Nitrate reductase (NR), a key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism, has been implicated in the production of nitric oxide (NO) in plants. The effect of photosynthetic electron transport chain inhibitors and NO scavengers or donors on NR activity of Gracilaria chilensis was studied under experimental laboratory conditions. Effective quantum yield (I broken vertical bar (PSII)) and NR activity were significantly diminished by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, two photosynthetic electron flux inhibitors of photosystem (PS) II and PSI, respectively, but not by diphenyleneiodonium, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, indicating a direct dependence of NR activity on the PSII and PSI electron flux. Nitrate reductase activity was sensitive to a decrease or increase of NO levels when NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) and NO donor (sodium nitroprusside) were added. Moreover, the addition of 8Br-cGMP, a secondary ...

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Looking for online definition of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant in the Medical Dictionary? Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant explanation free. What is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant? Meaning of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant medical term. What does Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 5, autosomal dominant mean?

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterized by early contractures of elbows and Achilles tendons, slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness, and a cardiomyopathy with conduction blocks which is life-threatening. Two modes of inheritance exist, X-linked (OMIM 310300) and autosomal …

Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy, also known as FPLD Type II and abbreviated as (FPLD2), is a rare monogenic form of insulin resistance characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from the extremities, trunk, and gluteal region. FPLD recapitulates the main metabolic attributes of the insulin resistance syndrome, including central obesity, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and diabetes usually type 2, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and early endpoints of atherosclerosis. It can also result in hepatic steatosis. FPLD results from mutations in LMNA gene, which is the gene that encodes nuclear lamins A and C. Familial partial lipodystrophy Hegele, RA (December 2000). "Familial partial lipodystrophy: A monogenic form of the insulin resistance syndrome". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 71 (4): 539-44. doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3092. PMID 11136544. Hegele, RA (September 2000). "Insulin resistance in human partial lipodystrophy". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2 (5): 397-404. ...

Ankistrodesmus braunii ATCC ® 30447™ Designation: UTEX 187 [CCAP-202/9a] Isolation: Material collected by T. Christensen, Madingley Brick Pits, England, 1949

Catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP). Only expressed at high levels during aerobic growth. NapAB complex receives electrons from the membrane-anchored tetraheme protein NapC, thus allowing electron flow between membrane and periplasm. Essential function for nitrate assimilation and may have a role in anaerobic metabolism.

The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nar-2, nar-3, and nar-4 genes, which are within a nitrate-regulated gene cluster containing the nitrate reductase structural gene nit-1, have been related to nitrate transport. Mutant strains defective in nitrate transport and having an active nitrate reductase have bee …

TY - JOUR. T1 - Long-Term Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Does Not Prevent Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. AU - Matthews, V. B.. AU - Hollingshead, R.. AU - Koch, H.. AU - Croft, K. D.. AU - Ward, N. C.. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Background. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vascular signaling molecule that plays a role in vascular homeostasis. A reduction in NO bioavailability is thought to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, an early risk factor for both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Dietary nitrate, through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, may provide an alternate source of NO when the endogenous eNOS system is compromised. In addition to a role in the vascular system, NO may also play a role in the metabolic syndrome including obesity and glucose tolerance. Aim. To investigate the effect of long-term dietary nitrate supplementation on development of the metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high-fat diet. Methods. Following 1 week of ...

We investigated emerin localisation in two different human cell lines that were deficient for synthesis of lamins A and C and two further cell lines that were deficient for lamin A synthesis and in which lamin C was mis-localised to the nucleolus. In each cell line either all or a majority of emerin was mis-localised to the ER. In addition, we used a dominant negative mutant of lamin B1 that selectively eliminates lamins A and C but not lamins B1 and B2 from the NE of HeLa cells. A consequence of eliminating lamins A and C from the NE was that emerin relocated from the NE to the ER, where it formed insoluble inclusions.. Our data suggest that lamin A has a central role in tethering both emerin and lamin C to the NE. The following evidence supports this model. Association of lamin C with the NE in two of the cell lines reported here is dependent upon the presence of lamin A, and in its absence lamin C organisation is disrupted such that most (SW 13) or all (Ramos) is mis-localised to the ...

Previous epidemiologic studies of maternal exposure to drinking water nitrate did not account for bottled water consumption. The objective of this National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) (USA) analysis was to assess the impact of bottled water use on the relation between maternal exposure to drinking water nitrate and selected birth defects in infants born during 1997-2005. Prenatal residences of 1,410 mothers reporting exclusive bottled water use were geocoded and mapped; 326 bottled water samples were collected and analyzed using Environmental Protection Agency Method 300.0. Median bottled water nitrate concentrations were assigned by community; mothers' overall intake of nitrate in mg/day from drinking water was calculated. Odds ratios for neural tube defects, limb deficiencies, oral cleft defects, and heart defects were estimated using mixed-effects models for logistic regression. Odds ratios (95% CIs) for the highest exposure group in offspring of mothers reporting exclusive ...

We examined the ability of plant nitrate reductase (NR) to produce nitric oxide (NO) using in vitro assays. Electrochemical and fluorometric measurements both showed that NO is produced by corn NR in the presence of nitrite and NADH at pH 7. The NO production was inhibited by sodium azide, a known i …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the strongest reducers of nitrate in the genus Mycobacterium. Under microaerobic conditions, whole cells exhibit upregulation of activity, producing approximately eightfold more nitrite than those of aerobic cultures of the same age. Assays of cell extracts from aerobic cultures and hypoxic cultures yielded comparable nitrate reductase activities. Mycobacterium bovis produced only low levels of nitrite, and this activity was not induced by hypoxia. M. tuberculosis has two sets of genes, narGHJI and narX of the narK2X operon, that exhibit some degree of homology to prokaryotic dissimilatory nitrate reductases. Each of these were knocked out by insertional inactivation. The narG mutant showed no nitrate reductase activity in whole culture or in cell-free assays, while the narX mutant showed wild-type levels in both assays. A knockout of the putative nitrite transporter narK2 gene produced a strain that had aerobic levels of nitrate reductase activity but failed ...

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We studied the influence of inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss. & Menge and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and the addition of composted sewage sludge (SS) on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and total peroxidase (POX) and of shoot and root nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) in Juniperus oxycedrus L. seedlings, an evergreen shrub, grown in a non-sterile soil under well-watered and drought-stress conditions. Both the inoculation with exotic AM fungi and the addition of composted SS stimulated significantly growth and the N and P contents in shoot tissues of J. oxycedrus with respect to the plants neither inoculated nor treated with composted SS that were either well-watered or droughted. Under drought-stress conditions, only inoculation with exotic AM fungi increased shoot and root NR activity (about 188% and 38%, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Interactions between respiration and denitrification during growth of Thiosphaera pantotropha in continuous culture. AU - Thomsen, Jens Kirk. AU - Lansmann Iversen, J. J.. AU - Cox, Raymond P.. PY - 1993/7/1. Y1 - 1993/7/1. N2 - The effects of oxygen on the use of nitrate as an electron acceptor by the denitrifying bacterium Thiosphaera pantotropha were investigated during growth on acetate. In batch cultures under aerobic conditions nitrate was not utilised and the growth rate constant was 0.55 h-1. The corresponding value for growth on nitrate under anoxic conditions was 0.37 h-1. In acetate-limited continuous cultures with feedback control of the dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrate utilisation was totally inhibited by the lowest concentration of oxygen tested (22 μM). Carbon conversion efficiencies with acetate increased from 0.28 with nitrate to 0.44 with oxygen. The rates of nitrification calculated from nitrogen balance studies were not greater than 1.5% of the rate of ...

The denitrifying bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans can grow aerobically or anaerobically using nitrate or nitrite as the sole nitrogen source. The biochemical pathway responsible is expressed from a gene cluster comprising a nitrate/nitrite transporter (NasA), nitrite transporter (NasH), nitrite reductase (NasB), ferredoxin (NasG) and nitrate reductase (NasC). NasB and NasG are essential for growth with nitrate or nitrite as the nitrogen source. NADH serves as the electron donor for nitrate and nitrite reduction, but only NasB has a NADH-oxidizing domain. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities show the same Km for NADH and can be separated by anion-exchange chromatography, but only fractions containing NasB retain the ability to oxidize NADH. This implies that NasG mediates electron flux from the NADH-oxidizing site in NasB to the sites of nitrate and nitrite reduction in NasC and NasB respectively. Delivery of extracellular nitrate to NasBGC is mediated by NasA, but both NasA and NasH ...

Background Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is classified into two biovars, nitrate-negative biovar Ovis which is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants and nitrate-positive biovar Equi, which causes abscesses and ulcerative lymphangitis in equines. The aim of this study was to develop a quadruplex PCR assay that would allow simultaneous detection and biovar-typing of C. pseudotuberculosis. Methods In the present study, genomes of C. pseudotuberculosis strains were used to identify the genes involved in the nitrate reduction pathway to improve a species identification three-primer multiplex PCR assay. The nitrate reductase gene (narG) was included in the PCR assay along with the 16S, rpoB and pld genes to enhance the diagnosis of the multiplex PCR at biovar level. Results A novel quadruplex PCR assay for C. pseudotuberculosis species and biovar identification was developed. The results of the quadruplex PCR of 348 strains, 346 previously well-characterized clinical ...

The uppermost part of the pathway includes part of the general NAM salvage pathway in the cytosol as it is relevant to senescence-induced changes to NAD metabolism. In this pathway, NAD levels are maintained through recycling back to NAD from nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) (Braidy et al., 2019). The conversion from NAM to NMN is catalyzed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), while the conversion from NMN to NAD is catalyzed by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs). Other sources, such as nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamid riboside (NR), are not shown here as they are not affected by senescence, at least from current research. OIS-specific interactions are highlighted in orange, while MiDAS-specific interactions are highlighted in purple. General interactions for both (or other senescent types) remain a black color. The OIS pathway, induced by Ras singalling in this case, results in the upregulation of HMGA1, and stimulation of the ...

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Two families with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD) have been studied with DNA markers mapping to Xq27.3----qter. No recombination was observed in 11 phase known meioses informative for the factor VIII gene (F8C) and eight phase known meioses informative for DXS15 (DX13), giving maximum lod scores of 3.50 and 2.50 respectively at a recombination fraction of zero. DXS52 (St14) showed one recombinant in 12 phase known meioses giving a maximum lod score of 2.62 at a recombination fraction of 0.07. These results map EMD to the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome and are an important step in the development of tests for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.. ...

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAmPRTase or Nampt) also known as pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1 (PBEF1) or visfatin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAMPT gene. This protein is the rate-limiting enzyme in the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway that converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide mononucleotide in mammals to enable NAD+ biosynthesis. NAMPT has also been reported to be a cytokine (PBEF) that promotes B cell maturation and inhibits neutrophil apoptosis. NAMPT is downregulated by an increase of miR-34a in obesity via a 3'UTR functional binding site of NAMPT mRNA resulting in a reduction of NAD(+) and decreased SIRT1 activity. NAMPT catalyzes the following chemical reaction: nicotinamide + 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) + pyrophosphate (PPi) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRRP), whereas its two ...

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for periventricular heterotopia. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only ...

This study has revealed that the integral inner nuclear membrane protein Src1 functions in gene regulation of subtelomeric genes and is embedded functionally in a network of factors, which participate in transcription-coupled mRNA export. Importantly, Src1 is associated with subtelomeric chromatin and thus can help to organize this region of the chromosomes. In previous studies, Src1 was shown to contain an intron with the possibility of alternative splicing (Davis et al., 2000; Rodríguez-Navarro et al., 2002). Our study revealed that both splice forms localize to the nuclear periphery and are integral inner nuclear membrane proteins (King et al., 2006). However, both proteins are not functionally equivalent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that two forms of a protein generated by alternative splicing in yeast have different functions.. The N domain of Src1 mediates nuclear targeting, and insertion into the nuclear membrane requires the first transmembrane span. ...

In higher plants, genes for subunits of respiratory chain complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) have so far been identified solely in organellar genomes. At least nine subunits are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA and 11 homologues by the plastid DNA. One of the 'key' components of complex I is the subunit binding the substrate NADH. The corresponding gene for the mitochondrial subunit has now been cloned and identified in the nuclear genome from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The mature protein consists of 457 amino acids and is preceded by a mitochondrial targeting sequence of 30 amino acids. The protein is evolutionarily related to the NADH-binding subunits of complex I from other eukaryotes and is well conserved in the structural domains predicted for binding the substrate NADH, the FMN and one iron-sulphur cluster. Expression examined in different potato tissues by Northern blot analysis shows the highest steady-state mRNA levels in flowers. Precursor proteins translated in vitro from the ...

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In enzymology, a 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine + NAD(P)+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } a 6,7-dihydropteridine + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 6,7-dihydropteridine, NADH, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme participates in folate biosynthesis. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 6,7-dihydropteridine:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase, DHPR, NAD(P)H:6,7-dihydropteridine oxidoreductase, NADH-dihydropteridine reductase, NADPH-dihydropteridine reductase, NADPH-specific dihydropteridine reductase, dihydropteridine (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), reductase, dihydropteridine reductase, ...

Role of Chlorella Vulgaris as A Salt Resistant Barrier for Salt Compromised Crops, Jawaher Ahmad, Hoda Ahmed , Reda Moghaieb, Chlorella Vulgaris is a commonly present green alga that is present in freshwater in the form of a single-celled organism with greater photosynthetic efficiency. It is sufficiently rich with macro and micronutrients include carbohydrates and proteins. Previous reports suggested that Chlorella Vulgaris has the potential to survive in a great saline environment. The current research focused on the application of C. Vulgaris at two crop plant includes cherry tomato and chilli pepper. These plants are usually sensitive against salt, while C. vulgaris enhanced the ability of such plants to bear excessive salinity. One-month plant seedlings were treated with 100mM and 1M concentration of NaCl along with C. Vulgaris and observed for two weeks' period. The plant growth and gene expression of rbcl and sos1 were collected. Gene expression analyses revealed that plants showed high salt

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endotoxin- and mechanical stress-induced epigenetic changes in the regulation of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase promoter. AU - Elangovan, Venkateswaran Ramamoorthi. AU - Camp, Sara M.. AU - Kelly, Gabriel T.. AU - Desai, Ankit A.. AU - Adyshev, Djanybek. AU - Sun, Xiaoguang. AU - Black, Stephen Matthew. AU - Wang, Ting. AU - Garcia, Joe G.N.. N1 - Funding Information: This study is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01HL94394, P01HL126609, and R01HL91889. Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute. All rights reserved.. PY - 2016/12/1. Y1 - 2016/12/1. N2 - Mechanical ventilation, a lifesaving intervention for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also unfortunately contributes to excessive mechanical stress and impaired lung physiological and structural integrity. We have elsewhere established the pivotal role of increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) transcription and secretion as ...

ADP-ribosyl cyclases catalyze the transformation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into the calcium-mobilizing nucleotide second messenger cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADP-ribose) by adenine N1-cyclization onto the C-1' ' position of NAD+. The invertebrate Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase is unusual among this family of enzymes by acting exclusively as a cyclase, whereas the other members, such as CD38 and CD157, also act as NAD+ glycohydrolases, following a partitioning kinetic mechanism. To explore the intramolecular cyclization reaction, the novel nicotinamide 2-fluoroadenine dinucleotide (2-fluoro-NAD+) was designed as a sterically very close analogue to the natural substrate NAD+, with only an electronic perturbation at the critical N1 position of the adenine base designed to impede the cyclization reaction. 2-Fluoro-NAD+ was synthesized in high yield via Lewis acid catalyzed activation of the phosphoromorpholidate derivative of 2-fluoroadenosine 5'-monophosphate and coupling

Chromium and uranium are highly toxic metals that contaminate many natural environments. We investigated their mechanisms of toxicity under anaerobic conditions using nitrate-reducing Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2, which was originally isolated from a chromium-contaminated aquifer. A random barcode transposon site sequencing library of RCH2 was grown in the presence of the chromate oxyanion (Cr[VI]O42-) or uranyl oxycation (U[VI]O22+). Strains lacking genes required for a functional nitrate reductase had decreased fitness as both metals interacted with heme-containing enzymes required for the later steps in the denitrification pathway after nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Cr[VI]-resistance also required genes in the homologous recombination and nucleotide excision DNA repair pathways, showing that DNA is a target of Cr[VI] even under anaerobic conditions. The reduced thiol pool was also identified as a target of Cr[VI] toxicity and psest_2088, a gene of previously unknown function, was shown to have a role

Azorhizobium caulinodans nfrA protein: RNA-binding protein that stimulates the elongation of poly(A) tails; may be involved in the regulation of nifA; homologous to HF-I protein of Escherichia coli; Do Not confuse with nrfA, a cytochrome c nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.2.2); DO NOT confuse with NfrA protein of E. coli, a bacteriophage N4 adsorption protein; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank X76450

Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Sodium atom in PDB 2g2c: Putative Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis Protein From Corynebacterium Diphtheriae.

Synonyms: Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis 2, Molybdopterin Synthase Sulfur Carrier Subunit, Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis Protein E, MPT Synthase Large Subunit, Molybdopterin Synthase Catalytic Subunit, Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis Protein 2 Large Subunit, Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis Protein 2 Small Subunit, Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis Protein 2A, Molybd enum Cofactor Synthesis Protein 2B, Sulfur Carrier Protein MOCS2A, MCBPE, MOCO1, MOCO1-A, MOCO1-B, MOCS2A, MOCS2B, MPTS, EC 2.8.1.12.. ...

The growth response of Chlorella vulgaris to low concentration of dimethoate, an organophosphorus pesticide, was studied. Results show that cell density, protein content, chlorophyll pigment and alkaline phosphatase activity were all increased, which indicates that low concentration dimethoate can accelerate growth of Chlorella vulgaris. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd ...

Scott acted in four films in 1950. In a continuing effort to escape her femme fatale typecasting, Scott played another self-sacrificing June Allyson-like character before reverting to her usual torch singer/socialite roles. In The Company She Keeps (1951), she played Joan Willburn, a probation officer who sacrifices her fiancé to a scheming convict, Diane Stuart (Jane Greer). While Greer's beauty[107] was toned down for the film, Scott's was not. As a result, critics were generally unconvinced that the leading man would choose the dowdy Diane over Joan. Most critics thought that Scott and Greer were miscast, and should have switched roles.[108][109] Columnist Erskine Johnson wrote "Lizabeth Scott is on her second reach-for-the-handkerchief-Mabel picture for RKO." Scott played her third torch-singer role in Dark City (1950), a traditional film noir. Her boyfriend, Danny Haley-Charlton Heston in his film debut-is a bookie who is the apparent target of a vengeful brother of a dead man whom Haley ...

Kristof's column gives a rare glimpse of a sort of parallel universe, one which normally goes unreported and unacknowledged in the 'mainstream' media. Top officials of the US government--President Bush, Vice President Cheney, Attorney General Ashcroft, CIA Director Tenet, FBI Director Mueller--are linked to a criminal conspiracy to protect a government-trained military assassin. And their Democratic opponents, the apparent targets of the killer, are too cowed to say anything publicly, although one can imagine the private discussions on Capitol Hill Tuesday morning as congressmen and senators read the Times column. This is not a Costa-Gavras film, but the real state of affairs in the America of 2002. ...

Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30)-Pipeline Review, H1 2017. Summary. According to the recently published report 'Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2-Pipeline Review, H1 2017'; Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30) pipeline Target constitutes close to 18 molecules. Out of which approximately 16 molecules are developed by companies and remaining by the universities/institutes. Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30)-Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 is an enzyme encoded by the PARP2 gene. It is involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly (ADP-ribosylation) of a limited number of ...

Stage 14 Drosophila oocytes are arrested in first meiotic metaphase. A cell-free extract of these oocytes catalyzes apparent disassembly of purified Drosophila nuclei as well as of nuclear lamin polymers formed in vitro from isolated interphase lamins. Biochemically, the oocyte extract catalyzes lamin solubilization and phosphorylation as well as characteristic changes in one- and two-dimensional gel mobility. A previously unidentified soluble lamin isoform is easily seen after in vitro disassembly. This isoform is detectable but present only in very small quantities in vivo and is apparently derived specifically from one of the two interphase lamin isoforms. Cell-free nuclear lamina disassembly is ATP-dependent and addition of calcium to extracts blocks disassembly as judged both morphologically and biochemically. This system will allow enzymological characterization of cell-free lamina disassembly as well as molecular analysis of specific Drosophila mutants. ...

According to our new market research study on "Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis - by Application and Industry, " the market is expected to reach US$ 1,888.5 million in 2027 from US$ 1,388.1 million in 2019; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 4.0% from 2020 to 2027. The market growth is mainly attributed to the increasing adoption rate of modeling tools in drug discovery and rising investments for drug discovery. However, low adoption rate of the technique in emerging countries is hindering the quantitative structure-activity relationship market growth.. Based on application, the quantitative structure-activity relationship market is segmented into drug discovery, molecular modeling, chemical screening, regulatory and decision-making, and other applications. In 2019, the drug discovery segment accounted for the largest share, and it is further expected to register the highest CAGR in the market during the forecast ...

Trifascicular block is a problem with the electrical conduction of the heart. It is diagnosed on an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) and has three features: prolongation of the PR interval (first degree AV block) right bundle branch block either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block. Trifascicular block is important to diagnose because it is difficult to tell based on the surface ECG whether the prolonged PR interval is due to disease in the AV node or due to diffuse distal conduction system disease. In the former case, if the block at the AV node level becomes complete, the escape rhythm will originate from the bundle of His, which typically will generate heart rates in the 40s, allowing the individual to survive and complain of symptoms of fatigue or near-syncope to their physician. In the latter case, however, because the conduction system disease is diffuse in nature, the escape rhythm may be fascicular or ventricular, which may be at rates that are life-threateningly ...

The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The core nitrogen cycle involves four reduction pathways and two oxidation pathways. Nitrogen fixation [MD:M00175] is the process of reducing atmospheric molecular nitrogen to ammonia, a biologically useful reduced form incorporated into amino acids and other vital compounds. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction [MD:M00531] and dissimilatory nitrate reduction [MD:M00530] both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification [MD:M00529]. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and ...

The lamin complement of nuclear matrix isolated from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells was studied during retinoic acid-induced differentiation in culture. Differentiation of the original cells into parietal endoderm-like cells was accompanied by the gradual appearance of lamins A and C while lamin B was present throughout all stages. Lamins were identified by their molecular masses, isoelectric points, recognition by a monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antiserum, and by peptide mapping. The increase in the amounts of lamins A and C found in the matrix was due to de novo synthesis as no extranuclear pools of these lamins were detected in the undifferentiated cells. These results provide biochemical evidence that, as in amphibian embryogenesis, there are variations in nuclear lamina composition during mammalian development. ...

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of different phosphorus levels (0.05, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) under nitrogen metabolism and the essential oil profile of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). The relationship between the leaf maturity and the essential oil profile was also explored. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic system located in a grow chamber during 41 days and after the harvest, nitrate reductase activity, and the -N, amino-N, and soluble sugars levels of each plant part were evaluated. Also the essential oil from young leaves (6th to 8th _disibledevent='font-family:Verdana;'>) presented high levels of menthol. In leaves from 6th to 8th node (mature leaves) menthol level was approximately 87% of the essential oil however leaves from the 3rd to the 5th node (young leaves) showed high levels of pulegone, that can be toxic for humans. The results indicate that the essential oil quality in menthol mint is influenced by the leaf maturity and the P levels. Also it

This study investigated the effects of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris on the growth, non-specific immunity and survival of Clarias gariepinus. C. gariepinus juveniles were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila after a 16-week feeding period with 5 different diets which served as replacements for fishmeal diet. The diets are 50% C. vulgaris (CL50%), 75% C. vulgaris (CL75%), 50% S. platensis (SP50%), 75% S. platensis (SP75%), and control (100% fishmeal). Fish (n=225; 41.85± 0.05 g) were randomly divided into fifteen tanks (150 L capacity each) with triplicate groups of 15 fish per tank. CL50% had the most significant (P,0.05) weight gain (233.72±0.02 g), relative growth rate (558.15±0.57%), feed conversion ratio (0.89±0.01) and protein efficiency ratio (5.81±0.03) compared to the control, while there were no significant differences (P,0.05) in growth performance among the algae treatments. Similarly, lysozyme and respiratory burst activity and post-challenge haemoglobin, haematocrit, ...

Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Effective Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Mediators, A. Jayshree*, S. Jayashree and N. Thangaraju

Two pathways serve for assimilation of ammonia inParacoccus denitrificans. Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) catalyzes the assimilation at a high NH4+ concentration. If nitrate serves as the nitrogen source, glutamate is synthesized by glutamate-ammonia ligase and glutamate synthase (NADPH). At a very low NH4+ concentration, all three enzymes are synthesized simultaneously. No direct relationship exists between glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) and glutamate-ammonia ligase inP. denitrificans, while the glutamate synthase (NADPH) activity changes in parallel with that of the latter enzyme. Ammonia does not influence the induction or repression of glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+). The inner concentration of metabolites indicates a possible repression of glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) by the high concentration of glutamine or its metabolic products as in the case when NH4+ is formed by assimilative nitrate reduction. No direct effect of the intermediates of nitrate assimilation on the synthesis of glutamate

In Synechococcus elongatus, the PII protein inhibits both transport and reduction of nitrate when ammonium is present in the medium. Using a transporter mutant having ammonium-resistant nitrate transport activity as the genetic background, we analyzed specific effects of PII on in vivo nitrate reductase activity by measuring uptake of nitrate from the medium. The results showed that the regulation of nitrate reductase does not require changes in the electric charge or size of the side chain at the phosphorylation site of PII. Phosphorylation of PII is thus unlikely to play a role in the regulation of nitrate reductase.. ...

Diflavin reductases are essential proteins capable of splitting the two-electron flux from reduced pyridine nucleotides to a variety of one electron acceptors. The primary sequence of diflavin reductases shows a conserved domain organization harboring two catalytic domains bound to the FAD and FMN flavins sandwiched by one or several non-catalytic domains. The catalytic domains are analogous to existing globular proteins: the FMN domain is analogous to flavodoxins while the FAD domain resembles ferredoxin reductases. The first structural determination of one member of the diflavin reductases family raised some questions about the architecture of the enzyme during catalysis: both FMN and FAD were in perfect position for interflavin transfers but the steric hindrance of the FAD domain rapidly prompted more complex hypotheses on the possible mechanisms for the electron transfer from FMN to external acceptors. Hypotheses of domain reorganization during catalysis in the context of the different members of

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