www.diark.org. Arthrobotrys oligospora (syn. Didymozoophaga oligospora) is a predacious fungus from the family Orbiliaceae. An adaptable fungus, strains have been found in a diverse range of soils where they can act as saprophytes, fungal pathogens and colonise plant roots to obtain nutrients. In the presence of nematodes they can also form complex three-dimensional network traps making them a biocontrol candidate for parasitic plant and animal nematodes, and in 2011 it was the first nematode-trapping fungi to have its genome sequenced.. The sequenced genome of A. oligospora is 40 Mb and contains 11,479 predicted genes. Comparative analyses revealed that it shares more genes with pathogenic fungi than non-pathogenic fungi. A combination of genomic, proteomic and qPCR data led to a hypothesis of trap formation involving the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways by the presence of the nematodes which regulate downstream genes involved in energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell ...

Nematode-trapping fungi have fascinated scientists for decades, and many earlier workers have observed the way in which the presence of nematodes alters the morphology and metabolism of trap-forming species. Although earlier studies detected attractant and nematocidal metabolites by their activities, the compounds were never chemically identified (21-27, 30). Therefore, we hypothesized that these signaling molecules might be volatile in nature. In our analyses, we used GC-MS and were able to separate and chemically characterize the metabolites, as well as elucidate their biological activities in attracting nematodes, in inducing trap formation, or in killing nematodes.. Under direct physical contact with nematodes, fungi grown on CMA produced more 3D traps than those grown on PDA and did so at a higher rate. Similar results were obtained in the non-direct-contact bioassay; however, instead of 3D trap formation, fungal hyphal fusions were observed in the nondirect assay. The fungi grown on CMA ...

All major crops are thought to be infected by at least one species of plant-parasitic nematode, which causes damage valued at over $80 billion each year [1]. The majority of these economic losses are attributable to the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) and the genera Heterodera and Globodera (cyst nematodes). These sedentary endoparasites have complex biotrophic interactions with their hosts that include induction of specific feeding sites and long residence times within or on their host(s).. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are economically important pathogens of potato, with two major species: the white PCN Globodera pallida and the yellow PCN G. rostochiensis. These nematodes originate in South America [2, 3] and have subsequently been introduced into all major potato-growing regions of the world. Europe has acted as a secondary distribution hub for PCN; worldwide populations outside South America reflect subsequent introductions from Europe [4, 5]. ...

Parasitic nematodes produce at least two structurally novel classes of small helix-rich retinol- and fatty-acid-binding proteins that have no counterparts in their plant or animal hosts and thus represent potential targets for new nematicides. Here we describe a protein (Gp-FAR-1) from the plant-parasitic nematode Globodera pallida, which is a member of the nematode-specific fatty-acid- and retinol-binding (FAR) family of proteins but localizes to the surface of this species, placing it in a strategic position for interaction with the host. Recombinant Gp-FAR-1 was found to bind retinol, cis-parinaric acid and the fluorophore-tagged lipids 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid and dansyl-D,L-alpha-amino-octanoic acid. The fluorescence emission characteristics of the dansylated analogues indicated that the entire ligand enters the binding cavity. Fluorescence competition experiments showed that Gp-FAR-1 binds fatty acids in the range C(11) to C(24), with optimal binding at C(15). Intrinsic fluorescence ...

Globodera pallida is a species of nematode in the family Heteroderidae. It is well known as a plant pathogen, especially of potatoes. It is one of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes, causing major crop losses, and is a model organism used to study the biology of cyst nematodes. Its common names include potato cyst nematode, white potato cyst nematode, pale potato cyst nematode, potato root eelworm, golden nematode, and pale cyst nematode. The female has a globe-shaped body with a thick, lacy cuticle. It retains its eggs inside its body rather than releasing them, and becomes a brown cyst when it dies. The female is white to cream in color. Globodera rostochiensis is similar in appearance, but the female is yellow in color for part of its life. The male has a wormlike body which is held in a C- or S-shape. This nematode is thought to be native to the Andes. Today it is found in 55 countries, mostly in temperate regions. The microscopic cysts are tough and can survive in ...

Cyst and root-knot nematodes show high levels of gross morphological similarity. This presents difficulties for the study of their ecology in natural ecosystems. In this study, cyst and root-knot nematode species, as well as some ectoparasitic nematode species, were identified using the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence variation detected by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The ITS2 region was sufficiently variable within the taxa investigated to allow species to be separated on the basis of minor sequence variation. The PCR primers used in this study were effective for 12 species with three genera within the Heteroderinae (Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, Heterodera arenaria/avenae, H. ciceri, H. daverti, H. hordecalis, PI. mani, PI. schachtii, H. trifolii, Meloidogyne ardenensis, M. duytsi and M. maritima). However, pathotypes of Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis could not be distinguished. The method was tested at two ...

Persson, Y.; Friman, E., 1993: Intracellular proteolytic activity in mycelia of Arthrobotrys oligospora bearing mycoparasitic or nematode trapping structures

The inner lining of the food canal of nematodes that transmit plantinfecting viruses is regarded as the retention region of viruses. To characterize the location of transmissible and nontransmissible viruses in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum, three nepoviruses, Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus(TomRSV), and Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV), and one non-nematode-transmissible virus, Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), were evaluated for transmission efficiency and localization sites in the nematode. Transmission trials showed highest transmission efficiency for TomRSV (38% with 1 and 100% with 10 nematodes, respectively), intermediate efficiency for TRSV (27% with 1 and 65% with 10 nematodes, respectively), and no transmission for CLRV and SqMV. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent labeling revealed that TRSV was primarily localized to the lining of the lumen of the stylet extension and the anterior esophagus, but only rarely in the triradiate lumen. Within a nematode ...

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines) obligate parasite plants damaging pathogen causing $469 $818 million yield losses annually United Stat

We characterized soil communities in the Mojave Desert across an elevation gradient. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that as soil quality improved with increasing elevation (due to increased productivity), the diversity of soil prokaryotes and nematodes would also increase. Soil organic matter and soil moisture content increased with elevation as predicted. Soil salinity did not correlate to elevation, but was highest at a mid-gradient, alluvial site. Soil nematode density, community trophic structure, and diversity did not show patterns related to elevation. Similar results were obtained for diversity of bacteria and archaea. Relationships between soil properties, nematode communities, and prokaryotic diversity were site-specific. For example, at the lowest elevation site, nematode communities contained a high proportion of fungal-feeding species and diversity of bacteria was lowest. At a high-salinity site, nematode density was highest, and overall, nematode density showed an unexpected, positive

We characterized soil communities in the Mojave Desert across an elevation gradient. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that as soil quality improved with increasing elevation (due to increased productivity), the diversity of soil prokaryotes and nematodes would also increase. Soil organic matter and soil moisture content increased with elevation as predicted. Soil salinity did not correlate to elevation, but was highest at a mid-gradient, alluvial site. Soil nematode density, community trophic structure, and diversity did not show patterns related to elevation. Similar results were obtained for diversity of bacteria and archaea. Relationships between soil properties, nematode communities, and prokaryotic diversity were site-specific. For example, at the lowest elevation site, nematode communities contained a high proportion of fungal-feeding species and diversity of bacteria was lowest. At a high-salinity site, nematode density was highest, and overall, nematode density showed an unexpected, positive

In a PCR with degenerate primers encoding highly conserved amino acids within ornithine decarboxylases (ODCs) of several organisms, a fragment of the ODC gene of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus was isolated. Northern blot analysis revealed a single 1.7 kb transcript in a mixed-stage population of animals. From this RNA source, a cDNA library was constructed and screened with the PCR fragment. Several cDNA clones were isolated, one of which encodes the complete 435-amino-acid ODC enzyme with a calculated molecular mass of 47.1 kDa. The P. redivivus ODC possesses 126 of the 136 highly conserved amino acids in the enzymes from fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. Functional amino acids are conserved, suggesting that the two active sites of the P. redivivus ODC are formed at the interface of a homodimer, as described for mammalian ODCs. ...

The Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi can survive intracellular freezing. Genetic studies indicate the culture strain (now designated as Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1) is a different species to the P. davidi of field origin. This paper reports further attempts both to isolate DAW1 from Antarctic soils and to culture P. davidi itself. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene of 151 individuals indicates that DAW1 is rare in the field, but characterising two new isolates shows that, nevertheless, it is present. Panagrolaimus davidi is common in the field, but cannot be cultured using the media tested here. These two species are difficult to distinguish morphologically, apart from the absence of males in DAW1 and its longer recurved tail. Whilst it is possible that DAW1 is an introduced species, the sites at Shackletons hut at Cape Royds are dominated by P. davidi, which is clearly an endemic species.

Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as a host for the study of bacteria that cause disease in mammals. However, a significant limitation of the model is that C elegans is not viable at 37 degrees C. We report that the gonochoristic nematode Panagrellus redivivus survives at 37 degrees C and maintains its life cycle at temperatures up to and including 31.5 degrees C. The C elegans pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, but not Yersinia pseudo tuberculosis, reduced P. redivivus lifespan. Of four strains of Burkholderia multivorans tested, one reduced P. redivivus lifespan at both temperatures, one was avirulent at both temperatures and two strains reduced P. redivivus lifespan only at 37 degrees C. The mechanism by which one of these strains killed P. redivivus at 37 degrees C, but not at 25 degrees C, was investigated further. Killing required viable bacteria, did not involve bacterial invasion of tissues, is unlikely to be due to a diffusible, bacterial ...

Root-knot nematodes transform vascular host cells into permanent feeding structures to withdraw nutrients from the host plant. Ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana can display large quantitative variation in susceptibility to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, which is thought to be independent of dominant major resistance genes. However, in an earlier genome-wide association study of the interaction between Arabidopsis and M. incognita we identified a quantitative trait locus harboring homologs of dominant resistance genes but with minor effect on susceptibility to the M. incognita population tested. Here, we report on the characterization of two of these genes encoding the TIR-NB-LRR immune receptor DSC1 (DOMINANT SUPPRESSOR OF Camta 3 NUMBER 1) and the TIR-NB-LRR-WRKY-MAPx protein WRKY19 in nematode-infected Arabidopsis roots. Nematode infection studies and whole transcriptome analyses using the Arabidopsis mutants showed that DSC1 and WRKY19 co-regulate susceptibility of Arabidopsis to M.

Xenorhabdus nematophilus OpnP protein: an OmpF-like porin from Xenorhabdus nematophilus; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank L40919

In hyperspecialized parasites, the ability to grow on a particular host relies on specific virulence factors called effectors. These excreted proteins are involved in the molecular mechanisms of parasitism and distinguish virulent pathogens from non-virulent related species. The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are major plant-parasitic nematodes developing on numerous solanaceous species including potato. Their close relatives, G. tabacum and G. mexicana are stimulated by potato root diffusate but unable to establish a feeding site on this plant host. RNA sequencing was used to characterize transcriptomic differences among these four Globodera species and to identify genes associated with host specificity. We identified seven transcripts that were unique to PCN species, including a protein involved in ubiquitination. We also found 545 genes that were differentially expressed between PCN and non-PCN species, including 78 genes coding for effector proteins, which

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is responsible for substantial economic losses in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) production throughout the U.S. Results from past efforts to quantify the severity of crop damage resulting from SCN are often subject to variable experimental conditions resulting from differences in weather, soil type, and cultivar. Because of the difficulty in accounting for these variables, a process-oriented crop growth simulation model was chosen as a platform for studying the dynamics of SCN damage and for transferring knowledge between crop production scenarios. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate hypotheses for coupling SCN damage to the process-oriented crop growth model CROPGRO-Soybean. A monomolecular function was used to relate daily SCN damage to initial population density of SCN eggs. The equation was incorporated into the crop model in order to test two hypotheses of how SCN damage occurs. The first hypothesis was that SCN reduce

Infection by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) reduces global agricultural output by 10-15%. For rice alone this loss represents a commercial value of $35bn. All crops are affected to some degree, and the impact on subsistence farmers can be especially dire. The most pernicious PPN are highly adapted for life within plant roots. Some, such as the cyst (Globodera and Heterodera spp.) and root-knot nematodes (RKN: Meloidogyne spp.) establish a permanent feeding site by usurping host developmental circuitry. Others, including the lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) function essentially as migratory herbivores. Understanding the molecular basis underpinning these distinct plant-nematode interactions is a key objective of the PPN research community.. The development of genetic tools for helminths has proven a challenge, largely because of the obligate, parasitic life stages within the host. For ethical and technical reasons, such barriers are much lower for PPN. Thus, we exploited M. haplas small ...

Soybean Cyst Nematodes are a recurring parasite that can drastically afflict yield. Further understanding of the interaction between the pest and its soybean host is essential to working towards increased plant resistance. Utilizing current molecular biology techniques, the plant response to parasitical exposure was analyzed, focusing on the effect on gene expression due to the presence and damage caused by the nematode, homozygous screening and western blot was also used to determine the genetic change in the samples. Through observing the stages of growth of the plant in conjunction with exposure to nematodes, affected phenotype of the plant samples was also observed in progressive stages.

Bell, C.A., Lilley, C.J., McCarthy, J., Atkinson, H.J. & Urwin, P.E. (2019) Plant-parasitic nematodes respond to root exudate signals with host-specific gene expression patterns. PLoS Pathogens 15(2): e1007503. Bozbuga, R., Lilley, C.J., Knox, J.P & Urwin, P.E. (2018) Host-specific signatures of the cell wall changes induced by the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Scientific Reports 8: 17302. Hoysted, G.A., Bell, C.A., Lilley, C.J. & Urwin, P.E. (2018) Aphid colonization affects potato root exudate composition and the hatching of a soil borne pathogen. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1278. Jones, L.M., Eves-van den Akker, S., van Oosten-Hawle, P., Atkinson, H.J. & Urwin, P.E. (2018) Duplication of hsp-110 is implicated in differential success of Globodera species under climate change. Molecular Biology and Evolution Doheny-Adams, T., Lilley, C.J., Barker, A., Ellis, S., Wade, R., Atkinson, H.J., Urwin, P.E., Redeker, K. & Hartley, S.E. (2018) Constant isothiocyanate-release ...

Scanning electron microscopy (Magnification=560x) of nematode-trapping loops of fungi imperfecti (Arthrobotrys oligospora), nematophagous fungi. Close-up of hyphae with adhesive matrix. - Stock Image C009/4104

Marine nematodes were extracted from samples using the elutriation/decantation LUDOX TM (colloidal silica polymer) method at a specific gravity of 1.15, quantifying only organisms that pass through a 500 um and are then retained by a 63 um mesh. Samples were evaporated to anhydrous glycerol and permanent slides made (Somerfield & Warwick 1996). The classification followed for the systematic position of the meiofauna taxa was Hulings and Gray (1988 ...

Appearance: Root-knot nematodes are about one-tenth the size of a pinhead and are typically embedded inside roots. They are impossible to see with the naked eye. Juvenile root-knot nematodes (both males and females), as well as adult males, are vermiform (i.e., worm-shaped) and live in the soil. Adult females are spherical in shape and live inside roots. Both males and females possess a thin, tube-like structure called a stylet that they use for penetrating root tissue.. Symptoms and Effects: When root-knot nematodes enter roots, they release chemicals that cause nearby root cells to enlarge. This leads to the formation of swollen, distorted areas in roots known as galls or knots. The number and size of galls varies depending on plant species and cultivar, and the number of root-knot nematodes in the soil. On some hosts (e.g., grasses) root swelling can be very difficult to detect. Nematode feeding interferes with proper root function (e.g., water and nutrient movement). Thus infected plants may ...

Nodulation is an ecologically and economically important plant phenomenon, in which the symbiosis between plants from the family Fabaceae and the bacterial genera rhizobia results in the development of nitrogen fixing nodules on host plant roots. The rhizobia-plant interaction is initiated by Nod factors, which are produced by species-specific rhizobia; Nod factor alone is necessary and sufficient to produce many of the initial responses including ionic fluxes, root hair deformation, changes in gene expression, cortical cell differentiation and generation of a pseudo nodule. Giant cell formation by plant pathogenic root knot nematodes (RKN) invokes host genes necessary for nitrogen-nodule formation. Specific transcription regulators, cytokinin response pathways and early nodulation genes are induced in the nematode feeding site and rhizobia induced nodules. This suggests that nodulation by rhizobia and RKN infection may share host signal transduction and/or developmental pathways. The presence ...

Damage to soybeans from the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was less than expected for a drought year. But reproduction of SCN on susceptible and resistant soybean varieties was surprisingly high in 2012. This article discusses the situation and its implications for 2013 and beyond.

Read Soybean Cyst Nematode Management Plans Should Include Proactive Weed Management in addition to hundreds of recent farming and agriculture news articles. View up to date crop reports, livestock information and ag industry breaking news from farms.com.

...AMES Iowa -- There are numerous plant-parasitic nematodes in the worl...Now Iowa State University researchers have contributed to the release...Sequencing the genome is a critical step toward comprehensively unders... This is considered to be one of if not the most important plant-para...,ISU,researchers,help,map,first,plant-parasitic,nematode,genome,sequence,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

Francesca De Luca is a researcher at the UOS of Bari of Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), and she is involved in the following research areas: 1) functional characterization of effector genes involved in plant-nematode interaction (hsp90, endoglucanases, retinoland fatty acid -binding protein or FAR-1, major sperm protein-1 and collagen), localization of transcripts by in situ hybridization and gene silencing in order to identify the function of each transcript during parasitism; 2) molecular identification of plant parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes (Xiphinema, Longidorus, Pratylenchus, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) from all over the world by using as molecular markers regions of ribosomal DNA (18S and 28S rDNA and ITS), the gene for the mitochondrial COI and nuclear gene for hsp90; 3) biodiversity of plant parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes through evolution and phylogenetic analyses; 4) diversity of nematofauna as bioindicator of soils with different health ...

Flavonoids have diverse roles in plants, including defence against plant pathogens and regulation of local auxin transport. Flavonoids have been shown to be produced in feeding sites of root-knot nematodes induced in a leguminous plant, and it has previously been suggested that they may be responsible for manipulation of local auxin levels that underlie early feeding site development. Here we show that flavonoids are also produced in developing syncytia induced by Heterodera schachtii and in galls induced by Xiphinema diversicaudatum in a non-leguminous plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. We further investigated whether flavonoids are required for normal feeding site development by screening mutant lines of A. thaliana, defective in various parts of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, with H. schachtii. None of the lines showed a reduced capacity to support nematode infection and some showed a statistically significant increase in the numbers of female nematodes that developed. These data suggest that

Resistance to root-knot nematodes [ Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood] is needed for cultivation of peanut in major peanut-growing areas, but significant resistance is lacking in the cultivated spe

Field resistance to cyst nematode (SCN) race 3 (Heterodera glycines I.) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cv Forrest is conditioned by two QTLs: the underlying genes are presumed to include Rhg1 on linkage group G and Rhg4 on linkage group A2. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and two populations of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross of Forrest × Essex were used to map the loci affecting resistance to SCN. Bulked segregant analysis, with 512 AFLP primer combinations and microsatellite markers, produced a high-density genetic map for the intervals carrying Rhg1 and Rhg4. The two QTLs involved in resistance to SCN were strongly associated with the AFLP marker EATGMCGA87 (P = 0.0001, R2 = 24.5%) on linkage group G, and the AFLP marker ECCGMAAC405 (P = 0.0001, R2 = 26.2%) on linkage group A2. Two-way analysis of variance showed epistasic interaction (P = 0.0001, R2 =16%) between the two loci controlling SCN resistance in Essex × Forrest recombinant inbred lines. Considering

Anderson et al. [51,52] reported that the presence of localized bacterial food source (Escherichia coli) acting as a chemo-attractant caused the movements of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans on a homogeneous layer of nutrient agar in a Petri dish to become straighter and more directed. These movements approximate to a straight line, which is, of course, the shortest possible route to the source of the chemo-attractant. The results of our numerical simulations build upon the study of Anderson et al. [51,52] and provide a provocative answer to the question of how plant-parasitic nematodes locate distant sources of chemo-attractant. They indicate that chemotaxis can take a nematode to the source of a pure chemo-attractant by the shortest, most direct route through the labyrinth of air-filled or water-filled channels within a soil through which the attractant diffuses. Previously, this remarkable consequence of chemotaxis had gone unnoticed. Searching strategies and maze-solving algorithms are ...

The researches on the biological control of nematodes with nematophagous fungi has been intensified in recent years. The knowledge of the ecological conditions for the growth and sporulation of these fungi is a prerequisite for attainment of pure cultures needed to attend the demand for formulation of these organisms. With the objective to evaluate the micelial growth and sporulation of Arthrobotrys musiformis and A. oligospora in two environments (B.O.D at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and the environment of the Laboratory), 20 cultures media prepared with common materials found in the communities and industrialized media such as mycological agar, PDA and CMA were evaluated. The media were tested in Petri dishes, being the micelial growth of the fungi evaluated daily, during six days. The measured sporulation at the end of the experiment was done by estimation of the number of conidia/Petri dish. The experiment was carried out in a random design following a factorial arrangement of 20 x 2 x 2, ...

Citation: Mengistu, A., Kilen, T., Donald, P.A. 2006. Notice of release of d99-2065 soybean germplasm line resistant to phytophthora rot and soybean cyst nematode races 3 and 4.. Germplasm Release. Crop Sci 2006 46:2325-2326. Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: Soybean germplasm line D99-2065 was released in October 2003. The objective was to provide private and public soybean breeders with a parent to develop high yielding, multiple pest resistant cultivars. Phytophthora rot (PR) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) continue to be serious yield-limiting diseases of soybean. D99-2065 is a product of a backcrossing program to transfer the Rps1-b gene into a Bedford background. This line has value as a parent because of its resistance to PR and races 3 and 14 of the soybean cyst nematode. It also has value to the research community because it will expand the set of previous releases of PR-resistant lines which are near-isogenic to the cultivar Bedford. The reaction of 12 F3 plants was used to ...

Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is a pest that needs to be controlled with chemicals in the maize monoculture. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of insecticides on nematode communities in a maize field. Four soil treatments were used in this experiment: variant 1 - a granular application with tefluthrin (199.5 g a.i./ha); variant 2 - a granular application with clothianidin (110 g a.i./ha); variant 3 - a seed treatment with clothianidin (1.25 μg a.i/seed); and control - a maize field without insecticides.. During the investigated period, a total of 19 117 soil nematode individuals were captured and 9 orders, 33 genera and 37 species were identified. Acrobeloides nanus, Cephalobus persegnis, Eucephalobus striatus and Basiria gracilis were the dominant species, accounting for 48 % of the total number of individuals. The mean abundance and species diversity index were significantly lower for variant 2. Bacterial feeders were the dominant trophic group for ...

Effect of Sorghum-Sudangrass and Velvetbean Cover Crops on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Potato Production in Florida

This module is particularly useful for those who are interested in morphological species identification of major plant-parasitic nematodes.

Above: A nematode seen under a microscope. UF/IFAS photo by Tyler Jones.. A parasite is an organism that lives on or inside of another organism, weakening its host but usually not killing it. This feature distinguishes it from a parasitoid, which typically does kill its host.. Words related to parasite include parasitic (adjective), parasitism (noun) and parasitize (verb). Obligate parasitism occurs when an organism can only survive by its parasitic relationships with another organism.. Plant-parasitic nematodes are one example of a parasitic bug. These nematodes are very small and may only be visible with a microscope. Like other nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes live in the soil, where they feed on plants.. Many of these parasitic nematodes attack plants from the outside with a spear-like body part called a stylet. Because of this behavior we call them ectoparasites, parasites that live on the outside of their host.. Other nematodes live inside a plant, making them endoparasites. Root-knot ...

In Brazil, as the soybean crop expands the losses caused by nematodes as well as its incidence in producing areas have increased. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a non-genetically modified soybean which combines desirable traits as the root-knot nematode resistance, early-maturity, high seed yielding, and high oil and protein contents. Consequently, seeds (F2) derived from the double-crossing between (Guarani x Sambaiba) x (M Soy 6101 x Conquista) were bulked to grow the F3 generation. Following generations were advanced by the SSD method of breeding until F6. Thus, plants showing superior characteristics were planted separately to perform progeny tests and then advanced breeding lines were thoroughly tested and compared to standards in representative environments across several locations in the Midwestern region in Brazil. As a result, we developed an early-soybean with cycle-length of 107 days; usually cycles range from 90 to 160 days. It presents desirable traits as high yield (3677 kg ...

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most serious soybean pathogen in North Carolina. Since its discovery in North Carolina (and the United States) in 1954, it has spread to all counties in the Coastal Plain, Tidewater, and some Piedmont counties with large soybean acreages. Severe yield loss caused by this pest is especially common in sandy coastal plain soils. SCN, however, is not restricted to any soil type and often causes significant soybean yield losses which may go unnoticed. Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode Field populations of SCN are characterized as races (numbered 1 through 16). A race designation of cyst nematode is an indication of a field populations ability to reproduce on each of several soybean varieties or lines. Knowing the race of cyst nematode in a given field can assist the grower in making decisions about which resistant varieties should be used. For example, if a field has race 1 or 3, then selection of a variety resistant to these races would be the appropriate choice. ...

ePIC (electronic Publication Information Center) is the official repository for publications and presentations of Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)

Nematode models in evolution and development.. Ralf J. Sommer, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany. [email protected]. Nematodes are the largest animal phylum that is best characterized by species richness, numerical abundance and ecological omnipresence. Comprising of free-living as well as parasitic species, several nematodes became important model systems in modern biology. Most importantly, Caenorhabditis elegans has been at the forefront of research in modern developmental biology, genetics, neurobiology and genomics. After reviewing the state of the art research platforms in C. elegans I will expand to the possibility to develop other nematode species as comparative models for development and evolution. We have developed the distantly related Pristionchus pacificus as a model system in development, but also ecology and evolutionary biology. Among other topics, comparative evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) can indicate the conservation ...

Rice is the second most important food crop in the world after corn based on the total production. In 2016, rice was cultivated in 161.1 million ha area, and the global production was 482 million metric tons (World Rice Statistics, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philipines, http://ricestat.irri.org:8080/wrsv3/entrypoint.htm). The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has emerged as a devastating pest of rice in South-East Asia (Dutta et al., 2012; Mantelin et al., 2016), where it is highly damaging under upland, rainfed lowland (Prot et al., 1994) and irrigated (Netscher and Erlan, 1993) cultivation conditions. Severe M. graminicola infection is known to cause 100% damage to the rice nursery. Here, we report the sequencing and assembly of the genome of M. graminicola IARI strain. This resource would help researchers investigate and understand the unique biology of this nematode and discover new strategies for its management.. Considering the ~30 Mb genome size of M. ...

Aleshin, V. V., O. S. Kedrova, I. A. Milyutina, N. S. Vladychenskaya, and N. B. Petrov. 1998. Relationships among nematodes based on the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences: molecular evidence for monophyly of chromadorian and secernentian nematodes. Russian Journal of Nematology 6:175-184.. Aleshin, V. V., O. S. Kedrova, I. A. Milyutina, N. S. Vladychenskaya, and N. B. Petrov. 1998. Secondary structure of some elements of 18S rRNA suggests that strongylid and a part of rhabditid nematodes are monophyletic. FEBS-Letters 429:4-8.. Bird, A. F. and J. Bird. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 316.. Blaxter, M. L., P. De Ley, J. R. Garey, L. X. Liu, P. Scheldeman, A. Vierstraete, J. R. Vanfleteren, L. Y. Mackey, M. Dorris, L. M. Frisse, J. T. Vida, and W. K. Thomas. 1998. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392:71-75.. Blaxter, M. L., M. Dorris and P. De Ley. 2000. Patterns and processes in the evolution of animal parasitic nematodes. ...

Supplementary MaterialsTable S1: Gene Ontology mappings for clusters. expansin proteins. Introduction Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have proven to be one of the most rapid routes to gene discovery of any organism for which a cDNA library is available [1]. In addition, large-scale EST analysis can be used to estimate gene expression levels in specific life stages or tissues and are useful tools for annotation of genome sequences [1], [2]. EST analysis has been widely applied to study the biology of nematodes. Over 1.5 million ESTs from more than 63 species, including free-living nematodes, animal-parasitic and plant-parasitic species are available in dbEST (GenBank, 1 October 2012). To date, over 125,000 EST sequences from twenty different plant-parasitic nematodes are in dbEST. This information is of great significance for studying nematode biology, especially for the identification of effectors. Plant-parasitic nematode effectors, defined Maraviroc distributor here as proteins secreted by the ...

Phytopathology 97:304-310...Phytopathology 97:304-310...Genetic Structure of Populations of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the Pathogen of Pine Wilt Disease, Between and Within Pine Forests...

TY - THES. T1 - Quantifying live potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) and cultural practices to reduce their survival. AU - Ebrahimi, Negin. PY - 2015/10/22. Y1 - 2015/10/22. M3 - Doctoral dissertation - Doctoral dissertation. ER - ...

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease integrating three major agents: the pathogenic agent, the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector Monochamus spp.; and the host pine tree, Pinus sp. Since the early 80s, the notion that another pathogenic agent, namely bacteria, may play a role in PWD has been gaining traction, however the role of bacteria in PWD is still unknown. The present work supports the possibility that some B. xylophilus-associated bacteria may play a significant role in the development of this disease. This is inferred as a consequence of: (i) the phenotypic characterization of a collection of 35 isolates of B. xylophilus-associated bacteria, in different tests broadly used to test plant pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria, and (ii) greenhouse experiments that infer the pathogenicity of these bacteria in maritime pine, Pinus pinaster. The results illustrate the presence of a heterogeneous microbial community associated with B. xylophilus and the

TY - JOUR. T1 - Augmentation by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a Pine Wood Nematode, of Polyclonal IgE Production Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Plus Interleukin-4 in Murine Splenocytes. AU - Kaji, Hiroaki. AU - Kawada, Masahiko. AU - Tai, Akihiro. AU - Kanzaki, Hiroshi. AU - Yamamoto, Itaru. PY - 2003/2/1. Y1 - 2003/2/1. N2 - Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (B. xylophilus) is a pine wood nematode that is known to cause pine wilt disease. We report here that B. xylophilus extracts augmented the polyclonal immunoglobulin E (IgE) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) both in murine splenocytes and purified B cells as determined by ELISA and ELIspot assays, but they did not cause such a promotion in the absence of either LPS or IL-4. We also observed that the antigen-nonspecific IgE levels were increased in sera of mice treated with B. xylophilus extracts, which were comparable to those of Ascaris suum extracts. These findings suggest that administration of B. xylophilus ...

Abstract. The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an invasive plant parasitic nematode and a worldwide quarantine pest. An indigenous species in North America and the causal agent of pine wilt disease, B. xylophilus has devastated pine production in Southeastern Asia including Japan, China, and Korea since its initial introduction in the early 1900s. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the first line of defense utilized by host plants against parasites, while nematodes, counteractively, employ antioxidants to facilitate their infection. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a large class of antioxidants recently found in a wide variety of organisms. In this report, a gene encoding a novel 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin protein in B. xylophilus was cloned and characterized. The 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin in B. xylophilus (herein refers to as BxPrx) is highly conserved in comparison to 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins (Prx2s) in other nematodes, which have two conserved cysteine amino acids (Cp and Cr), a ...

The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida costs the UK potato industry over £50 million per annum. In order to invade a host plant, the infective J2 stage must hatch from eggs within the soil and migrate towards the root system. Orthologues of Caenorhabditis elegans genes involved in neurotransmission were identified in the G. pallida and G. rostochiensis genome assemblies. The complement of cys loop ligand gated ion channel genes was distinct compared to C. elegans and other parasitic nematodes. Orthologues of genes encoding subunits which comprise the C. elegans levamisole sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (cel-lev 1, cel-lev 8, cel-unc 29, cel-unc 63 and cel-unc 38) were searched for, and cel-lev 1 and cel-lev 8 orthologues were absent in both Globodera spp. Two orthologues were identified for cel-unc 29 and cel-unc 38. This suggested that the composition of the G. pallida L nAChR may differ. The use of C. elegans as a heterologous system to study the expression pattern of G. ...

Considered an EPPO A2 quarantine pest, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease and the most devastating plant parasitic nematode attacking coniferous trees in the world. In the early stages of invasion, this nematode has to manage host defence mechanisms, such as strong oxidative stress. Only successful, virulent nematodes are able to tolerate the basal plant defences, and furthermore migrate and proliferate inside of the host tree. In this work, our main objective was to understand to what extent B. xylophilus catalases are involved in their tolerance to oxidative stress and virulence, using as oxidant agent the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After 24 hours of exposure, high virulence isolates of B. xylophilus could withstand higher H2O2 concentrations in comparison with low virulence B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, corroborating our observation of Bxy-ctl-1 and Bxy-ctl-2 catalase up-regulation under the same experimental conditions. Both ...

Ron Smith Josielle Rezende, LSU AgCenter research associate, discussed the guava root knot nematode at the recent Louisiana Agricultural Technology and Management Conference in Marksville, La. Guava root knot nematode, worlds most aggressive Guava root knot nematode reported to be more difficult to manage than the southern root knot nematode. Ron Smith | Mar 12,…

An overview of the occurrence of species of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania is presented. The data is based on recent surveys conducted for the first time throughout the country, to monitor and evaluate the potential entry of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Wood samples were collected from declining trees, woodprocessing companies and imported wood packaging material. Of the 895 wood samples examined, 11 contained Bursaphelenchus specimens. Morphological and molecular analyses were carried out to characterize the species detected. With respect to the possible presence of B. xylophilus, all samples were negative, confirming the absence of this quarantine pest in Romania. Nevertheless, five Bursaphelenchus species were found: B. hofmanni, B. poligraphi, B. vallesianus, B. willibaldi, and one putative new species belonging to the sexdentati group, classified here as Bursaphelenchus sp. NR512. These results constitute the first report of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Isolation and localisation of an annexin gene (gp-nex) from the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. AU - Fioretti, L AU - Warry, A AU - Porter, A AU - Haydock, P AU - Curtis, R PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - A full length cDNA clone was isolated by screening a mixed stage Globodera pallida expression library using the monospecific polyclonal antibody IACR-PC320. Sequence comparison indicated that the predicted 332 amino acid protein encoded by the cDNA was a member of the annexin gene family named gp-nex and very similar to annexins found in other nematode species. Annexins are calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins characterised by four repeated domains approximately 70 amino acids in length. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein did not contain an N-terminal secretion signal peptide; however, the protein was shown to be present in excretory/secretory products from G. pallida second stage juveniles treated with the neurotransmitter 5 methoxy-N, N dimethyl ...

Maris Piper is the most widely grown potato variety in the United Kingdom accounting for 16 % of the planted area in 2014. Introduced in 1966 it was one of the first potato varieties bred to be resistant to a form of potato cyst nematode, a major pest of potato production in the UK. It has been the most widely grown variety in the UK since 1980 and is suitable for a range of uses including chips, roast potatoes and mashed potatoes. Attempts to find resistance to the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in wild potatoes began in 1941 when Conrad Ellenby started testing over 60 species held in the Commonwealth Potato Collection, finding that few were resistant or suitable to breed with cultivated potatoes. In a letter to Nature in 1952 Ellenby reported that by 1948 he had found four types that were resistant and could be crossed with contemporary varieties. All four were the species Solanum tuberosum andigena and one of these, CPC 1673 was the source of nematode resistance in Maris Piper. ...

INDONESIA:. Tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum Linn.) merupakan salah satu pangan utama dunia setelah padi, gandum dan jagung. Kentang juga termasuk salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang mempunyai nilai perdagangan domestik dan potensi ekspor yang cukup baik. Kendala utama dalam budi daya kentang di Indonesia adalah serangan hama dan penyakit. Pada bulan Maret 2003 di Desa Tulung Rejo, Kecamatan Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Malang Jawa Timur tanaman kentang teridentifikasi telah terserang Nematoda Sista Kuning (NSK) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama ilmiah Globodera rostochiensis yang membahayakan pertanaman tersebut. Untuk itulah perlu diadakan pengendalian terhadap serangan NSK dengan memanfaatkan bakteri endofit dari akar tanaman kentang sebagai salah satu agensia pengendalian hayati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis bakteri endofit yang dapat ditemukan pada akar tanaman kentang, (2) untuk mengetahui apakah bakteri endofit dapat menghambat pertumbuhan larva ...

Staff publications is the digital repository of Wageningen University & Research. Staff publications contains references to publications authored by Wageningen University staff from 1976 onward.. Publications authored by the staff of the Research Institutes are available from 1995 onwards.. Full text documents are added when available. The database is updated daily and currently holds about 240,000 items, of which 72,000 in open access.. We have a manual that explains all the features ...

Two root-knot nematode species, Me/oidogyne incognita and M.javanica, were studied with regard to their seasonal population fluctuations on grapevines growing in two vastly different climatic areas. Regular observations on reproduction and numbers of larvae in the soil were compared with patterns of root growth, soil temperature and moisture. Population fluctuations of the two species showed similar trends in spite of the climatic differences in the two areas, but M. incognita in the northern Cape reached higher populations. Larvae populations in the soil declined in summer in both areas and increased during autumn to reach peaks in winter. With the onset of root growth in spring, larvae numbers decreased in the soil, as a result of large scale root penetration.. ...

Molecular Phylogeny of Geographical Isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Implications on the Origin and Spread of this Species in China and Worldwide

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0803-PDN Interpretive Summary: The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) is the most damaging pathogen of soybean causing more than $1 billion in yield losses annually in the United States. Prior to 2016, SCN was detected in all major soybean-producing states in the U.S. except West Virginia and New York. Soybean shows great economic promise in NY and its acreage in the region has been expanding rapidly. Assessment of soybean diseases including SCN has been conducted since 2013 in NY and a recent soil sample from a soybean field in Cayuga County was found to contain nematode cysts, which were further confirmed as the soybean cyst nematode by morphological and molecular analyses. This is the first detection of SCN in New York and studies are urgently needed for effective management of this destructive soybean pest in New York fields. Technical Abstract: The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the most damaging pathogen ...

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Abolafia, Joaquín, Ruiz-Cuenca, Alba N., Fernandes, Berenice M. M., Cohen, Simone C., Cárdenas, Melissa Q. (2015): Description of free-living marine nematodes found in the intestine of fishes from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 3948 (3): 549-572, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3948.3.8 ...

Roots of corn seedlings infested with needle nematode about one month after planting Several species of nematodes are parasitic on corn in Indiana. Even though these pests are not usually the sole reason for corn decline, they can magnify other problems. The plant parasitic nematodes that are normally found on corn in Indiana in order of their least to highest significance are: Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.), Dagger nematode (Xiphinema sp.), Lance nematode (Hoplolaimus sp.) and Needle nematode (Longidorus sp.). The needle nematodes often cause severe damage to corn. However certain conditions such as a cool wet spring and sandy soil have to be present in order for needle nematode to become a problem.. For more information, see Extension Entomology publication E-215-W Needle Nematode. ...

In field trials during three years respectively 18, 22 and 57 potato genotypes were grown on soils moderately or heavily infested with potato cyst nematodes ( Globodera pallida) after soils were...

Lei Zhang Lab, Department of Botany & Plant Pathology. The Lei Zhang lab at Purdue University (https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/Pages/Profile.aspx?strAlias=leizhang&intDirDeptID=10) is seeking highly motivated applicants for graduate studies at PhD or MS levels for Fall of 2021. The research assistantships provide tuition waiver and stipend of $24,520/year. Students with molecular biology background are encouraged to apply.. Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic soil-borne roundworms, they infect and damage plant roots causing annual crop losses valued at $80-$118 billion worldwide. The Zhang lab is aimed to enhance understanding of plant-nematode interactions and plant resistance to nematodes at molecular, organismal and population levels using a diverse array of approaches. Research results have been published on prestigious journals, including Nature Plants, PLOS Pathogens, Molecular Plant Pathology, Plant Disease.. Prior research experience in plant-parasitic nematodes is NOT required for ...

A factorial taxonomic metabarcoding study was carried out to determine the effect of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, RKN) and the nematocide fenamiphos on the rhizosphere microbiome of tomato. Plants inoculated (or not) with RKN second-stage juveniles (J2), and treated (or not) with the nematocide, were tested in a 6 months greenhouse assay using a RKN-free soil proceeding from an organic crop. Rhizosphere soil was sampled at J2 inoculation, 3 months later (before the second nematocidal treatment), and again after 3 months. At each sampling, the RNAs were extracted and the 16S rRNA V4 regions sequenced with a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) protocol. Changes in bacteria metagenomic profiles showed an effect of the treatments applied, with different representations of taxa in samples receiving nematodes and fenamiphos, at the two sampling times. In general, a tendence was observed toward an increase number of OTUs at 6 months, in all treatments. β-Proteobacteria were the most abundant class

赵莉蔺,Manuel Mota,Paulo Vieira,Rebecca A.Butcher,&孙江华.(2014).Interspecific Communication Between Pinewood Nematode, Its Insect Vector, and Associated Microbes.Trends in Parasitology,30(6),299-308 ...

The Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) is highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). To cope with this disease, researchers and tree breeders selected PWN-resistant individuals in a previous breeding program. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of resistance in the Japanese black pine, we created four LongSAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries. A total of 20 818 tags were studied, including 5194 tags from a PWN inoculated resistant pine, 5218 a non-inoculated resistant pine, 5194 an inoculated non-resistant pine, and 5212 a non-inoculated non-resistant pine. The analysis of the libraries indicated that 14 tag species were significantly up-regulated (e.g., pathogenesis-related proteins 2 and 4, osmotin, lipoxygenase, and chalcone synthase), and nine were down-regulated (eukaryotic translation initiation factor SUI1, translationally controlled tumor protein, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) by the PWN ...

The Pinewood Derby® is a popular Cub Scout activity. Pinewood derby cars are small wooden models that boys make with help from their families and then race in competition. The cars are powered by gravity and run down a regulation track. The pinewood derby is an annual event in most packs. It can be run indoors or outdoors. Every boy can design and build his own grand prix car to enter in the race. Pinewood Derby® is a registered trademark of the Boy Scouts of America. Kits and supplies for the pinewood derby are available from the national Supply Division. See their Web site at www.scoutstuff.org. ...

Root-knot nematodes are serious economic pathogens of horticultural and crop plants in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world including Australia. The nematodes invade the roots and are able to induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate feeding cells called giant cells. These feeding cells form by repeated mitosis without cytokinesis and develop wall ingrowths typical of transfer cells.. It is clear that the pronounced morphological and physiological changes associated with the formation of these specialised feeding cells are caused by altered gene expression in host cells. For this reason, the study of molecular responses induced in host cells by the pathogen will not only provide new information to the host-parasite relationship but could provide better options for control strategies.. Differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) was used as a tool to study changes in gene expression during the compatible interaction between ...

The Ran GTPase Activating Protein 2 (RanGAP2) was first described as a regulator of mitosis and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. It was then found to interact with the Coiled-Coil domain of the Rx and GPA2 resistance proteins, which confer resistance to Potato Virus X (PVX) and potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, respectively. RanGAP2 is thought to mediate recognition of the avirulence protein GP-RBP-1 by GPA2. However, the Gpa2-induced hypersensitive response appears to be relatively weak and Gpa2 is limited in terms of spectrum of efficiency as it is effective against only two nematode populations. While functional and evolutionary analyses of Gp-Rbp-1 and Gpa2 identified key residues in both the resistance and avirulence proteins that are involved in recognition determination, whether variation in RanGAP2 also plays a role in pathogen recognition has not been investigated. We amplified a total of 147 RanGAP2 sequences from 55 accessions belonging to 18 different di-and tetraploid Solanum species

Microworms (Panagrellus redivivus) are small, round, free living nematodes, that are easy to grow, easy to collect and make a great tropical fish fry food.

Management of plant pests is probably the most serious challenge in sustainable food production and the maintenance of food security. Due to the strict regulation of or ban on major categories of pesticide, the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida has b .... ...

Management of plant pests is probably the most serious challenge in sustainable food production and the maintenance of food security. Due to the strict regulation of or ban on major categories of pesticide, the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida has b .... ...

A Southern blot analysis of the Panagrellus redivivus ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene suggests that it is a single-copy gene that resides on a genomic 3.2 kb EcoRI fragment. Phage clones possessing ODC gene sequences were isolated from a genomic EMBL-4 library and purified. The phage DNA inserts were analysed and a 3.2 kb EcoRI fragment containing the entire ODC gene was isolated. The nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment reveals that the gene is interrupted by two introns of 47 and 49 bp. In the 5´ non-translated region of the gene, putative AP1, VPE2 and c-Myc binding sites were identified. The ODC cDNA was expressed in a bacterial system as a His-fusion protein and the enzyme was purified by Ni2+-chelating affinity chromatography. The subunit molecular mass, as deduced from the cDNA and shown by SDS/PAGE, is 47.1 kDa. On the basis of gel filtration analyses it is shown that the active enzyme is a dimer. The specific enzyme activity was determined to be 4.2 μmol CO2/min/mg ...

This directory contains the Feb. 2007 assembly of the P. pacificus genome (priPac1, Washington University School of Medicine GSC Pristionchus pacificus 5.0) in one gzip-compressed FASTA file per chromosome. This assembly was produced by the Genome Sequencing Center at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. For more information on the P. pacificus genome, see the project website: http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Pristionchus+pacificus+var.+california Files included in this directory: - chr*.fa.gz: compressed FASTA sequence of each chromosome. Repeats from RepeatMasker and Tandem Repeats Finder (with period of 12 or less) are shown in lower case; non-repeating sequence is shown in upper case. RepeatMasker was run with the -s (sensitive) setting. October 6 2006 (open-3-1-6) version of RepeatMasker RepBase RELEASE 20061006 ------------------------------------------------------------------ If you plan to download a large file or multiple files from this directory, we ...

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