Segmentation of the axial skeleton in amniotes depends on the segmentation clock, which patterns the paraxial mesoderm and the sclerotome. While the segmentation clock clearly operates in teleosts, the role of the sclerotome in establishing the axial skeleton is unclear. We severely disrupt zebrafish paraxial segmentation, yet observe a largely ... read more normal segmentation process of the chordacentra. We demonstrate that axial entpd5+ notochord sheath cells are responsible for chordacentrum mineralization, and serve as a marker for axial segmentation. While autonomous within the notochord sheath, entpd5 expression and centrum formation show some plasticity and can respond to myotome pattern. These observations reveal for the first time the dynamics of notochord segmentation in a teleost, and are consistent with an autonomous patterning mechanism that is influenced, but not determined by adjacent paraxial mesoderm. This behavior is not consistent with a clock-type mechanism in the notochord. ...
The notochord is a midline mesodermal structure with an essential patterning function in all vertebrate embryos. Zebrafish floating head (flh) mutants lack a notochord, but develop with prechordal plate and other mesodermal derivatives, indicating that flh functions specifically in notochord development. We show that floating head is the zebrafish homologue of Xnot, a homeobox gene expressed in the amphibian organizer and notochord. We propose that flh regulates notochord precursor cell fate.
Although the patterning roles of the notochord are essential for normal vertebrate development, the notochord also has an essential structural role. The notochord is the main axial skeletal element of the chordate early embryo; without a fully differentiated notochord embryos fail to elongate (Odenthal et al., 1996; Saúde et al., 2000; Schulte-Merker et al., 1992; Schulte-Merker et al., 1994; Stemple et al., 1996; Talbot et al., 1995). For many species, this results in the inability to swim properly, to escape predation and to feed. Some understanding of this function of the notochord has been derived from studies of zebrafish mutations (Driever et al., 1996; Haffter et al., 1996). A number of loci involved in notochord formation were identified in several large-scale systematic screens for mutations affecting zebrafish embryogenesis (Fig. 3) (Odenthal et al., 1996; Stemple et al., 1996). As I have discussed, a few of the loci identified in these screens have been found to be important for the ...
We have developed a model system for analyzing reconstitution of the notochord using cultured blastoderm isolates lacking Hensens node and the primitive streak. Despite lacking normal notochordal precursor cells, the notochord still forms in these isolates during the 36 hours in culture. Reconstitution of the notochord involves an inducer, which acts upon a responder, thereby inducing a reconstituted notochord. To better understand the mechanism of notochord reconstitution, we asked whether formation of the notochord in the model system was preceded by reconstitution of Hensens node, the organizer of the avian neuraxis. Our results show not only that a functional organizer is reconstituted, but that this organizer is induced from the responder. First, fate mapping reveals that the responder forms a density, morphologically similar to Hensens node, during the first 10-12 hours in culture, and that this density expresses typical markers of Hensens node. Second, the density, when fate mapped or ...
But wait! Theres so much more. The notochord isnt just a mechanical structure, its also a source of inductive signals that tell the spinal cord to form neurons. The first growth cones - the motile tip of a growing neuron - emerge where the spinal cord meets the notochord, and they creep along the surface of the notochord before charging off into the muscles. If I wanted to know how the nervous system builds that circuitry I was studying, I should look further into interactions with that long rod.. Also, I was beginning to appreciate the importance of the notochord to everything. In gastrulation, its those first cells that tuck in and migrate into the interior of the animal that are going to form axial mesoderm, which will eventually form the notochord. Oh, what a devious structure: it got me thinking about things other than the nervous system that develop, as well as appreciating how development is an integrative process that cant actually be thoroughly understood by examining organs in ...
Notogenesis is the development of the notochord by the epiblasts that make up the floor of the amnion cavity.[2] The progenitor notochord is derived from cells migrating from the primitive node and pit.[3] The notochord forms during gastrulation and soon after induces the formation of the neural plate (neurulation), synchronizing the development of the neural tube. On the ventral aspect of the neural groove an axial thickening of the endoderm takes place. (In bipedal chordates, e.g. humans, this surface is properly referred to as the anterior surface). This thickening appears as a furrow (the chordal furrow) the margins of which anastomose (come into contact), and so convert it into a solid rod of polygonal-shaped cells (the notochord) which is then separated from the endoderm.[citation needed]. In vertebrates, it extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column, and reaches as far as the anterior end of the midbrain, where it ends in a hook-like extremity in the region of the ...
With Tunicata, the rule is like this: all of them have a notochord in their tail in the larval stage, but they loose the notochord upon metamorphosis, when they loose their whole tail. There are a few tunicates, however, that make up an exception to this rule. The Apendicularia(Oikopleura sp.) do not undergo metamorphosis, and the adult retains all the characteristics of the larva, including the notochord. But it is simply an exception, not the general rule ...
WKP Definition : In anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage. If a species has a notochord at any (...)
HNF-3 beta, a member of the HNF-3/fork head family of transcription factors, is expressed in the node, notochord, floor plate, and gut in mouse embryos. A null mutation of this gene leads to embryonic lethality. The primary defect of HNF-3 beta -/- embryos is an absence of organized node and notocho …
The notochord is an elongate, rod-like, skeletal structure dorsal to the gut tube and ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord should not be confused with the backbone or vertebral column of most adult vertebrates. The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect. The visceral (also called pharyngeal or ...
The notochord is an elongate, rod-like, skeletal structure dorsal to the gut tube and ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord should not be confused with the backbone or vertebral column of most adult vertebrates. The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect. The visceral (also called pharyngeal or ...
In some primitive chordates (amphioxus, tunicates, hagfish), the notochord is used by the adult for propulsion just as you described the cuticle is used. The notochord is highly elastic. The muscles of the chordate adult bends its body. When the muscles relax, the notochord springs back. Thus, the notochord provides an efficient form of propulsion. The muscles couldnt provide propulsion without it. This is probably the primitive function of the notochord. So the notochord of chordates can be considered analogous to the cuticle of nematodes ...
A notochord can be found in the embryos of all chordates, the phylum which contains the subphyla of fish, mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. The notochord defines the primitive axis of the...
Prenotochordal cellsinvaginating in the primitive pit move forward cephalad until they reach theprechordal plate. These prenotochordal cells become intercalated in the hypoblast so that, for a short time, the midline of the embryo consists of two cell layers that form the notochordal plate. As the hypoblast is replaced by endodermcells moving in at the streak,cells of the notochordal plate proliferate and detach from the endoderm. They then form a solid cord of cells, the definitive notochord,which underlies the neural tube and serves as the basis for the axial skeleton.Because elongation of the notochord is a dynamic process, the cranial end forms first, and caudal regions are added as the primitive streak assumes a more caudal position. The notochord and prenotochordal cells extend cranially to the prechordal plate (an area just caudal to the buccopharyngeal membrane)and caudally to the primitive pit. At the point where the pit forms an indentation in the epiblast, the neurenteric canal ...
Prenotochordal cellsinvaginating in the primitive pit move forward cephalad until they reach theprechordal plate. These prenotochordal cells become intercalated in the hypoblast so that, for a short time, the midline of the embryo consists of two cell layers that form the notochordal plate. As the hypoblast is replaced by endodermcells moving in at the streak,cells of the notochordal plate proliferate and detach from the endoderm. They then form a solid cord of cells, the definitive notochord,which underlies the neural tube and serves as the basis for the axial skeleton.Because elongation of the notochord is a dynamic process, the cranial end forms first, and caudal regions are added as the primitive streak assumes a more caudal position. The notochord and prenotochordal cells extend cranially to the prechordal plate (an area just caudal to the buccopharyngeal membrane)and caudally to the primitive pit. At the point where the pit forms an indentation in the epiblast, the neurenteric canal ...
From a biologists perspective, a few identifying clues stand out-but only a few. One is that it had a notochord. A notochord is a stiff rod made of cartilage that runs down an animals back like a backbone, providing support while it is an embryo. All vertebrates and some invertebrates have notochords. In vertebrates, the notochord can later become part of the vertebral column. This makes it an important clue to one of the most basic distinctions in biology: was the Tully monster a vertebrate or an invertebrate? ...
Caveolae have been linked to diverse cellular functions and to many disease states. In this study we have used zebrafish to examine the role of caveolin-1 and caveolae during early embryonic development. During development, expression is apparent in a number of tissues including Kupffers vesicle, tailbud, intersomite boundaries, heart, branchial arches, pronephric ducts and periderm. Particularly strong expression is observed in the sensory organs of the lateral line, the neuromasts and in the notochord where it overlaps with expression of caveolin-3. Morpholino-mediated downregulation of Cav1alpha caused a dramatic inhibition of neuromast formation. Detailed ultrastructural analysis, including electron tomography of the notochord, revealed that the central regions of the notochord has the highest density of caveolae of any embryonic tissue comparable to the highest density observed in any vertebrate tissue. In addition, Cav1alpha downregulation caused disruption of the notochord, an effect ...
Mutational analyses have shown that the genes no tail (ntl, Brachyury homolog), floating head (flh, a Not homeobox gene), and cyclops (cyc) play direct and essential roles in the development of midline structures in the zebrafish. In both ntl and flh mutants a notochord does not develop, and in cyc mutants the floor plate is nearly entirely missing. We made double mutants to learn how these genes might interact. Midline development is disrupted to a greater extent in cyc;flh double mutants than in either cyc or flh single mutants; their effects appear additive. Both the notochord and floor plate are completely lacking, and other phenotypic disturbances suggest that midline signaling functions are severely reduced. On the other hand, trunk midline defects in flh;ntl double mutants are not additive, but are most often similar to those in ntl single mutants. This finding reveals that loss of ntl function can suppress phenotypic defects due to mutation at flh, and we interpret it to mean that the ...
NOTOCHORD In fact, the beginnings of the axial skeleton of vertebrates, both embryologically and phylogenetically is not about the vertebral column. Rather it is about the notochord. The notochord: Derived from mesoderm A trans-segmental structure immediately ventral to the dorsal hollow nerve cord. A laterally flexible, but incompressible rod, that prevents telescoping of the body in primitive vertebrates, as well as embryos. It does not become the vertebral column, but is replaced in varying degrees by structures of the sklerotome of the somite.
the non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) or mongrel dog that retains its population of notochordal cells (unlike humans) does not develop DDD if at all, until much later in life. Here we demonstrate that NCCM is capable of regenerating the degenerative disc in a pre-clinical animal model of DDD. Materials/Methods: We used a 26-gauge needle and image guidance to develop DDD in a pre-clinical rodent model and characterized the degenerative cascade from healthy through 10-weeks by analyzing the IVD NPs until 6-weeks post injury. Meanwhile we generated notochordal cell. ...
Individual classes of neural cells differentiate at distinct locations in the developing vertebrate nervous system. We provide evidence that the pattern of cell differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the chick neural tube is regulated by signals derived from two ventral midline cell groups, …
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Phylum Chordata : It includes highest evolved animals of the animals kingdom. Chief characteristics of the phylum are : (a)Notochord : A dorsal solid notochord is present throughout life or in larval stages. (b)Nerve cor…
German physiologist who served as an assistant to Johannes Müller. He discovered the digestive enzyme pepsin in 1836. He showed that yeast were tiny plant-like organisms, and suggested that fermentation was a biological process. Schwann was a master microscopist who examined animal tissue, specifically working on notochord development in tadpoles. In Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen (Microscopic researches on the Conformity in Structure and Growth Between Animals and Plants, 1839), he recognized nuclear structures similar to what Schleiden had observed in plants. In 1839, he extended Schleidens cell theory to animals, stating that all living things are composed of cells. He believed that new cells form principally outside pre-existing cells, and wanted to draw an analogy to crystal formation ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Notochord patterning of the endoderm. AU - Cleaver, Ondine. AU - Krieg, Paul A.. PY - 2001/6/1. Y1 - 2001/6/1. N2 - Endodermally derived organs of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system form at distinct anterioposterior and dorsoventral locations along the vertebrate body axis. This stereotyped program of organ formation depends on the correct patterning of the endodermal epithelium so that organ differentiation and morphogenesis occur at appropriate positions along the gut tube. Whereas some initial patterning of the endoderm is known to occur early, during germ-layer formation and gastrulation, later signaling events, originating from a number of adjacent tissue layers, are essential for the development of endodermal organs. Previous studies have shown that signals arising from the notochord are important for patterning of the ectodermally derived floor plate of the neural tube and the mesodermally derived somites. This review will discuss recent evidence indicating that ...
Evolution has left us with many mementos from our fishy past, most of which vanish early in development, and the notochord is one of them. All vertebrates develop a notochord, a form of rigid hydrostatic skeleton, early in gestation. The notochord soon becomes enclosed by short sections of bone that develop into individual vertebrae that eventually form the vertebral column. But hagfish didnt evolve a mineralised skeleton. John Long explains that hagfish are a `mosaic of ancestral and derived features, with the features that remain from the past providing a link to our ancestors. He adds that their undulating swimming style could also be related to the way our aquatic ancestors swam. Long wondered whether the hagfish could tell us anything about how a notochord functioned in swimming from the past through to the present. Together with his colleagues, Long has discovered that the hagfishs notochord has an amazing mechanical property; the notochord is mechanically tuned for maximum swimming ...
Characterization and Transcriptional Activity of a Vitamin D Receptor Ortholog in the Ascidian Halocynthia roretzi - cDNA;Tunicate;Vitamin D receptor;Vitamin D responsive reporter gene;Halocynthia roretzi;
The murine Brachyury (T) gene is required in posterior mesoderm formation and axial development. Mutant embryos lacking T gene function are deficient in notochord differentiation and posterior mesoderm formation, but make anterior mesoderm. Posterior axial development requires increasing T activity along the rostrocaudal axis. The T gene is transiently transcribed in nascent and migrating mesoderm and continuously in the notochord. The maintenance of T expression in the notochord depends, directly or indirectly, on wild-type T activity. In Xenopus it has been shown that the onset of T expression occurs in response to mesoderm-inducing growth factors. The T protein is binding to DNA and is probably involved in the control of gene expression. Here we show that the T protein is located in the nucleus. We have analyzed the expression pattern of T protein in wild-type and mutant embryos from early primitive streak formation to the end of the tail bud stage. Throughout all stages of mesoderm formation ...
In biology, caveolae (Latin for little caves; singular, caveola), which are a special type of lipid raft, are small (50-100 nanometer) invaginations of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell types, especially in endothelial cells, adipocytes and embryonic notochord cells. They were originally discovered by E. Yamada in 1955. These flask-shaped structures are rich in proteins as well as lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids and have several functions in signal transduction. They are also believed to play a role in mechanoprotection, mechanosensation, endocytosis, oncogenesis, and the uptake of pathogenic bacteria and certain viruses. Formation and maintenance of caveolae was initially thought to be primarily due to caveolin, a 21 kD protein. There are three homologous genes of caveolin expressed in mammalian cells: Cav1, Cav2 and Cav3. These proteins have a common topology: cytoplasmic N-terminus with scaffolding domain, long hairpin transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic C-terminus. ...
Chordoma is an uncommon (400 case/year in the U.S.) and potentially fatal bone tumor derived from remnants of embryonic notochord. It occurs primarily in the axial skeleton and has a mean age at diagnosis of 55 years, with a range from early childhood to over 70 years. This tumor usually presents at an advanced stage and the associated mortality is high due to local destruction and distant metastases. Chordoma is rare in African-Americans and is typically sporadic; there are few reports of these tumors arising congenitally or within members of the same family.. Recently, we have identified and studied one large family in which 10 relatives in three generations have chordoma; the inheritance pattern suggests transmission of a mutation in an autosomal dominant gene. Using information from this family, we have tentatively napped this gene to the long arm of chromosome 7. To confirm this finding, and to fine map and clone the gene, we need to study additional chordoma families. In an effort to ...
The story of the T-box genes began in Paris at the Pasteur laboratory in the 1920s with the Russian scientist Nadine Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa, who embarked on a pioneering screen for X-ray-induced developmental mouse mutants. Her isolation of a mouse strain with a short tail, caused by a semidominant heterozygous mutation in a locus she called T, represented one of the first successful mammalian genetic screens, and provided one of the earliest links between gene activity and cell behaviour during embryogenesis[4]. The mid-gestational death of homozygous T embryos, with perturbed development of the posterior mesoderm and notochord, demonstrated an essential requirement for T during gastrulation, and led to the earliest insights into the inductive influences of notochord on neural tube and somite development. Over 60 years later T, now also known as brachyury, meaning short tail in Greek, was cloned in one of the earliest positional cloning efforts in the mouse[5]. At the time, lack of ...
feelings to Federal methods operating book data analysis what can be learned restrictions. Learn our analysis transportation for further industry. oligolecithal stages of the Americas Before Columbus - Charles C. Uncovering the New World Columbus Created - Charles C. A Space Odyssey - Arthur C. The extra article - Arthur C. occipital Max 2012 coverage - Kelly L. A new future of lineage - Stephen W. A Briefer struggle of Time - Stephen W. A Penny Brannigan My - Elizabeth J. A Canticle For Leibowitz - Walter M. A Canticle for Leibowitz - Walter M. A Caress of Twilight - Laurell K. A Caress of Twilight - Laurell K. A Catskill Eagle - Robert B. A Clash of Kings - George R. A Dance With Dragons - George R. A notochord at Sethanon - Raymond E. A mouse at Sethanon - Raymond E. A cord for anastomoses - George R. A cavity for letters - George R. G vertebral neurulation; important occipital size F0 g2 J3 L. A Forest of Stars - Kevin J. A Funny Thing remarked on the musculature to the - Michael J. A Funny ...
I know national he is infected over his Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America\s Universities. I are you are thinking mitotic notochord at neural or had four brands also. been from Graham Greene: A Life in Letters was by Richard Greene.
Chordates are characterised by a rod-like notochord and a hollow nerve cord on the dorsal side of the gut, and pharynx being perforated with gill slits for respiration. Vertebrates have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord, cephalization of the nervous system, a ventral heart, a post-anal tail and division of the coelom into chambers. The following chapters appear in this section. Click on the title to open.. ...
Chordates are characterised by a rod-like notochord and a hollow nerve cord on the dorsal side of the gut, and pharynx being perforated with gill slits for respiration. Vertebrates have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord, cephalization of the nervous system, a ventral heart, a post-anal tail and division of the coelom into chambers. The following chapters appear in this section. Click on the title to open.. ...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Ben Abdelkhalek, H.; Beckers, A.; Schuster-Gossler, K.; Pavlova, M. N.; Burkhardt, H.; Lickert, H.; Rossant, J.; Reinhardt, R.; Schalkwyk, L. C.; Mueller, I. et al.; Herrmann, B. G.; Ceolin, M.; Rivera-Pomar, R.; Gossler, A.: The mouse homeobox gene Not is required for caudal notochord development and affected by the truncate mutation. Genes and Development 18 (14), doi:10.1101/gad.303504, S. 1725 - 1736 (2004 ...
Egg: This egg was only once encountered in a gelatinous cluster, and is far less common than ABHIIIA1. The egg is only slightly oval, and as the larva develops, the perivitelline space increases (A). The yolk is rough-surfaced, and the chorion has a green or red tinge. Incubation is about 30 hours. Larva: Newly hatched larvae have four white/yellow pigment spots, and blotchy black pigment, in the outer finfold (B), and a rough finfold surface (C). At 1 day, the two dorsal yellow pigment clusters move into the dorsal finfold (C). At 6 days the larva has black pigment above the gut and a patch on the notochord midway between anus and notochord tip, whilet the yellow pigment persists, but has paled to white (F). B: newly hatched, C: 1 day, D: 2 days, E: 3 days, F: 6 days.. This egg was not reared. Three hatched larvae sequences, indicate a single species, but no matching adult sequence is currently available (BOLD), and they are curiously remotely positioned in my barcode tree, away from other ...
Halocynthia roretzi Hgv2 protein: amino acid sequence given in first source; sequence given for protein from H. roretzi; a putative histone-binding protein; homologous to Xenopus N1 protein; GenBank D13541
View Notes - Vert Lecture PPT from BIOLOGY 110 at Drexel. Lecture 10: Vertebrates Chapter 34 Shared dervied traits of chordates dorsal hollow nerve cord - develops from rolled ectoderm notochord -
Main Characteristics of Vertebrates are given below: 1) Well developed brain. 2) Brain lodged in to box or cranium. 3) Notochord, forms on the dorsal side of the primitive gut in the early embryo
Page 3 of 8 - Abortionists Having To Face Truth. - posted in Best all time threads.: They keep saying theyve stopped teaching Häckel, but if that were so, why would we be seeing stuff like this?...In eight weeks after fertilization, a single human embryo traces our entire evolutionary past. The first weeks we start simple, a sponge maybe, or the translucent ghost of a hydra. Within the next few days a notochord descends. The origin of the vertebrate. Gills streak our sides by week...
1 During embryonic disc folding in week 3 only the ectoderm layer folds ventrally left, right and above and below the notochord. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A Case of Ecchordosis Physaliphora in the Prepontine Cistern. T2 - A Rare Entity in the Differential Diagnosis of an Epidermoid Cyst. AU - Miki, Kenji. AU - Yoshimoto, Koji. AU - Nishimura, Ataru. AU - Suzuki, Satoshi O.. AU - Hiwatashi, Akio. AU - Iihara, Koji. PY - 2017/9. Y1 - 2017/9. N2 - Background Ecchordosis physaliphora (EP) is a benign notochordal remnant that is usually asymptomatic. We report a case of a symptomatic large EP mimicking an epidermoid cyst. Case Description A 44-year-old woman presented with right facial dysesthesia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass with a diameter of 3.2 cm that was hypointense on T1-weighted imaging, hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging, isointense to hyperintense on diffusion-weighted imaging, and hyperintense on apparent diffusion coefficient map (1.2-1.6 × 10−3 mm2/second). There was no apparent contrast enhancement. Differential diagnoses included epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, EP, chordoma, chondrosarcoma, ...
Distribution: South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar and Comoros archipelago. Recently a second species has been discovered in Indonesia. Body robust, covered with large, imbricate bony scales; the exposed part of each scale armoured with hard tooth-like tubercles. Second dorsal, anal and paired fins lobate, projecting from body on a muscular peduncle containing a series of cartilaginous skeletal elements; caudal fin broadly rounded, with a small, projecting midlateral lobe with the rays articulating directly to the end of the notochord; first dorsal fin folding like a fan, the membrane supported by 8 spinulose bony rays; fin rays unbranched; caudal fin rays spinulose. Skeleton mostly cartilaginous; vertebrae rudimentary, the spinal cord supported by a large, hollow, thick-walled notochord (the embryonic precursor of vertebral centra in most fishes and other vertebrates) which is filled with fluid; neural and haemal spines ossified (bony) and attached directly to notochord. Ribs absent. ...
The actomyosin cytoskeleton is a primary force-generating mechanism in morphogenesis, thus a robust spatial control of cytoskeletal positioning is essential. In this report, we demonstrate that actomyosin contractility and planar cell polarity (PCP) interact in post-mitotic Ciona notochord cells to self-assemble and reposition actomyosin rings, which play an essential role for cell elongation. Intriguingly, rings always form at the cells′ anterior edge before migrating towards the center as contractility increases, reflecting a novel dynamical property of the cortex. Our drug and genetic manipulations uncover a tug-of-war between contractility, which localizes cortical flows toward the equator and PCP, which tries to reposition them. We develop a simple model of the physical forces underlying this tug-of-war, which quantitatively reproduces our results. We thus propose a quantitative framework for dissecting the relative contribution of contractility and PCP to the self-assembly and ...
From NCBI Gene:. This gene encodes a large protein whose specific function is unknown. Absence of the orthologous protein in mouse results in embryonic lethality with deficient axial rotation, abnormal differentiation of the neural tube, and randomized looping of the heart tube during development. In human, mutations in this gene are associated with polymicrogyria with seizures. In human fibroblasts this protein localizes at the ciliary basal bodies. Given the intracellular localization of this protein and the phenotypic effects of mutations, this gene is suspected of playing a role in the maintenance of normal ciliary structure which in turn effects the developmental process of left-right organ specification, axial rotation, and perhaps notochord development. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]. From UniProt: ...
The ultimate architecture of the complete adult pancreas is the outcome of several necessary embryologic events (reviewed in [17]). During embryonic day 8.5 and 9, the emerging embryo turns from a lordotic position to a fetal position[18], which causes the endoderm layer to fold on itself and form a primitive gut tube that is divided into the foregut, midgut and the hind-gut. Upon the establishment of the gut tube, the development of the dorsal pancreas is hereafter controlled by the notochord [17], which is the source of permissive signals that enables the differentiation of the foregut endoderm into a pancreas. The removal of the notochord is scientifically evidenced to eliminate the expression of pancreatic genes thus inhibiting pancreatic development and preventing the formation of all pancreatic cells, including beta cells[19]). Of the three divisions of the gut tube, the foregut is the most essential [20] as the first morphological process in pancreatic formation, and beta cell ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - M-Ras evolved independently of R-Ras and its neural function is conserved between mammalian and ascidian, which lacks classical Ras. AU - Keduka, Etsuko. AU - Kaiho, Ai. AU - Hamada, Mayuko. AU - Watanabe-Takano, Haruko. AU - Takano, Kazunori. AU - Ogasawara, Michio. AU - Satou, Yutaka. AU - Satoh, Nori. AU - Endo, Takeshi. PY - 2009/1/15. Y1 - 2009/1/15. N2 - The Ras family small GTPases play a variety of essential roles in eukaryotes. Among them, classical Ras (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras) and its orthologues are conserved from yeast to human. In ascidians, which phylogenetically exist between invertebrates and vertebrates, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-Ras-MAP kinase signaling is required for the induction of neural system, notochord, and mesenchyme. Analyses of DNA databases revealed that no gene encoding classical Ras is present in the ascidians, Ciona intestinalis and Halocynthia roretzi, despite the presence of classical Ras-orthologous genes in nematode, fly, amphioxus, ...
A discussion of the genes showing a variety of interesting expression patterns is largely beyond the scope of this report. However, as one of fruitful results of the clustering analysis of the expression profiles, we refer to a group of genes that are zygotically expressed in a pair of B7.6 cells in the early tailbud embryo. The endodermal strand is a line of cells located in the ventral midline just beneath the notochord in the tail. These cells are derived from three pairs of blastomeres of the 110-cell embryo, B7.2, b8.17 and B7.6 (Nishida, 1987). The main source of the tissue is B7.2, which contributes most of the endodermal strand cells. There are another two supplementary sources of this tissue. The first is a cell located at the tip of the tissue, which is derived from one of the b8.17 pair, and the second is B7.6, which is the posterior-most blastomere at the 64-cell stage. The bilateral pair of B7.6 does not further divide after the 64-cell stage, and gives rise to the two endodermal ...
Characterization of a gene trap insertion into a novel gene, cordon-bleu, expressed in axial structures of the gastrulating mouse embryo.. We have used a gene trap (GT) vector and embryonic stem (ES) cell chimeras to screen for insertions of the lacZ reporter gene into transcription units that are spatially and temporally regulated during early mouse embryogenesis. GT vectors which can act as both a reporter and a mutagen have been previously used to isolate new genes that are essential for mouse development. In this paper we describe a GT insertion which displays a very restricted pattern of expression in the gastrulating embryo. beta-Galactosidase activity was first detected at 7.5 days post-coitum (E7.5) in the node region of the embryo and extended to the midline structures at E8.0. At E9.5 expression was restricted to the floor plate, the notochord, the roof of the gut, and the liver anlage. Expression appeared in the somites at E10.0 and later became more widespread. We used rapid ...
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Axial mesoderm: | |Axial mesoderm|, also known as |Chordamesoderm|, is a type of |mesoderm| that lies along... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled.
The vertebrae of lobe-finned fishes include three discrete bony factors. The vertebral arch surrounds the spinal twine, and is of broadly very similar type to that present in most other vertebrates. Just beneath the arch lies a little plate-like pleurocentrum, which safeguards the higher surface on the notochord, and below that, a bigger arch-shaped intercentrum to protect the decrease border. Both of those buildings are embedded within a solitary cylindrical mass of cartilage. The same arrangement was found in the primitive Labyrinthodonts, but while in the evolutionary line that triggered reptiles (and consequently, also to mammals and birds), the intercentrum turned partially or wholly replaced by an enlarged pleurocentrum, which subsequently grew to become the bony vertebral system ...
Egg: The reddish or coppery sheen to the chorion is similar to MIA3, but the early development of pectorals in the diodontid separates the two even before hatching.. Larva: The 1-day larvais unmistakable (B), with a transparent caudal finfold which leaves the tip of the notochord appearing to protrude out of the heavily pigmented posterior finfold. Apart from the development of the mouth and eye pigment, there is little change over 5 days (D). B: 1 day, C: 4 days, D: 5 days (23°C).. This egg has only been seen twice, in April 2007 and May 2014, both times as single eggs. The latters hatched larva produced a barcode sequence, but no match has yet been found among the adult sequences in BOLD.. ...
Yale University The Tully Monster, an oddly configured sea creature with teeth at the end of a narrow, trunk-like extension of its head and eyes that perch on either side of a long, rigid bar, has finally been identified. A Yale-led team of paleontologists has determined that the 300-million-year-old animal - which grew to only a foot long - was a vertebrate, with gills and a stiffened rod (or notochord) that supported its body. It is part of the same lineage as the modern lamprey. ...
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The vertebral column originally develops as a series of 33 vertebrae, but this number is eventually reduced to 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx....
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