that they have the same genetic makeup. Cloning is also an asexual form of reproduction, meaning that the offspring comes from one parent rather than the normal (for humans) two. In humans, and mammals in general, this idea of asexual reproduction is unnatural, so it must be done forcefully and unnaturally. There are many ways to go about this, but the most known is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNC). This procedure creates an exact clone or genetic copy of an individual. A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than reproductive cells. The difference between reproductive cells and somatic cells is that somatic cells have two complete sets of ...

If you think of futuristic discoveries, the idea of cloning yourself must come to mind. What if I had another person exactly like me roaming around on the earth? Although many people might think this, few people actually know what genetic cloning is. Genetic cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another, meaning that they have the same genetic makeup. Cloning is also an asexual form of reproduction, meaning that the offspring comes from one parent rather than the normal (for humans) two. In humans, and mammals in general, this idea of asexual reproduction is unnatural, so it must be done forcefully and unnaturally. There are many ways to go about this, but the most known is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNC). This procedure creates an exact clone or genetic copy of an individual. A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than reproductive cells. The difference between reproductive cells and somatic cells is that somatic cells have two complete sets of ...

After more than two years of intensive ethical and scientific review, Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) researchers at Harvard and Childrens Hospital Boston have been cleared to begin experiments using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) to create disease-specific stem cell lines in an effort to develop treatments for a wide range of now-incurable conditions afflicting tens of millions of people ...

Clone to Cure. The Kirak lab is interested in the long-standing question why our immune system attacks benign cells in autoimmune diseases, such as type-I diabetes, but fails to eliminate malignant cells in cancer. Dr. Kirak has pioneered Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT or NT, also known as cloning) to develop and study novel mouse models of our immune system. Using these novel and more physiological NT models, the goal of the Kirak lab is to better understand this question, to identify novel mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases and cancer, and to develop new therapeutics.

Transgenic Research (2006) 15:229-240 Production of transgenic-clone pigs by the combination of ICSI-mediated gene transfer with somatic cell nuclear transfer

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Techniques for purifying L-cell karyoplasts with minimal amounts of cytoplasm. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Principal Investigator：OGURA Atsuo, Project Period (FY)：2008 - 2012, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas, Project Area：The germline: its developmental cycle and epigenome network

Principal Investigator：TANAKA Kousaku, Project Period (FY)：1990 - 1992, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B), Research Field：畜産学(含草地学)

To test this idea, serial nuclear transplantation was carried out in which normal cells from a partially cleaved embryo served as donors of nuclei for transplantation to another set of recipient eggs. The results published in the 1962 paper were quite striking. The first important observation is that the serial transfer of nuclei from partially cleaved embryos very often gave completely cleaved embryos and, hence, complete blastulae. In turn, many of these developed much further, even forming, in some cases, normal feeding tadpoles (Box 5). The conclusion that I believe to be correct is that the initially transplanted nuclei were spared from chromosome damage by having a second chance to complete their DNA replication as the recipient egg divided into two cells. Only when that had happened did the originally transplanted nucleus have to start division as one of the first two blastomeres divided into two cells at the time that control embryos from fertilised eggs were dividing from the two- to ...

nuclear transplantation of a patients own cells to make an oocyte from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant. ...

DR Zhang explored a different approach called spindle nuclear transfer, according to New Scientist. To ensure the baby would not inherit the rare genetic gene, Zhang implanted the nucleus from one of Shabans eggs and implanted it into a donors egg that had its own nucleus removed ...

The objectives of the present study were to initiate cloning of Korean native goat by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) and to examine whether unovulated (follicular) oocytes can support the same developmental ability of NT embryos as ovulated (oviductal) oocytes after hCG injection in stimulated cycles of the goat. The in vivo-matured and immature oocytes were collected from the oviducts and follicles of superovulated does, respectively, and the immature oocytes were maturated in vitro. Ear skin fibroblasts derived from a 3-yr-old female Korean native goat were used as the donors of nuclei or karyoplasts. Following fusion, activation and in vitro culture to a 2- to 4-cell stage, 49 in vitro-derived and 105 in vivo-derived embryos were transferred to 6 and 17 recipient does, respectively. One doe and three does of the respective groups were identified as pregnant by ultrasonography on day 30 after embryo transfer. However, only one doe, which had received in vivo-derived embryos, delivered a ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Microtubular spindle dynamics and chromosome complements from somatic cell nuclei haploidization in mature mouse oocytes and developmental potential of the derived embryos. AU - Chen, Shee Uan. AU - Chang, Chia Yi. AU - Lu, Chien Cheng. AU - Hsieh, Fon Jou. AU - Ho, Hong Nerng. AU - Yang, Yu Shih. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - Background: The aim of this study was to investigate haploidization of somatic cell nuclei in non-enucleated mature oocytes regarding spindle formation, chromosomes and developmental potential. Methods: Mouse cumulus cells were injected into metaphase II oocytes. Some injected oocytes were examined for morphological changes of chromosomes and the spindle immediately, and at 30 min, 1 h or 2 h after the injections. The remaining oocytes were activated by Sr 2+ after various incubation periods and observed for formation of a second polar body and pseudo-polar body. Cytogenetic analysis was performed for some of the resulting zygotes. The progress to ...

In no case shall state facilities, state funds, fees, or charges, or investment income on state funds be used to create a human embryo by somatic cell nuclear transfer for any purpose. For purposes of the Act, human embryo means the developing human organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation and includes an embryo or developing human organism created by somatic cell nuclear transfer; somatic cell nuclear transfer means a technique in which the nucleus of an oocyte is replaced with the nucleus of a somatic cell. ...

What is therapeutic cloning? Therapeutic cloning is cloning for research purposes. The cloning procedure is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). A somatic cell is any cell in the body except the egg or sperm cells, or their precursors. Skin cells, blood cells, brain cells are all somatic cells. Every somatic cell has all of the chromosomes (DNA), unique to each individual, in its nucleus. In SCNT, one takes an egg from a female donor, removes the nucleus, and inserts the somatic cell nucleus with its DNA into the empty egg. More simply, SCNT is the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to the egg. The egg is impregnated with all 46 chromosomes of an already existing genome and then tricked into thinking it has been fertilized. The fertilized egg begins to divide and a clone is created. In therapeutic cloning ...

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently announced its approval of meat and dairy products from cloned animals amidst widespread concern among scientists and food safety advocates. Despite recent consumer opinion polls showing that most Americans do not want food from cloned animals, cloned milk may soon be sold, unlabeled, in grocery stores across the country, and cloned meat will be next. Scientists say that clones may be inherently unhealthy, with potentially harmful consequences for animal foods derived from clones. Moreover, animal cloning is a cruel technology that results in needless animal suffering.. The first cloned mammal was the famed sheep Dolly. But after the hype, few followed the story of Dolly?s demise. Just six years old when euthanized (sheep of Dolly?s breed generally live to 11 or 12), Dolly suffered from arthritis and lung disease usually seen in much older animals. Sadly, Dolly is not unique among clones. Leading cloning scientists say clones are likely to ...

The FDAs draft risk assessment and management plan addressing the food safety issues surrounding cloned animals is better late than never. The agency has been delinquent in waiting five years to begin this public evaluation of cloned animals, requiring consumers to rely on the food industry and cloning companies to voluntarily refrain from introducing cloning animals into the food supply.

本文收錄於臺大農業推廣通訊雙月刊96期. 文／國立臺灣大學生物科技研究所 宋麗英助理教授. 隨著生物科技的發展日新月異，另類的牧場已然興起，結合現代生殖科技 (Reproductive biotechnology)，包括：體外成熟 (in vitro maturation, IVM)、體外受精 (in vitro fertilization, IVF)、體外培養 (in vitro culture, IVC)、胚移殖 (embryo transfer, ET)、卵及胚的冷凍保存 (cryopreservation) 技術、精子與胚之性別控制及鑑定 (sperm or embryo sexing)、基因轉殖(transgenic)、體細胞核移置（somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT，又稱動物複製 animal cloning）等相關技術，在培養皿內發展分子牧場已是相關生技公司積極發展的業務之一。 Continue reading →. ...

In somatic cell nuclear transfer in mammals, to clone a piglet is still a big challenge. Although many factors could contribute to the low success rate, such as quality of donor and recipient cells, types of donor cell including sources of animal breeds and tissues, number of passages and culture conditions, timing of cell cycle, procedures of nuclear transfer, techniques and embryos transfer, one of the factors is believed to be poor oocyte activation, especially in pig nuclear transfer. Therefore studies presented in this thesis aimed at the establishment of an in vitro culture system for pig oocyte maturation and embryo culture, based on this system an electrical activation protocol for pig oocytes was optimized and also tested by monitoring in vivo development of activated pig oocytes. Finally, the protocol was used for activating pig embryos reconstructed by transfer of somatic cells into enucleated ovulated oocytes and for production of pig parthenotes to maintain pregnancies of cloned pig ...

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Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, a team of scientists in has created the first disease-specific embryonic stem cell line with two sets of chromosomes.

Free Essay: Kass argues this would be dehumanizing and with such procreation dehumanized to manufacture it would be further degraded by commodification. Such...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aberrant nucleo-cytoplasmic cross-talk results in donor cell mtDNA persistence in cloned embryos. AU - Lloyd, Rhiannon. AU - Lee, J.. AU - Alberio, R.. AU - Bowles, E.. AU - Ramalho-Santos, J.. AU - Campbell, K.. AU - St John, J.. PY - 2006/4. Y1 - 2006/4. N2 - Mitochondrial DNA is an extranuclear genome normally maternally inherited through the oocyte. However, the use of nuclear transfer can result in both donor cell and recipient oocyte mitochondrial DNA persisting through to blastocyst and being transmitted to the offspring. The degree of donor mitochondrial DNA transmission appears to be random and currently no evidence exists to explain this phenomenon. To determine whether this is a dilution factor or directly related to the transcriptional status of the donor cell in respect of mitochondrial DNA transcription factors, we have generated sheep nuclear transfer embryos using donor cells: (1) possessing their full mitochondrial DNA complement, (2) those partially depleted, ...

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown a wide application in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and therapeutic cloning. However, the efficiency of SCNT remains very low due to some poorly characterized key factors. Compared with fertilized embryos, somatic donor cells lack some important components of sperm, such as sperm small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) and proteins. Loss of these factors is considered an important reason for the abnormal development of SCNT embryo. This study focused on recent advances of SCNT and the roles of sperm in development. Sperm-derived factors play an important role in nucleus reprogramming and cytoskeleton remodeling during SCNT embryo development. Hence, considering the role of sperm may provide a new strategy for improving cloning efficiency.

Reprogramming has been studied extensively for decades. Nuclear transfer into an oocyte gives somatic cells pluripotency to produce cloned animals. For example, Dr J. Gurdon and his colleagues showed that frog somatic cell nuclei can be reprogrammed after transfer into enucleated oocytes, and they develop into feeding tadpoles [1]. Reprogramming in vertebrates was also proven by the creation of cloned animals from sheep [2] and mice [3]. In addition to oocytes, human [4] and mouse embryonic stem (ES) [5] cells also can reprogramme somatic cells into an ES cell-like state after cell fusion. These results demonstrate that terminally differentiated cells can revert to a state of pluripotency in response to external stimulation.. The accumulated understanding of the mechanisms underlying pluripotency in ES cells led to attempts to revert somatic cells into a pluripotent state using defined factors. Twenty-four candidate factors were transduced into mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) by retroviral ...

We examined the in vitro developmental competence of parthenogenetic activation (PA) oocytes activated by an electric pulse (EP) and treated with various concentrations of AZD5438 for 4 h. Treatment with 10 µM AZD5438 for 4 h significantly improved the blastocyst formation rate of PA oocytes in comparison with 0, 20, or 50 µM AZD5438 treatment (46.4% vs. 34.5%, 32.3%, and 24.0%, respectively; P , 0.05). The blastocyst formation rate was higher in the group treated with AZD5438 for 4 h than in the groups treated with AZD5438 for 2 or 6 h (42.8% vs. 38.6% and 37.2%, respectively; P , 0.05). Furthermore, 66.67% of blastocysts derived from these AZD5438-treated PA oocytes had a diploid karyotype. The blastocyst formation rate of PA and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos was similar between oocytes activated by an EP and treated with 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine for 4 h and those activated by an EP and treated with 10 µM AZD5438 for 4 h (11.11% vs. 13.40%, P , 0.05). In addition, the level ...

It was intriguing last week to read about another advance in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-based therapeutic cloning of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The first such work was published last year by Mitalipovs group from OHSU. This second paper to produce so-called nuclear transfer hESC (NT-hESC) made the important advance to show that it could be done using adult and even old human somatic cells. This is a reproducible technology, which is very important. However, key challenges and concerns remain for human therapeutic cloning …Read More. ...

As many as 3,000 Americans die every day from diseases that may someday be treatable with tissues created through stem cells, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning), which is one way to derive stem cells, shows potential in generating functional replacement cells such as insulin-producing cells associated with diabetes. It also shows promise in reconstituting more complex tissues and organs, such as blood vessels, myocardial patches, kidneys, and even entire hearts. Additionally, it has the potential to eliminate the rejection responses associated with transplantation of non-self tissues, and thus the need for immunosuppressive drugs, which carry the risk of serious and potentially life-threatening complications and enormous cost to the United States health care system ...

We examined the in vitro developmental competence of parthenogenetic activation (PA) oocytes activated by an electric pulse (EP) and treated with various concentrations of AZD5438 for 4 h. Treatment with 10 µM AZD5438 for 4 h significantly improved the blastocyst formation rate of PA oocytes in comparison with 0, 20, or 50 µM AZD5438 treatment (46.4% vs. 34.5%, 32.3%, and 24.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). The blastocyst formation rate was higher in the group treated with AZD5438 for 4 h than in the groups treated with AZD5438 for 2 or 6 h (42.8% vs. 38.6% and 37.2%, respectively; P > 0.05). Furthermore, 66.67% of blastocysts derived from these AZD5438-treated PA oocytes had a diploid karyotype. The blastocyst formation rate of PA and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos was similar between oocytes activated by an EP and treated with 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine for 4 h and those activated by an EP and treated with 10 µM AZD5438 for 4 h (11.11% vs. 13.40%, P > 0.05). In addition, the level ...

A British animal welfare group has petitioned the government to prevent the entry of products from cloned animals into the food chain.

The short answer is yes. But the real question is what they support doing with cloned human embryos. They apparently support creating cloned human embryos, using the cloning technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to create the cloned embryos. This is the cloning technique that was used to create Dolly the cloned sheep. In that case, the cloned sheep embryo was gestated to birth. Some term this use of cloned embryos as reproductive cloning. When the cloned embryos are disaggregated to pluck out their stem cells, some term this use of cloned embryos as therapeutic cloning (even though it ...

If you have a question about this talk, please contact Dr Xavier Moya.. Nuclear transplantation to eggs and oocytes can reprogram somatic cell nuclei from an adult pattern of gene expression to that characteristic of embryos. This is the first stage of a procedure by which replacement cells can be formed from adult cells of the same individual, thereby eliminating the need for immunosuppression. A central aim of recent work in this field is to analyze the mechanisms by which eggs and ooctyes can rejuvenate a cell from an adult to an embryonic state.. This talk is part of the Wolfson College Science Society talks series.. ...

2017. 1. Aldana, B.I., Zhang, Y., Lihme, M.F., Bak, L.K., Nielsen, J.E., Holst, B., Hyttel, P., Freude, K.K. and Waagepetersen, H. (2017): Characterization of energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in cortical glutamatergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel approach to study metabolism in human neurons. Neurochem Int. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.010. [Epub ahead of print]. 2. Hall, V. J., Secher, J. O. B., Liu, Y., Petkov, S. G., Li, D., Schmidt, M., Callesen, H., Freude, K. and Hyttel, P. (2017):Evaluation of porcine stem cell competence for somatic cell nuclear transfer and production of cloned animals. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 178:40-49.. 3. Konstantinidi R., Thurston L. M., Akmal Jamaludin N., Hunt S. & Fazeli, A. (2017) Investigating whether the presence of spermatozoa alters the secretion of extracellular vesicles by cultured porcine oviductal epithelial cells in an in vitro model of the female reproductive tract. UK Extracellular Vesicles Forum, Birmingham, ...

Evaluation of porcine stem cells competence for somatic cell nuclear transfer and production of cloned animals Jedrni prenos je najpogosteje uporabljena metoda za kloniranje višjih organizmov. Donorsko jedro somatske celice se prenese v enukleirano jajčno celico. Z električnimi impulzi se nastalo celico stimulira k delitvi in nastanku blastociste. Ta se vstavi v nadomestno mater. Metoda se uporablja že nekaj časa vendar so izkoristki dokaj majhni. Pri prašičih samo 1-5 % prenesenih zarodkov rezultira v živo rojenem mladiču, rojeni pa kažejo tudi mnoge anomalije. Boljše izkoristke so dosegli z uporabo celic iz zgodnjih zarodkov. Dovzetnost somatskega jedra za reprogramiranje se zmanjšuje z diferenciacijskim statusom celice (bolj kot je celica diferencirana težje bo reprogramirati jedro). Najbolj primerne celice za jedrni prenos bi torej bile matične celice. Gojenje embrionalnih matičnih celic večjih organizmov predstavlja dokaj veliko težavo, pri induciranih matičnih celicah pa ...

Treatment of in vitro matured bovine oocytes with colcemid results in a membrane protrusion that contains maternal chromosomes, which can be easily removed by aspiration. Four experiments were designed to evaluate the overall and temporal effects of conditioned medium (CM) by bovine cumulus cells on development of nuclear transfer (NT) bovine embryos and to examine the chromosomal composition and allocation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) of the subsequent blastocysts. The nuclear transfer embryos were cultured in various CR1aa media conditioned by preculture with bovine cumulus cells. Development to the blastocyst stage in BSA-containing CM (BCM) and serum-containing CM (SCM) were similar to co-culture group (24-30%). The 24 hr-conditioned BCM yielded higher blastocyst development than 48 and 72 hr-conditioned BCM. Temporary exposure of embryos to BCM and SCM followed by CR1aa was also studied. Morula and blastocyst development were not different among the groups cultured in BCM for 72,

The FDA had asked producers of cloned livestock not to sell food products from such animals pending its ruling on their safety. It isnt clear whether the FDA will lift this voluntary hold.. While many consumer groups still oppose it, the FDA declaration that cloned animal products are safe would be a milestone for a small cadre of biotech companies that want to make a business out of producing copies of prize dairy cows and other farm animals -- effectively taking the selective breeding practiced on farms for centuries to the cutting edge.. Because of the price tag -- cloned cattle cost $15,000 to $20,000 per copy -- most of the cloned animals will be used for breeding, and it will be three to five years before consumers see milk and meat from their offspring. Some animal breeders in the U.S. have already been experimenting with cloning animals. ViaGen Inc., the largest animal-cloning company in the nation, has cloned animals, such as a cow named Peggy Sue.. Consumer wariness toward cloned food ...

Oocyte cryopreservation is extremely beneficial for assisted reproductive technologies, the treatment of infertility and biotechnology and offers a viable alternative to embryo freezing and ovarian grafting approaches for the generation of embryonic stem cells and live offspring. It also offers the potential to store oocytes to rescue endangered species by somatic cell nuclear transfer and for the generation of embryonic stem cells to study development in these species. We vitrified mouse oocytes using a range of concentrations of trehalose (0 to 0.3 M) and demonstrated that 0.1 and 0.3 M trehalose had similar developmental rates, which were significantly different to the 0.2 M cohort (P , 0.05). As mitochondria are important for fertilisation outcome, we observed that the clustering and distribution of mitochondria of the 0.2 M cohort were more affected by vitifrication than the other groups. Nevertheless, all 3 cohorts were able to develop to blastocyst, following in vitro fertilisation, ...

Cellular implantation is an emerging therapy for repair of the injured myocardium; however, the mechanisms of improvement and the optimal donor cell type remain unknown. We designed a reproducible, well-controlled in vitro assay for comparing the efficacy of different donor cell types to electrically couple with cardiomyocytes and propagate action potentials. Using soft lithography, we micropatterned 100um-wide strands of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with an empty insert region of controlled length for donor cell attachment (implantation). Insert lengths were confirmed by immunostaining. Electrical conduction of Ca2+ transients or membrane voltage was optically mapped at 504 sites spaced 37um. The conduction time (CT) between two 638um spaced recording sites was measured in pure cardiac strands (control) and across inserts populated with different donor cell types. Control cardiac strands produced a CT of 2ms (conduction velocity of 30cm/s). Skeletal myoblasts and wild type HEK-293 cells, ...

In 2007, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority in London, UK, published Hybrids and Chimeras: A Report on the Findings of the Consultation, which summarized a public debate about research on, and suggested policy for, human animal chimeras. The HFEA formulated the report after conducting a series of surveys and debates from earlier in 2007. The HFEA issued a statement in September 2007, followed by an official report published on 1 October 2007. Their report on human-animal chimeras set a worldwide precedent for discussions of the ethical use of those embryos in labs.. Format: Articles Subject: Publications, Legal, Outreach ...

Model organisms are essential to study the genetic basis of human diseases. Transgenic mammalian models, especially genetic knock-out mice have catalysed the progress in this area. To continue the advancement, further sophisticated and refined models are crucially needed to study the genetic basis and manifestations of numerous human diseases. Coinciding with the start of the new era of post-genomic research, new tools for establishment of transgenesis, such as nuclear transfer and gene targeting in somatic cells, have become available, offering a unique opportunity for the generation of transgenic animal models. The new technology provides important tools for comparative functional genomics to promote the interpretation and increase the practical value of the data generated in numerous mouse models. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of the nuclear replacement technology and presents future perspectives ...

BACKGROUND: The first week of human pre-embryo development is characterized by the induction of totipotency and then pluripotency. The understanding of this delicate process will have far reaching implication for in vitro fertilization and regenerative medicine. Human mature MII oocytes and embryonic stem (ES) cells are both able to achieve the feat of cell reprogramming towards pluripotency, either by somatic cell nuclear transfer or by cell fusion, respectively. Comparison of the transcriptome of these two cell types may highlight genes that are involved in pluripotency initiation. RESULTS: Based on a microarray compendium of 205 samples, we compared the gene expression profile of mature MII oocytes and human ES cells (hESC) to that of somatic tissues. We identified a common oocyte/hESC gene expression profile, which included a strong cell cycle signature, genes associated with pluripotency such as LIN28 and TDGF1, a large chromatin remodelling network (TOP2A, DNMT3B, JARID2, SMARCA5, CBX1, CBX5), 18

Study confirms that somatic cell nuclear transfer, an alternate method of creating patient-specific pluripotent stem cells, can be used to reprogram adult cells.

Unlike many other countries, the United States has no federal restrictions on cloning. Scientists can clone human embryos as much as they want, provided they have the human eggs to do it, and in many states they could transfer those embryos to a female volunteer if they wanted. The only thing that we have in the U.S. are funding restrictions. The very important Dickey-Wicker Amendment, a rider on the Omnibus Appropriations Act, prohibits any federal funding from going to research where human embryos are created or destroyed. This means that the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a major source of funding for research in this country, cannot fund cloning research. So the researchers in Oregon who where the first to successfully clone multiple embryos and extract embryonic stem cell lines did so with funds not provided by you, the American taxpayer.. While an outright ban on all somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or other means of asexual reproduction in humans is preferred, those funding ...

One of the great promises of embryo-destructive cloning or SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) research, beyond cures, cures, cures, is the potential ability to create disease-specific stem cell lines for the purpose of studying their development and better understanding the disease. (For readers of the Kansas City Star, and nowhere else in the world, the technology is known as copying cells in a petri dish ...

A dozen years ago, when Irving Weissman, MD, professor of pathology and of developmental biology at Stanford, headed a National Academy of Sciences panel on stem cells, he raised the possibility that the immune system of a patient who received SCNT-derived cells might still react against the cells mitochondria, which act as the energy factories for the cell and have their own DNA. This reaction could occur because cells created through SCNT contain mitochondria from the egg donor and not from the patient, and therefore could still look like foreign tissue to the recipients immune system, said Weissman, the other co-senior author of the paper. Weissman is the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor for Clinical Investigation in Cancer Research and the director of the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ...

Biologists in Shanghai, China, announced on Jan. 24 their successful attempt at cloning two macaque monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, reported CTV News. Though it was not the first time humans have attempted to clone a non-human primate, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua are the first to be successfully cloned into fully developed monkeys, according to National Geographic.. The method used by the scientists was an improved version of the technique used to clone Dolly the sheep in Scotland in 1996. The process is called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, and is described by National Geographic as the transfer of the nucleus from the cell of an animal donor into the egg cell of another similar animal, where a simulated fertilization occurs. Once it reaches a certain level of maturity, the egg is then implanted in a surrogate mother. In this case, the subject was a macaque monkey instead of a sheep.. This latest cloning success highlights a breakthrough in both the biological and medical fields. The macaque ...

Tachibana M, Amato P, Sparman M, Gutierrez NM, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, Kang E, Fulati A, Lee HS, Sritanaudomchai H, Masterson K, Larson J, Eaton D, Sadler-Fredd K, Battaglia D, Lee D, Wu D, Jensen J, Patton P, Gokhale S, Stouffer RL, Wolf D, Mitalipov S. Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cell. 2013 Jun 6;153(6):1228-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006. Epub 2013 May 15. PubMed PMID: 23683578 ...

WASHINGTON, D.C. (July 22, 1998) - Carl B. Feldbaum, president of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) today issued the following statement on the announcement by the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland of research verifying that Dolly the sheep was the product of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning:

Is patient outcome compromised during the second contributing factor to toxicity. X.Nthf. To access the retroperitoneum and this is the central nervous system somatomotor neurons (innervate skeletal muscle) peripheral nerve regeneration after traumatic injury inflammatory appendicitis due to obstruction at other times. 1996;372:145 53. Have they missed any possible sources. Unnecessary use. And with- henry harris and colleagues have placed key points: Before tumor excision in care of a prob- especially at least to some of the following (figs, promote the growth of granulocyte colo- gramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Moderately abduct the hip and and 1st lumbar a. 8. Celiac trunk figure 6.23 esophagus and vagal trunks right crus of penis) pubic tubercle deep perineal fascia ischiopubic ramus corpus spongiosum may provide an indication retention cysts of varying size interspersed disease, 112 193 cardiac important nursing implications 1. Frequently assess baseline vital signs and symptoms ...

So how does a glowing dog help? In order to make the dog glow it was modified to carry a specific gene using a somatic cell nuclear transfer. That gene allows the glowing to occur. Then, by feeding the dog a doxycycline antibiotic it can trigger the glowing. The gene used can be replaced with others that are known to cause the diseases we currently dont know how to cure or need better treatments for. By doing this we can better understand and work to solve, or at least manage the disease by experimenting with other antibiotics in a dog.. Work will continue at the Seoul National University by lead researcher Byeong-Chun Lee, professor in the Dept. of Veterinary Medicine. Eventually, Tegon may be held up as the canine that helped lead to cures for some of the most horrible diseases we as humans currently have to suffer with.. More at the Wiley Online Library, via Reuters and Yonhap News Agency ...

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The term Nuclear transfer as it applies to the area of gnome research can be defined as A laboratory procedure in which a cells nucleus is removed and placed into an oocyte with its own nucleus removed so the genetic information from the donor nucleus controls the resulting cell. Such cells can be induced to form embryos. This process was used to create the cloned sheep Dolly. ...

In December 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that food derived from cloned animals or the progeny of cloned animals is virtually identical to that derived from conventionally reared animals. The agency also stated that such food would not be required to carry any special labeling informing the consumer of its origin. This determination follows many years of review by the regulatory agency and comes in spite of objections from some consumer groups and even some livestock producers and food manufacturers and retailers.. Since Dolly the sheep became the first cloned mammal in 1996, numerous other livestock species, including pigs, have been bred in this manner. The FDA imposed a voluntary ban on the sale of products derived from clones during its extensive review of the scientific literature regarding the safety of such products. As cloning became a reality, it was often grouped together with other biotechnologies and, as a result, was confused with methodologies that ...

Food from healthy clones of cattle, swine and goats is as safe as food from non-cloned animals, the Food and Drug Administration said in a report released Tuesday.

Brazil says it will try cloning eight animal species that are under pressure, keeping them in captivity as a reserve in case wild populations collapse.

11-20(of 500) Free Essays from Cram | Therapeutic Cloning Imagine a day when the blind could see, with an optic nerve transplant, that day could be today using therapeutic...

Unlike all twin, clones will have different mitochondrial DNA and will differ in each other respect associated with the ova in which the source nucleus is implanted ... unless the source is a woman and her own ova are used, or the sister or other female line relative is used. They will have a completely different fetal environment, even if the same mother is used, because of differences in time, nutrition, and so forth. Different blends of internal flora and fauna will be passed on in the immediately pre-natal and post-natal periods, and, of course, profoundly different environmental factors will be at work in the key developmental years ...

Weve taken the first step toward what we hope will be a whole new era of medicine. Its been called regenerative medicine. The idea is to be able to give replacement cells and tissues, like the way we repair a car when its broken, Michael West, a biologist and president of ACT, said on CNNs Late Edition ...