TY - JOUR. T1 - Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine responses to glucagon in patients with suspected pheochromocytomas. AU - Levinson, Paul D.. AU - Hamilton, Bruce P.. AU - Mersey, James H.. AU - Kowarski, A. Avinoam. PY - 1983/10. Y1 - 1983/10. N2 - Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were measured before and after glucagon administration in 28 patients suspected of having a pheochromocytoma: three patients were subsequently found to have tumors. The norepinephrine response predicted the presence or absence of a tumor in 27 of the 28 patients. Epinephrine levels doubled, on the average, in patients who did not have pheochromocytomas, and were not useful in distinguishing the patients with or without tumors. A comparison of the response to glucagon and a placebo indicated that changes in plasma catecholamine levels were hormone-related and not the result of side-effects accompanying injection. The glucagon provocation test, with measurement of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine ...

Thompson, Caitlin S., Lacy A. Holowatz, and W. Larry Kenney. Cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine are attenuated in older humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288: R1108 -R1113, 2005. First published January 20, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00839.2004.-Cutaneous vasoconstriction (VC) in response to cooling is impaired with human aging. On the basis of previous findings that older humans rely predominantly on norepinephrine (NE) for reflex VC of skin blood vessels, and that the VC effects of NE are blunted with age in many vascular beds, we tested the hypothesis that cutaneous VC responses to exogenous NE are attenuated in aged skin compared with young skin. In 11 young (18-30 yr) and 11 older (62-76 yr) men and women, skin blood flow was monitored at two forearm sites with laser Doppler (LD) flowmetry, while local skin temperature was clamped at 34°C. At one site, five doses of NE (10 10 to 10 2 M) were sequentially infused via intradermal microdialysis while the other site

Using an isolated canine heart preparation, the myocardial norepinephrine pool was labeled by injecting tritiated norepinephrine into the blood perfusing the heart. The extraction of the norepinephrine during a single circulation through the coronary bed was shown to be large (74%). As the isotopic material, which was extracted, was released spontaneously from the norepinephrine pool 75% to 88% of it was metabolized before appearing in the coronary venous blood. The chief metabolite has been demonstrated to be normetanephrine which accounts for 39.0% to 61.7% of the spontaneously released norepinephrine. Because of this it is concluded that catechol-O-methyl transferase is the enzyme primarily responsible for the metabolic inactivation of norepinephrine in the canine heart. When release was increased by the injection of tyramine, more of the released norepinephrine appeared unmetabolized in coronary venous blood, suggesting that the enzymatic process by which norepinephrine is inactivated may be ...

To clarify the role of the renal and hypothalamic noradrenergic systems in the antihypertensive actions of dietary potassium supplementation in salt-loaded spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we measured systolic blood pressure and norepinephrine turnover, which was determined from the rate of decline of tissue norepinephrine concentration after the administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, in 5-week-old SHR or age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats eating normal-NaCl (0.66%) or high-NaCl (8%) diet with supplementation of 8% KCl. In WKY rats, neither high-sodium nor high-potassium diets had an effect on blood pressure with no change in renal or hypothalamic norepinephrine turnover. In SHR, however, salt loading accelerated the development of hypertension. Potassium supplementation did not affect blood pressure in normal-sodium SHR but attenuated the rise in blood pressure with salt loads. Correspondingly, renal norepinephrine turnover in SHR was increased compared with that of WKY rats, and ...

To test the hypothesis that alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists can modulate sympathetic nerve release of norepinephrine in vivo through blockade of peripheral prejunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors, acute and chronic effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentrations have been investigated in conscious and anesthetized rats. In normotensive rats, a single i.v. dose of idazoxan (300 micrograms kg-1) caused an immediate 2-fold increase in plasma concentration of norepinephrine and epinephrine, a transient increase in heart rate but no significant change in MAP. Plasma norepinephrine concentration of conscious normotensive rats increased significantly during a 4-hr i.v. infusion of idazoxan (300 micrograms kg-1 hr-1) with no concomitant changes in MAP or heart rate. In anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, the increases in plasma norepinephrine concentration and heart rate caused by i.v. idazoxan (300 ...

1. Stressful sympathetic stimulation (cold pressor test) was applied to 18 patients with essential hypertension and 15 normotensive subjects. Intra-arterial blood pressure, heart rate, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations as well as forearm blood flow were measured before and during the cold pressor test; tests were repeated after regional postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin.. 2. Under basal conditions mean blood pressure (P , 0.001), heart rate (P , 0.01), forearm blood flow (P , 0.001) as well as adrenaline concentration (P , 0.01), but not noradrenaline, was higher in patients with essential hypertension.. 3. During the cold pressor test, mean blood pressure, heart rate, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased and forearm flow decreased (all P , 0.001).. 4. Stress-stimulated plasma adrenaline was higher in essential hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects (P , 0.01). In the former the stress-induced increase in plasma adrenaline ...

Differences in the norepinephrine system are implicated in depression. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are antidepressants that treat depression by increasing the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine available to postsynaptic cells in the brain. There is some recent evidence implying that SNRIs may also increase dopamine transmission.[15] This is because SNRIs work by inhibiting reuptake, i.e. preventing the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters from taking their respective neurotransmitters back to their storage vesicles for later use. If the norepinephrine transporter normally recycles some dopamine too, then SNRIs will also enhance dopaminergic transmission. Therefore, the antidepressant effects associated with increasing norepinephrine levels may also be partly or largely due to the concurrent increase in dopamine (particularly in the prefrontal cortex of the brain). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) increase norepinephrine activity as well. Most of them also increase ...

Ascorbic acid (ascorbate) participates in critical steps of the biosynthesis of norepinephrine, including those mediated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). For example, DBH is responsible for the conversion of dopamine into norepinephrine in noradrenergic terminals and requires the activity of the ascorbate-coupled cytochrome b561 protein (CYB561). The recent identification of 2 families harboring CYB561 gene mutations manifested with longstanding orthostatic hypotension (OH)1,2 resembling the phenotype of DBH deficiency3,4 emphasizes the important role of ascorbic acid-related processes in sympathetic control of blood pressure. ...

The stress of foot shock in rats induces large decreases in the level of brain norepinephrine but does not greatly alter the concentration of serotonin or dopamine in brain. These decrements in norepinephrine are not limited to any region and occur uniformly throughout the brain. However, absolute levels of these amines are not a true indicator of their dynamic state. By various techniques it could be demonstrated that the stress of foot shock accelerates the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin to the same degree as norepinephrine; the only difference being that dopamine and serotonin are rapidly resynthesized, whereas norepinephrine in the brain cannot be regenerated at the same rate. Furthermore, the increased catabolism of brain norepinephrine with stress is blocked by monoamine oxidase inhibitors, whereas catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors do not impede accelerated degradation.. ...

6) Antidepressants with mixed neurotransmitter results like Desyrel (trade title Trazodone) may be helpful for panic disorders, anxiety and restlessness. They are thought to work by elevating these neurotransmitter levels. 5) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) like Edronax increase norepinephrine levels only and are thought to enhance focus and motivation. 3) Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) improve norepinephrine and dopamine ranges. 4) Norepinephrine and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NASSAs) like Tolvon and Remeron are newer medication which increase norepinephrine and serotonin but may have fewer (though different) negative effects, like drowsiness, elevated appetite, and weight acquire. Antidepressant medications are primarily based on the speculation that low ranges of the brain neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine trigger depression. Only pharmaceutical companies put inventory (both actually and financially) in the idea that prescriptions ...

The Heart and Soul Study considers the psychosocial factors and health outcomes in patients with coronary disease. Depressive symptoms have been associated with an increased risk of cardiac events in patients with heart disease. The goal of this study was to examine the association between depressive symptoms and 24-hour urinary norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine excretion levels in 598 patients with coronary heart disease. Depressive symptoms were measured using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, a self-report checklist of depressive symptoms derived from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders interview. The study found that depressive symptoms were not associated with abnormal urinary levels of epinephrine or dopamine excretion. However, 9.4 percent of the participants with depressive symptoms had a norepinephrine value above the normal range. This association persisted after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, urinary creatinine levels, comorbid ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Facilitatory role of NO in neural norepinephrine release in the rat kidney. AU - Tanioka, Hideki. AU - Nakamura, Koichi. AU - Fujimura, Shinsei. AU - Yoshida, Makoto. AU - Suzuki-Kusaba, Mizue. AU - Hisa, Hiroaki. AU - Satoh, Susumu. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - We examined modulation by nitric oxide (NO) of sympathetic neurotransmitter release and vasoconstriction in the isolated pump-perfused rat kidney. Electrical renal nerve stimulation (RNS; 1 and 2 Hz) increased renal perfusion pressure and renal norepinephrine (NE) efflux. Nonselective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors [Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or Nω-nitro-L-arginine], but not a selective neuronal NO synthase inhibitor (7-nitroindazole sodium salt), suppressed the NE efflux response and enhanced the perfusion pressure response. Pretreatment with L-arginine prevented the effects of L-NAME on the RNS-induced responses. ...

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of aggregating platelets on adrenergic neurotransmission. Rings of canine saphenous veins and left circumflex coronary arteries were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine and suspended for superfusion. Aggregating platelets and exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine decreased the overflow of [3H]norepinephrine evoked by electrical stimulation of the adrenergic nerve endings. The reduction of transmitter overflow caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine was prevented by the serotonergic antagonist methiothepin in a concentration that did not significantly affect the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine or thromboxane B2 from the aggregating platelets. Methiothepin decreased but did not abolish the inhibitory effect of aggregating platelets on neurotransmitter overflow. These experiments demonstrate that 5-hydroxytryptamine and other substances released from aggregating platelets can exert prejunctional inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission in isolated blood vessels ...

The locus coeruleus is responsible for mediating many of the sympathetic effects during stress. The locus coeruleus is activated by stress, and will respond by increasing norepinephrine secretion, which in turn will alter cognitive function (through the prefrontal cortex), increase motivation (through nucleus accumbens), activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and increase the sympathetic discharge/inhibit parasympathetic tone (through the brainstem).. Specific to the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, norepinephrine will stimulate the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor from the hypothalamus, that induces adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the anterior pituitary and subsequent cortisol synthesis in the adrenal glands. Norepinephrine released from locus coeruleus will feedback to inhibit its production, and corticotropin-releasing hormone will feedback to inhibit its production, while positively feeding to the locus coeruleus to increase norepinephrine ...

The effect of electrical field stimulation (1, 2, 5, 10 Hz for a total of 480 pulses at 15-minute intervals) on the release of 3H-norepinephrine from the superfused portal vein of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) of various ages was studied. The ages of the animals were (in weeks) 5-6 (prehypertensive), 8-10 (young hypertensives), 16-18 (older hypertensives), and 28 (mature hypertensives). There was no difference in the release of 3H-norepinephrine or developed tension of the portal vein to any frequency of field stimulation of SHR or WKY at 5-6 weeks of age. However, there was a significantly greater release of 3H-norepinephrine and developed tension of veins of SHR in response to low (1 or 2 Hz) but not high frequencies (5 or 10 Hz) at 8-10, 16-18, and 28 weeks of age. Vessels from hypertensive animals also developed greater resting tension and spontaneous activity, which was reduced to that of WKY in the presence of an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. The alpha 2 ...

BACKGROUND: Significantly increased plasma and CSF IL-6 levels reflect underlying tissue damage following clinical and experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Catecholamines, used under clinical conditions to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure, induce a sustained IL-6 release. Thus an additional elevation in IL-6 could aggravate brain edema in the acute posttraumatic phase. We studied the changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 levels 4 and 24 hours after experimental TBI and assessed possible time-dependent effects of norepinephrine infusion on IL-6 and brain edema. MATERIAL/METHODS: Paired plasma and CSF IL-6 measured at 4 and 24 hours following TBI (n=10) were compared to levels in non-traumatized rats (n=5). In a placebo-controlled trial, 20 brain-injured male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive norepinephrine or NaCl for 90 minutes at 4 or 24 hours after TBI. Plasma IL-6 was measured before, during, and after the infusion period. One hour after stopping ...

Norepinephrine is currently recommended as the first line vasopressor in septic shocks however early vasopressin use has been proposed as an alternative. This double blind randomised controlled trial at eighteen UK adult ICUs compared the effect of early vasopressin versus norepinephrine on kidney failure in patients with septic shock. Four hundred patients were randomly assigned…

The effect of chronic norepinephrine (NE) administration with increasing dosage from 1-4 mg/kg over a period of 2 weeks was studied on cardiac phospholipids and their fatty acid distribution in rats....

Mladen Boban, John L. Atlee, Martin Vicenzi, John P. Kampine, Zeljko J. Bosnjak; Anesthetics and Automaticity in Latent Pacemaker Fibers: IV. Effects of Isoflurane and Epinephrine or Norepinephrine on Automaticity of Dominant and Subsidiary Atrial Pacemakers in the Canine Heart. Anesthesiology 1993;79(3):555-562. Download citation file:. ...

The data presented here show that myocardial ischemia and subsequent reperfusion have complex effects on InsP release and metabolism in the isolated perfused rat heart. Release of InsPs was inhibited under ischemic conditions, but in contrast, postischemic reperfusion caused a rapid transient release of Ins(1,4,5)P3. This reperfusion response was dependent on release of endogenous norepinephrine and was mediated via α1-adrenergic receptors but differed from the α1-adrenergic receptor-mediated norepinephrine response of normoxic myocardium.. Ventricular tissue slowly accumulates InsPs under normoxic conditions when perfused in the presence of LiCl to inhibit dephosphorylation of InsP1, indicating some basal activity of PtdIns-PLC. Stimulation with norepinephrine increases InsP accumulation, but the pattern of release of the InsPs and their subsequent metabolism appears to be similar under both basal and stimulated conditions. Accumulation of 3H-labeled InsPs was restricted to Ins(1,4)P2 and the ...

Norepinephrine (NE), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is often measured in plasma as an index of sympathetic activity. To better understand NE dynamics, it is important to measure its principal metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), concurrently. Our aim was to present a method, developed in the course of a translational research study, to measure NE and DHPG in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). After pre-purifying plasma samples by alumina extraction, we used HPLC-ED to separate and quantify NE and DHPG. In order to remove uric acid, which co-eluted with DHPG, a sodium bicarbonate wash was added to the alumina extraction procedure, and we oxidized the column eluates followed by reduction because catechols are reversibly oxidized whereas uric acid is irreversibly oxidized. Average recoveries of plasma NE and DHPG were 35.3 ± 1.0% and 16.3 ± 1.1%, respectively, and there was no detectable uric acid. Our estimated detection limits

TY - JOUR. T1 - The effect of endomorphins on the release of 3H-norepinephrine from rat nucleus tractus solitarii slices. AU - Al-Khrasani, Mahmoud. AU - Elor, Guy. AU - Abbas, Mamode Yusuf. AU - Rónai, András Z.. PY - 2003/3/28. Y1 - 2003/3/28. N2 - We used two, 3-min field stimulation cycles 30 min apart (S1, S2) in 3H-norepinephrine-loaded, superfused rat nucleus tractus solitarii-dorsal motor vagal nucleus (NTS-DVN) slices. The stimulation-induced release was expressed as the area above the baseline. Drugs were introduced 12 min before S2 and drug actions were characterized in terms of alterations of S2/S1 ratios. The S2/S1 ratio was 1.047 (0.946-1.159, n=4, geometric mean and 95% confidence interval) in controls and 0.336 (0.230-0.490, n=3), 0.726 (0.590-0.892, n=4), 0.613 (0.594-0.683, n=4) and 0.665 (0.500-0.886, n=4) in the presence of 10-6 M clonidine, D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly5-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO), endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2, EM-1) and -2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2, EM-2) [the latter two ...

Modification of the effects of histamine and norepinephrine on the sinoatrial node pacemaker by potassium and calcium Academic Article ...

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of aging on noradrenaline content and the density and pattern of prejunctional dopamine D2 receptors in the tail (ventral caudal) artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Tail artery is frequently used as a model for investigating mechanisms of sympathetic vascular control and contains prejunctional dopamine receptor belonging to the D2 subtype. Noradrenaline levels were reduced in rats of 12 months of age in comparison with 3-month-old animals. A further reduction in catecholamine concentration was found in 24-month-old rats. The density of prejunctional D2 receptors, which was measured in frozen sections of the tail artery by using both radioligand binding and autoradiographic techniques, was reduced by about 35% in 12-month rats in comparison with 3-month rats. A decrease by about 55% versus 3-month rats and by about 20% versus 12-month rats was observed in 24-month-old rats. Neither the pharmacological profile nor the anatomical ...

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate noradrenaline (NA)-induced regulation of alpha(1) -adrenoceptor (AR) mRNA expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing cloned alpha(1) -AR subtypes with similar receptor densities. Stable transfection was performed by calcium phosphate precipitation. Receptor expression was detected by radioligand binding assay. The mRNA expression was measured by RNase protection assay.. 2. alpha(1) -Adrenoceptor subtype mRNA respond in distinct ways following prolonged exposure to NA. The mRNA level of the alpha(1A) -AR subtype was unchanged, the mRNA level of the alpha(1B) -AR subtype was increased and the mRNA level of the alpha(1D) -AR subtype declined time dependently. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C or RO 31-8220 abolished the NA-induced downregulation of alpha(1D) -AR mRNA. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, similarly repressed the effects of NA on alpha(1D) -AR. However, calphostin C, RO 31-8220 ...

The entorhinal cortex is a gateway to the hippocampus; it receives inputs from several cortical associative areas as well as subcortical areas. Since there is evidence showing that noradrenaline reduces the epileptic activity generated in the entorhinal cortex, we have examined the action of noradrenaline in the superficial layer of the entorhinal cortex, which is the main source of afferents to the hippocampus. In a previous study we showed that noradrenaline hyperpolarized layer II entorhinal cortex neurons and reduced global synaptic transmission via alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. Here we present a detailed analysis of the effect of noradrenaline on membrane resistance and on the pharmacologically isolated postsynaptic potentials in layer II entorhinal cortex neurons of mice. Noradrenaline (50 microM) hyperpolarized most layer II entorhinal cortex neurons. This hyperpolarization corresponded to an outward current with a reversal potential following the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium. The

There is no question that angiotensin II can play its enhancing effects on the sympathetic nervous system at various levels and that not only a presynaptic potentiation of norepinephrine secretion but also an amplification of the responsiveness of adrenergic receptors to neural stimuli is involved as indicated by the data of Lyons et al.R1 In a study we performed several years ago in humans,R2 we also suggested this to be the case because in hypertensive patients both acute and long-term ACE inhibition attenuated the reflex increase in forearm vascular resistance due to unloading of cardiac receptors without any concomitant alteration of the reflex increase in plasma norepinephrine.. There is also no question that the enhancing effect of angiotensin II on sympathetic cardiovascular influences is reciprocated because sympathetic nerve activity is an important determinant of renal secretion of reninR3 R4 and thus of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. It is certainly possible, on the ...

Pharmacology. Norepinephrine is an endogenous catecholamine that stimulates mainly alpha-adrenergic receptors. It is used primarily as a vasopressor to increase systemic vascular resistance and venous return to the heart. Norepinephrine is also a weak beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist, and it may increase the heart rate and cardiac contractility in patients with shock. Norepinephrine is not effective orally and is absorbed erratically after subcutaneous injection. After intravenous administration, the onset of action is nearly immediate, and the duration of effect is 1-2 minutes after the infusion is discontinued. ...

Results IL-7 stimulated IL-7R+ mature B cells act proinflammatory (increased clinical score, increased anticollagen type II antibodies) after cell transfer in CIA. The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine abrogates this effect. Expression of IL-7Rα is increased when B cells are activated (anti-CD40 or lipopolysaccharide) in vitro and stimulating the IL-7R induces intracellular accumulation of pSTAT5. α- And β-adrenergic agonists show no influence on expression levels of IL-7R on activated B cells; however, intracellular IL-7R downstream signalling is abrogated via the β2-adreonceptor (β2AR) agonist terbutaline. IL-7R and β2AR are also expressed on B cells in synovial tissue from RA and OA patients.. ...

IL-7 stimulated IL-7R+ mature B cells act proinflammatory (increased clinical score, increased anticollagen type II antibodies) after cell transfer in CIA. The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine abrogates this effect. Expression of IL-7Rα is increased when B cells are activated (anti-CD40 or lipopolysaccharide) in vitro and stimulating the IL-7R induces intracellular accumulation of pSTAT5. α- And β-adrenergic agonists show no influence on expression levels of IL-7R on activated B cells; however, intracellular IL-7R downstream signalling is abrogated via the β2-adreonceptor (β2AR) agonist terbutaline. IL-7R and β2AR are also expressed on B cells in synovial tissue from RA and OA patients ...

Norepinephrine uptake into a crude preparation of rat brain synaptic vesicles showed a marked dependence on Mg2+ concentration. Mn2+ or Co+ could substitute for Mg2+, but displayed lower affinities. Zn2+, Ni2+ and Ca2+ stimulated uptake only slightly and other divalent cations were ineffective. ATP, GTP and UTP produced stimulation of norepinephrine uptake, but only ATP was fully effective. ADP and AMP inhibited the ATP-induced stimulation. The irreversible inhibitor of ATPases, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), blocked norepinephrine uptake; the effect was enhanced by pre-incubation of the vesicle preparation with NEM prior to addition of the cofactors and the enhancement was partially prevented by addition of ATP-Mg2+ during the pre-incubation. Replacement of K+ by Na+ in the medium did not alter norepinephrine uptake, but Li+ inhibited uptake by competing with Mg2+. The use of hypertonic medium inhibited uptake, while hypotonic medium markedly enhanced only the nonspecific uptake component (not ATP or ...

MURRAY ESLER; Neurochemical quantification of human organ-specific sympathetic nervous system activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 November 2000; 99 (5): 349-350. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0990349. Download citation file:. ...

The objective of the present study was to analyze the anatomical basis of the A5 depressor response and to test if the putative neurotransmitter noradrenaline is involved in the response. Two approaches were used; one was neuroanatomical and the other was pharmacological. First, the retrograde transport method in which two fluorescent markers (Fast blue and rhodamine microspheres) was used in combination with the indirect immunofluorescence technique to establish that A5 catecholamine neurons project to both the spinal cord and the region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Second, we analyzed the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the spinal cord and/or NTS area on the A5 depressor response. This response was elicited by a 80-nl microinjection of L-glutamate (500 mM) into the A5 region in pentobarbital anesthetized rats; it was characterized by a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. After destruction of various noradrenergic terminal fields we have found that intraspinal

L-phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that can be converted to L-tyrosine in the liver. L-tyrosine can be converted in the brain and in the adrenal glands to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (adrenaline) hormones that are depleted by stress, overwork and certain drugs. By replenishing norepinephrine in the brain, mental energy levels are enhanced and a feeling of contentment often occurs. The conversion step from L-tyrosine to norepinephrine may be enhanced if the co-factors (vitamins B6 and C) are included.. Cells in the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine. Since both norepinephrine and epinephrine can cause smooth muscle (arterial) contraction, care with blood pressure should be taken when supplementing with L-phenylalanine or tyrosine.. D, L-phenylalanine is a 50/50 mixture of its two stereoisomers. ...

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the role of α- and β-receptors in control of contractile activity in circular jejunal muscle in rat and to delineate changes in adrenergic neurotransmission during postoperative ileus.. Materials and methods: Muscle strips (n=8/rat) of 6 naive (NC) and 8 Sprague Dawley rats after small bowel manipulation (POI) were studied. Ileus was confirmed by delayed small bowel transit. Dose-response curves were generated for phenylephrine (α-agonist; 10-8-3x10-6M) and isoprenaline (β-agonist; 3x10-10-10-7M) and effects of bethanechol-precontraction (3x10-6M), L-NIL and nimesulide (inhibiting inducible NO-synthase (10-4M) and cyclooxygenase-2 (10-5M)), L-NNA (non-specific NO-synsthase inhibitor; 10-4M), tetrodotoxin (TTX; blocking enteric nervous system; 10-6M), phentolamine (α-antagonist; 10-5M) or propranolol (β-antagonist; 5x10-6M) on response to agonists were studied. Release of excitatory neurotransmitters was investigated by electrical field stimulation ...

Clonidine functions as a sympatholytic by stimulating presynaptic α2-receptors leading to decreased release of norepinephrine at both central and peripheral adrenergic terminals. In addition to its influence on the autonomic nervous system, it is well established that clonidine is an effective analgesic, and this is also attributable to its α2-agonist activity.. Remember that a tremendous amount of modulation of incoming pain signals occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord prior to being sent to higher centers in the CNS. Messages are either strengthened or attenuated by release of various neurotransmitters by primary afferent Aδ or C fibers, interneurons, and descending bulbospinal fibers. Nociceptive stimuli will promote release of excitatory transmitters from primary afferents in the dorsal horn. To compensate, there is simultaneous release of norepinephrine from descending inhibitory bulbospinal neurons, which binds to α2-receptors in the dorsal horn to diminish afferent pain ...

Despite extensive clinical study, there is no distinct consensus on the optimal management of fibromyalgia. The cause of fibromyalgia has not been clearly defined, but several mechanisms may be involved. Abnormalities in sleep patterns, muscle structure, and cerebral blood flow have been associated with the syndrome, but it is unclear whether a causal relation exists between these abnormalities and fibromyalgia. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in the metabolism and function of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and substance P may contribute to the development of fibromyalgia. No pharmacologic agents are indicated specifically for the treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States, and most pharmacologic therapies show only limited success, although drugs that affect serotonin or norepinephrine at the receptor site (such as antidepressants or tramadol) seem to generate the most consistent results. Tricyclic antidepressants may diminish the sleep disturbance and pain ...

During the follow-up, BNP, NT-proBNP, and norepinephrine progressively decreased in group T (F = 7.49, p , 0.01; F = 4.84, p , 0.01; and F = 9.88, p , 0.001, respectively) but not in group C (Fig. 1). No changes were found in either group with respect to plasma renin activity and aldosterone. At the end of the program, peak Vo2in group T inversely correlated to BNP (R = 0.52, p , 0.001), NT-proBNP (R = 0.51, p , 0.001), and norepinephrine levels (R = 0.49, p , 0.001) at a similar extent, as compared with baseline. A similar correlation was found between Ve/Vco2slope and the levels of BNP (R = 0.61, p , 0.001), NT-proBNP (R = 0.60, p , 0.001), and norepinephrine (R = 0.59, p , 0.001). The change in peak Vo2at the end of the program was correlated with BNP and NT-proBNP changes (R = 0.42, p , 0.001 and R = 0.31, p , 0.01, respectively), but not with norepinephrine changes (Fig. 2).Conversely, no correlation was found between the decrease in BNP, NT-proBNP, and norepinephrine values and the ...

Catecholamines:. Catecholamines are synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Theyre then released into the circulation. The catecholamines bind to adrenergic receptors all over the body, which causes the same effects as sympathetic activation. The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines in response to sympathetic stimulation. As such, we should think of the circulating catecholamines as an extension of the sympathetic nervous system.. There are two main types of adrenergic receptors, alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors. Each main type has multiple subtypes. Each subtype has different functions and each subtype has different affinity for the two catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Az ATP-fuggo K+-csatorna-(K+(ATP))-aktivalo pinacidil pre- es poszt- szinaptikus hatasa nyul pulmonaris arterian. AU - Rácz, Dániel. AU - Zillkens, Stefán. AU - Forstreuter, Péter. AU - Nagykáldi, Zsolt. AU - Magyar, K.. AU - Torök, Tamás. PY - 1999/6. Y1 - 1999/6. N2 - Low frequency (2 Hz) of electrical depolarisation induced [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) release has been measured from the isolated main pulmonary artery of the rabbit in the presence of uptake blockers (cocaine, 3x10-5M and corticosterone, 5x10-5M), with parallel measurements of post- junctional contractile responses. The K+(ATP)-channel opener pinacidil (10- 6-10-4M), slightly potentiated the nerve-evoked release of [3H]NA which failed to show close concentration-dependency. Large concentration of pinacidil (10-4M) increased the ratio of [3H]NA release from 0.99±0.02 to 1.28±0.05 (P-4M caused nearly 70% inhibition of contractile response. The pre- and post-junctional effects of pinacidil were studied under ...

Understanding the biochemistry of catecholamines is necessary to see how the adrenal medulla is designed in the stages of embryology and how it is suited for life in the neonate and adult. The epinephrine and norepinephrine in the neonate and adult work by primarily changing the osmoregulatory state of vasculature in organs. With the exclusion of their neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter functions, epinephrine and norepinephrine are mainly tasked with the control of sympathetic and parasympathetic supplies. Norepinephrine is a constrictor of peripheral vasculature by antagonising the action of surface receptors expressed on the endothelium of blood vessels, specifically Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 receptors, such that vascular resistance increases. Epinephrine is both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator, depending on what receptors it attaches to. As a non-selective adrenergic agonist, it acts on Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2 and Beta-3 receptors that are found throughout the bodys tissues, yielding ...

Understanding the biochemistry of catecholamines is necessary to see how the adrenal medulla is designed in the stages of embryology and how it is suited for life in the neonate and adult. The epinephrine and norepinephrine in the neonate and adult work by primarily changing the osmoregulatory state of vasculature in organs. With the exclusion of their neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter functions, epinephrine and norepinephrine are mainly tasked with the control of sympathetic and parasympathetic supplies. Norepinephrine is a constrictor of peripheral vasculature by antagonising the action of surface receptors expressed on the endothelium of blood vessels, specifically Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 receptors, such that vascular resistance increases. Epinephrine is both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator, depending on what receptors it attaches to. As a non-selective adrenergic agonist, it acts on Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2 and Beta-3 receptors that are found throughout the bodys tissues, yielding ...

Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine (Too much can affect your mood and blood…: Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine, Glutamate, Melatonin, Histamine, GABA, Endorphins, Serotonin, Dopamine)

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Interactions of antidepressants with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: Mutational analysis and structure-activity relationship studies ...

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic ...

1. Plasma and platelet free catecholamine concentrations were measured in 22 normal subjects and in 10 treated and 11 untreated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.. 2. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher in both treated and untreated hypercholesterolaemic patients than in normal subjects. Adrenaline concentrations did not differ.. 3. Platelet noradrenaline levels were higher in untreated hypercholesterolaemic patients than in normal subjects.. 4. Positive correlations between the plasma noradrenaline concentration and the platelet noradrenaline concentration were observed in both normal subjects and hypercholesterolaemic patients.. 5. Combining the data for normal subjects and hypercholesterolaemic patients revealed that the plasma noradrenaline concentration correlated positively with the plasma cholesterol concentration. The platelet noradrenaline concentration was also found to correlate with the plasma cholesterol concentration.. 6. Our ...

1. Plasma and platelet free catecholamine concentrations were measured in 22 normal subjects and in 10 treated and 11 untreated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.. 2. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher in both treated and untreated hypercholesterolaemic patients than in normal subjects. Adrenaline concentrations did not differ.. 3. Platelet noradrenaline levels were higher in untreated hypercholesterolaemic patients than in normal subjects.. 4. Positive correlations between the plasma noradrenaline concentration and the platelet noradrenaline concentration were observed in both normal subjects and hypercholesterolaemic patients.. 5. Combining the data for normal subjects and hypercholesterolaemic patients revealed that the plasma noradrenaline concentration correlated positively with the plasma cholesterol concentration. The platelet noradrenaline concentration was also found to correlate with the plasma cholesterol concentration.. 6. Our ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Carotid baroreceptor function in dogs with chronic norepinephrine infusion. AU - Wang, Jie. AU - Ochoa, Manuel. AU - Patel, Mrugesh B.. AU - Zucker, Irving H.. AU - Loud, Alden V.. AU - Zeballos, Guillermo A.. AU - Hintze, Thomas H.. PY - 1991/6. Y1 - 1991/6. N2 - Carotid baroreceptor function, the compliance of the carotid sinus wall, and the structure of the carotid artery were examined in dogs with elevated plasma norepinephrine (2, 000-4, 000 pg/ml) for 28 days. The dogs with high nonepinephrine were normotensive (100±4.0 versus 98±4.0 mm Hg; p,0.05) with bradycardia (65 ±4.0 versus 87 ±16 beats/m in; p,0.05) compared with normal dogs in the conscious state. However, after pentobarbital anesthesia blood pressure was significantly higher in dogs with chronic norepinephrine infusion (165±6 mm Hg) compared with normal dogs (132±6 mm Hg). To assess baroreceptor sensitivity, multiunit carotid baroreceptor activity was recorded from the right carotid sinus nerve, and the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The inhibitory effect of trilinolein on norepinephrine-induced β-myosin heavy chain promoter activity, reactive oxygen species generation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. AU - Liu, Ju Chi. AU - Chan, Paul. AU - Chen, Jin Jer. AU - Lee, Horng Mo. AU - Lee, Wen Sen. AU - Shih, Neng Lang. AU - Chen, Yen Ling. AU - Hong, Hong Jye. AU - Cheng, Tzu-Hurng. PY - 2004. Y1 - 2004. N2 - The myocardial protective effects of trilinolein, isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Sanchi (Panax notoginseng),are thought to be related to its antioxidant activity. However, the intracellular mechanism underlying the protective effect of trilinolein in the heart remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of trilinolein on norepinephrine (NE)-induced protein synthesis in cardiomyocytes. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with NE, then protein content, [ 3H]-leucine incorporation, and β-myosin heavy ...

Looking for online definition of noradrenergic nerve in the Medical Dictionary? noradrenergic nerve explanation free. What is noradrenergic nerve? Meaning of noradrenergic nerve medical term. What does noradrenergic nerve mean?

The aim of the present study was to investigate possible membrane and genomic effects of corticosterone on the noradrenergic system of the rat brain. Corticosterone effects were studied in vivo by treating rats s.c. with 10 mg/kg corticosterone for 7 or 14 days. In the first two experiments corticosterone significantly decreased the noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) levels in the pons-medulla, an area which contains the A1-A7 noradrenergic cell groups, while the NA and DA levels in the dorsal hippocampus remained unchanged. In a third experiment where the locus coeruleus (LC) and the A1 and A2 nuclei (A1,A2) were analysed separately, NA levels were unchanged but total MHPG levels and the total MHPG/NA ratio were decreased in the A1,A2 area. Chronic corticosterone treatment (14 days) did not alter the α2-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of [3H]NA release from dorsal hippocampal slices. Neither the spontaneous outflow nor the electrically stimulated release of [3H]NA from dorsal hippocampal ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential transmural constrictor response to norepinephrine in rabbit carotid artery. AU - Flaim, Stephen F.. AU - Field, John M.. AU - Zelis, Robert. N1 - Funding Information: It has been shown that the vasoconstrictor response of smooth muscle to alpha adrenergic stimulation varies according to the position of the muscle cell within the tunica media of the vessel wall from rabbit thoracic aorta (Pascual et al., 1979), sheep carotid artery (Keatinge et al., 1976) and rabbit ear artery (McCalden et al., 1979). The purpose of the present study was to determine if this phenomenon occurred in the rabbit carotid artery as well as to attempt to further characterize the mechanism of this response. In order to achieve these goals, the response of intact isolated perfused segments of rabbit carotid artery was measured during norepinephrine stimulation applied to either the luminal or the adventitial surface or to both surfaces simultaneously under varying experimental conditions. The ...

d-Amphetamine is markedly more potent an inhibitor of catecholamine uptake by norepinephrine neurons in the brain than is 1-amphetamine, whereas the two isomers are equally active in inhibiting catecholamine uptake by the dopamine neurons of the corpus striatum. In behavioral studies, d-amphetamine is ten times as potent as 1-amphetamine in enhancing locomotor activity, while it is only twice as potent in eliciting a compulsive gnawing syndrome. This suggests that the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine involves central norepinephrine, while dopamine neurons play an important role in the induced compulsive gnawing behavior. Assessment of differential actions of d- and 1-amphetamine may be an efficient method to differentiate behaviors involving norepinephrine or dopamine in the brain. ...

Ericka Berman Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by low mood and loss of interest in activities. In MDD, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is believed to be dysregulated, contributing to the depressive symptoms. The goal of this study was to test norepinephrine transporter availability in patients with MDD in attempt to identify potential…

TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of norepinephrine transporter abundance by catecholamines and desipramine in vivo. AU - Weinshenker, David. AU - White, Sylvia S.. AU - Javors, Martin A.. AU - Palmiter, Richard D.. AU - Szot, Patricia. PY - 2002/8/16. Y1 - 2002/8/16. N2 - The norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulates adrenoreceptor signaling by controlling the availability of synaptic norepinephrine (NE), and it is a direct target for some classes of antidepressant drugs. NET levels are normal in dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that lack NE, demonstrating that the NET does not require endogenous NE for appropriate regulation under physiological conditions. In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase knockout (Th -/-) mice that lack both NE and dopamine (DA) have reduced levels of NET, suggesting that it is down-regulated by a complete absence of catecholamines and not NE per se. Chronic treatment with the NET inhibitor, desipramine (DMI), reduced NET levels in both control and Dbh -/- mice, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Regional development of carbachol-, glutamate-, norepinephrine-, and serotonin-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain. AU - Balduini, Walter. AU - Candura, Stefano M.. AU - Costa, Lucio G.. PY - 1991/9/19. Y1 - 1991/9/19. N2 - Phosphoinositide metabolism stimulated by activation of cholinergic muscarinic, glutamatergic, α-adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors was measured in brain regions of the developing rats. Accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates ([3H]InsPs) in [3H]inositol-prelabeled slices from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum was measured as an index of phosphoinositide metabolism. Large age-, neurotransmitter receptor-, and brain region-dependent differences were found. Carbachol-stimulated [3H]InsPs accumulation peaked on postnatal day 7 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus while in cerebellum and brainstem the effect of muscarinic stimulation was maximal at birth and then declined to adulthood. The effect of glutamate also showed a ...

The utility of specific assay of urinary catechols in pheochromocytoma diagnosis was examined by reviewing our data on the investigation of pheochromocytoma in a population of 2476 patients investigated over a six-year period. We used specific gas-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis for the simultaneous measurement of norepinephrine, dopamine, and the neuronal metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in all samples; the last two years of data collection (from 1101 patients) also included the specific GC/MS assay of epinephrine. The importance of assaying epinephrine as well as norepinephrine was shown by these latter data. During this latter period, 19 of 1101 patients were found to have pheochromocytoma; of these, nine had tumors that exclusively secreted norepinephrine, six had tumors that exclusively secreted epinephrine, and four exhibited excess production of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. Neither dopamine nor DOPAC was useful in

The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A2 gene. NET is a monoamine transporter and is responsible for the sodium-chloride (Na+/Cl−)-dependent reuptake of extracellular norepinephrine (NE), which is also known as noradrenaline. NET can also reuptake extracellular dopamine (DA). The reuptake of these two neurotransmitters is essential in regulating concentrations in the synaptic cleft. NETs, along with the other monoamine transporters, are the targets of many antidepressants and recreational drugs. In addition, an overabundance of NET is associated with ADHD. There is evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the NET gene (SLC6A2) may be an underlying factor in some of these disorders. The norepinephrine transporter gene, SLC6A2 is located on human chromosome 16 locus 16q12.2. This gene is encoded by 14 exons. Based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence, the NET transporter ...

1 mCi quantities of Levo-[ring-2, 5, 6-3H]-Norepinephrine are available for your research. Application of [3H]Norepinephrine can be found in: paroxetine binding to the rat transporter in vivo in neuropsychopharmacology; endobain E decreasing uptake in rat hypothalamus in life science research, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated release in neuropharmacolgy, effect of (-)-BPAP, a selective enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in neuropsychopharmacology, etc.. ...

Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drugs action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine. Side effects include orthostatic and exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction (delayed or retrograde ejaculation), and diarrhea. Guanethidine is transported by uptake 1 into the presynaptic terminal transported by norepinephrine transporter (NET). (In this it competes with norepinephrine so can potentiate exogenously applied norepinephrine.) It becomes concentrated in norepinephrine transmitter vesicles, replacing norepinephrine in these vesicles. This leads to a gradual depletion of norepinephrine stores in the ...

This 20-page report explains how cold shock is a type of hormesis, which is a description of a type of stress that, in the right doses, is enough to shock the body and kick off adaptive processes and response mechanisms that are hardwired into our genes, and, once on, are able to create a resilience that actually exceeds what was needed to counter the initial stimuli. Rhonda discusses how cold exposure increases norepinephrine up to 5-fold in the brain and what the temperature and duration needed to do this are, how norepinephrine has an effect on mood, vigilance, focus, and attention, how cold exposure increases cold shock proteins including one in the brain that repairs damaged synapses and in muscle prevents atrophy, how cold-induced norepinephrine lowers inflammation and pain by decreasing the levels of 3 inflammatory mediators, how chronic cold shock may increase immune cell numbers and particularly a type of immune cell that kills cancer cells, how cold exposure increases metabolic rate, ...

CATECHOLAMINES AND Î2-ADRENOCEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION BEFORE AND AFTER MAXIMAL INCREMENTAL CYCLE TEST IN YOUNG ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS: RELATION TO WORK PERFORMED. Kochanska-Dziurowicz, A.A.; Janikowska, G.; Bogacz, A.; Bijak, A.; Stanjek-Cichoracka, A.; Mazurek, U.; Gabrys, T. // Biology of Sport;2013, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p85 The aim of this study was to assess the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations as well as whole blood ?2-adrenoceptor gene (ADRB2) expression in young ice hockey players before and immediately after exercise in relation to performed work. Nineteen Youth National Team ice hockey... ...

Norepinephrine modulates cognitive processes such as working and episodic memory. Pathological changes in norepinephrine and norepinephrine transporter (NET) function and degeneration of the locus coeruleus produce irreversible impairments within the whole norepinephrine system, disrupting cognitive processes. Monitoring these changes could enhance diagnostic accuracy and support development of novel therapeutic components for several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we aimed to develop a straightforward nucleophilic fluorination method with high molar activity for the novel NET radiotracer [18F]NS12137 and to demonstrate the ability of [18F]NS12137 to quantify changes in NET expression. Methods: We applied an 18F-radiolabeling method in which a brominated precursor was debrominated by nucleophilic 18F-fluorination in dimethyl sulfoxide. Radiolabeling was followed by a deprotection step, purification, and formulation of the radiotracer. The [18F]NS12137 brain uptake and distribution were ...

Background Septic shock is associated with high mortality. Aged and multimorbid patients are not always eligible for intensive care units. Norepinephrine is an accepted treatment for hypotension in septic shock. It is unknown whether norepinephrine has a place in treatment outside an intensive care unit and when given peripherally. Objectives To describe mortality, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II), time to mean arterial pressure |65 mmHg, and adverse events in patients with septic shock receiving norepinephrine peripherally in an intermediate care unit. Methods From a retrospective chart review of 91 patients with septic shock treated with norepinephrine for hypotension, ward mortality, 30-, 60- and 90-day mortality, standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and adverse events (necrosis and arrhythmia) were analysed. Administration route via peripheral venous catheter or central venous catheter was registered. Results Median age was 81 (43-96) years and median APACHE-II score

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hypoxemia raises muscle sympathetic activity but not norepinephrine in resting humans. AU - Rowell, L. B.. AU - Johnson, D. G.. AU - Chase, P. B.. AU - Comess, K. A.. AU - Seals, D. R.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1989. Y1 - 1989. N2 - The experimental objective was to determine whether moderate to severe hypoxemia increases skeletal muscle sympathetic nervous activitiy (MSNA) in resting humans without increasing venous plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). In nine healthy subjects (20-34 yr), we measured MSNA (peronal nerve), venous plasma levels of NE and E, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and end-tidal O2 and CO2 before (control) and during breathing of 1) 12% O2 for 20 min, 2) 10% O2 for 20 min, and 3) 8% O2 for 10 min - in random order. MSNA increased above control in five, six, and all nine subjects during 12, 10 and 8% O2, respectively (P , 0.01), but only after delays of 12 (12% O2) and 4 min (8 ...

Background Sympathetic overactivity and catecholamine accumulation are important characteristic findings in heart failure, which contribute to its pathophysiology. Here, we identify a potential mechanism underlying norepinephrine accumulation in a rat model of heart failure. Methodology/Principal Findings Initially, we constructed a rat model of unilateral renal artery stenosis (n = 16) and found that the expression of renalase, a previously identified secreted amine oxidase, was markedly reduced in the ischemic compared to the non-ischemic kidney (protein: 0.295±0.085 versus 0.765±0.171, p|0.05). Subsequently, we utilized an isolated perfused rat kidney model to demonstrate that the clearance rate of norepinephrine decreased with reduction of perfusion flow. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized the reduced renal blood supply which occurs in heart failure would result in impaired synthesis of renalase by the kidney and consequently reduced degradation of circulating norepinephrine. To

TY - JOUR. T1 - Synthesis and biological evaluation of trans-3-phenyl-1-indanamines as potential norepinephrine transporter imaging agents. AU - McConathy, Jonathan. AU - Owens, Michael J.. AU - Kilts, Clinton D.. AU - Malveaux, Eugene J.. AU - Votaw, John R.. AU - Nemeroff, Charles B.. AU - Goodman, Mark M.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the NIMH through NRSA Fellowship MH 13017 and NIMH grant MH 58299, and by an unrestricted grant from Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. We also acknowledge the use of Shared Instrumentation provided by grants from the NIH and the NSF for the mass spectroscopy data.. PY - 2005/8. Y1 - 2005/8. N2 - The development of radioligands suitable for studying the central nervous system (CNS) norepinephrine transporter (NET) in vivo will provide important new tools for examining the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression. Towards this end, a series of trans-3-phenyl-1-indanamine derivatives were ...

Previously, we reported that(R)−(−)−1−(benzo[b]thiophen−5−yl)−2−[2−(N, N−diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol hydrochloride(T−588), a novel putative cognitive enhancer, stimulated noradrenaline(NA)release from rat cerebral cortical slices.In this study, we investigated the effects of T−588 compared to other secretagogues on NA release from PC12 cells.Addition of as little as 10 μM T−588 stimulated [,SUP,3,/SUP,H]NA release in a dose−dependent and an extracellular Ca,SUP,2+,/SUP,−independent manner from PC12 cells.Ten micromolar ionomycin−, 300 μM adenosine−5′−O−(γ−thiotriphosphate)− and 10 μM forskolin−induced extracellular Ca,SUP,2+,/SUP,−dependent [,SUP,3,/SUP,H]−NA release was further enhanced by 30 μM T−588.Cytosolic synaptophysin and 25−kDa synaptosome−associated protein immunoreactivity was increased by addition of T−588 in a dose−dependent manner.Interestingly, increases in synaptic vesicle−related proteins triggered by T−588 had ...

18 Adrenaline and noradrenaline: Most of the synthesis occurs in the adrenergic nerve ending and stored in granular vesicles called chromaffin granules close to the site of release into synaptic cleft . Biosynthesis could also occur in suprarenal medulla and other tissues. The enzyme (N-methyl transferase) which catalyses the conversion of noradrenaline to adrenaline occurs almost exclusively in suprarenal medulla and is therefore missing in the peripheral nerve terminals. Hence noradrenaline is the final step in the synthetic process in most adrenergic nerves. Catecholamines are sympathomimetics that contain the catechol nucleus (e.g. noradrenaline and adrenaline). Catecholamines are stored in synaptic granules in two forms in equilibrium: Bound noradrenaline with ATP and protein is the (inactive part). Free noradrenaline is released by nerve stimulation. Another portion of it is stored in the cytoplasm in free form (cytoplasmic free noradrenaline). ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cooling and α1- and α2-adrenergic responses in cutaneous veins. T2 - Role of receptor reserve. AU - Flavahan, Nicholas. AU - Lindblad, L. E.. AU - Verbeuren, T. J.. PY - 1985. Y1 - 1985. N2 - Experiments were designed to determine the effects of cooling on α1- and α2-adrenergic responses in isolated canine cutaneous veins. Rings of saphenous veins were suspended for isometric tension recording in physiological salt solution. Cooling (from 37 to 24°C) augmented contractions to norepinephrine under control conditions and after α1-adrenergic blockade (prazosin) but not following α2-adrenergic blockade (rauwolscine). Cooling augmented contractions evoked by the α2-adrenergic agonists B-HT 920 and UK 14304 but did not affect responses to the full α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. These experiments suggest that cooling augments α2-adrenergic responsiveness without affecting α1-adrenergic responsiveness. However, the contractions evoked by the partial α1-adrenergic ...

CASE HISTORY: Ms.vidhyashri 40 years who admitted in a private hospital with dyspnoea, cough, oliguria, past two days. He is recently diagnostic with diabetes mellitus since 2 months. On the day of admission, he was hemodynamically unstable. He found unresponsiveness CPCR initiated intubated and ventilated. ventilator mode on SIMV, Investigations reveals HbA1C 10.6.sr.amylase 54, sr.lipase 107. Blood pressure was little high during hospitalization. Echocardiogram shows 43% ejection fraction, adequate LV dysfunction,moderate PHT,USG abdomenshows mild ascities,edematous wall thickening of gall bladder. He was treated initially with sedation, inj.noradrenaline infusion,and insulin infusion etc.

Vitamin C, presencted in aqueous compartments (e.g. cytosol, plasma, and other body fluids)(292) plays an important role in synthesis of collagen, carnitine, catecholamine and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine(293). As an water soluble vitamin, vitamin C can be easily carried in blood, operated in many parts of body. By recycling vitamin E, vitamin C also helps to fight against forming of free radicals(294). By enhancing the immune system(295)(296), it promotes against the microbial and viral(298) and irregular cell growth causes of infection and inflammation(297 ...

Principal Investigator：NOMURA Junichi, Project Period (FY)：1989 - 1991, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C), Research Field：Psychiatric science

KONDO TAKASHI , OGAWA KOUICHI , BAN MASAAKI , WATANABE EISUKE , SATAKE TATSUO Plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was measured in blood samples from the pulmonary artery (PA), the superior vena cava (SVC), the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the femoral artery (FA) in 34 pati … Japanese Circulation Journal 45(11), 1243-1249, 1981 J-STAGE ...

The locus coeruleus (LC) can exhibit tonic or phasic activity and release norepinephrine (NE) throughout the cortex, modulating cellular excitability and synaptic efficacy and thus influencing behavioral performance. We study the effects of LC-NE modulation on decision making in two-alternative forced-choice tasks by changing conductances in a biophysical neural network model, and we investigate how it affects performance measured in terms of reward rate. We find that low tonic NE levels result in unmotivated behavior and high levels in impulsive, inaccurate choices, but that near-optimal performance can occur over a broad middle range. Robustness is greatest when pyramidal cells are less strongly modulated than interneurons, and superior performance can be achieved with phasic NE release, provided only glutamatergic synapses are modulated. We also show that network functions such as sensory information accumulation and short-term memory can be modulated by tonic NE levels, and that ...

Patients who have NYHA class III CHF and whose water balance is apparently in equilibrium may also have thoracic x-ray signs of congestion and accumulation of fluid. This pulmonary over-hydration significantly contributes to limit patients functional capacity (23,25,31). The possibility of improving patients functional class through normalization of abnormal lung water content has been proposed from the beginning of 90 (23), and several studies have shown that UF is safe and allows the improvement of clinical condition, exercise capacity, ventilatory and neurohumoral pattern, also in patients with moderate CHF (32). In a controlled study (23), clinical and functional improvement in patients with moderate CHF lasted up to 6 months after UF. Only in UF-treated patients, pulmonary function tests improved and a chest x-ray score of lung water diminished. Exercise tolerance and functional capacity, as measured by expired gas analysis during exercise, also improved. Norepinephrine at rest was ...

Injection of endotoxin into animals or humans causes systemic arterial15 and venous27 dilation and a fall in blood pressure. These effects are similar to the changes seen in patients with septic shock. The results of the present study provide direct evidence for a local vascular action of endotoxin in human veins in vivo and demonstrate that this effect is suppressed by a glucocorticoid. Using a system in which drugs are given into a single superficial vein in very low doses sufficient only to produce changes in the study vessel, we found that endotoxin attenuates the constrictor response to norepinephrine, causing a shift in the dose-response curve and suppressing the maximal constriction achieved. This effect was greatest 1 hour after exposure to the endotoxin and had waned by 4 hours, by which time the norepinephrine response had fully returned. Pretreatment with oral hydrocortisone abolished the endotoxin-induced hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine; however, the local vasoactive mediators ...

TY - CHAP. T1 - Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum. AU - Chandler, Daniel J.. AU - Nicholson, Shevon E.. AU - Zitnik, Gerard. AU - Waterhouse, Barry D.. PY - 2013/1/1. Y1 - 2013/1/1. N2 - Although the presence of norepinephrine (NE) in the mammalian cerebellum was initially controversial, there is now substantial evidence of a role for the NE system in modulating the response properties of individual cerebellar neurons to synaptic inputs rather than transmitting moment-to-moment details of modality specific information. As a result of these cellular actions, the system is capable of regulating cerebellar circuit functions within the context of ongoing voluntary and reflex motor activities and in a manner appropriate to the behavioral state of the organism. The evidence for this mode of operation derives from extensive anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological investigations over a period of more than 40 years. This chapter summarizes those studies and the development ...

Weight loss is considered the most effective nonpharmacological therapy for lowering BP in obese hypertensives (45, 70, 81, 101, 138, 145, 147). There is a dose-response relation between the degree of weight loss and the reduction in BP (147) that is independent of sodium intake (42). Even modest weight loss of 5-10% of body weight is associated with clinically significant reductions in BP (111). Systolic and diastolic BP decline ∼2 and ∼1 mmHg, respectively, with each 1 kg reduction in body weight (144), but there is considerable variability around this mean reduction in BP with weight loss (35, 94, 96). Some obese hypertensive patients demonstrate little or no reduction in BP with weight loss, whereas others experience dramatic reductions (35, 94, 96). The factor(s) that contribute to this variability remain unclear, although smaller reductions in plasma norepinephrine concentrations have been reported in individuals demonstrating little or no reduction in BP (96).. Given the association ...

Stress modulates instrumental action in favor of habit processes that encode the association between a response and preceding stimuli and at the expense of goal-directed processes that learn the association between an action and the motivational value of the outcome. Here, we asked whether this stress-induced shift from goal-directed to habit action is dependent on noradrenergic activation and may therefore be blocked by a β-adrenoceptor antagonist. To this end, healthy men and women were administered a placebo or the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol before they underwent a stress or a control procedure. Shortly after the stress or control procedure, participants were trained in two instrumental actions that led to two distinct food outcomes. After training, one of the food outcomes was selectively devalued by feeding participants to satiety with that food. A subsequent extinction test indicated whether instrumental behavior was goal-directed or habitual. As expected, stress after placebo ...

The distribution of infused tritiated norepinephrine (NE-3H) in small mesenteric arteries and intestinal arterioles in rats was investigated with electron microscopic radioautography. Silver grains, indicating the presence of the tritium label on the sections, were found lying mainly over axon bundles, but some were present over collagen and smooth muscle cells. Axons with the highest concentrations of silver grains had been sectioned at points where they were naked of Schwann cell sheath, were dilated into varicosities, and contained small granular vesicles. This finding was taken as confirmatory circumstantial evidence that the small granular vesicles were the sites of uptake and storage of NE. The short interval between the start of infusion and the fixation of the tissue appeared to rule out any process other than a direct uptake of NE by the peripheral axons. If axonal sites of uptake of NE-3H correspond to sites of release of NE, then the evidence suggests that such sites of release are ...

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the quizlet psychology, epinephrine drip indications, low norepinephrine depression

PET evaluation of novel radioflourinated reboxetine analogs as norepinephrine transporter probes in the monkey brain Academic Article ...

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) radioligand (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 shows significant decreases in NET density in the human brain in Alzheimers disease: a post-mortem autoradiographic study ...

The important demonstration here is that the efficiency of fat deposition, and not total body fat or elevated circulating FFAs, is the primary predictor of plasma insulin and insulin-to-glucose ratio after the glucose load. Because (as discussed above) the higher energetic efficiencies (hence the rate) of fat deposition in RF groups is the result of suppressed thermogenesis, the implication of these findings is that the suppression of thermogenesis favoring catch-up fat, rather than total body fat or elevated circulating FFAs, is the prime early determinant of the hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant state of catch-up growth.. The other neurohormonal systems that are implicated in the regulation of catch-up fat are still unclear. A role for diminished sympathetic nervous system activity in the suppression of thermogenesis during refeeding is, however, unlikely. This is because the well-known reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity during starvation is rapidly restored to fed levels ...