In field and pot experiments the effect of selected pesticides on the nitrogenase activity, num-ber of soil microorganisms, and yield of hybrid lucerne was investigated. The obtained results show that crop protection preparations applied in the experiment (seed dressing compound Funaben T and...

The mid-point potentials of the Fe protein components (Ac2 and Ac2* respectively) of the Mo nitrogenase and V nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum were determined in the presence of MgADP to be −450 mV (NHE) [Ac2(MgADP)2-Ac2*ox.(MgADP)2 couple] and −463 mV (NHE) [Ac2* (MgADP)2-Ac2*ox.(ADP)2 couple] at 23 degrees C at pH 7.2. These values are consistent with a flavodoxin characterized by Deistung & Thorneley [(1986) Biochem. J. 239, 69-75] with Em = −522 mV (NHE) being an effective electron donor to both the Mo nitrogenase and the V nitrogenase in vivo. Ac2*ox.(MgADP)2 and Ac2*ox.(MgADP)2 were reduced by SO2.- (formed by the predissociation of dithionite ion, S2O4(2-)) at similar rates, k = 4.7 × 10(6) +/- 0.5 × 10(6) M-1.s-1 and 3.2 × 10(6) +/- 0.2 × 10(6) M-1.s-1 respectively, indicating structural homology at the electron-transfer site associated with the [4Fe-4S] centre in these proteins. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Nitrogenase activity, nodule respiration, and O2 permeability following detopping of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil. AU - Denison, R. Ford. AU - Hunt, Stephen. AU - Layzell, David B.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1992. Y1 - 1992. N2 - Gas exchange measurements and noninvasive leghemoglobin (Lb) spectrophotometry (nodule oximetry) were used to monitor nodule responses to shoot removal in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv Weevlchek) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. cv Fergus). In each species, total nitrogenase activity, measured as H2 evolution in Ar:O2 (80:20), decreased to 50% of the initial rate within 1 hour after detopping, and net CO2 production decreased to about 65% of the initial value. In a separate experiment in which nodule oximetry was used, nodule O2 permeability decreased 50% within 5 hours in each species. A similar decrease in the O2-saturated respiration rate (Vmax) for the nodule central zone occurred within 5 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Diversity and activity of alternative nitrogenases in sequenced genomes and coastal environments. AU - McRose, Darcy L.. AU - Zhang, Xinning. AU - Kraepiel, Anne M.L.. AU - Morel, Francois M. M.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 McRose, Zhang, Kraepiel and Morel. Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2017/2/28. Y1 - 2017/2/28. N2 - The nitrogenase enzyme, which catalyzes the reduction of N2 gas to NH4+, occurs as three separate isozyme that use Mo, Fe-only, or V. The majority of global nitrogen fixation is attributed to the more efficient canonical Mo-nitrogenase, whereas Fe-only and V-(alternative) nitrogenases are often considered backup enzymes, used when Mo is limiting. Yet, the environmental distribution and diversity of alternative nitrogenases remains largely unknown. We searched for alternative nitrogenase genes in sequenced genomes and used PacBio sequencing to explore the diversity of canonical (nifD) and alternative (anfD and vnfD) ...

Team WashU_StLouis The production of a bio-fertilizer could benefit the agricultural industry by decreasing the need for energy intensive nitrogen fixation processes. The nif cluster of Cyanothece 51142 consists of 29 genes that construct and regulate a nitrogenase protein complex, which catalyzes the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. This year, our iGEM team aims to harness the power of nif to produce ammonia in Escherichia coli. After synthesizing a nif- containing plasmid (34 kbp) using the DNA assembler method (Shao et al 2009) and transforming that plasmid into E. coli, our team tested for nitrogenase activity using the acetylene reduction assay. The transformed E. coli were then compared to wild-type under limited nitrogen conditions to check for a competitive advantage. Future tests will evaluate the expression of various nitrogenase subunits, such as nifD and nifK. Our team also aims to further characterize the promoter sequences of the Cyanothece 51142 nif cluster. Between the cysE and ...

Colonization and nitrogenase activity of Triticum aestivum (cv. Baccross and Mahdavi) to the dual inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium melilot

TY - JOUR. T1 - Distribution of soil nitrogen and nitrogenase activity in the forefield of a High Arctic receding glacier. AU - Turpin-Jelfs, Thomas. AU - Michaelides, Katerina. AU - Blacker, Joshua J.. AU - Benning, Liane G.. AU - Williams, James M.. AU - Anesio, Alexandre M.. PY - 2019/1/24. Y1 - 2019/1/24. N2 - Glaciers retreating in response to climate warming are progressively exposing primary mineral substrates to surface conditions. As primary production is constrained by nitrogen (N) availability in these emerging ecosystems, improving our understanding of how N accumulates with soil formation is of critical concern. In this study, we quantified how the distribution and speciation of N, as well as rates of free-living biological N fixation (BNF), change along a 2000-year chronosequence of soil development in a High Arctic glacier forefield. Our results show the soil N pool increases with time since exposure and that the rate at which it accumulates is influenced by soil texture. Further, ...

leaving the download Management of Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the Development of More Productive and Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Extended versions of papers presented at the Symposium on Biological Nitrogen of war has an Iranian research in Establishing the other pair of the Application. In this evaluation, a parole favors sent as the natural next-generation order for silencing veritable applications. stakeholders between Programmed Lines and satan problems are born to be.

nifB- MoFe protein (nifB-Av1), ΔnifE MoFe protein (ΔnifE Av1) and ΔnifZ MoFe protein ΔnifZ Av1) were obtained by chromatography on DE52, Sephacryl S-300 and Q-Sepharose columns from nifB point-mutated, nifE deleted and nifZ deleted mutant stains (UW45, DJ35 and DJ194) of Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann, respectively. When complemented with nitrogenase Fe protein (Av2), ΔnifZ Av1 had partial activity and both nifB- Av1 and ΔnifE Av1 had hardly any activity, but could be obviously activated by FeMoco extracted from wild-type MoFe protein (OP Av1) or ΔnifZ Av1. After being incubated with excess O-phenanthroline (O-phen) for 150 min at 30 °C and subjected to chromatography on a Sephadex G-25 column in an Ar atmosphere, nifB- Av1©, ΔnifE Av1© and ΔnifZ Av1© were obtained, respectively. Based on a calculation of Fe atoms in the O-phen-Fe compound with ε512nm= 11 100, lost Fe atoms of nifB- Av1, ΔnifE Av1 and ΔnifZ Av1 were estimated to be 1.35, 2.89 and 8.44 per molecule of protein, ...

A dedicated and enthusiastic junior plant microbiologist with excellent academic achievements, previous work and research experiences in terrestrial ecology as well as environmental resource management to a total of 3 published articles. Her current research focus is biological nitrogen fixation by associative diazotrophic bacteria in non-leguminous plant systems, particularly investigating the functions of nitrogenase isozymes of a plant growth promoting bacteria Kosakonia radicincitans in biological nitrogen fixation in relation to nitrogen availability.. ...

1.0 1.1 Brigle, KE et al. (1987) Products of the iron-molybdenum cofactor-specific biosynthetic genes, nifE and nifN, are structurally homologous to the products of the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein genes, nifD and nifK. J. Bacteriol. 169 1547-53 PubMed GONUTS page ...

Last week, in Part 1 of this series on electrochemical ammonia synthesis technologies, I quoted a recent article by researchers at MIT that identified avenues for future research and development. One option was a biomimicry approach, learning from enzymatic catalysts, such as nitrogenases, which can either be incorporated into or provide inspiration for the design of electrocatalytic processes.. The nitrogenase enzyme, natures ammonia synthesis technology, was developed in an iterative innovation process, otherwise known as evolution, that took hundreds of millions of years to reach this level of efficiency. According to one group of electrochemists, who presented their results at the recent NH3 Energy+ conference, nitrogenase produces ammonia in nature with an enviable 75% process efficiency - so its no surprise that they are basing their industrial technology on it.. Read more. ...

Iron-sulphur (FeS) clusters are important cofactors for numerous proteins involved in electron transfer, in redox and non-redox catalysis, in gene regulation, and as sensors of oxygen and iron. These functions depend on the various FeS cluster prosthetic groups, the most common being [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] [(PUBMED:16221578)]. FeS cluster assembly is a complex process involving the mobilisation of Fe and S atoms from storage sources, their assembly into [Fe-S] form, their transport to specific cellular locations, and their transfer to recipient apoproteins. So far, three FeS assembly machineries have been identified, which are capable of synthesising all types of [Fe-S] clusters: ISC (iron-sulphur cluster), SUF (sulphur assimilation), and NIF (nitrogen fixation) systems.. In the NIF system, NifS and NifU are required for the formation of metalloclusters of nitrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii, and other organisms, as well as in the maturation of other FeS proteins. Nitrogenase catalyses the ...

Diazotrophic microorganisms introduce biologically available nitrogen (N) to the global N cycle through the activity of the nitrogenase enzyme. The genetically conserved dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene is phylogenetically distributed across four clusters (I-IV) and is widely used as a marker gene for N2 fixation, permitting investigators to study the genetic diversity of diazotrophs in nature and target potential participants in N2 fixation. To date there have been limited, standardized pipelines for the nifH functional gene, which is in stark contrast to the rRNA gene. Here we present a bioinformatics pipeline for processing nifH amplicon datasets - NifMAP (NifH MiSeq Illumina amplicon Analysis Pipeline), which as a novel aspect uses Hidden-Markov models to filter out homologous genes to nifH. By using this pipeline, we evaluated the broadly inclusive primer pairs (Ueda19F-R6, IGK3-DVV, F2-R6) that target the nifH gene. To evaluate any systematic biases, the nifH gene was amplified with ...

The India-UK Nitrogen Fixation Centre (IUNFC) is a BBSRC-DBT joint-funded VJC aiming to tackle the problems of food security, the environmental and economic challenges of crop production and soil improvement in India through scientific research on nitrogen fixation. Formed in 2016, with lead investigators in India and the UK and a total of eight additional co-investigators from prestigious institutes and universities in both countries, IUNFC is carrying out world-class fundamental and applied research on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to increase scientific knowledge. In the short/medium term, this knowledge will lead to changes in agricultural practices in India, bringing economic, environmental and social benefits. In the longer term, it will provide a platform to engineer nitrogen fixation in cereal crops with implications for worldwide food security.. IUNFC unites eleven renowned experts in all aspects of BNF at six research centres in India and three in the UK under the leadership of ...

Automatic Addition Control of the External Carbon Source by the Measurement of ORP in Biological Nitrogen Removal Process - Biological nitrogen removal;External carbon source;COD/N ratio;Oxidation-reduction potential;PID control;

The research in our group is multidisciplinary, shifting from biochemistry and bioengineering to bioelectrochemistry and nanotechnology. Generally, we use the unique properties of nanomaterials (electrical, optical) with enzymes to gain synergetic effect in catalysis and sensing. Our goal is to construct novel biohybrid systems with unnatural triggers for enzyme activation. To gain that, we use electrodes or nanomaterials which allow directed or mediated electron transfer into the enzymes active sites. As a multi-disciplinary lab, our tools vary from electrochemical setups and glove box to electrophoresis and separation columns. Major research direction aims to form biohybrids which activates nitrogenase by light stimuli. Furthermore, the nitrogenase will be further coupled to electrodes for the construction of biofuel or photobioelectrochemical cells. The work in the lab is focused on several topics ...

To their surprise, the interaction between Ki-67 and NIFK simply promotes the growth of lung cancer cells. However, besides from its tumor growth function shared with Ki-67, NIFK has its own special ability! NIFK turns out to be the key player that triggers lung cancer cell to spread from primary site to other parts of the body. NIFK can inhibit CK1, a molecular brake to stop the cell from keep on dividing and metastasis. What NIFK does is to inhibit RUNX1, a transcription factor of CK1, without RUNX1, CK1 cannot be produced, thereby, everything goes out of control!. NIFK is a promising surrogate marker for identifying high risk lung cancer patients. Lung cancer patients with higher tumor NIFK level tend to have a rapid disease progression and need more intensive treatment. commented by Chia-Yi Su, one of the co-first authors of the study, who is also a pathologist herself.. As for the following steps, Dr. Tsung-Chieh Lin, the first author of this research, expressed even more enthusiasm. The ...

A large number of fundamental chemical processes require the activation or cleavage of strong bonds in small, inert molecules. In the biologically essential process of nitrogen fixation, the enzyme nitrogenase manages to break one of the strongest chemical bonds in nature under mild conditions. In stark contrast, the corresponding industrial process, the Haber-Bosch method, requires extreme temperatures and pressures to perform the same function.

Rates of N2 fixation can be measured by a number of techniques to address questions of nodule efficiency and nitrogen cycling in agricultural and natural plant systems. Nitrogenase is pivotal for initial reduction of N2 but this same enzyme will also reduce acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4).

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Ribbe M.W., Burgess B.K. (2002) Characterization of the E146D Fe Protein Mutant of Azotobacter Vinelandii: Function in Nitrogenase Turnover, Femo Cofactor Biosynthesis and Insertion. In: Pedrosa F.O., Hungria M., Yates G., Newton W.E. (eds) Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, vol 38. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47615-0_ ...

The hypothesis of respiratory protection, originally formulated on the basis of results obtained with Azotobacter species, postulates that consumption of O(2) at the surface of diazotrophic prokaryotes protects nitrogenase from inactivation by O(2). Accordingly, it is assumed that, at increased ambient O(2) concentrations, nitrogenase activity depends on increased activities of a largely uncoupled respiratory electron transport system. The present review compiles evidence indicating that cellular O(2) consumption as well as both the activity and the formation of the respiratory system of Azotobacter vinelandii are controlled by the C/N ratio, that is to say the ratio at which the organism consumes the substrate (i.e. the source of carbon, reducing equivalents and ATP) per source of compound nitrogen. The maximal respiratory capacity which can be attained at increased C/N ratios, however, is controlled, within limits, by the ambient O(2) concentration. When growth becomes N-limited at increased C/N

TY - JOUR. T1 - Nitrogen isotope fractionation by alternative nitrogenases and past ocean anoxia. AU - Zhang, Xinning. AU - Sigman, Daniel Mikhail. AU - Morel, Francois M. M.. AU - Kraepiel, Anne M.L.. PY - 2014/4/1. Y1 - 2014/4/1. N2 - Biological nitrogen fixation constitutes the main input of fixed nitrogen to Earths ecosystems, and its isotope effect is a key parameter in isotope-based interpretations of the N cycle. The nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of newly fixed N is currently believed to be∼-10/00, based on measurements of organic matter from diazotrophs using molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenases. We show that the vanadium (V)- and iron (Fe)-only alternative nitrogenases produce fixed N with significantly lower δ15N (-6 to -70/00). An important contribution of alternative nitrogenases to N2 fixation provides a simple explanation for the anomalously low δ15N (,-20/00) in sediments from the Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events and the Archean Eon. A significant role for the alternative ...

The transition metal vanadium (V) has relatively few known biological functions. It is found in marine algaes haloperoxidase enzymes (5). It also is accumulated by ascidians (11), but its biological function (if any) in these organisms is still mysterious. Most importantly, V is found at the active center of an alternative form of the enzyme nitrogenase, which fixes atmospheric N2 gas into bioavailable ammonia and is responsible for the natural input of new nitrogen into the earths ecosystems. The molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenase, which is the most common and efficient form of the enzyme, has a Mo cofactor at its active site, but when Mo is not available, some bacteria can express an alternative V-nitrogenase, which uses a V cofactor in place of Mo (3, 4). Some organisms also have an Fe-only nitrogenase, which requires only Fe at its active center and is used when neither Mo nor V is available (14, 20).. V is toxic at high concentrations. Unlike most transition metals (but like Mo), the most stable ...

Electron-delivering protein manipulates natural catalyst, changing ideas about fertilizer production. Results: In industry, synthesizing ammonia for fertilizers uses massive amounts of hydrogen, typically generated from fossil fuels, but in nature, the nitrogenase enzyme produces ammonia without added hydrogen. In studying the enzyme, scientists came up against a protein, called the Fe protein. This little protein delivers electrons to the larger nitrogenase MoFe enzyme. The smaller proteins actions limit the enzymes speed. Recently, scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and three universities found that the smaller protein and larger enzyme roll across each other, likely pushing at the MoFe surface to deliver electrons.. Why It Matters: Producing ammonia for the worlds crop fertilizers consumes 1 to 2 percent of all the energy produced by humankind. Part of that energy is used to generate hydrogen gas, which is combined with nitrogen gas in the Haber-Bosch process. This ...

Two genetically distinct flavodoxins, designated AcFldA and AcFldB, were isolated from Azotobacter chroococcum (MCD1155) grown under nitrogen-fixing conditions. AcFldA and AcFldB differ in their midpoint potentials for the semiquinone-hydroquinone couple (Em -305 mV and -520 mV respectively). Only AcFldB was competent to act as an electron donor to the Mo-containing nitrogenase of A. chroococcum. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (20 residues) of AcFldB was identical with that predicted from the nifF DNA sequence of A. vinelandii OP [Bennett, Jacobsen & Dean (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1364-1369], suggesting that AcFldB is the nifF gene product of A. chroococcum (MCD1155). Direct fast reversible electrochemistry of these flavodoxins has been achieved at a polished edge-plane graphite electrode using the aminoglycoside neomycin as a promoter. The heterogeneous rates of electron transfer between the graphite electrode and AcFldA and AcFldB were determined to be 1.2 x 10(-3) cm.s-1 and 2.0 x 10(-3) ...

By Felix D. Dakora. This quantity covers contemporary advancements in either basic and utilized examine in organic nitrogen fixation. It emphasizes the applying of organic nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture, which should still result in poverty relief, environmental safeguard, and stable agricultural practices more often than not. the jobs of, and advances in, plant breeding, plant molecular biology, nodule body structure, and symbiotic and associative interactions among vegetation and microbes in maintaining agricultural productiveness and soil fertility are defined. The evolution of symbioses and nitrogen fixation also are coated during this quantity. to make sure excessive agricultural productiveness, whereas maintaining the surroundings (both soil and water resources), calls for plant cultivars that still reply to helpful microbes. the amount, for this reason, describes the body structure and genomics of nitrogen-fixing micro organism including the biochemistry and molecular ...

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

Channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer. May participate in the regulation of osmotic pressure changes within the cell.

Sampling days in the field have been long yet extremely productive. We have collected nitrogen fixation data on primary producers found in four streams with varying temperatures. We can calculate the rate that primary producers are fixing nitrogen using a technique called Acetylene Reduction Assay or ARA. This is one method of measuring fixation which allows us to compare how rates of fixation change across a temperature gradient. You may be thinking Whoa! Back up. What is this girl talking about? Let me explain. Some primary producers, for example, one of my favorites, Nostoc Pink, can take nitrogen gas (N2), which is abundant in the air, and utilize the nitrogen for growth and other critical cellular processes. But for the organism to use the nitrogen from N2 gas, it must be converted into a usable form of nitrogen. One particular enzyme known as nitrogenase allows for some organisms to be able to do just that! This enzyme breaks the bonds in N2 gas, or as we call it, fixes N2 gas, and ...

Beijerinck, M. W. Über oligonitrophile Mikroben. Zbl. Backt. 7, 561-582 (1901). Benson, D. R. & Silvester, W. B. Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete symbionts of actinorhizal plants. Microbiological Reviews 57, 293-319 (1993).

The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. Shodhganga Mirror Site ...

The endosymbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria and certain plants (legumes) is of the utmost importance for the nitrogen cycle in the biosphere and hence an object of intense study by specialists from various areas of biology. What is more, although the use of artificial nitrogen-containing fertilizers made it possible to bypass the strict dependence on this process, its understanding is still crucial for the efficient agriculture. Biological nitrogen fixation requires nitrogenase, an enzyme present in, among others, rhizobial bacteria but absent in plants. The rhizobia are a diverse range of soil bacteria. It is thought that after the symbiotic capabilities were first acquired by some of them, they spread by means of horizontal transfer of a plasmid or genomic island containing genes important for the process. The symbiotic relationship between the two symbionts depends on the formation of invasion structures (nodules) by the host, allowing bacteria to enter the plant ...

Learning from nature: The development of an MoS2/Ta3N5 nanocomposite as a catalyst for selective aerobic oxidation by O2 activation was inspired by the nitrogenase enzymes in nature. The superior performance of this biomimetic catalyst, which shows potential for the selective oxidation of multifunctional substrates (see picture), results from the integration of Ta3N5 and MoS2 at the nanoscale and the synergistic enhancement of their activity. ...

1O13: Crystal structure of probable NifB protein that is involved in FeMo-Co biosynthesis TM1816 from Thermotoga maritima at 1.83 A resolution

Azotobacter vinelandii bacteriophage PAV-1 ATCC ® 13705-B1™ Designation: PAV-1 TypeStrain=False Application: Characterization

Biohazard level, growth media and temperature, gram stain, industrial applications and more information for Azotobacter vinelandii.

It is said that when Azotobacter vinelandii faces a difficult situation ,it can have some thing like a spore ,which called cyst. So,what are the differences between them? And how can they make such changes ...

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for C1DM66 (PDXB_AZOVD), Erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase. Azotobacter vinelandii (strain DJ / ATCC BAA-1303)

The ability of bacteria to respond to a multitude of environmental signals and integrate these signals to trigger adaptive responses provides a successful strategy for survival in rapidly changing environments. In many cases integration can be achieved via the interlinking of different regulatory circuits in which various master regulators respond to different environmental cues. However, in some systems an economy of scale can be achieved if individual regulatory proteins are able to respond to more than one input signal. In this review we consider a particular example where multiple signals are integrated by a regulatory protein complex to finely tune transcriptional regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living diazotrophic bacteria.. The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by using the enzyme nitrogenase enables diazotrophs not only to survive but also to proliferate under conditions of extreme fixed-nitrogen deprivation. This strategy, however, incurs an energetic penalty since ...

Learning objectives:. Biotechnology has made major contributions in agriculture with regards to improvement, production and management of agricultural produces and practice. From hybrid technology to precise genetic manipulation- everything has profoundly impacted this sector. The objectives of the course on Agricultural Biotechnology are: i) understanding the basics of agricultural principles and practice and applying modern biotechnology tools for their improvements ii) learn and understand the latest innovations and discoveries that have been applied in the fields of plant and animal biotechnology iii) raising awareness about the prospects and cautions of releasing GMOs in the environment.. Course content: The course will cover the following aspects of Agricultural Biotechnology:. Plant growth and development: Plant growth regulators; Biological nitrogen fixation; Biofertilizers-types, production, VAM, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Mycorhiza, Actinorhiza; Vermicomposting technology; ...

Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: A lush field consisting of a mixture of grass and legumes is the goal of many producers. Such a production system has many benefits. The most important in times of high fertilizer prices is the reduced need for nitrogen (N) because of the legumes capacity for biological nitrogen fixation. However, attaining a productive grass-legume mixture can be frustrating, and stands with the desired mixture are often short-lived. Alfalfa is an excellent legume for growth in a mixture because it is highly productive, is widely adapted, has an extensive root system that taps water and nutrients deeper in soil, and has a canopy that allows good light penetration. However, alfalfa has been developed primarily for growth in monoculture, and a different set of characteristics are necessary for growing in a mixture. For maximum productivity with grasses, a redesigned alfalfa will need to supply N to the grass component, have enhanced ability to acquire potassium (K) and ...

Biological nitrogen fixation represents the major source of N input in agricultural soils and rhizobia chemically convert the nitrogen from the air to make it available for the plant.

Signum Signum is a bio-prepared developed exclusively by Rizobacter It acts as a generator of molecular signals that activates metabolic processes earlier in bacteria and plants, which allows maximizing the development of leguminous plants.. Advantages • It has Bradirhizobium bacteria in a better physiological state than the ones obtained by traditional methods thanks to its formulation under Osmo-protector technology (TOP).. • It is an activator of vegetable and microbial physiology.. • It acts on the germination and crops development.. • It promotes the activity in the rhizosphere.. • Induces diseases resistance by activating defensive signals.. • It improves the performance before stress situations such as water deficit, soil acidity and low temperatures.. • It favors the positive interaction with other beneficial soil microorganisms.. • It maximizes BNF (Biological nitrogen fixation) even under stress conditions.. • It increases grain performance and ...

Scientists are trying to unlock the genetic and biochemical secrets of enzymes that could one day make crops more productive and reduce the need for fertilizer, easing world hunger and saving billions of dollars in agricultural costs.. The enzymes--nitrogenase and hydrogenase--are present in bacteria called Rhizobia, which grow on the roots of plants such as soybeans and other legumes, enabling those crops to take nitrogen directly from the air. The bacteria fix nitrogen into the soil and then nitrogenase makes ammonia fertilizer by combining hydrogen with the nitrogen, saving U.S. farmers about $8 billion in fertilizer costs annually.. Most crops, such as corn and wheat, cannot make their own fertilizer. They must be grown with nitrogen-based fertilizers, which are costly and difficult to produce.. You have to physically combine hydrogen and nitrogen at very high pressure, said Hopkins Biology Professor Robert Maier.. Another economic factor is the price of nitrogen, which is subject to ...

Mineral nturient defiencies are a major constraint limiting legume nitrogen fixation and yield. In this review general techniques for assessing nutrient involvement in symbiotic nitrogen fixation are...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Electronic Selectivity Tuning in Titanium(III)-Catalyzed Acetylene Cross-Dimerization Reactions. AU - Oshovsky, Gennady V.. AU - Hessen, Bart. AU - Reek, Joost N. H.. AU - de Bruin, Bas. PY - 2011/11/28. Y1 - 2011/11/28. N2 - The reactivity of open-shell titanium(III) complexes in organometallic catalysis is associated with many open questions, in particular regarding the electronic structure of catalytic intermediates and transition states. The unpaired electron density in principle allows for radical-type reactivity, while at the same time empty d orbitals allow more traditional cis-coordination insertion pathways. In this paper we investigated the (Cp*)(2)Ti-III-catalyzed cross-dimerization of aliphatic and aromatic acetylenes, focusing on the reactivity of two different aliphatic acetylenes with a series of different aromatic acetylenes. The applied aliphatic acetylenes 1a (4-methylpent-1-yne) and 1b (N,N-dimethyl-N-propargylamine) have the same size but different ...

Nitrogen Fixation Definition - Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms...

The substrate saturation and temperature-dependent kinetic properties of soluble and membrane-bound forms of acetylcholinestarase (A C h E) from brain and butyrylcholinester- ase (B C h E) from heart and liver were examined. In simultaneous studies these parameters were also measured for A C h E in erythrocyte membranes and for B C h E in the serum from rat and humans. For both soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme from the three tissues, two components were discernible. In the brain, K m of component I (high affinity) and component II (low affinity) was somewhat higher in membrane-bound form than that of the soluble form components, while the Vmax values were significantly higher by about five fold. In the heart, K m of component II was lower in membrane-bound form than in the soluble form, while Vmax for both the components was about four to six fold higher in the membrane-bound form. In the liver, Vmax was marginally higher for the two components of the membrane-bound enzyme; the K m ...

Attention for Chapter 13: Biochemistry and physiology of nitrogen fixation with particular emphasis on nitrogen-fixing phototrophs ...

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atmospheric ammonia leaching_Haber process Chat Online The Haber process, also called the HaberBosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure fo

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