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Now, Creative Diagnostics has introduced new products, native prealbumin/TTR antigens and several monoclonal antibodies, which can be applied to immunoturbidimetric assay, one of the most commonly used Prealbumin detection methods.. • Prealbumin Antigens. Creative Diagnostics provides native human prealbumin from human plasma, the molecular weight of which is 55kDa. The purity of this lyophilized product exceeds 96%.. • Anti-Human Prealbumin/TTR Mab. Mouse anti-Human prealbumin/TTR monoclonal antibodies are also available at Creative Diagnostics, which have been validated in ELISA (Cap), ELISA (Det) and immunoturbidimetry. Clones can be paired with each other and are suitable for the development of diagnostics assays.. Since it was first proposed as a nutritional marker in 1972, prealbumin has helped the doctors determine if the patients are getting enough protein, introduced by a senior scientist at Creative Diagnostics. A low level may refer to malnutrition, liver disease, chronic ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A turbidimetric method for the rapid evaluation of MWF emulsion stability. AU - Deluhery,J.. AU - Rajagopalan,N.. PY - 2005/4/22. Y1 - 2005/4/22. N2 - The stability of metalworking emulsions is a critical characteristic impacting its usefulness as a lubricant and rust inhibitor. Loss of stability usually results in replacement of the fluid leading to both economic loss and environmental discharge. In this paper, the loss of stability caused by accumulation of hardness ions is examined by a turbidimetric method. The method is based on following the change in the wavelength exponent of the emulsions caused by changing particle size. The stability as determined by this method is compared to conventional testing based on phase separation over 24 h. The turbidimetric method is shown to be a more conservative estimate of emulsion stability. The simplicity of the method makes it useful for both product formulation and process control.. AB - The stability of metalworking emulsions is a ...
Data definition: EBAS_1.1, Set type code: TU, Timezone: UTC, File name: SE0011R.20140101000000.20160704074117.nephelometer..pm10.1y.1h.SE04L_ECOTECHneph_Vavihill01.SE04L_scat_coef.lev2.nc, File creation: 20190514085018, Startdate: 20140101000000, Revision date: 20160704074117, Version: 1, Version description: initial revision, manually inspected, Data level: 2, Period code: 1y, Resolution code: 1h, Sample duration: 1h, Orig. time res.: 1mn, Station code: SE0011R, Platform code: SE0011S, Station name: Vavihill, Station latitude: 56.016667, Station longitude: 13.15, Station altitude: 175.0 m, Measurement latitude: 56.016667, Measurement longitude: 13.15, Measurement altitude: 172.0 m, Measurement height: 5.0 m, Regime: IMG, Unit: 1/Mm, Matrix: pm10, Laboratory code: SE04L, Instrument type: nephelometer, Instrument name: ECOTECHneph_Vavihill01, Instrument manufacturer: Ecotech, ...
Looking for inhibition immunonephelometry? Find out information about inhibition immunonephelometry. A technique that uses a constant amount of antibody and a predetermined quantity of the same reactant as that assayed, chemically coupled to a... Explanation of inhibition immunonephelometry
Looking for Nephelometry? Find out information about Nephelometry. The study of suspensoids using the techniques of light scattering. The study of the scattering properties of small samples of air and its suspensoids. Explanation of Nephelometry
Comparison Between Lidar and Nephelometer Measurements of Aerosol Hygroscopicity at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Site by Pahlow M. (ISBN: 978-1-289-28566-1); Published by Creative Media Partners, LLCin Aug 2013. Compare book prices on Bookwire.com to buy books from the lowest price among top online book retailers
Data definition: EBAS_1.1, Set type code: TI, Timezone: UTC, File name: NO0059G.20160125190000.20210622162008.nephelometer..pm10.5y.1h.NO01L_TSI_3563_TRL_NRT.NO01L_scat_coef_TSI3563.lev1.5.nc, File creation: 2021-06-22T17:21:18.882502 UTC, Export state: 2021-06-22T15:25:03.310000 UTC, Export filter: exclude-900,exclude-invalid, Startdate: 20160125190000, Revision date: 20210622162008, Version: 1, Version description: initial revision, TSI_3563_control_v0.0.1, Data level: 1.5, Period code: 5y, Resolution code: 1h, Sample duration: 1h, Orig. time res.: 1mn, Station code: NO0059G, Platform code: NO0059S, Station name: Trollhaugen, Station land use: Snowfield, Station setting: Polar, Station latitude: -72.0117, Station longitude: 2.5351, Station altitude: 1553.0 m, Measurement latitude: -72.0117, Measurement longitude: 2.5351, Measurement altitude: 1553.0 m, Measurement height: 4.0 m, ...
2018-12-06 Avian antibodies applied in particle enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay: Developement of serum/plasma calprotectin immunoassay and its clinical performance as a marker for bacterial infections
The immunoturbidimetry methods used together with standards traceable to CRM470 have been defined by IFCC as the gold-standard procedure for the assessment of specific proteins.. BioSystems offers laboratories an optimised formulation to achieve the maximum performance from any instrument, avoiding many of the most common interference problems related to the sample, without compromising accuracy and trueness.. ...
Nephelometric assay may be employed for the determination of sulphate (SO 2-) and phosphate (P 43-) ions quite efficiently. These two estimations
For the first time, calorimetric studies performed at very low temperature highlighted the preliminary and required conditions for further aggregation/coacervation of peptides from elastin in solution through the structural water reorganization around the peptides. For this purpose, we firstly characterized by turbidimetry and differential scanning calorimetry the synthetic S4 fragment peptide containing the XGGZG motif (where X and Z correspond to Valine or Leucine) which is able to form amyloid fibres under certain conditions. We also investigated two mediumsized elastin-related model elastin peptides containing the VGVPG motif (E50 and E18) as well as their analogues where proline is hydroxylated in hydroxyproline. These peptides were shown to coacervate, and a close correlation was found between the inverse transition temperature obtained by turbidimetry and the clathrate-like structures evidenced at low temperature by the calorimetric method. ...
Description: The Biolipidure-103-Reagent is a synthetic amphoteric polymer that can be substituted for BSA. It has been shown to enhance signals in rapid tests, western blots, and other similar immunochromatographic assays. Applications include: Immunoassays, Western blots, Immunohistochemistry, Turbidimetric assays, Immunochromatography, and Bead based assays. Applications include: Immunoassays, Western blots, Immunohistochemistry, Turbidimetric assays, Immunochromatography, and Bead based assays. Benefits include: No lot to lot variation, No animal derived materials, Non-specific adsorption suppression, Stabilization of immobilized antibody, Stabilization of enzyme-antibody conjugate, Enzyme-substrate reaction enhancement and aggregation reaction ...
Introduction This article defines turbidity, how it is measured, and the effects that suspended particle size, shape, distribution, and stray light have on the turbidity measurement. Information is also provided on calibration standards and the different optical configurations that are available.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is the most abundant circulating antiprotease and is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily. The gene encoding AAT is the highly polymorphic SERPINA1 gene, found at 14q32.1. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to AAT deficiency (AATD) which is associated with a substantially increased risk of lung and liver disease. The most common pathogenic AAT variant is Z (Glu342Lys) which causes AAT to misfold and polymerise within hepatocytes and other AAT-producing cells. A group of rare mutations causing AATD, termed Null or Q0, are characterised by a complete absence of AAT in the plasma. While ultra rare, these mutations confer a particularly high risk of emphysema. We performed the determination of AAT serum levels by a rate immune nephelometric method or by immune turbidimetry. The phenotype was determined by isoelectric focusing analysis on agarose gel with specific immunological detection. DNA was isolated from whole peripheral blood or dried blood spot
Instead of the conventionally atmospheric correction algorithms using the near-infrared and shortwave infrared wavelengths, an alternative practical atmospheric correction algorithm using the ultraviolet wavelength for turbid waters (named UV-AC) is proposed for satellite ocean color imagery in the paper. The principle of the algorithm is based on the fact that the water-leaving radiance at ultraviolet wavelengths can be neglected as compared with that at the visible light wavelengths or even near-infrared wavelengths in most cases of highly turbid waters due to the strong absorption by detritus and colored dissolved organic matter. The UV-AC algorithm uses the ultraviolet band to estimate the aerosol scattering radiance empirically, and it does not need any assumption of the waters optical properties. Validations by both of the simulated data and in situ data show that the algorithm is appropriate for the retrieval of the water-leaving radiance in turbid waters. The UV-AC algorithm can be used ...
Abstract. Aerosols of the volcanic degassing plumes from Mt. Etna and Mt. Stromboli were probed with in situ instruments on board the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt research aircraft Falcon during the contrail, volcano, and cirrus experiment CONCERT in September 2011. Aerosol properties were analyzed using angular-scattering intensities and particle size distributions measured simultaneously with the Polar Nephelometer and the Forward Scattering Spectrometer probes (FSSP series 100 and 300), respectively. Aerosols of degassing plumes are characterized by low values of the asymmetry parameter (between 0.6 and 0.75); the effective diameter was within the range of 1.5-2.8 µm and the maximal diameter was lower than 20 µm. A principal component analysis applied to the Polar Nephelometer data indicates that scattering features of volcanic aerosols of different crater origins are clearly distinctive from angular-scattering intensities of cirrus and contrails. Retrievals of aerosol ...
Clinical diagnostics laboratories utilize a wide variety of instrumentation to measure critical care analytes. These instruments range from manual point-of-care bench apparatus to high-volume, fully automated free-standing systems. Testing is performed using all types of body fluids, including serum, whole blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and others. The results of these tests provide clinicians with critical information for diagnosis, prognosis, and constant monitoring of patients medical status. Clinical laboratories are generally divided into basic units, such as Chemistry, Hematology, Coagulation, Immunoassay, and Microbiology. These units perform tests that are grouped according to the type of analyte and/or to the methodology of measurement. Clinical Immunoassay is a branch of chemistry that involves measuring serum proteins using immunological methods such as nephelometry, turbidimetry, immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and chemiluminescence. Immunoassay instruments facilitate the ...
1. First Good laboratory work, pipetting, weighing , preparation of solutions , centrifugation , basic biological samples , dilution of biological material , expressing analytical results ( SI) , information retrieval - Internet 2. Second Sampling of biological material, preanalytical factors, blood collection for determination of blood glucose 3. Third Physical and chemical examination of urine - diagnostic strips, chemical tests , reflex photometry 4. Urinary sediment native, dyed , SW sediment, sediment Hamburger , flow cytometry 5. Stool examination chemical and microscopic 6. Photometry, working with a light meter , determination of total protein , glucose , enzymes , validation of analytical methods - a protocol 7. Working with biochemical analyzer , turbidimetry , nephelometry, laboratory information system, internal quality control 8. Parameters of the internal environment - acid-base balance , ISE , flame atomic emission spectrophotometry, osmometry 9. Electrophoretic methods - serum ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Value Of central nervous system IgG daily synthesis determination in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. AU - Mandler, Raul. AU - Goren, Hershel. AU - Valenzuela, Rafael. PY - 1982/3. Y1 - 1982/3. N2 - Using laser beam immunonephelometry, we confirmed the value of Tourtellottes formula in the diagnosis of MS. Moreover, since immunonephelometry presents several advantages, including simplicity, rapidity, and precision, it is a promising technique for the diagnosis of MS. Complicated measurements are not necessary. Determinations take only minutes. The results are reproducible. Mathematical manipulations are simple with readily available computers.. AB - Using laser beam immunonephelometry, we confirmed the value of Tourtellottes formula in the diagnosis of MS. Moreover, since immunonephelometry presents several advantages, including simplicity, rapidity, and precision, it is a promising technique for the diagnosis of MS. Complicated measurements are not necessary. ...
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OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the prevalence and potential incremental prognostic value of combined free light chains (cFLCs) in patients recently hospitalized with decompensated heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Inflammatory pathways are recognized in the pathogenesis and progression of HF. Free light chain (FLC) elevation is conventionally associated with monoclonal gammopathies, including multiple myeloma. Polyclonal increases in both kappa and lambda FLCs occur in autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Recently, a novel assay for measuring kappa and lambda immunoglobulin FLCs together, known as combined free light chain (cFLC) has been developed. METHODS: Six hundred twenty-eight patients recently hospitalized with decompensated HF were studied. cFLCs were measured by turbidimetry using an immunoassay. The incremental prognostic value of cFLCs for mortality was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models including 22 established predictors of outcome in HF. RESULTS: Of 628
Byron Diagnostics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., was founded in Shanghai in 2013. Focusing on the development of particle-enhanced turbidimetry immunoassays, we are dedicated to provide high quality reagents for IVD laboratories and IVD manufacturers, aiming to improve the accuracy in diagnosis. Based on our PETIA tech-platform AEOne, we have launched a broad range of immunoassays in a variety of fields, including nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, tumours, and cardiovascular diseases.. ...
Byron Diagnostics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., was founded in Shanghai in 2013. Focusing on the development of particle-enhanced turbidimetry immunoassays, we are dedicated to provide high quality reagents for IVD laboratories and IVD manufacturers, aiming to improve the accuracy in diagnosis. Based on our PETIA tech-platform AEOne, we have launched a broad range of immunoassays in a variety of fields, including nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, tumours, and cardiovascular diseases.. ...
Turbidity from suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll a concentrations are first-level indicators of the health of coastal waters. Coastal regions, typically several kilometers in scale, require a sampling resolution sufficient to identify the extent of turbidity and chlorophyll a sources and sinks. An inexpensive smartphone app (HydroColor™), which uses color reflectance to measure turbidity and chlorophyll a concentration, was tested for both accuracy and practicality. Two separate and contrasting coastal regions were chosen, the proposed Silam Coastal Conservation Area, and Sepanggar Bay, serving Kota Kinabalu city (Sabah, Malaysia). It was found that results produced by HydroColors built-in turbidity calibration agreed well with those from a laboratory nephelometer across the range encountered within the two regions (0 to 26.4 nephelometric turbidity units). Chlorophyll a concentrations, calculated using a function developed with a previous less-convenient underwater camera setup, ...
Introduction: It remains unknown whether circulating Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels and isoform size of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] bound to Lp(a) are causally relevant to CKD.. Methods: We conducted measurements for Lp(a) levels and apo(a) isoform size in 10,765 participants enrolled in the Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS). 1,420 participants were diagnosed to have CKD based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Lp(a) levels were measured using a high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay, whereas apo(a) isoform size was measured using a validated qPCR assay that assesses CNV repeats in the exon-4 of the LPA gene. We compared the Odds Ratio (OR) for CKD conferred by observed increases in Lp(a) levels with equivalent differences caused by genetic variation due to rs10455872, a variant known to regulate Lp(a) levels. Data on 72,369 participants were available for rs10455872 in association with CKD through combined analyses of PROMIS and the ...
Abstract Background: Despite the efficacy of IM in treating CML, high degree of resistance has already been noted. AGP may reduce drug efficacy through its ability to interact with IM. Objectives: Could the level of AGP be correlated with CML resistance/response to treatment and if it could be employed as a biological marker for CML resistance. Methods: 25 CML patients were investigated for AGP level, serum samples were analysed to determine AGP level. Immunoturbidimetric assay is based on the formation of a precipitate of AGP with a specific antiserum. The mean, variance and significant difference between the means were determined using Student's t test and significance was determined when p value was ←0.05. Results: Over 2 years a total of 89 serum samples were collected from 25 CML patients treated at Al Amal hospital in Qatar. Ten samples from 10 healthy volunteers were collected as a control group. 9 patients presented with CML at Chronic Phase (CP), 5 at Accelerated Phase (AP), 6 patients
Objective: Complement proteins have been associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. Recent data suggest a potential role of complement protein C3 in clot stability with hypofibrinolytic and prothrombotic features. Women after menopause are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease and have significantly higher levels of C3 compared with younger women. To better understand the association between complement proteins and atherosclerosis we evaluated the cross-sectional associations between complement proteins C3 and C4 and hemostatic markers (factor VIIc, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen) in a sample of midlife women.. Design: Pilot data from the Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Pittsburgh site were used. Both C3 and C4 were measured using frozen serum specimens by immunoturbidimetric assay. Data for hemostatic markers were available in SWAN Core data (factor VIIc and fibrinogen were ...
Lp(a) Control,The K-ASSAY Lp(a) Control Set is intended for use as an assayed quality control material for monitoring the performance of Lp(a) immunoturbidimetric assays.,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product
To reduce the environmental burden of polymer processing, the use of non-toxic solvents is desirable. In this regard, the improved solubility of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in ethanol/water solvent mixtures is very appealing. In this contribution, detailed investigations on the solubility of PMMA in alcohol/water solvent mixtures are reported based on turbidimetry measurements. PMMA revealed upper critical solution temperature transitions in pure ethanol and ethanol/water mixtures. However, around 80 wt-% ethanol content a solubility maximum was observed for PMMA as indicated by a decrease in the transition temperature. Moreover, the transition temperatures increased with increasing PMMA molar mass as well as increasing polymer concentration. Careful analysis of both heating and cooling turbidity curves revealed a peculiar hysteresis behaviour with a higher precipitation temperature compared with dissolution with less than 60 wt-% or more than 90 wt-% ethanol in water and a reverse ...
Turbidity is a measure of water clarity or transparency caused by suspended particles from organic (algae, plankton) or inorganic (fine silts or clays) origin. The more turbid the water the less light is transmitted. A common simple and cheap device for manually measuring ocean turbidity is the Secchi disk which consists of a circular disk (20-30 cm in diameter). The disc is being lowered into the water and the depth at which the disc is no longer visible, is a measure of the clarity of the water and is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. The Secchi disk readings do not provide an exact measure of transparency (for example: interpretation of different observers) and are often replaced by the use of turbidity sensors. Turbidity sensors designed for extended in situ measurements are based on nephelometric or optical-backscatter principles where the scattering and absorbing effects of the suspended particles on light are measured [6]. Nephelometers measure the concentration ...
In the present thesis, the self-assembly of multi thermoresponsive block copolymers in dilute aqueous solution was investigated by a combination of turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, TEM measurements, NMR as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. The successive conversion of such block copolymers from a hydrophilic into a hydrophobic state includes intermediate amphiphilic states with a variable hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance. As a result, the self-organization is not following an all-or-none principle but a multistep aggregation in dilute solution was observed. The synthesis of double thermoresponsive diblock copolymers as well as triple thermoresponsive triblock copolymers was realized using twofold-TMS labeled RAFT agents which provide direct information about the average molar mass as well as residual end group functionality from a routine proton NMR spectrum. First a set of double thermosensitive diblock copolymers poly(N-n-propylacrylamide)-b-poly(N-ethylacrylamide) was synthesized ...
Aluminum oxide surfaces are of utmost interest in different biotech applications, in particular for their use as adjuvants (i.e., booster of the immune response against infectious agents in vaccines production). In this framework, imogolite clays combine the chemical flexibility of an exposed alumina surface with 1D nanostructure. This work reports on the interaction between amino acids and imogolite, using turbidimetry, zeta-potential measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as main characterization tools. Amino acids with different side chain functional groups were investigated, showing that glutamic acid (Glu) has the strongest affinity for the imogolite surface. This was exploited to prepare a composite material made of a synthetic surfactant bearing a Glu polar head and a hydrophobic C-12 alkyl tail, adsorbed onto the surface of imogolite. The adsorption of a model drug (rhodamine B isothiocyanate) by the hybrid was evaluated both in water and in physiological saline conditions.
Glycopolymers have been synthesised by post-functionalisation of well-defined alkyne-functional polymers with sugar azides to yield N-glycosyl 1,2,3-triazole functional polymers. The Cu(I)-catalysed Huisgen cycloaddition was used to attach alpha-mannoside, beta-galactoside and beta-lactoside derivatives via an azide functionality bound directly to the sugar anomeric carbon. Three different catalytic systems were investigated for the click reactions; [(PPh3)(3)Cu(I)Br], TBTA/Cu(I)Br and bathophenanthrolinedisulphonic acid disodium salt/Cu(I)Br. The latter of these was found to be the most efficient for the attachment of the larger/more sterically hindered disaccharide lactose moiety. The interaction of the lactose- and galactose-bearing glycopolymers with Ricinus Communis Agglutinin (RCA I) lectin was investigated by affinity HPLC analysis. The rate of the interaction between mannose polymer and concanavalin A (Con A) lectin was assessed by turbidimetry. The results from the lectin conjugation ...
TY - CONF. T1 - Inversion of spectroscopic measurements for extracting particle size distribution. AU - Pariset, Carlo. AU - Thennadil, Suresh. PY - 2009/5/19. Y1 - 2009/5/19. N2 - Information on the particle size distribution (PSD) of a particulate system is contained in the turbidity measurements. To obtain the PSD from such measurements, the inversion of a Fredholm integral of the first kind is required. To solve this ill-posed problem Tikhonov regularization technique can be used. The central issue in every regularization problem is the choice of an effective regularization parameter and to perform such a choice in a complete automatic way without any inputs from the operator. In this work the PSD of polystyrene spheres in water are estimated from turbidity measurements using a CARY5000 spectrometer. Two formulations for the search of the regularization parameter based on cross-validation are compared and a two-step process integrating the two formulations is investigated. AB - Information ...
Information on the particle size distribution (PSD) of a particulate system is contained in the turbidity measurements. To obtain the PSD from such measurements, the inversion of a Fredholm integral of the first kind is required. To solve this ill-posed problem Tikhonov regularization technique can be used. The central issue in every regularization problem is the choice of an effective regularization parameter and to perform such a choice in a complete automatic way without any inputs from the operator. In this work the PSD of polystyrene spheres in water are estimated from turbidity measurements using a CARY5000 spectrometer. Two formulations for the search of the regularization parameter based on cross-validation are compared and a two-step process integrating the two formulations is investigated.. ...
In carefully selected women without diabetes and using a cross-sectional design, we found that HbA1c was lower early in pregnancy and further decreased in late pregnancy compared with age-matched nonpregnant women using a DCCT-aligned method. A decrease of the upper normal limit of HbA1c from 6.3% before pregnancy to 5.6% in the third trimester of pregnancy is of significant clinical importance when defining the reference range for HbA1c during pregnancy in women with diabetes.. Our findings are in agreement with OKane et al. (6), who studied 493 healthy women with a DCCT-aligned method, mainly in the third trimester, and with Hartland et al. (5), who investigated 267 pregnant Caucasian and 249 Asian subjects using a latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay. However, nonpregnant women were not included for comparison in these two studies. Our study included a sufficient number of women to detect significant differences, and the importance of using a DCCT-aligned HbA1c method has been addressed ...
ABSTRACTAerosol light absorption is important to radiation balance, but it is difficult to accurately quantify using measurements. An intercomparison experiment for the measurement of the aerosol absorption coefficient (bap) was performed at an urban site in Beijing during the summer of 2012, including the filter-based particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) and aethalometer (AE-31), and the reference photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX), CRDS-Neph (cavity-ring down spectroscopy/nephelometer) system, and multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP). The CRDS-Neph system and PAX performed poorly due to unexpected reasons. The corrected bap of the PSAP agreed well with the reference values determined by the MAAP, implying the applicability of this correction scheme as well as the credibility of the reference bap of the MAAP. A new conversion factor with a value of ~7.1 ± 0.05 m2/g at ~530 nm was established by regressing the reference bap against the AE-31 recorded black carbon (BC) concentrations,
The MININEPHPLUS™is a small, semi-automated nephelometer. It is easy to use and enables your laboratory to offer a cost efficient service for lower volume specialist protein assays.
Nittobo America Inc., established in 1986, celebrates over 30 years in the industry. In June 2016 we completed the integration of the Sales and Marketing activities of our two brands: MBC and IIC. Both brands manufacture polyclonal antisera for turbidimetric immunoassays and produce specific plasma protein calibrators and controls.. ...
Particle reagents, having polyether polyamine linking groups, for use in turbidimetric immunoassays are provided. These linking agents permit ready covalent attachment of compounds of biological interest to polymer particles and lead to immunoassays of improved precision.
The results on the modeling of non-linear dynamics of strong continuous and impulse radiation in the laser nephelometry of polydisperse biological systems, important from the viewpoint of applications in biotechnologies, are presented. The processes of nonlinear self-action of the laser radiation by the multiple scattering in the disperse biological agro-media are considered. The simplified algorithms of the calculation of the parameters of the biological media under investigation are indicated and the estimates of the errors of the laser-nephelometric measurements are given. The universal high-informative optical analyzers and the standard etalon specimens of agro- objects make the technological foundation of the considered methods and systems ...
The best way to have an accurate protein conc. is the AA analysis. I would use the AAA result without hesitation. Furthermore, if you think your protein is pure enough, you can try ESI-MS, under which you will be surprised that your protein is actually not pure at all:)) Good luck! In article ,4fnd38$dvi at lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk,, Luca Jovine ,lj1 at mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk, writes: , , Dear Netters, , , one of the proteins I am working on doesnt have any Trp, so measuring , its concentration at 280 nm doesnt work (the His absorbance is too low , to be accurately measured). I tried several other methods (Biorad, , 205/210 absorbance, turbidity measurements etc...) and they all give , quite different values. Even amino acid analysis doesnt seem to be , particularly consistent with any of the other methods, so I am very ,undecided , which method I should rely upon (I need a very accurate measurement). , Have any of you had a similar problem and found a better way to extimate , protein concentration, ...
Contact Bioendo for gel clot endotoxin assay,kinetic turbidimetric,kinetic chromogenic and end-point chromogenic endotoxin test kits,β-glucan detection,endotoxin removal and related products.
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Absorption, scattering, and color distortion are three major degradation factors in underwater optical imaging. Light rays are absorbed while passing through water, and absorption rates depend on the wavelength of the light. Scattering is caused by large suspended particles, which are always observed in an underwater environment. Color distortion occurs because the attenuation ratio is inversely proportional to the wavelength of light when light passes through a unit length in water. Consequently, underwater images are dark, low contrast, and dominated by a bluish tone. In this paper, we propose a novel underwater imaging model that compensates for the attenuation discrepancy along the propagation path. In addition, we develop a robust color lines-based ambient light estimator and a locally adaptive filtering algorithm for enhancing underwater images in shallow oceans. Furthermore, we propose a spectral characteristic-based color correction algorithm to recover the distorted color. The enhanced ...
The Immunology section of the Clinical Labs provides testing in a variety of areas including: serum protein quantification, autoimmune disease testing, immunology testing, infectious disease serologic testing, HIV and hepatitis viral load testing, and flow immunophenotyping. Most of our testing is antibody-based and utilizes a variety of methodologies including nephelometry, enzyme-linked immunoassays, flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorescence, bDNA analysis, and hybrid capture technology.. ...
Optical Phase Conjugation is a non-linear optical phenomenon that generates a phase conjugate replica of an incident beam. It has been widely used to suppress the effects of aberrations in optical systems such as resonators or imagetransmitting optical fibers. In this work, the possibility of using optical phase conjugation as a means of suppressing the effect of scattering in turbid media is analyzed, with the final aim to apply it to biological tissues. Firstly, light propagation through a slab representing a turbid sample was calculated by solving Maxwells equations with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method, in order to preserve all the information about the phase and coherence of the wavefront. The non-linear process that takes place within the phase conjugation mirror is described by coupledwave theory. A set of simulations was performed, and the results confirm the feasibility of using this effect to compensate the effect of scattering in turbid media. Subsequently, an experimental ...
BACKGROUND: Elevated cystatin C in blood reflects impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but current cystatin C assays, based on polyclonal antibodies and immunoturbidimetric or nephelometric detection, have several limitations. We evaluated a new immunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies in samples from patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: The study enrolled 170 men without known CKD (Group A) and 104 men with CKD (Group B). All patients were assessed with iohexol clearance, plasma creatinine and plasma cystatin C by a conventional particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (PETIA) and by the new double monoclonal assay. In Group A, three serial blood draws were performed at median intervals of 4 h and 12 days between samples, to also allow assessments of the variability in cystatin C values with the new assay. Concordance correlation coefficients and the 95% limits of agreement were used to estimate the agreement of reciprocal cystatin C and reciprocal creatinine with
Clinical chemistry is generally concerned with the analysis of various markers in body fluids, mostly serum and plasma. Clinical chemistry is a crucial component in the early detection, treatment and management of human diseases and health disorders. The discipline uses a variety of techniques such as spectrophotometry, fluorometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and immunoassay.. Our laboratory performs diagnostic tests such as cholesterol, lipids, lipoproteins, serum and fluid proteins, glucose and other carbohydrates, minerals, bone markers, cardiac markers, and tumor markers. We also perform tests to investigate the functions of thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, reproductive, pulmonary and renal systems, acid-base, water and electrolyte disorders, blood gases, pancreatic and intestinal functions, liver and biliary diseases, and nutritional deficiencies, therapy and monitoring. Clinical chemistry is front-and-center of diagnostics ...
BackgroundInflammation and microvascular dysfunction (MVD) are independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischaemic heart disease. This study aimed to assess the relationship between inflammation, MVD and myocardial injury.MethodsCoronary microvascular function was assessed in 74 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using the index of microvascular resistance (IMR) by a pressure-temperature sensor-tipped wire. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level was quantified by rate turbidimetry. Severe MVD was defined as IMR|30. Pearson correlation was computed to assess the relationships between hsCRP, troponin and IMR of culprit vessel. Predictors of severe MVD were assessed by regression analysis. ResultsAcute coronary syndromes (ACS) represented 49% of the total cohort. Study cohort was divided into Low CRP (hsCRP3mg/L) groups. There was higher representation of smokers (78% vs. 52%), diabetics (39% vs. 18%) and ACS (61% vs. 33%), as
A bone marrow aspirate showed no abnormalities (4% plasma cells). Serum protein electrophoresis (Ciba Corning Diagnostic) revealed decreased γ-globulins, and serum immunoelectrophoresis (IEP; Ciba Corning) showed decreased IgG, IgA, and IgM and the presence of a faint λ arc with anodal bowing attributable to λ-Bence Jones protein (BJP). Quantification of the serum immunoglobulins (rate nephelometry; QM 300; Beckman) showed 5.17 g/L IgG (reference interval, 7.10-18.58 g/L), 0.62 g/L IgA (reference interval, 0.89-3.87 g/L), and 0.08 g/L IgM (reference interval, 0.46-2.26 g/L). The concentration of β2-microglobulin in his serum was 16.6 mg/L (reference interval, 1-2.4 mg/L). IEP of his urine (concentrated 50×; Fig. 1⇑ A) showed albumin, a very faint κ arc, and an intense λ arc with bowing at the anodal end (i.e., λ-BJP). The diagnosis of multiple myeloma, light-chain type, was considered, and a bone marrow biopsy performed 1 week later essentially showed replacement of the marrow cells by ...
The NGAL Test™ is a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay for the quantitative determination of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in human urine, EDTA plasma and heparin plasma on automated clinical chemistry analyzers. The NGAL Test™ Control Kit contains control solutions to validate the calibration curve. NGAL measurements are useful in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury which may lead to acute renal failure ...
The measurement of serum caeruloplasmin and copper concentrations should be available locally via most hospital laboratories. The reference range for serum caeruloplasmin is between 200 and 600 mg/litre (there may be some local variation depending on the method used). Caeruloplasmin should be measured immunochemically by turbidimetry or nephelometery, although radial diffusion is also acceptable. The method should be capable of accurately measuring caeruloplasmin at a concentration as low as 100 mg/litre. The reference range for serum copper is 10-22 μmol/litre. It should be measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer or an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer.. For both copper and caeruloplasmin measurements, a 5 ml plain tube of blood is appropriate; for paediatric samples enquire at the local laboratory for minimum volumes.. The combination of serum caeruloplasmin below 200 mg/litre with KF rings is diagnostic for the disease.4 Other medical conditions can cause ...
Objective To investigate the expression of C3, C4 and IgG in peripheral blood of patients with chronic urticaria(CU) and its correlationship with CU patients severity. Methods The expression of C3, C4 and IgG was measured by Immune Turbidimetry in 19 patients with acute urticaria(AU), 146 patients with CU and 20 normal controls. The severity of 165 patients with uricaria was evaluated by Urticaria Activity Score (UAS). Results There were no statistically difference in the expression of C3, C4 and IgG between AU and CU patients(P0.05), between male and female CU patients respectively(P0.05). The expression of IgG was higher than normal control(IgG17g/L) in 32 CU patients, and showed negative correlation with the expression of C3 and C4(P0.05). UAS was poor relation to the expression of C3, C4 and IgG in urticaria patients peripheral blood, but was negative correlation to the levels of C3, C4 in CU patients whose expression of IgG was higher than normal control(P0.05). Conclusion The expression of C3,
Essentially pure preparations of normal density eosinophils obtained from patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) were stimulated with complement factor 5a (C5a), platelet-activating factor (PAF), FMLP and neutrophil-activating peptide (NAP-1/IL-8). Three responses were studied, the transient rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) (derived from indo-1 fluorescence), shape changes (measured by laser turbidimetry), and exocytosis of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (assessed by H2O2/luminol-dependent chemiluminescence). Responses were obtained with all four agonists, but C5a and PAF were by far more potent than FMLP and NAP-1/IL-8, which induced only minor effects. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin attenuated [Ca2+]i changes, EPO release and, to a lesser extent, shape changes, indicating that GTP-binding proteins of Gi-type are involved in receptor-dependent signal transduction processes leading to these responses. A clear dissociation was observed in the control of ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Refractometry and Brix Refractometry for the Diagnosis of Inadequate Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves. AU - Buczinski, S.. AU - Gicquel, E.. AU - Fecteau, G.. AU - Takwoingi, Y.. AU - Chigerwe, Munashe. AU - Vandeweerd, J. M.. PY - 2017/1/1. Y1 - 2017/1/1. N2 - Background: Transfer of passive immunity in calves can be assessed by direct measurement of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by methods such as radial immunodiffusion (RID) or turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). IgG can also be measured indirectly by methods such as serum refractometry (REF) or Brix refractometry (BRIX). Objectives: To determine the accuracy of REF and BRIX for assessment of inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in calves. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Methods: Databases (PubMed and CAB Abstract, Searchable Proceedings of Animal Science) and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. ...
A newly developed analytical method characterized by its speed and sensitivity for the determination of metronidazole (MZ) in pure and pharmaceutical preparation via turbidimetric measurement (0-180o) by Ayah 6SX1-T-2D Solar-CFI analyser. The method was based upon the formation of greenish yellow precipitate for ion pair compound for the reaction of phosphomolybdic acid with metronidazole in aqueous medium. Turbidity was measured via the reflection of incident light that collides on the surface precipitated particals at 0-180o. Chemical and physical parameters were investigated. Linear dynamic of metronidazole is ranged from 0.05-8 mmol.L-1,with correlation coefficient r = 0.9821 . The limit of detection (S/N= 3 )(3SB)=171.15 ng/sample from the step wise dilution for the minimum concentration in the linear dynamic ranged of the calibration graph with RSD% lower than 0.5% for 4, 4.5 mmol.L-1 (n=5) concentration of metronidazole. The method was applied successfully for the determination of
Viognier fruit-processing methods (whole-cluster press, destemming, crush with or without skin contact, contact time and temperature) impact phenol extraction from this relatively high-phenol grape. Modification of the phenol concentration may be achieved through oxygen management, including limiting pre-fermentation sulfur dioxide (which will enhance phenol polymerization and precipitations) and by cold settling and/or pre- or post-fermentation fining. The lower the nephelometer turbidity units level of the juice pre-fermentation, the lower the soluble tannin load in the juice. As such, juice clarity can be an important stylistic tool. Protein-fining agents generally remove higher molecular weight tannins. However, the difference in the phenol concentration before and after fining is not often large. This suggests that the sensory impact may be due, in part, to changes in the colloidal complexes, not simply a change in phenol concentration. This may explain why different wines react differently ...
Read Influence of silts on the growth, reproduction and chlorophyll fluorescence of Potamogeton crispus in turbid water, Russian Journal of Ecology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Faecal calprotectin is a protein used as a diagnostic marker for inflammatory bowel diseases. We determined upper limits for normal calprotectin values for neonatal, 6, 12 and 24 months old children using a turbidimetric immunoassay in a cohort of Swedish children. The advantage of the method is that opposite to previously used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, it enables measuring single samples, and thus, shortens the analysis time significantly. There were 72 samples (41.7% female) collected neonatally, 63 samples (34.9% female) at 6 months, 60 samples (40.0% female) at 12 months and 51 samples (43.1% female) at 24 months. The upper limits for normal values were 233, 615, 136 and 57 µg mg-1 for infants aged 0, 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively.. ...
Microbumin Microalbumin Control,Microbumin is a two-level control compatible with popular strips such as Clinitek Microalbumin Reagent Strips and Roche Micral test strips. This control is also suitable for turbidimetric immunoassays using AU Series, Bayer Clinitek 50, 100 and DCA 2000, Cobas, Diasorin SPQ Test System, Dimension,,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product
Cobalamin (vitamin B12 activity) in milk-based infant formula, turbidimetric method Gaithersburg, MD, AOAC International; AOAC Official Method 986.23 ...
Analytical methods. Turbidimeters. The turbidimeters used were identical Sigrist KT65 or identical Hach 1720C turbidimeters. The measuring principle is based on scattering white light at a 90° angle. The turbidimeter was able to measure for four ranges. In this research only the lower range of 0 to 2 NTU was used. The resolution of the turbidity measurements was 1% of the maximum of the range. The turbidity was logged every minute. Before the experiments, both turbidimeters were calibrated.. Particle counters. As the on-line particle count technology has improved significantly in recent years, the research projects under review used different types of Met-One PCX particle counters. The number of ranges and the bin size of the ranges varied depending on the type of particle counter available at the water supply company. Some of the results were made with particle counters able to measure only in 5 particle-size ranges, while the most recent results were collected with particle counters using 31 ...
Abstract: There is an increasingly large amount of interest in metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) for a variety of applications, from gas sensing and separations to electronics and catalysis. Their exciting properties arise from their modular architectures, which self‐assemble from different combinations of metal‐based and organic building units. However, the exact mechanisms by which they crystallize remain poorly understood, thus limiting any realisation of real structure by design. We report important new insight into MOF formation, gained using in situ X‐ray diffraction, pH and turbidity measurements to uncover for the first time the evolution of metastable intermediate species in the canonical zeolitic imidazolate framework system, ZIF‐8. We reveal that the intermediate species exist in a dynamic pre‐equilibrium prior to network assembly and, depending on the reactant concentrations and the progress of reaction, the pre‐equilibrium can be made to favour under‐ or ...
This Pyrotell®-T kinetic turbidimetric training video will help you achieve testing proficiency with Associates of Cape Cods Pyrotell®-T Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (known as LAL) reagent in the kinetic
RSSL can provide quantitative bacterial endotoxin testing using Kinetic Turbidimetric or Kinetic Chromogenic assays. RSSL can screen for the presence of endotoxins in: Human drugs, Biologics, Animal drugs , Medical devices, Raw materials
As a qualitative serum with an optimized protein content to study the normal protein composition of bovine serum. To identify or quantitate a normal serum protein component using a variety of immunodiffusion techniques including immunoelectrophoresis, single and double radial immunodiffusion and electroimmunodiffusion. As a reference serum in nephelometry and other automated precipitation techniques. As a blocking agent or as a negative control in non-precipitating antibody-binding assays e.g. in serodiagnostic immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme tests. This normal reference serum does not contain assigned values for individual proteins but can be used as an internal relative standard for quantitative protein assays such as double radial immunodiffusion (Mancini, Fahey), ELISA, Western immunoblotting and electroimmunodiffusion (Laurell), expressing the results obtained with the serum sample under investigation as a percentage of the protein concentration in the normal reference serum ...
LabNet Optics GmbH, worldwide specialist for Laser photometry, Laser optical modules, Photometry, Turbidinetry, Nephelometry and Flourescence modules.
A method and apparatus for local and superficial measurement of optical parameters of turbid media, biological tissues and food is disclosed. The depth probed is around 1 photon transport mean free path. The absorption, reduced scattering coefficient and the phase function are computed from the spatially resolved reflectance.
Deals with the agreement between Human Genome Sciences Inc. and Aventis Behring L.L.C. to co-develop and jointly market an Aventis Behring plasma protein product. Reports that Human Genome Sciences, Inc. and Aventis Behring L.L.C. have signed a development and commercialization agreement to co-develop and jointly market an Aventis Behring blood plasma protein product. Possible product advantages of linking a therapeutic plasma protein with albumin; Contact information ...
We are the one and only Manufacturing and Exporting Company in India, for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Analyzer: ESR 2010.. Latest to our list of product is a unique handheld Hemoglobin Meter: HEMONEUTM, which is a Point-Of-Care-Testing modern device that works with the Gold Standard HiCN reagent for testing hemoglobin and hematocrit - suitable for mobile and stationary Hb Testing.. T-BiliChek, a no reagent Total Bilirubin Meter is another niche product for the Neonatal ICUs to test and monitor bilirubin for the new born babies.. We also manufacture FOTOMETER 2011, a Semi Automated Clinical Chemistry Analyzer and also Specific Protein Analyzers namely A1c Meter & neph+TurbiLyzer which is a Turbidimetric cum Nephelometric Analyzer.. The products are manufactured in Chennai/INDIA under strict ISO 13485:2003 Standards & Directives, and is exported to South Korea; Vietnam; Italy; Iran; Turkey; South Africa; Malaysia and many more countries.. ...
3 different views of phase conjugation perfected into perfect (PHI recursive) pining in 3D... The adding and multiplying of spin paths, produces the pining implosion of adding and multiplying wave fronts, called CONJUGATION. If the ratio of conjugation becomes Phi or Golden or Grail like, then the cascade can go on infinitely thru the speed of light. (more on phase conjugation / conjugal relations below).. Genes NEED to do this, or else they are stuck in the mortality which exists below the speed of light.. The reason genes are attracted to each other in certain morphologies (romance) is largely because they are aware of their potential to create this bliss screwing thru light speed. The ability to get the charge radiance going infinitely is sometimes called tantra kundalini, bliss, etc.. Since this subject of what does BLISS unto humans is indeed so apparently fundamental to their survival, lets take some examples of how the NOTION OF BLISS, creates a radical new way to re-invent ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - In vivo determination of optical properties of normal and tumor tissue with white light reflectance and an empirical light transport model during endoscopy. AU - Bargo, P. R.. AU - Prahl, S. A.. AU - Goodell, T. T.. AU - Sleven, R. A.. AU - Koval, G.. AU - Blair, G.. AU - Jacques, S. L.. PY - 2005/5/1. Y1 - 2005/5/1. N2 - Determination of tissue optical properties is fundamental for application of light in either therapeutical or diagnostics procedures. In the present work we implemented a spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance method where only two fibers (one source and one detector) spaced 2.5 mm apart are used for the determination of the optical properties. The method relies on the spectral characteristics of the tissue chromophores (water, dry tissue, and blood) and the assumption of a simple wavelength dependent expression for the determination of the reduced scattering coefficient. Because of the probe dimensions the method is suited for endoscopic ...
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Jul;89(1):16-21. Epub 2010 Apr 14. Christiansen MS, Hesse D, Ekbom P, Hesse U, Damm P, Hommel E, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen E. Source Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Amager Hospital, Italiensvej 1, Copenhagen S, Denmark. [email protected] Abstract AIMS: We evaluated the urinary orosomucoid excretion (UOE) as a biomarker of preeclampsia and preterm delivery in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Singleton pregnant women with pregestational type 1 diabetes were included provided one urine sample had been collected before 17 gestational weeks. Serum and urinary orosomucoid were analysed by immunoturbidimetry. Primary outcome measurements were development of preeclampsia (blood pressure,140/90mmHg and proteinuria) and preterm delivery before 37 weeks. RESULTS: In total 173 women were included. The UOE increased during pregnancy. Preeclampsia developed in 20 women and 65 women delivered preterm. Using logistic regression ...
Turbidity, water, unfiltered, monochrome near infra-red LED light, 780-900 nm, detection angle 90 +-2.5 degrees, formazin nephelometric units (FNU ...
Turbidity, water, unfiltered, monochrome near infra-red LED light, 780-900 nm, detection angle 90 +-2.5 degrees, formazin nephelometric units (FNU ...
The BN ProSpec® System uses our proven nephelometric technology for the determination of a large variety of assays which support the management of disease states such as iron and anemia assessment, gammopathies / immune system, kidney disease, and many others.. ...
Article New MANTECH Turbidity Flow Cell and Method - Case Study. Man-Tech’s Turbidity Flow Cell and Method only requires calibrations every 1-3 months. Man-Tech’s automated turbidity has many benefits that make it work well: the sample is...
I have been having a problem every time I subculture SH-SY5Y cells, the media turns turbid overnight, and the cells are not attached, I have tried a couple of times over the past 6 months, made fresh media and PBS, when I change the media, the cells are fine, however after subculturing them, they do not attach and the media is cloudy on the next day, is it a contamination, or could it be due to overtrypsinization ( I add 2 mL Trypsin to the 75 cm flask for 2 minutes, and then add 2 mL of 10% FBS DMEMf12 media, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin)? this has been going on for months now,,,,,,, and altough a few times I did not have this problem, and I cant figure out what is going on. ...
AMS Instrumentation and Calibration comes turbidity meters and optical density probes for measuring turbidity, haze, clarity and optical density.
The BIOMED IgE test. ✅ High-performance, extremely reliable test for the quantitative, immunological turbidimetric determination of immunoglobulin E.
CSL Behring has started enrolment in a Phase II trial of CSL312 for patients with severe respiratory distress due to Covid-19-related pneumonia.
Shop a large selection of LaMotte™ Turbidity Test Kit products and learn more about LaMotte™ Turbidity Test Kit .
Designed for portability and durability the waterproof T-100 turbidity meter is ideal for monitoring turbidity in chemical, food and industrial applic
The only liquid methotrexate assay on the market providing an assay range of 0.04-1.20 µmol/L that meets customers needs for low-end sensitivity
Its my feeling that a sort of urban legend is taking a foothold on the forum. There have been others in the past and, because they get repeated, they become accepted. First, I am not asking for you to prove me wrong. Like everything in this world, there are exceptions to the norm.......Im interested in discussing only the day to day testing we do in our pools. Anyway, the legend Im concerned about is innaccurate CYA testing because of algae in the pool (or cloudy water). I think