In vitro studies have shown that the phorbol ester, 12-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induces neural crest cell differentiation into melanocytes, and stimulates proliferation and differentiation of normal melanocytes. As TPA is not a physiological agent, its action is clearly mimicking some in vivo pathway involved in these processes. An understanding of the effect of TPA on the expression of melanogenic genes will therefore provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating melanocyte differentiation. In this study, we utilized primary cultures of neural crest cells and an immortalized melanocyte cell line (DMEL-2) which proliferates in the absence of TPA, to explore the effects of TPA on key melanogenic effectors. In neural crest cells, TPA was found to be necessary for both microphthalmia associated transcription factor (Mitf) up-regulation and for melanin synthesis. Using northern blots, we show that in DMEL-2 cells, TPA significantly increases the messenger ribonucleic acid

The spatial distribution of the cranial paraxial mesoderm and the neural crest cells during craniofacial morphogenesis of the mouse embryo was studied by micromanipulative cell grafting and cell labelling. Results of this study show that the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells arising at the same segmental position share common destinations. Mesodermal cells from somitomeres I, III, IV and VI were distributed to the same craniofacial tissues as neural crest cells of the forebrain, the caudal midbrain, and the rostral, middle and caudal hindbrains found respectively next to these mesodermal segments. This finding suggests that a basic meristic pattern is established globally in the neural plate ectoderm and paraxial mesoderm during early mouse development. Cells from these two sources mixed extensively in the peri-ocular, facial, periotic and cervical mesenchyme. However, within the branchial arches a distinct segregation of these two cell populations was discovered. Neural crest cells ...

Combined intrinsic and extrinsic influences pattern cranial neural crest migration and pharyngeal arch morphogenesis in axolotl Journal Article ...

Talk Page}} ==2019== ===Hirschsprung disease: Insights on genes, penetrance, and prenatal diagnosis=== Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Nov;31(11):e13732. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13732. Wang XJ1, Camilleri M1. 1 Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Abstract The objective of this mini-review is to provide insights on the advances in the understanding of the genetic variants associated with different manifestations of {{Hirschsprung disease}}, which may present with a range of denervation from a short segment of colon to total colonic and small bowel or extensive aganglionosis. A recent article in this journal documented potential gene variants involved in long-segment Hirschsprung disease in 23 patients. Gene variants were identified using a 31-gene panel of genes related to Hirschsprung disease or enteric neural crest cell development, as previously reported in the ...

Review - Hirschsprung disease - Insights on genes, penetrance, and prenatal diagnosis[1] The objective of this mini-review is to provide insights on the advances in the understanding of the genetic variants associated with different manifestations of Hirschsprung disease, which may present with a range of denervation from a short segment of colon to total colonic and small bowel or extensive aganglionosis. A recent article in this journal documented potential gene variants involved in long-segment Hirschsprung disease in 23 patients. Gene variants were identified using a 31-gene panel of genes related to Hirschsprung disease or enteric neural crest cell development, as previously reported in the literature. The study identified potentially harmful variants in eight genes across 13 patients, with a detection rate of 56.5% (13/23 patients). Five patients had pathologic variants in RET, NRG1, and L1CAM, and the remainder were considered variants of unknown significance. The authors attempted ...

Definition: One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. Together with the sacral neural crest cells, they develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. These cells, between the head and trunk, contribute post-cranially to the heart and gut, the chromatophores (pigment cells) of the epidermis, and the majority of the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system. Both vagal and sacral neural crest cells contribute to the enteric nervous system in the hindgut ...

The endothelin system is a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles in regulating the cardiovascular system and renal and pulmonary processes, as well as the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. This system is comprised of three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors. In 1994, knockouts of the Edn3 and Ednrb genes revealed their crucial function during development of the enteric nervous system and melanocytes, two neural-crest derivatives. Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions.

We used the chick embryo transplant model to study the reprogramming of human metastatic melanoma cells towards a benign cell type. We had previously reported that human patient-derived C8161 metastatic melanoma cells upregulated a marker of melanin synthesis, Mart-1, after exposure to unknown signals in the embryonic neural crest microenvironment (Kulesa et al., 2006). The goal of this study was to identify and examine the function of the microenvironmental signal(s) underlying the reprogramming process. To enable the dynamic readout of one of the changes in metastatic melanoma cell state, we generated a lentiviral Mart-1:GFP reporter and methodically determined the age, tissue type and ultimately the factor that induced re-expression of Mart-1. We learned that the neurotrophin NGF induced Mart-1 re-expression and changes in cell behavior and gene expression of human C8161 metastatic melanoma cells. We confirmed Mart-1:GFP re-expression in C8161 cells after NGF exposure using Mart-1 antibody ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Pak1ip1 Loss-of-Function Leads to Cell Cycle Arrest, Loss of Neural Crest Cells, and Craniofacial Abnormalities. AU - Panoutsopoulos, Alexios A.. AU - De Crescenzo, Angelo Harlan. AU - Lee, Albert. AU - Lu, Amelia Mac Kenzie. AU - Ross, Adam P.. AU - Borodinsky, Laura N.. AU - Marcucio, Ralph. AU - Trainor, Paul A.. AU - Zarbalis, Konstantinos. N1 - Funding Information: We thank Kirsten Lois Ner and Michael Podesta, for technical assistance. We also thank Dr. Athena Soulika for advice and support with flow cytometry. Funding. This study was supported by Shriners Hospitals for Children and NIH grant R01DE022830 to KZ, PT, and RM. Research in the Trainor laboratory is supported by the Stowers Institute for Medical Research.. PY - 2020/9/1. Y1 - 2020/9/1. N2 - Neural crest cells (NCCs) comprise a transient progenitor cell population of neuroepithelial origin that contributes to a variety of cell types throughout vertebrate embryos including most mesenchymal cells of the cranial and ...

Wounds within the oral mucosa, similarly to fetal wounds, exhibit rapid healing with reduced scarring. We hypothesized that a progenitor population resident within the oral mucosal lamina propria (OMLP) contributes to this preferential healing. Progenitor cells (PC) were reliably isolated from the OMLP by differential adhesion to fibronectin. Isolated colonies originating from a single cell demonstrated a rapid initial phase of proliferation, completing in excess of 50 population doublings (PDs) before entering cellular senescence. These data were supported by the expression of active telomerase within both developing colonies and expanded clones as assessed by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and the quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol. FACS analysis confirmed expression of the stem cell markers CD44, CD90, CD105, and CD166, but negative expression of CD34 and CD45 ruling out a hematopoietic or fibrocyte origin for these progenitors. A neural crest origin was confirmed by increased ...

Here we present the cloning of a full-length zebrafish pdgfr-α cDNA as well as the expression of this gene during zebrafish embryogenesis. We show that zebrafish pdgfr-α mRNA is present at high levels in the fertilized egg as well as in all embryonic cells up to the end of gastrulation. Spatially restricted expression of the gene started after the onset of segmentation and is mainly localized in premigratory neural crest cells, the placodes, the anterior paraxial cells of somites and the adaxial cells of the tailbud. Transient expression of this gene was also detected in the early Kupffers vesicle, a teleost-specific structure. Expression of the zebrafish pdgfr-α is both conserved as well as diverged comparing to that of other vertebrate species. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved ...

Coreceptor for SEMA3A and SEMA3F. Necessary for signaling by class 3 semaphorins and subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Plays a role in axon guidance in the developing nervous system. Regulates the migration of sympathetic neurons, but not of neural crest precursors. Required for normal dendrite spine morphology in pyramidal neurons. May play a role in regulating semaphorin-mediated programmed cell death in the developing nervous system. Class 3 semaphorins bind to a complex composed of a neuropilin and a plexin. The plexin modulates the affinity of the complex for specific semaphorins, and its cytoplasmic domain is required for the activation of down-stream signaling events in the cytoplasm.

The cranial placodes are focal thickenings of the ectoderm and include the olfactory, lens, otic, trigeminal, hypophyseal, lateral line and epibranchial placodes. Placodes are induced within the non-neural ectoderm outside of the neural plate (Couly and Le Douarin, 1985), within a pre-placodal domain (Bailey et al., 2006; Bhattacharyya et al., 2004; Schlosser, 2005; Schlosser and Ahrens, 2004) where the olfactory and lens precursors are intermingled (Bhattacharyya et al., 2004; Streit, 2002). FGFs are required for the earliest steps of olfactory placode specification (Bailey et al., 2006; Kawauchi et al., 2005) and then later for formation of the nasal passages (Kawauchi et al., 2005).. In the chicken, the olfactory placode is first visible at the end of cranial neural crest cell migration, coincident with the appearance of the pharyngeal arches [stage 15 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951)]. Twenty-four hours later (stage 20), the nasal pit has invaginated and, simultaneously, ...

The human face represents a combined set of highly heritable phenotypes, but knowledge on its genetic architecture remains limited despite the relevance for various fields of science and application. A series of genome-wide association studies on 78 facial shape phenotypes quantified from 3-dimensional facial images of 10,115 Europeans identified 24 genetic loci reaching genome-wide significant association, among which 17 were previously unreported. A multi-ethnic study in additional 7,917 individuals confirmed 13 loci including 8 unreported ones. A global map of polygenic face scores assembled facial features in major continental groups consistent with anthropological knowledge. Analyses of epigenomic datasets from cranial neural crest cells revealed abundant cis-regulatory activities at the face-associated genetic loci. Luciferase reporter assays in neural crest progenitor cells highlighted enhancer activities of several face-associated DNA variants. These results substantially advance our ...

Therefore, for my independent project, I have chosen to study the effects of substances that influence the brain like nicotine (cigarette smoke), n-Hexane, melatonin, and mercury on neurogenesis in fruit fly larvae. Regarding the cigarette smoke, I would like to pursue an experiment in which I compare the effects of electronic cigarette smoke to traditional cigarette smoke and see how they each affect neurogenesis. Neurogenesis is the growth and development of nervous tissues. Through larval brain and disc dissection, I will be able to get access to the larval brain and see how the drugs impacted the brain. I will use phosphohistone H3 (pH3) staining to give myself a visual representation of the proliferation in the neural crest cells. The more positively stained cells that are in each sample, the more proliferation. Furthermore, I will apply separate environmental stressors, which are changes in circadian rhythms and temperature to my experiment. ...

Thymus organogenesis requires coordinated interactions of multiple cell types, including neural crest (NC) cells, to orchestrate the formation, separation, and subsequent migration of the developing thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch to the thoracic cavity. The molecular mechanisms driving these processes are unclear; however, NC-derived mesenchyme has been shown to play an important role. Here, we show that, in the absence of ephrin-B2 expression on thymic NC-derived mesenchyme, the thymus remains in the cervical area instead of migrating into the thoracic cavity. Analysis of individual NC-derived thymic mesenchymal cells shows that, in the absence of ephrin-B2, their motility is impaired as a result of defective EphB receptor signaling. This implies a NC-derived cell-specific role of EphB-ephrin-B2 interactions in the collective migration of the thymic rudiment during organogenesis.

Injury and neurodegenerative conditions of the spinal cord can lead to paralysis and loss of sensation. Cell therapeutic approaches can restore sensory innervation of the spinal cord following injury and protect spinal cord cells from degeneration. This thesis primarily focuses on the restoration of deaffarented sensory fibres following injury to the dorsal root and spinal cord. These injuries lead to the formation of a non-permissive glial scar that prevents sensory axons from reinnervating spinal cord targets. It takes advantage of a dorsal root injury model that closely mimics spinal root avulsion injuries occurring in humans. In the first part of the thesis, three different neural progenitor types from human or murine sources are tested for their regenerative properties following their transplantation to the site of dorsal root avulsion injury. In the second part, the ability of murine neural progenitors to protect spinal motor neurons from a neurodegenerative process is tested.. In the ...

Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (By similarity). Shares much functionality with wnt11b. Signals through a non-canonical Wnt pathway to activate Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate gastrulation movements. Acts in a non-cell-autonomous manner to control neural crest migration, probably acting as an extracellular signal from surrounding tissue, but is not required for neural crest induction. Acts redundantly with wnt11b during pronephros induction. Regulates cardiac morphogenesis through the activation of JNK, but is not required for cardiac differentiation. Essential for dorsal fin development; required for an epithelial to mesenchymal transformation event prior to migration of cells into the fin, and ultimately for maintenance of fin structure. Mediates dorsal fin development through a non-canonical pathway mediated by Ca(2+) (By similarity).

Another study in the special feature by Marianne Bronner-Fraser, the second Albert Billings Ruddock Professor of Biology, focuses on the gene regulatory network underlying neural crest formation in the lamprey, the most primitive living vertebrate. The neural crest is a group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube--the precursor to the spinal cord--and then migrate throughout the developing body to form other nervous system structures. The study reveals order and linkages within the network at early stages, Bronner-Fraser says. Because the neural crest cell type represents a vertebrate innovation, our work in lampreys shows that this network is ancient and tightly conserved to the base of vertebrates, she says.. The fourth of the Caltech papers, by Paul W. Sternberg, the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), and his colleagues, looks at a postembryonic gene regulatory ...

Why the interest in such an obscure cell? There is not a lot of information in the literature.. I am a clinician with a special interest in melanoma and, as such, you are continually struck by the potential aggressive and lethal nature of invasive melanoma and its resistance to therapeutics. There are some striking differences in behaviour between melanoma and its non-melanoma skin cancer relatives. Obviously, the melanocyte as the cell of origin, rather than the keratinocyte, and inevitably the neural crest origin of the melanocyte.. The Satellite cell, its close relative the Schwann cell, the melanocyte and its malignant offspring the melanoma cell, all share this Neural crest cell origin.. During evolutionary development, aspects of the Neural crest began to appear in early chordate species and eventually reached full expression in vertebrates. Protochordates were thin transparent sessile filter-feeders sitting in burrows on the sea floor but with evolutionary development grew in size, became ...

Our laboratory focuses on deciphering gene regulatory networks that govern complex programmes during early vertebrate development. We use systems approaches in specific cell types isolated directly from developing embryos to analyse transcriptional, epigenomic and cis-regulatory landscapes to decode and probe developmental programmes at the population and single-cell level. One of the intriguing developmental populations studied in our lab is the vertebrate neural crest. Neural crest (NC) is a unique multipotent embryonic cell population that differentiates into a plethora of diverse cell types, giving rise to structures as different as neurons and glia of peripheral nervous system, bone, cartilage and connective tissue elements of craniofacial skeleton and bodys pigmentation. Defects in neural crest patterning are some of the most common causes of birth anomalies, accounting for up to one-third of all congenital disabilities. Due to the unique multipotency, developmental plasticity and vast ...

Akbareian SE, Nagy N, Steiger CE, Mably JD, Miller SA, Hotta R, Molnar D, Goldstein AM: Enteric neural crest-derived cells promote their migration by modifying their microenvironment through tenascin-C production., DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 382: (2) pp. 446-456 ...

Vertebrate pigment cells are derived from neural crest, a tissue that also forms most of the peripheral nervous system and a variety of ectomesenchymal cell types. Formation of pigment cells from multipotential neural crest cells involves a number of common developmental processes. Pigment cells must be specified; their migration, proliferation, and survival must be controlled and they must differentiate to the final pigment cell type. We previously reported a large set of embryonic mutations that affect pigment cell development from neural crest (R. N. Kelsh et al., 1996, Development 123, 369-389). Based on distinctions in pigment cell appearance between mutants, we proposed hypotheses as to the process of pigment cell development affected by each mutation. Here we describe the cloning and expression of an early zebrafish melanoblast marker, dopachrome tautomerase. We used this marker to test predictions about melanoblast number and pattern in mutant embryos, including embryos homozygous for ...

Somites are transient, segmentally organized structures. In the vertebrate embryo, the somites contribute to multiple tissues, including the axial skeleton, skeletal and smooth muscles, dorsal dermis, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and adipose tissue. The somites also determine the migration paths of trunk neural crest cells and spinal nerve axons.. As the primitive streak regresses and the neural folds begin to gather at the center of the embryo, the paraxial mesoderm separates into blocks of cells called somites. These structures are formed by budding off as epithelial spheres from the cranial end of the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm that lies on either side of the neural tube.. The total number of somites formed is species-specific (38-39 in humans, 50 in chickens, 65 in mice) and is used as an indicator of embryonic developmental stages. Once formed, the epithelial somite is patterned rapidly into distinct compartments that subsequently give rise to distinct cell lineages. In response to ...

Orbital cartilage encircles the eye giving strength and support to the neural retina. It is derived from cranial neural crest cells (NCCs), cells that can generate a number of cell types including neurons, glia, and melanocytes. Uniquely in the head, NCCs also make skeletal derivatives that form the majority of the craniofacial skeleton. Differentiation of NCCs into cartilage requires inductive interactions between NCCs and the local environment. The nature of these interactions is largely unknown. We hypothesise that formation of the eye socket requires interactions between the eye and the NCCs during early development. This is supported by evidence in animals and humans where lack of eyes (anophthalmia) or formation of small eyes (microphthalmia) result in craniofacial abnormalities. Orbital cartilage is found in the majority of vertebrates but the ability to induce it has been lost to mammals. A comparison of chick and mouse should help us determine which tissues and molecules are necessary for this

1. Ebrahimi M, Taghi-Abadi E, Baharvand H. Limbal stem cells in review. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2009;4:40-58 2. Bahn CF, Falls HF, Varley GA, Meyer RF, Edelhauser HF, Bourne WM. Classification of corneal endothelial disorders based on neural crest origin. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:558-63 3. Bonanno JA. Identity and regulation of ion transport mechanisms in the corneal endothelium. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003;22:69-94 4. Bourne WM, McLaren JW. Clinical responses of the corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res. 2004;78:561-72 5. Lee JG, Kay EP. FGF-2-mediated signal transduction during endothelial mesenchymal transformation in corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83:1309-16 6. Zhu YT, Chen HC, Chen SY, Tseng SC. Nuclear p120 catenin unlocks mitotic block of contact-inhibited human corneal endothelial monolayers without disrupting adherent junctions. J Cell Sci. 2012;125:3636-48 7. Chen HC, Zhu YT, Chen SY, Tseng SC. Wnt signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with proliferation in ARPE-19 ...

ENCODES a protein that exhibits bHLH transcription factor binding (ortholog); DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific (ortholog); DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific (ortholog); INVOLVED IN angiogenesis (ortholog); blastocyst development (ortholog); cardiac left ventricle formation (ortholog); ASSOCIATED WITH Cardiomegaly (ortholog); Hereditary Neoplastic Syndromes (ortholog); hypoplastic left heart syndrome (ortholog); FOUND IN cytoplasm (ortholog); nuclear chromatin (ortholog); nucleolus (ortholog)

Biotagging, a genetically encoded toolkit in the zebrafish, reveals novel non-coding RNA players during neural crest and myocardium development ...

Read The fate of the neural crest in the head of the urodeles, The Journal of Comparative Neurology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

Most textbooks say that Rathkes pouch invaginates from the oral ectoderm. Our observations and experiments give a different explanation for the chick embryo. We find that the roof, tip and floor of the pouch lie flat along the midline (A above), then the cephalic flexure through the mesencephalon as well as the downward bulging of the prosencephalon wrap the floor and roof around the tip of the pouch. We find that mesenchyme, mostly from mesencephalic neural crest, collects beneath the ectoderm lateral to the floor plate (and to some extent lateral to the roof plate) causing the walls of the pouch to form when the ectoderm lateral to the floor plate fuses with ectoderm lateral to roof plate ...

Diseases affecting heart function exact an enormous toll on human health, but many of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying heart disease remain unknown. Yost and colleagues discovered novel roles for the same developmental signaling pathway in two seemingly unrelated sources of cardiac dysfunction: adult heart failure and embryonic heart malformation. In their first study, the team found that a unique population of heart muscle cells derived from the embryonic neural crest is necessary for healthy heart function. These cells produce a ligand for the Notch signaling receptor, Jag2b, and the absence of the cell population or the jag2b gene during development results in heart failure in adult fish.. In a second study, they found that in a zebrafish model for Kabuki Syndrome, a congenital heart developmental disorder, Notch signaling is overactive. In a result with exciting implications for human patients, they showed that pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling could restore normal ...

Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found predominantly in the medulla of the adrenal gland. They are also found in other ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system and are derived from the embryonic neural crest. Embryology They arise in ...

Video articles in JoVE about vitelline membrane include Application of Impermeable Barriers Combined with Candidate Factor Soaked Beads to Study Inductive Signals in the Chick, Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development, A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos, Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes, Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo, In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos, Microinjection Wound Assay and In vivo Localization of Epidermal Wound Response Reporters in Drosophila Embryos., Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development, Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation, Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels

This study briefly reviews the main events and processes that lead to the formation of the nervous system in mammals. At the end of gastrulation, they begin a series of fundamental morphogenetic processes with the formation of the neural plate (start of neurulation) culminating in the attainment of a normal nervous system. Embryological ectodermal primordia involved in the formation of the nervous system are the neuroectoblast, the neural crest cells and placodes that will evolve based on inductive phenomena, mainly from the notochord, prechordal plate and ectoderm. During the embryonic period consolidates the final development plan of the nervous system: 1) it comes complete neural tube formation when closing the rostral and caudal neuropores, 2) the different placodes invaginate to help form the organs of senses and sensory ganglia of the head, 3) the neural crest cells migrate to give rise to sensory and autonomic constituents of the peripheral nervous system and 4) developing brain vesicles, ...

Abzhanov A, Cordero DR, Sen J, Tabin CJ, Helms JAet al., 2007, Cross-regulatory interactions between Fgf8 and Shh in the avian frontonasal prominence., Congenit Anom (Kyoto), Vol: 47, Pages: 136-148, ISSN: 0914-3505 The frontonasal prominence of the developing avian embryo contains an organizing center, defined by juxtaposition of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) expression domains. This molecular interface presages any detectable growth of the frontonasal prominence, and experiments involving transplantation of this boundary epithelium have demonstrated it is a source of dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal patterning information for the neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the upper beak. We explored the ontogeny of this organizing center by mapping the expression domains of both genes and their receptors and downstream targets. We tested the extent to which Shh and Fgf8 regulate each others expression in this frontonasal organizer by either blocking or ectopically ...

The origin of GnRH-1 neurons and OECs has been a matter of debate for several decades. Both cell types are associated with the olfactory/nasal placode (Schwanzel-Fukuda and Pfaff, 1989; Wray et al., 1989; Wewetzer et al., 2002; Barnett, 2004; Murdoch et al., 2010). During early development, the nasal placode and cranial neural crest cells share a common border, originating from ectoderm near the neural plate. Mixing of NC and olfactory placode cells has been suggested (Couly and Le Douarin, 1985; Whitlock, 2004; Schlosser, 2010). Thus, we used both NC and ectodermal-specific Cre-lox fate tracing strategies to determine the origin of nasal placode derivates. Here we show that early multipotent cranial NC cells mingle with ectodermally derived cells in the developing nasal placode where they generate (1) unique cell types such as the OECs and (2) neurons with similar features to those of ectodermal origin (Nagoshi et al., 2008, 2009) including a population of GnRH-1-expressing neurons.. The ...

The new version includes: Astrocytes lineage ; Updates to Kidney, Pancreas, Bone and Cartilage (from somite & neural crest) lineages ; 19 new high-throughput experiments for: hair, tooth, early embryo, cornea, lens and astrocytes ; New data from Bodymap & RNAseq ; 40 new protocols, including 7 new categories of direct reprogramming protocols added ; ~60 new patient-derived iPSCs ; Family cell descriptions for BM-MSCs, Adipose-derived MSCs and UC-MSCs (tissue) and 50 new cell therapies, including 7 cards of marketed cell-based products. Additionally, The UCB-MSCs (blood) cell family was split into tissue and cord blood with full elaborate descriptions. ...

Taste buds are the sensory organs for taste that is important for quality of life. However, the origin and renewal of taste bud cells remains unclear. The present study applied chicken model to track neural crest cells and characterize the taste progenitor cells. (1) Multiple methods to track neural crest cells were performed and by GFP+/GFP- chimera neural crest-derived cells were successfully detected within taste buds. (2) Proliferating cells were found in multiple tissue compartments. And within taste buds, S-phase proliferating cells mostly were undifferentiated cells and the minority of S-phase proliferating cells were differentiated cells. The present study provided direct evidence of the neural crest contribution to taste buds and indirect evidence of how taste bud cells undergo renewal ...

Chromosome 22q11.2 heterozygous deletions cause the most common deletion syndrome, including the DiGeorge syndrome phenotype. Using a mouse model of this deletion (named Df1) we show that the aortic arch patterning defects that occur in heterozygously deleted mice (Df1/+) are associated with a differentiation impairment of vascular smooth muscle in the 4th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) during early embryogenesis. Using molecular markers for neural crest, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle, we show that cardiac neural crest migration into the 4th arch and initial formation of the 4th PAAs are apparently normal in Df1/+ embryos, but affected vessels are growth-impaired and do not acquire vascular smooth muscle. As in humans, not all deleted mice present with cardiovascular defects at birth. However, we found, unexpectedly, that all Df1/+ embryos have abnormally small 4th PAAs during early embryogenesis. Many embryos later overcome this early defect, coincident with the appearance of ...

Our studies demonstrate that NC-Foxc1 and NC-Foxc2 expression cooperatively regulate early development of the cornea by interacting with the Pitx2/Wnt signaling cascade (Fig. 7, Supplementary Fig. S6). Remarkably, compound NC-double homozygous Foxc1/c2 mutant embryos at E14.5 exhibit undetectable levels of Pitx2 and its downstream effectors, Dkk2 and AP-2β, which is reinforced by our finding that the double mutants closely phenocopy both the global and NC-specific mutant mice for Pitx2.25,51 During early eye development, Pitx2 and Foxc1 expression in the periocular mesenchyme is dependent on retinoic acid signaling.52,53 Our study indicates that Foxc1 and Foxc2 are not required for the induction of Pitx2 expression in early eye development, but they appear to be necessary for maintaining Pitx2 expression at later stages. This observation accords with recent evidence that pitx2 expression in the periocular mesenchyme of zebrafish embryos is altered by the loss of foxc1a.54 Canonical Wnt ...

The endocardial cushions play a critical role in septation of the four-chambered mammalian heart and in the formation of the valve leaflets that control blood flow through the heart. Within the outflow tract (OFT), both cardiac neural crest and endoc

TY - JOUR. T1 - Erratum. T2 - Targeted disruption of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene leads to developmental abnormalities of the heart and various neural crest-derived tissues (Genes and Development (1994) 8 (1019-1029)). AU - Brannan, C. I.. AU - Perkins, A. S.. AU - Vogel, K. S.. AU - Ratner, N.. AU - Nordlund, M. L.. AU - Reid, S. W.. AU - Buchberg, A. M.. AU - Jenkins, N. A.. AU - Parada, L. F.. AU - Copeland, N. G.. PY - 1994/1/1. Y1 - 1994/1/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0028034322&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0028034322&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Comment/debate. AN - SCOPUS:0028034322. VL - 8. JO - Genes and Development. JF - Genes and Development. SN - 0890-9369. IS - 22. ER - ...

Cancer cells have an altered distribution of DNA methylation relative to normal cells. We have shown previously that human cancer cells express aberrant DNMT3B transcripts via abnormal gene splicing. Many of these aberrant transcripts encode truncated proteins, including DNMT3B7, one of the most commonly expressed aberrant isoforms expressed in cancer. In vitro, DNMT3B7 expression modifies the pattern of DNA methylation and gene expression. Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor of the neural crest cell lineage. A clinically aggressive disease and poor outcome is associated with CpG island methylator phenotype in neuroblastoma. We found that the expression of four or more DNMT3B transcripts, in primary neuroblastic tumors correlated with high-risk and stage IV disease. Further, the expression of ΔDNMT3B5 also correlated to high-risk and stage IV tumors. Additionally, higher levels of DNMT3B7 expression were detected in more differentiated neuroblastic tumors (ganglioneuroblastomas) compared to ...

Neural crest cells are the embryonic progenitors of several adult cell types, including some neurons that contain the neuroactive peptide somatostatin. To begin to understand the control of peptide expression during neuronal ontogeny, we have investigated the development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in embryonic quail paravertebral sympathetic ganglia in vivo. SLI was identified by immunohistochemistry in paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections from the trunk region of quail embryos. SLI was first observed in the cells of the primary sympathetic trunks at stage 18 (Zacchei, A.M. (1961) Arch. Ital. Anat. Embriol. 66:36-62), which corresponds to embryonic day 4 (E4). The primary sympathetic trunks are the sites of the initial aggregation of neural crest cells to form the sympathetic ganglia. The SLI in these cells was located in the cytoplasm and was absent from the nucleus. SLI persisted in subsequent developmental stages as formation of the definitive sympathetic ganglia ...

The pharyngeal arches -also known as visceral arches-are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In fish the arches are known as the branchial arches or gill arches. In the human embryo, the arches are first seen during the fourth week of development. They appear as a series of outpouchings of mesoderm on both sides of the developing pharynx. The vasculature of the pharyngeal arches is known as the aortic arches. In fish, the branchial arches support the gills. In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers (the primary layers of cells that form during embryogenesis).Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to features of the skull and facial skeleton such as bone and cartilage. However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development. The first, most ...

The pattern of skeletal structures and muscles in the branchial region of the head is profoundly influenced by the neural crest, whose cells arise at discrete segmental levels of the chick hindbrain: specifically, rhombomeres (r)1+2, r4 and r6, whereas r3 and r5 are crest-depleted. We have demonstra …

Homeobox transcription factors belong to a family of proteins involved in an array of developmental processes, the most important being specification of the anteriorposterior axis of the embryo. The first and one of the most anteriorly expressed Hox genes during development is Hoxa1. Mouse knockout studies have revealed that loss of Hoxa1 function leads to mispatterning of the hindbrain, in addition to defects in the inner ear, cranial ganglia, and the breathing inducing cells in rhombomere 3. More recently, humans with homozygous mutations in Hoxa1 have been identified, which sparked new interest in understanding the role this crucial transcription factor plays during development. Interestingly, human patients in addition to the defects described in mice, also display cardiovascular abnormalities.

Fusion of Regionally Specified hPSC-Derived Organoids Models Human Brain Development and Interneuron Migration Researchers described the generation of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and cortex-specific organoids from hPSCs that recapitulate the development of MGE and cortex domains, respectively. [Cell Stem Cell] Abstract , Graphical Abstract Surface Topography Guides Morphology and Spatial Patterning of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Colonies Investigators demonstrated that groove-ridge structures with a periodicity in the submicrometer range induce elongation of iPSC colonies, guide the orientation of apical actin fibers, and direct the polarity of cell division. [Stem Cell Reports] Full Article , Graphical Abstract Mir-29b Mediates the Neural Tube versus Neural Crest Fate Decision during Embryonic Stem Cell Neural Differentiation Using ESC neural differentiation systems, scientists found that miR-29b was upregulated in neural tube epithelial (NTE) cells and downregulated in neural crest ...

Endothelial cell signaling in cardiovascular development and disease. Our laboratory helped to establish endoglin functions in non-endothelial cell niches during embryonic development and in adult disease: we established: a functional role for endoglin in vascular smooth muscle cells arising from the neural crest, cell autonomous roles for endoglin in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells of developing blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.. Tang Y, Urs S, Boucher J, Bernaiche T, Venkatesh D, Spicer DB, Vary CP, Liaw L. Notch and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling pathways cooperatively regulate vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(23):17556-63. PMCID:2878520.. Mancini ML, Verdi JM, Conley BA, Nicola T, Spicer DB, Oxburgh LH, Vary CP. Endoglin is required for myogenic differentiation potential of neural crest stem cells. Dev Biol. 2007;308(2):520-33. PMCID:2041841.. Mouta-Bellum C, Kirov A, Miceli-Libby L, Mancini ML, Petrova TV, Liaw L, Prudovsky ...

The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord running along the length of the animal. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells. These are progenitors of stem cells, and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components.[17] Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development, and initiate the formation of neural ganglia and structures such as the jaws and skull.[18][19][20]. The vertebrates are the only chordate group to exhibit cephalisation, the concentration of brain functions in the head. A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord is found in the lancelet, a chordate, though it lacks the eyes and other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates. Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalisation.[12]. A peripheral nervous system branches out from the nerve cord to innervate the various systems. The front end of the nerve tube is expanded ...

Vertebrate branchial nerves, i.e., the Vth, VIIth, IXth, and Xth cranial nerves, have neural crest-derived and placode-derived sensory neurons in their proximal and distal ganglia, respectively [18]. These nerves also have motor neurons, the cell bodies of which lie in the ventral hindbrain; and their axons project to the branchial arches through proximal and distal ganglia during development [39]. The sensory ganglia of these nerves are known to be weakly chemoattractive for motor neurons, as shown in co-culture experiments [40]. It is known that placode-derived neurons differentiate earlier than neural crest-derived ones [41, 42] and that in embryos where the placodes have been removed, the axonal projection pattern of proximal ganglion neurons to the periphery is defective [43]. These findings suggest that proper developmental regulation of the placode-derived neurons should be required for all 3 types of branchial nerve neurons, i.e., the 2 sensory types (neural crest-derived and ...

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Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm that arises in subcutaneous tissue, with that in the oral cavity extremely rare. We present a case of malignant OFMT in the tongue. A 26-year-old male noticed a painless mass in the tongue, which was extracted at a general hospital. Four years later, the tumor recurred and was resected at our department. Histologically, the recurrent tumor was composed of the closely packed cells positive for vimentin and S-100 proliferating in a nodular fashion. It showed high cellularity and mitotic activity. In the primary tumor, some tumor cells were arranged in a diffuse or cord-like manner within an abundant fibromyxoid matrix, along with a small amount of metaplastic ossification, corresponding with the histopathological characteristic of OFMT. Accordingly, a diagnosis of malignant OFMT arising in typical OFMT was established. This is the first reported case of malignant OFMT in the tongue. Long-term follow-up is needed for confirmation of

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To study the physiological role of L-selectin shedding in lymphocyte biology, we have mutagenized the cleavage site of mouse L-selectin and directed the expression of mutant or WT L-selectin to T lymphocytes by transgenesis. L-Selectin transgenic mice were bred with L-selectin KO mice to generate lines in which either WT or nonshedding L-selectin was only expressed on T lymphocytes, and lines expressing physiological levels of L-selectin at the cell surface were selected for lymphocyte migration studies. We deleted the Ly22 epitope recognized by mAb T28 to distinguish transgenic from endogenous L-selectin during backcrossing to L-selectin KO mice. The anti-Ly22 antibody T28 inhibits L-selectin-dependent binding to PLNs in the frozen section assay (31). However, we could detect no differences in the function of transgenic Ly22− (WT) and endogenous Ly22+ (C57BL/6) L-selectin either in rolling assays or in short-term trafficking to PLNs. We have compared the migration pathways of T cells ...

A new study published in Nature Communications could help biologists understand how various types of migratory cells, such as immune cells, find their way through tissues in the human body. The research, by scientists at McGill University in Montreal and the Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands, focuses on a complex of proteins, known as podosomes, found in the membrane of migratory cells and in certain invasive cancer cells. In essence, podosomes mechanically push on the cell membrane, enabling the cell to probe its surroundings and select its migration path through the tissue matrix. Previous studies of cells in tissue culture have shown that individual podosomes occur in a network or cluster where their components assemble and disassemble rapidly in migrating cells. Visually, the networks look like city hubs (podosomes) connected by road-like spokes, composed of actin cytoskeleton filaments. Biologists have been trying to understand the complex dynamics and function of these networks

Author Summary Human Nrf2-Keap1 and the fruit fly CncC-dKeap1 protein complexes function both in response to foreign chemicals and in development. We found that CncC and dKeap1 control fruit fly development by regulating the production and actions of the principal hormone that controls the transformation of larvae into pupae. In hormone-responsive cells, CncC and dKeap1 bound to the genes that are activated by the hormone. When the amount of CncC or dKeap1 in these cells was reduced, the genes were not activated efficiently. When the amount of CncC or dKeap1 was reduced in the organ where the hormone is made, the genes whose products make the hormone were not activated efficiently. Because less hormone was made, it took longer for the larvae to turn into pupae, and the resulting pupae were bigger. Reduction of the amount of CncC intercepted previously identified signals for pupation. Nrf2 is required for the same signals to cause cancer in mice. The effects of CncC and dKeap1 both on genes that control

MCQS RHOMBENCEPHALON THE HIND BRAIN RHOMBENCEPHALON THE HIND BRAIN PLAB, IELTS, USMLE, GRE, AIPGMEE, AIIMS, AFMC, BHU, CMC, JIPMER, PGI, SGPGI, ...

Motility and the coordination of moving food through the gastrointestinal tract rely on a complex network of neurons known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). Despite its critical function, many of the molecular mechanisms that direct the development of the ENS and the elaboration of neural network connections remain unknown. The goal of this study was to transcriptionally identify molecular pathways and candidate genes that drive specification, differentiation and the neural circuitry of specific neural progenitors, the phox2b expressing ENS cell lineage, during normal enteric nervous system development. Because ENS development is tightly linked to its environment, the transcriptional landscape of the cellular environment of the intestine was also analyzed. Thousands of zebrafish intestines were manually dissected from a transgenic line expressing green fluorescent protein under the phox2b regulatory elements [Tg(phox2b:EGFP) w37 ].

Zebrafish msxB, msxC and msxE function together to refine the neural-nonneural border and regulate cranial placodes and neural crest development. part 2

Cancer stem cells represent an important field for cancer research because of the increasing evidence that such cells, even though rare within a tumour, have the capacity to sustain tumour formation, are resistant to therapeutic modalities leading to local tumour recurrence and may be responsible for tumour growth at distant sites. The developmental origin of uveal melanocytes from cells of the neural crest suggests that primitive multipotent remnants of these cells may be present in the uveal tract and/or that neural crest developmental signalling pathways have been harnessed by the uveal melanoma cells permitting metastatic spread and colonisation. I am interested in developing model systems that mimic uveal melanoma and that will allow us to examine these possibilities. The ultimate aim of these studies is to identify therapeutic targets for metastatic disease. ...

HAND2 - HAND2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 (HAND2) available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.

The origin of the vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) involved with vascular remodelling is very controversial. The theory that SMCs can dedifferentiate is long standing. However, in more recent years this idea has been challenged with the emergence of resident progenitor stem cells in the vascular wall. Here, a population of primary Multipotent Vascular Stem Cells (MVSCs) were isolated using explant culture from the medial layer of rat aortic tissue. MVSCs were characterised for multipotency based on expression of neural crest markers Sox10, Sox17 and glia cell marker S100β. The cells were also characterised for their mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) like properties through their ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes and expression of markers CD44 and CD29. In maintenance media, the cells displayed a SMA+/CNN+/SM-MHCII- phenotype. After TGFβ1 and PDGF-BB stimulation the cells presented a SMA+/CNN+/SM-MHCII+ phenotype demonstrating their transition to SMCs. A10 and A7r5 c... ...

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Filtering by: Type Work Remove constraint Type: Work Keyword Cell Signaling Remove constraint Keyword: Cell Signaling Keyword Stem Cells Remove constraint Keyword: Stem Cells Keyword Neural Crest Remove constraint Keyword: Neural Crest Keyword FGF Signaling Remove constraint Keyword: FGF Signaling ...

П Proopranolol 57 п38 Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation Msxl in one side of Xenopus embryos after gastrulation resulted in an expansion of NC, visualized with FoxD3, slug and snail markers. Gaze shifts between real targets differing in distance and direction. (1992). 32 performed a much larger- scale analyses i mammalian sequences than earlier studies 29, and propranolol in cats the highest propranolol in cats ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions in the human lineage, followed by the pig and then the mouse lineages.

From UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: Plays a role in cell adhesion, and in cohesion of the endothelial monolayer at intercellular junctions in vascular tissue. Its expression may allow melanoma cells to interact with cellular elements of the vascular system, thereby enhancing hematogeneous tumor spread. Could be an adhesion molecule active in neural crest cells during embryonic development. Acts as surface receptor that triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of FYN and PTK2/FAK1, and a transient increase in the intracellular calcium concentration.

The enteric nervous system(ENS) is essential for digestive function and gut homeostasis. Here we show that the amorphous neuroglia networks of the mouse ENS are composed of overlapping clonal units founded by postmigratory neural crest-derived progenitors.The spatial configuration of ENS clones depends on proliferation-driven local interactions of ENS progenitors with ... read more lineally unrelated neuroectodermal cells, the ordered colonization of the serosa-mucosa axis by clonal descendants, and gut expansion. Single-cell transcriptomics and mutagenesis analysis delineated dynamic molecular states of ENS progenitors and identified RETas a regulator of neurogenic commitment. Clonally related enteric neurons exhibit synchronous activity in response to network stimulation. Thus, lineage relationships underpin the organization of the peripheral nervous system. show less ...

This paper deals with the computational modeling of delamination and the prediction of delamination growth in laminated composites. In the analysis of post-buckled delaminations, an important parameter is the distribution of the local strain-energy release rate along the delamination front. A study using virtual crack closure technique is made for three-dimensional finite-element models of circular delaminations embedded in woven and non-woven composite laminates. The delamination is embedded at different depths along the thickness direction of the laminates. The issue of symmetry boundary conditions is discussed. It is found that fibre orientation of the plies in the delaminated part play an important role in the distribution of the local strain-energy release rate. This implies that the popular use of quarter models in order to save computational effort is unjustified and will lead to erroneous results. Comparison is made with experimental results and growth of the delamination front with ...

Shapes and tracks of cells extracted from live imaging of the zebrafish forebrain. Flat enveloping layer cells (top) have been separated from forebrain neural plate cells (middle). Tracks of selected neural plate cells (bottom) are colour-coded by depth from the embryo surface. (Image © Guy Blanchard, Stephen Young & Richard Adams.) ...

Husaini Samion is an Environmental Scientist with Simmonds & Bristow. In this article (his first for our website), Husaini walks us through ways to model the pathways that contaminants may take on their way to impacting the environment.. What are conceptual site models?. A Conceptual Site Model (CSM) is representation of the biological, physical and chemical processes that determine the ways that contaminants move from sources through the environmental media to environmental receptors. Environmental media includes soil, water and air that has the capacity to transport contaminants to sensitive receptors such as plants, animals and humans.. How are Conceptual Site Models developed? When should they be developed?. The development of a CSM comprises an iterative process of characterising site contamination on the basis of available information or data. It should be undertaken for every contaminated site, developed as early as possible within the site assessment program and progressively updated as ...