Sixty four penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 24 non-penicillinase-producing (non-PPNG) strains isolated from six different south east Asian localities were tested by the agar dilution method against 15 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (19:1 ratio). A large proportion of both PPNG and non-PPNG strains showed, however, a decreased susceptibility to tetracycline, kanamycin, and erythromycin: 49% with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tetracycline greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml, 34% with MICs of kanamycin greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml, and 80% with MICs of erythromycin greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml. These MIC cut-off values were chosen since they are close to the highest concentrations of these antibiotics attainable in serum after drug administration. Resistance to these antibiotics was not related to penicillinase production and does not appear to be confined to gonococci ...

OBJECTIVE--To study the changes in penicillinase-producing (PPNG) and high-level tetracycline resistant (TRNG) Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Hong Kong associated with emerging quinolone resistance (QRNG) over a two year period from November 1992 to October 1994. MATERIALS AND METHODS--Four thousand and eighty-six strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated, of which 432 were PPNG, were examined for susceptibilities to penicillin and tetracycline by an agar dilution method using the breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 and 10 mg/1 respectively. Ofloxacin susceptibility was done using 0.1 and 1 mg/l. Penicillinase production was detected by performing the chromogenic cephalosporin nitrocefin test on all penicillin resistant (MIC , 1 mg/l) strains. RESULTS--Three thousand and eighty (75.4%) and 79 (1.9%) strains were found to be penicillin resistant and TRNG (MIC , 10 mg/l) respectively. Sixty-nine strains (1.7%) were resistant to both, of which 54 (1.3%) were PPNG. Three ...

Background: Knowledge on antimicrobial drug resistance and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates circulating in India, Pakistan, and Bhutan is sorely lacking. In this paper, we describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India, Pakistan, and Bhutan in 2007-2011. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production were tested for 65 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India (n=40), Pakistan (n=18) and Bhutan (n=7) using Etest methodology (eight antimicrobials) and nitrocefin solution, respectively. Resistance determinants, i.e. penA, mtrR, porB1b, gyrA, and parC, were sequenced. N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was performed for molecular epidemiology. Results: The highest resistance level was observed for ciprofloxacin (94%), followed by penicillin G (68%), erythromycin (62%), tetracycline (55%), and azithromycin (7.7%). All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ...

Background: Knowledge on antimicrobial drug resistance and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates circulating in India, Pakistan, and Bhutan is sorely lacking. In this paper, we describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India, Pakistan, and Bhutan in 2007-2011. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production were tested for 65 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India (n=40), Pakistan (n=18) and Bhutan (n=7) using Etest methodology (eight antimicrobials) and nitrocefin solution, respectively. Resistance determinants, i.e. penA, mtrR, porB1b, gyrA, and parC, were sequenced. N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was performed for molecular epidemiology. Results: The highest resistance level was observed for ciprofloxacin (94%), followed by penicillin G (68%), erythromycin (62%), tetracycline (55%), and azithromycin (7.7%). All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ...

The vaginal microbiota can impact the susceptibility of women to bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). BV is characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus spp., an overgrowth of anaerobes (often dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis) and a pH | 4.5. BV is associated with an increased risk of acquiring STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. While these associations have been identified, the molecular mechanism(s) driving the risk of infections are unknown. An ex vivo porcine vaginal mucosal model (PVM) was developed to explore the mechanistic role of Lactobacillus spp. in affecting colonization by G. vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The data presented here demonstrate that all organisms tested can colonize and grow on PVM to clinically relevant densities. Additionally, G. vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae form biofilms on PVM. It was observed that lactic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid inhibit the growth of G. vaginalis on PVM in a pH-dependent manner. N. gonorrhoeae

Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, are obligate human pathogens that cause distinctly different disease syndromes. They are both Gram negative diplococci, non-sporing, oxidase positive and difficult to differentiate on morphological and cultural characteristics. However, they can be differentiated on the following grounds: S.N. Character Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis 1. Commonly Called Gonococcus Meningococcus 2. …. Read more32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Opacity-associated protein A contributes to the binding of Haemophilus influenzae to chang epithelial cells. AU - Prasadarao, Nemani V.. AU - Lysenko, Elena. AU - Wass, Carol A.. AU - Kim, Kwang Sik. AU - Weiser, Jeffrey N.. PY - 1999/8. Y1 - 1999/8. N2 - Opacity-associated protein A (OapA), which is responsible for the transparent-colony phenotype of Haemophilus influenzae, has been implicated in the colonization of the nasopharynx in an infant rat model of carriage. In this report, we show that OapA mediates attachment to Chang epithelial cells examined by using genetically defined type b and nontypeable H. influenzae strains with or without OapA. We also showed that OapA was conserved among H. influenzae strains by comparing deduced amino acid sequences. Both recombinant OapA and polyclonal anti-OapA antiserum blocked the binding of H. influenzae to Chang epithelial cells, suggesting that the interaction of H. influenzae is specific to OapA. Moreover, the binding of ...

Methods for identifying Neisseria spp. include conventional and modified carbohydrate degradation procedures, chromogenic enzyme substrate tests, and immunologic coagglutination tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In this study, we evaluated the abilities of the RIM-N carbohydrate degradation system (American MicroScan, Campbell, Calif.), the Gonochek II enzymatic identification system (Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del.), and the Phadebact Gonococcus coagglutination test (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Piscataway, N.J.) to identify pathogenic Neisseria spp. and Branhamella catarrhalis. Both stock strains and clinical isolates, including 176 N. gonorrhoeae, 173 Neisseria meningitidis, 48 Neisseria lactamica, and 12 B. catarrhalis strains, were tested. The RIM-N identified 98% of the gonococci, 99% of the meningococci, 94% of the N. lactamica strains, and 100% of the B. catarrhalis strains within 1 h. The Gonochek II system identified 99% of the gonococci, 97% of the meningococci, 100% of the N. lactamica ...

Defenses against oxidative stress are crucial for the survival of the pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An Mn(II) uptake system is involved in manganese (Mn)-dependent resistance to superoxide radicals in N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we show that accumulation of Mn also confers re …

Methane is metabolized principally by methanotrophs and methanogens in the global carbon cycle. Methanotrophs consume methane as the only source of carbon, while methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methylotrophs, which are microorganisms that can obtain energy for growth by oxidizing one-carbon compounds, such as methanol and methane, are situated between methanotrophs and methanogens. Methanogens can obtain energy for growth by converting a limited number of substrates to methane under anaerobic conditions. Three types of methanogenic pathways are known: CO2 to methane [MD:M00567], methanol to methane [MD:M00356], and acetate to methane [MD:M00357]. Methanogens use 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (CoM; coenzyme M) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis and have four enzymes for CoM biosynthesis [MD:M00358]. Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), requiring for the final reaction steps of methanogenic pathway, is divided into two types: cytoplasmic HdrABC in ...

A single 2 g dose of azithromycin effectively treats genitourinary infections caused by susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae and has been used to treat uncomplicated gonorrhea in persons with cephalosporin allergy. However, azithromycin is not recommended as monotherapy because of concern over the emergence of resistance. Instead, a 1 g dose of azithromycin is recommended as a component of dual therapy for gonorrhea, in conjunction with a cephalosporin (i.e., 250 mg of ceftriaxone or 400 mg of cefixime, if ceftriaxone is not an option). During January 1992--July 2009, of 87,566 N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested for azithromycin susceptibility by CDCs national Gonoccoccal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), only 39 (0.04%) had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥8 µg/mL (including 25 with 8 µg/mL and 14 with 16 µg/mL), indicating reduced susceptibility; none of the isolates were collected in San Diego County, California (CDC, unpublished data, 2011). During August--October 2009, five of 55 ...

Third, some gonococci are able to engage in conjugation, which is essentially bacteria sex! During conjugation, one bacterium uses an appendage called a sex pilus to attach to another bacterium and deliver a circular piece of DNA from the donor to the recipient. The recipient is now in possession of any traits its new DNA encodes.. You know how we humans are officially Homo sapiens? The scientific name for gonococci is Neisseria gonorrhoeae. And, just as we had genetic cousins in the form of Homo neanderthalensis (aka the Neanderthals), so too do Neisseria gonorrhoeae have cousins in the Neisseria genus. Most human-associated Neisseria species dont cause disease, and live peacefully in our upper respiratory tracts. These species include Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria flava, Neisseria perflava, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria sicca, Neisseria polysaccharea, and more.. When gonococci meet their cousins at a family reunion, they dont swap recipes for potato salad - they swap genetic material. ...

To the Editor: We report a case of male gonococcal urethritis that persisted despite ciprofloxacin therapy. The isolate was found to be highly resistant (MIC 32 µg/mL).. A 30-year-old man visited his family physician with a 2-day history of urethral discharge and dysuria. The symptoms began 7 days after a single, unprotected orogenital contact with a female hitchhiker. The patient denied exchange of money for the act and reported no other recent sex partners or travel outside Israel. After a urethral swab was obtained for culture, the patient received a single dose of ciprofloxacin (500 mg orally). Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was subsequently reported. However, symptoms persisted, and a regimen of doxycycline (100 mg orally twice daily for 10 days) was initiated. After temporary clinical improvement, the patient returned with worsening symptoms: bloody urethral discharge, severe dysuria, edema of the penis, and painful erection. N. gonorrhoeae was reisolated from a repeat urethral swab. ...

Adherence is a critical first step in the infection of a new host for many pathogens, including N. gonorrhoeae. As incoming pathogens, gonococci have to overcome the hosts defenses and compete with the indigenous microbiota to effectively colonize the endocervical epithelia. L. jensenii, one of the bacterial species most commonly isolated from the healthy human vaginal tract, has been shown to inhibit gonococcal adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells using a coculture model of infection (38). The inhibition of gonococcal adherence was not caused by any secreted factor, such as hydrogen peroxide, by coaggregation of the gonococci and the lactobacilli, or by competition for receptors. The ability to inhibit gonococcal adherence without direct killing of the pathogen might be specific to Lactobacillus species, as we found no inhibition of adherence when cells were pretreated with another Gram-positive bacterium, B. subtilis. This finding correlates with research which showed that vaginal ...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shown to form biofilms during cervical infection. Thus, biofilm formation may play an important role in the infection of women. The ability of N. gonorrhoeae to form membrane blebs is crucial to biofilm formation. Blebs contain DNA and outer membrane structures, which have been shown to be major constituents of the biofilm matrix. The organism expresses a DNA thermonuclease that is involved in remodeling of the biofilm matrix. Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of gonococcal biofilms and planktonic runoff indicate that genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance are more highly expressed in biofilm. The expression of aniA, ccp, and norB, which encode nitrite reductase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and nitric oxide reductase respectively, is required for mature biofilm formation over glass and human cervical cells. In addition, anaerobic respiration occurs in the substratum of gonococcal biofilms and disruption of the norB gene required ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Strong Positive Selection and Recombination Drive the Antigenic Variation of the PilE Protein of the Human Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. AU - Andrews, T. Daniel. AU - Gojobori, Takashi. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - The PilE protein is the major component of the Neisseria meningitidis pilus, which is encoded by the pilE/pilS locus that includes an expressed gene and eight homologous silent fragments. The silent gene fragments have been shown to recombine through gene conversion with the expressed gene and thereby provide a means by which novel antigenic variants of the PilE protein can be generated. We have analyzed the evolutionary rate of the pilE gene using the nucleotide sequence of two complete pilE/pilS loci. The very high rate of evolution displayed by the PilE protein appears driven by both recombination and positive selection. Within the semivariable region of the pilE and pilS genes, recombination appears to occur within multiple small sequence blocks that lie ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Genetic Resistance Determinants for Cefixime and Molecular Analysis of Gonococci Isolated in Italy. AU - Carannante, Anna. AU - Vacca, Paola. AU - Ghisetti, Valeria. AU - Latino, Maria Agnese. AU - Cusini, Marco. AU - Matteelli, Alberto. AU - Vocale, Caterina. AU - Prignano, Grazia. AU - Leli, Christian. AU - Ober, Patrizia. AU - Antonetti, Raffaele. AU - Poletti, Federica. AU - Stefanelli, Paola. PY - 2017/3. Y1 - 2017/3. N2 - A strictly defined subset of gonococci (n = 65) isolated in Italy from 2011 to 2014 was characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility for cefixime (CFM) and ceftriaxone (CRO) and by sequencing of resistance determinant genes (penA, mtrR, porB1b, ponA) for extended-spectrum cephalosporins and Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). The penA mosaic alleles XXXIV and XXXV were found in all resistant (R) and decreased susceptibility (DS) gonococci to CFM, except for one. They were associated with an adenine deletion in the mtrR promoter ...

9) About 10 to 20 percent of young children with severe meningococcal meningitis develop a syndrome called Waterhouse Friedrichsen syndrome, which one of these is not the symptomatic characteristic of this syndrome ...

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the glutamine synthetase gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was able to tolerate urea concentrations of ≤1.8 M, compared with a PCR assay that was functional at concentrations of ,100 mM. The LAMP assay was as sensitive as the PCR assay while being faster and simpler to perform.. ...

The increasing prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae strains exhibiting decreased susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and the recent isolation of two distinct strains with high-level resistance to cefixime or ceftriaxone heralds the possible demise of β-lactam antibiotics as effective treatments for gonorrhea. To identify new compounds that inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are proven targets for β-lactam antibiotics, we developed a high-throughput assay that uses fluorescence polarization (FP) to distinguish the fluorescent penicillin, Bocillin-FL, in free or PBP-bound form. This assay was used to screen a 50,000 compound library for potential inhibitors of N. gonorrhoeae PBP 2, and 32 compounds were identified that exhibited |50% inhibition of Bocillin-FL binding to PBP 2. These included a cephalosporin that provided validation of the assay. After elimination of compounds that failed to exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition, the antimicrobial activity of the remaining 24

Neisseria meningitidis is more classically known as the cause of meningococcal sepsis and meningococcal meningitis. However its role as a cause of urethritis/cervicitis has been the subject of ongoing speculation over the years, and several studies have backed such a link up. For example, check this study out, and this one.. A recent study has added more weight to this hypothesis, backing the assertion up with DNA studies of the N. meningitidis isolates showing adaptation to a genital environment. (loss of outer capsules, and acquisition of enzymes facilitating survival in a low oxygen environment). So what does this all mean for clinical microbiology laboratories?. I guess it shows the inherent weakness of molecular diagnosis. There could be a widespread outbreak of urethritis due to Neisseria meningitidis in your local area, but the laboratory would be completely naïve to it, if it only performs molecular testing for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Particularly in the Sexual Health Clinic ...

For Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) infections, the rate of clinical treatment failure with cefixime is 6.77%, and is associated with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≥0.12µg/mL.

FIG. 3. Effects of deletion of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump or reversion of penB to the wild-type sequence in strains FA6140, FA6140 penA35, and 35/02 on the MICs of penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and cefixime. To investigate the individual contributions of mtrR and penB to Cephi, FA6140, FA6140 penA35, and 35/02 were transformed with plasmids harboring mtrD insertionally inactivated with a kanamycin resistance cassette or porB1b with a downstream erythromycin resistance cassette, and the MICs of the resulting transformants were determined as described in Materials and Methods. The MICs represent the averages ± standard deviations for at least two transformants in a minimum of three independent experiments. ...

Additionally, the most effective point with regards to a personal clinic is that it is preparing to make sure the confidentiality of an affected person, plus check outcomes are speedily decided. The strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are fast becoming resisted to Ceftriaxone and cefixime, which are very effective treatments for gonorrhea, but you are proofing being ineffective on these strains. Such people might opt for a medication for example Doxycycline, thats required to be taken for a long period. He also added that so far there are actually no reported treatment failures here inside U. Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, (that are cocci), and Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Clostridium, Actinobacteria, and Listeria (which can be rods). Currently the treatment for gonorrhea is either ceftriaxone (single dose injection) or cefixime (single dose oral). Due to their capacity to penetrate the central nervous sxstem, third-generation ...

A study by light microscopy, using Leishman's stain alone or Leishman's stain followed by nigrosin, showed the presence of capsules on gonococci of two strains subcultured from subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. With the Alcian blue method of preparation for electron microscopy, gonococci of both strains recently grown in vivo showed densely stained capsules on some cells, while others in the same preparation showed only irregular masses of dense material on their surfaces with strands connecting adjacent bacteria. Treatment with antiserum, complement and conglutinin revealed irregular masses and strands of extracellular material with fixatives that did not contain Alcian blue.

Objectives Currently, ceftriaxone is the last remaining drug recommended for empirical treatment of gonorrhoea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone have been isolated worldwide in countries such as Japan, France, Spain, Slovenia, Australia and Sweden. These have led to treatment failures and the emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Various mutations in penA (mosaic and nonmosaic), which encodes the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), have been reported to be the primary reason for reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility, but it can be reduced further by mutations in mtrR, porBIB and ponA. In this study, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of New Zealand isolates of N. gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone and to characterise the penA, mtrR, porBIB and ponA in the isolates. Methods A total of 28 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with elevated ceftriaxone MIC (0.03 to 0.12 mg/L), collected from 2012 to 2015 and obtained from the ...

In this study we analysed the time to clearance of anogenital C. trachomatis after treatment in patients coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae, using modern RNA- and DNA-based NAATs and daily collected samples. The median time to clearance was 7 days for RNA and 6 days for DNA. Ninety-five per cent of patients had cleared C. trachomatis RNA and DNA after 13 and 14 days, respectively.. Several previous studies reported on in vivo clearance of C. trachomatis after treatment, but used different molecular testing methods, and a sampling frequency of no more than twice a week. Some studies observed clearance of DNA within 3 weeks using ligase chain reaction or in-house PCR methods [13, 14], while other studies reported 5-25 % DNA persistence after 3-4 weeks [9, 15, 16, 25]. The exact time to clearance of RNA, when tested by NAAT, was also previously unknown. Sena et al. reported 12 % RNA persistence after 4 weeks in men, while Dukers et al. reported 42 % intermittent positive results up to 51 days [9, 19]. ...

Using data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, we studied changes in ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the United States during 2002-2007. Compared with prevalence in heterosexual men, prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infections showed a more pronounced increase in men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly through an increase in prevalence of strains also resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. Moreover, that multidrug resistance profile among MSM was negatively associated with recent travel. Across the surveillance project sites, first appearance of ciprofloxacin resistance in heterosexual men was positively correlated with such resistance for MSM. The increase in prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance may have been facilitated by use of fluoroquinolones for treating gonorrhea and other conditions. The prominence of multidrug resistance suggests that using other classes of antimicrobial drugs for purposes other than treating ...

Cover photograph (Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.): Residues in the outer membrane porin PorB of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain FA1090 that are involved in binding to the complement regulatory factors C4bp and factor H. The structure of the FA1090 PorB monomer was predicted using I-TASSER and visualized using DeepView Swiss-PdbViewer (v. 4.1). Extracellular loops 4 through 7 are labeled. (Left) Regions of the protein involved in C4bp binding are labeled in red in the context of the predicted structure. (Right) Regions of the protein involved in factor H binding are labeled in blue, and regions labeled in purple show an intermediate factor H binding phenotype when mutated. (See related article on p. 4383.) ...

August 10, 2012 - The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) no longer recommends oral cephalosporin treatment for gonococcal infections, according to theirreported in the August 10 issue of theMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. The new recommendations update the CDCs 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Infection with [Neisseria] gonorrhoeae is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, and can facilitate HIV transmission, write Carlos del Rio, MD, from the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues. In the United States, gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable infection, with ,300,000 cases reported during 2011. Gonorrhea treatment has been complicated by the ability ofN. gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment. Urethral isolates of N gonorrhoeae collected in the United States during 2006 through 2011 have shown declining ...

Looking for online definition of Thayer-Martin agar in the Medical Dictionary? Thayer-Martin agar explanation free. What is Thayer-Martin agar? Meaning of Thayer-Martin agar medical term. What does Thayer-Martin agar mean?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female cervical swab and male urethral swab specimens. This kit is intended for use as an aid in the diagnosis of Gonorrhea. Principle:Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is one of the most common infectious bacterial diseases and is most frequently transmitted during sexual intercourse,…

Author Summary Many bacteria are able to secrete toxins targeted against neighboring cells. In order to protect themselves against their own toxin, they also express an

In January 2006, CDC learned that Pfizer, Inc. (New York, New York) had discontinued U.S. distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin®) in November 2005; remaining inventory will expire in May 2006. No other pharmaceutical company manufactures or sells spectinomycin in the United States. Pfizer is continuing to distribute spectinomycin outside the United States for the international market. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration are working with Pfizer to make spectinomycin available again in the United States and will update this information as soon as possible. Historically, spectinomycin has been used to treat persons infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae who cannot receive one of the two first-line treatments (i.e., fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins) currently recommended for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection (1). Relatively few indications exist for which spectinomycin is the preferred treatment option for N. gonorrhoeae; these include 1) pregnant women with ...

The genus Neisseria contains many species. Most of them are part of the normal flora of humans and animals; only two are human pathogens: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes a sexually transmitted disease of the same name, and Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningitis. These pathogens often behave like their related commensal cousins in that they establish asymptomatic infection at high frequency. This commensal-like trait was likely inherited by the pathogens as they evolved from commensal species. Supporting this idea is the observation that many N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningiditis genes that mediate pathogen interactions with their hosts are also in the commensals. A major goal of our lab is to determine how commensal and pathogenic Neisseria differentially regulate these host interaction genes, and how these regulatory events might affect their lifecycle in the host.. Another goal of our lab is to use our new mouse model for Neisseria colonization, persistence, and asymptomatic ...

To evaluate the agreement between NAAT results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection obtained with self-obtained vaginal swabs (SOVS), collected in a non-clinical setting vs. NAAT results using SOVS collected in a clinical setting. This is a new use of this specimen type as SOVS are FDA cleared only for use in clinics. The NAAT (Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2® Assay (AC2)) result with the home-collected SOVS specimen will be compared to the result obtained with an SOVS collected in the clinic on multiple platforms (Direct Tube Sampling (DTS) / Panther / Tigris). The term home-collected is used to refer to any specimen that is not collected in a clinic, since there is no certainty that a specimen is collected at home or in a restroom in an office setting, etc. To compare the SOVS results to an FDA cleared predicate test with the collection of two clinician collected vaginal swabs ...

In 1998, Jones et al. determined that a new quinolone antibiotic, trovafloxacin, is highly active in vitro against uncomplicated gonorrhea, even against strains that showed mild resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. It is also active against Chlamydia trachomatis, since many individuals with gonorrhea concurrently are infected with chlamydia, along with numerous other Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Jones et al. determined that these resistance phenotypes included ones that were pencillin-susceptible; chromosomally mediated resistance to pencillin and tetracycline; penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and those strains with plasmid-mediated resistance because of the TetM determinant; and plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline. As of 1999, no clinically significant resistance to the broad-spectrum cephalosporins have been identified, and fluoroquinolone-resistant gonococcal strains are now prevalent in Australia and much of the Far East (Fox and Knapp, 1999). Due to the ...

Journal of Tropical Medicine is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies on all aspects of tropical diseases. Articles on the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of tropical diseases, parasites and their hosts, epidemiology, and public health issues will be considered. Journal of Tropical Medicine aims to facilitate the communication of advances addressing global health and mortality relating to tropical diseases.

Specimens submitted with the white cleaning swab or with two swabs. Transport tubes without swabs. Swabs in gel, wooden swabs, dry swabs other than BD Dry Swab system. Swabs in bacterial transport medium (e.g., culturettes). Urine specimens where the liquid level in the urine transport tube does not fall between the two black indicator lines. Urine specimens in sterile containers that have exceeded the 24 hour stability. Specimens collected in liquid cytology containers or media will not be tested.. Specimens collected in Universal Transport Medium (UTM). ...

We describe the results of the Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics 2013 Neisseria gonorrhoeae external quality assessment programme that included an N. gonorrhoeae strain harbouring an N. meningitidis porA gene which causes false-negative results in molecular diagnostic assays targeting the gonococcal porA pseudogene. Enhanced awareness of the international transmission of such gonococcal strains is needed to avoid false-negative results in both in-house and commercial molecular diagnostic assays used in laboratories worldwide, but particularly in Europe.

Method of Use: Bring media to room temperature before use. Inoculate media by swabbing the surface from side to side while rolling in a large z pattern to sufficiently transfer the specimen. Remove the CO 2 generating tablet from the foil wrapper and immediately place the tablet into the circular well of the petri plate. The tablet will be activated by the moisture in the medium. Do not place a drop of water on the tablet. There is adequate moisture generated in the bag to slowly release the CO 2 . Place the plate in the ziplock bag and seal. The completeness of the seal is essential to maintain CO 2 environment for growth. Invert plates and incubate at 35ºC. for 24-48 hours. Some strains may require up to 72 hours to appear. If the plate is to be sent to a laboratory after inoculation, incubate them under appropriate conditions before shipment. Specimens should be submitted directly to the laboratory without delay and protected from excessive heat and cold. Specimens must be transported at ...

I am Sagar Aryal, a passionate Microbiologist and the Scientific Blogger. I did my Masters Degree in Medical Microbiology and currently working as a Lecturer at Department of Microbiology, St. Xaviers College, Kathmandu, Nepal. I am particularly interested in research related to Medical Microbiology and Virology.. ...

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Anorectal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae may follow appropriate sexual contact or secondary contamination. It is associated with proctitis,

The purpose of this chapter is (i) to review the pathophysiology of gonorrhea during pregnancy, (ii) to summarize epidemiologic data regarding gonorrhea among pregnant women, and (iii) to discuss the manifestations of maternal and infant infections, with special emphasis on principles of prevention and management. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted bacterium which infects columnar and transitional epithelium of the genitourinary tract, including the urethra, endocervix, and anal canal, and the conjunctivae and pharynx. The majority of pregnant women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic; the proportion of symptomatic patients among pregnant women with gonorrhea has been reported to be as low as 1.2%. Pregnant women who are diagnosed with uncomplicated gonococcal infections or who are the sexual partners of men with gonorrhea should be treated with ceftriaxone (125 mg intramuscularly) in a single dose or with cefixime (400 mg orally) in a single dose. Due to the higher risk of pharyngeal gonorrhea

Infection with Neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae carries a significant public health burden in the United States (U.S.). Gonococcal infection can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and increases the risk of transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With over 350,000 cases of gonorrhea reported each year, gonorrhea is the second most common notifiable condition. Furthermore, it is estimated that case reports account for only half of the incident cases of gonorrhea in the U.S. each year. Given that gonorrhea is a bacterial infection which causes symptoms in approximately 90 percent of infected men and 50 percent of infected women, the most critical aspect of reducing the public health burden of gonorrhea for affected populations is provision of effective antimicrobial therapy. In order to identify treatment options for patients with suspect or confirmed cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infection and patients ...

Fujibio Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kit is a direct binding test for the visual detection of gonorrhea antigen , in the secretory specimen and urine from urogenital system, as an aid in the diagnosis of gonococcal infection. It is Based on the principle of double sandwich immunoassay for the detection of gonorrhea antigen in the secretory specimen or urine. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are employed to identify gonorrhea specifically. Both sensitivity and specifically of the test are higher than those of the present methods, which often involve long hours of culturing the collected specimen. Test results are not affected by any medication that is being taken. Results are read visually without any instrumentation. This test is ideal for screening specimen samples containing at least 1x 10 bacteria per ml.. Gonorrhea or gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that can infect both men and women which is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can cause infections in the ...

Among 830 women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted disease, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 180(22%)and Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 84 (10%). Retrospective analysis showed that 43 of the women were given outpatient treatment for acute pelvic inflammatory disease because they had low abdominal pain, deep dyspareunia, or unusual vaginal bleeding, or all of these, for less than 2 months in association with cervical motion or adnexal tenderness, or both. None had adnexal masses. C. trachomatis was isolated from 22 and N. gonorrhoeae from 15 of this subgroup of 43 women. This presentation of pelvic inflammatory disease occurred in 10 of the 37 women in the whole study with both C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae, 12 of 143 women with C. trachomatis alone, five of 47 women with N. gonorrhoeae alone, and 16 of 603 women with neither organism. Thus, in North America, C. trachomatis is associated with a syndrome usually diagnosed as mild pelvic inflammatory disease and managed on an ...

The increased sensitivities of nucleic acid amplification tests such as ligase chain reaction (LCR) have the potential to simplify specimen collection for gonorrhea diagnosis. In this study patients took their own vaginal swab specimens for gonorrhea culture and LCR testing. Immediately following specimen collection by patients, a trained clinician obtained endocervical swab specimens for the same tests. By using LCR to diagnose gonorrhea, 54 (17.5%) of 309 patients had positive tests. Forty-five patients with positive cervical LCR tests also had positive vaginal LCR tests; for one patient, only a cervical LCR specimen was positive, and for eight patients, only vaginal specimens were positive. For specimens from patients whose gonorrhea cultures were positive, all vaginal swab specimens were positive by LCR and 42 (91%) of 46 cervical swab specimens were positive by LCR. LCR-positive specimens from eight patients with negative cultures (four with positive vaginal specimens only, one with a ...

Using data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, we studied changes in ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the United States during 2002-2007. Compared with prevalence in heterosexual men, prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infections showed a more pronounced increase in men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly through an increase in prevalence of strains also resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. Moreover, that multidrug resistance profile among MSM was negatively associated with recent travel. Across the surveillance project sites, first appearance of ciprofloxacin resistance in heterosexual men was positively correlated with such resistance for MSM. The increase in prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance may have been facilitated by use of fluoroquinolones for treating gonorrhea and other conditions. The prominence of multidrug resistance suggests that using other classes of antimicrobial drugs for purposes other than treating gonorrhea

Curated}} {{Biorealm Genus}} [[Image:ng-lym1.jpg,thumb,250px,right,Neisseria gonorrhoeae. From [http://neisseria.org/ng/images/ Dr. Ian Boulton.]]] ==Classification== ===Higher order taxa:=== Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae ===Species:=== Neisseria animalis; N. bacilliformis; N. canis; N. cinerea; N. dentrificans; N. dentiae; N. elongata; N. flava; N. flavescens; [[N. gonorrhoeae]]; N. iguanae; N. lactamica; N. macacae; N. meningitidis; N. mucosa; Neisseria perflava; Neisseria pharyngis; Neisseria polysaccharea; N. sicca; N. subflava; N. weaveri; N. sp. {, , height=10 bgcolor=#FFDF95 align=center , NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=482&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: -,font size=2>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/framik.cgi?db=Genome&gi=155 Neisseria meningitidis MC58] -[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/framik.cgi?db=Genome&gi=156 Neisseria meningitidis Z2491 ...

The Neisseria species are believed to be non-clonal bacteria with a high degree of genetic transfer within and between different species [2, 3, 14-18]. Previous reports of transformation in N. meningitidis have suggested that different regions of the genome may have different recombination rates [19, 20]. This work identified the region upstream of folP as particularly active in recombination events. The most obvious example is the insertion of a complete Correia element, upstream of folP in N. lactamica. Correia elements are small putative transposable elements, around 152 base pairs long with inverted repeats at the ends [12]. Hundreds of Correia copies are scattered around the genomes of pathogenic Neisseriae [13, 21, 22] and they have also been reported in N. lactamica [23]. We detected another copy of a Correia repeat in the N. subflava sequence, suggesting that these elements are ubiquitous in the Neisseria genus and possibly was introduced before the divergence into different ...

Horizontal gene transfer is an important source of genetic variation among Neisseria species and has contributed to the spread of resistance to penicillin and sulfonamide drugs in the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. Sulfonamide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis is mediated by altered chromosomal folP genes. At least some folP alleles conferring resistance have been horizontally acquired from other species, presumably from commensal Neisseriae. In this work, the DNA sequence surrounding folP in commensal Neisseria species was determined and compared to corresponding regions in pathogenic Neisseriae, in order to elucidate the potential for inter-species DNA transfer within this region ...

A DNA vaccine strategy for effective antibody induction to pathogen-derived antigens -- Antigen identification starting from the genome: A Reverse vaccinology Approach applied to MenB -- Analysis of the immune response to Neisseria meningitidis using a proteomics approach -- Analysis of parameters associated with prevention of cellular apoptosis by pathogenic Neisseriae and purified porins -- The use of the pan-Neisseria microarray and experimental design for transcriptomics studies of Neisseria -- Transcriptome analyses in the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with mammalian host cells -- Visualising PAMP-PRR interactions using nanoscale imaging -- Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate ligand-receptor interactions -- Human dendritic cell culture and bacterial infection -- Techniques to measure pilus retraction forces -- A laminar-flow chamber assay for measuring bacterial adhesion under shear stress -- Methods for studying Neisseria meningitidis biofilms ...

A DNA vaccine strategy for effective antibody induction to pathogen-derived antigens -- Antigen identification starting from the genome: A Reverse vaccinology Approach applied to MenB -- Analysis of the immune response to Neisseria meningitidis using a proteomics approach -- Analysis of parameters associated with prevention of cellular apoptosis by pathogenic Neisseriae and purified porins -- The use of the pan-Neisseria microarray and experimental design for transcriptomics studies of Neisseria -- Transcriptome analyses in the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with mammalian host cells -- Visualising PAMP-PRR interactions using nanoscale imaging -- Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate ligand-receptor interactions -- Human dendritic cell culture and bacterial infection -- Techniques to measure pilus retraction forces -- A laminar-flow chamber assay for measuring bacterial adhesion under shear stress -- Methods for studying Neisseria meningitidis biofilms ...

Opa proteins are major proteins involved in meningococcal colonization of the nasopharynx and immune interactions. Opa proteins undergo phase variation (PV) due to the presence of the 5-CTCTT-3 coding repeat (CR) sequence. The dynamics of PV of meningococcal Opa proteins is unknown. Opa PV, including the effect of transformation on PV, was assessed using a panel of Opa-deficient strains of Neisseria meningitidis. Analysis of Opa expression from UK disease-causing isolates was undertaken. Different opa genes demonstrated variable rates of PV, between 6.4 × 10(-4) and 6.9 × 10(-3) per cell per generation. opa genes with a longer CR tract had a higher rate of PV (r(2) = 0.77, p = 0.1212). Bacterial transformation resulted in a 180-fold increase in PV rate. The majority of opa genes in UK disease isolates (315/463, 68.0%) were in the on phase, suggesting the importance of Opa proteins during invasive disease. These data provide valuable information for the first time regarding meningococcal Opa PV.

The bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhoeae is what gives humans the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. And it also takes something: human DNA. Northwestern University researchers report in the journal mBio that theyve found pieces of human DNA in samples of the bacteria.. Gonorrhea is one of very few diseases exclusive to our species, and is one of the oldest recorded diseases in human history. An ancient disease that resembles gonorrheas symptoms is even described in the Bible, according to Hank Seifert, senior author of a paper on the gene transfer. [Popular Science]. Seifert and colleague Mark Anderson looked at 14 different samples of N. gonorrhoeae. Three of them possessed the chunk of human DNA. And they only saw it in the gonorrhea bacteria:. The pair looked for the same human DNA fragment in the genetically related bacterium Neisseria menigitidis, known to cause meningitis. We screened many isolates and it wasnt present, says Seifert. That means the transfer to N. gonorrhoeae ...

by APFLI , Mar 11, 2004 , STDs. Gonorrheais caused by the bacteria N.gonorrhea. Approximately 600,000 new cases of this disease are now reported annually with the highest rates among teens [CDC, STD Surveillance,1997]. Gonorrhea can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) which renders the female sterile; gonorrhea can also cause sterility in the male. The presence of gonorrhea increases the chances of acquiring the HIV virus, if present. At least 50 percent of female gonorrhea infections have no symptoms [CDC, 1998]. [Excerpts from CDC, MMWR, June 16, 2006 / 53(53);1-79 Summary of Notifiable Diseases - United States, 2004] Gonorrhea Increases in Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the United States (1). Gonorrhea increases the risk for pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (2). Nationally, reported gonorrhea incidence rates have been ...

Looking for online definition of Neisseria in the Medical Dictionary? Neisseria explanation free. What is Neisseria? Meaning of Neisseria medical term. What does Neisseria mean?

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Borst, J, Van der Snee-Enkelaar, A. C, & Meuzelaar, H. L. C. (1978). Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Pyrolysis Mass spectrometry. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 44 ...

By revealing complete repertoires of genes, genome sequences provide the key to a better and eventually global understanding of the biology of living organisms. It is widely accepted that this will have important consequences on human health and economics by leading to the rational design of novel therapies against pathogens infecting humans, livestock or crops [1]. For example, identifying genes essential for cell viability or pathogenesis would uncover targets for new antibiotics or drugs that selectively interfer with virulence mechanisms of pathogenic species, respectively. The major obstacle to this is the fact that hundreds of predicted coding sequences (CDSs) in every genome remain uncharacterized. Unraveling gene function on such a large scale requires suitable biological resources, which are lacking in most species.. As shown in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the model organism for genomics, the most valuable toolbox for determining gene function on a genome scale is likely to be a ...

This thesis focuses on host and pathogen specific interactions during invasive disease. We have investigated the role and impact of different virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and Streptococcus pyogenes on host epithelial cells and in vivo. N. gonorrhoeae cause the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea and N. meningitidis is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and may be leathal to the host within hours of infection. The neisserial type IV pili were shown to have an important impact on host cells for the induction of pro-inflammatory and other cellular defence transcriptional responses. Furthermore, N. meningitidis generally induced an earlier response compared to N. gonorrhoeae, probably as a result of the meningococcal capsule. The role of N. meningitidis serogroup B lipooliogsaccharide was investigated during invasive disease. Bacterial invasion of host cells and blood survival as well as virulence in vivo was dependent on the integrity of the LOS ...

By Steven Reinberg. A vaccine to protect people from the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea may be one step closer to reality, New Zealand researchers report.. Thats welcome news, because gonorrhea appears to be eluding treatment efforts to control the disease. Antibiotics are the only available treatment, but strains of antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea have developed, according to U.S. health officials.. Despite efforts, a gonorrhea vaccine with any clinical effect has eluded development for over 100 years, said lead researcher Helen Petousis-Harris, a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland.. Venereal disease is becoming an increasingly serious problem in developing countries. The availability of antibiotics in chemists shops has encouraged self-medication with sub-therapeutic doses and inadequate treatment regimens. At a health centre in Nigeria, a diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis was made in 159 out of 429 men presenting with urethritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured in ...

Traditionally, gonorrhea was diagnosed with Gram stain and culture; however, newer polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing methods are becoming more common.[16][28] In those failing initial treatment, culture should be done to determine sensitivity to antibiotics.[29] Tests that use polymerase chain reaction (PCR, aka nucleic acid amplification) to identify genes unique to N. gonorrhoeae are recommended for screening and diagnosis of gonorrhea infection. These PCR-based tests require a sample of urine, urethral swabs, or cervical/vaginal swabs. Culture (growing colonies of bacteria in order to isolate and identify them) and Gram-stain (staining of bacterial cell walls to reveal morphology) can also be used to detect the presence of N. gonorrhoeae in all specimen types except urine.[30][31] If Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci are visualized on direct Gram stain of urethral pus (male genital infection), no further testing is needed to establish the diagnosis of gonorrhea ...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, utilizes TonB-dependent transporters to import essential nutrients such as iron. Study of TonB-dependent transporters is extremely important due to the fact that they make excellent vaccine targets. In order to learn more about the structure, function, expression, and regulation of selected TonB-dependent transporters, three goals were established for this study. The first goal was to examine the role of two highly conserved regions of TbpB in lipidation. One of the conserved regions of TbpB, the LSAC motif, was shown to be critical for lipidation. The second goal was to determine whether MisR/MisS regulates expression of TbpA and TbpB. MisR/MisS was shown to regulate the expression of TbpA and TbpB. The third goal was to assess the ability of recombinant TdfJ to bind hemin when expressed in E. coli. Recombinant TdfJ was shown to specifically bind hemin when expressed in E. coli.

Mycobacterium avium complex and odd. Mycobacterium avium complicated and bizarre mycobacterial infections within the setting of hiv contamination hiv insite knowledge base chapter january 2006.. Azithromycin oral uses, facet outcomes,. Discover affected person medical facts for azithromycin oral on webmd such as its uses, facet consequences and protection, interactions, pix, warnings and consumer ratings.. Cdc gonococcal infections 2010 std treatment. Replace to cdcs sexually transmitted sicknesses treatment 2010 hints oral cephalosporins not a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections.. Gonorrhea wikipedia, the unfastened encyclopedia. Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted contamination as a result of the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many human beings dont have any signs.. Quiebras infomercial youtube. · the primary presidential debate hillary clinton and donald trump (complete debate) nbc news period 13858. Nbc information 10,792,468 perspectives. ...

The complement system is an essential component of the innate and acquired immune system, and consists of a series of proteolytic cascades that are initiated by the presence of microorganisms. In health, activation of complement is precisely controlled through membrane-bound and soluble plasma-regulatory proteins including complement factor H (fH; ref. 2), a 155 kDa protein composed of 20 domains (termed complement control protein repeats). Many pathogens have evolved the ability to avoid immune-killing by recruiting host complement regulators and several pathogens have adapted to avoid complement-mediated killing by sequestering fH to their surface. Here we present the structure of a complement regulator in complex with its pathogen surface-protein ligand. This reveals how the important human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis subverts immune responses by mimicking the host, using protein instead of charged-carbohydrate chemistry to recruit the host complement regulator, fH. The structure also indicates

Neisseria meningitidis is a human pathogen that can cause life threatening meningitis and sepsis. Pili of Neisseria are one of the major virulence factors in host-pathogen interaction. Pilin of N. meningitidis is post-translationally modified by a glycan and two phosphorylcholines (ChoP). ChoP modifications have been found to have an important role in bacterial colonisation and invasion. Unlike N. gonorrhoeae, ChoP modifications on pili seem to be restricted to the C-terminus of pilin protein in N. meningitidis. In this study, we investigate the substrate recognition of phosphorylcholine transferase. We found that a single sequence of D-A-S after the disulphide bond of pilin protein is able to form a motif for ChoP modification and the charge residue in this motif and the local structure are essential for the substrate ...

Every year, countries of the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) participate in Euro-GASP to test susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to the antibiotics commonly used for gonorrhoea treatment. In 2015, 24 EU/EEA countries collected and tested more than 2 000 gonococcal isolates that showed stable proportions of resistance against the antimicrobials cefixime, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin compared to 2014 and only one isolate resistant to ceftriaxone.. Cefixime resistance decreased slightly to 1.7% in 2015 in comparison to the year before (2%). Ciprofloxacin resistance, although still very high, has decreased from 53% in 2013 to 49% in 2015 and the level of azithromycin resistance went down from 8% in 2014 (169 out of 2 147 isolates) to 7% in 2015. However, five isolates displayed high-level resistance to azithromycin, compared with only one in 2014. Only one isolate displayed resistance to ceftriaxone in 2015, compared to five in 2014 and seven in 2013.. Visit myLABBox.com ...

Gonorrhea has been known since ancient times. Its name is from the Greek words for flow of seed, apparently a reference to the genital discharge that is a major symptom. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that researchers understood the difference between syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, and gonorrhea. The gonorrhea bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae was identified in 1879 by the German biologist Albert Neisser, for whom it was named. During the 1930s and 1940s, antibiotics were found to treat syphilis and gonorrhea effectively. With treatment, fewer people spread the diseases, and the number of cases fell sharply in the United States. But then the numbers began to rise again. Some researchers believe that a change in attitude toward sex during the 1960s and 1970s contributed to this increase, as people became sexually active earlier and with more partners than before. When AIDS became a problem during the 1980s, people began to practice what has come to be known as safer ...

LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) form the largest family of bacterial regulators acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. The LTTR, CrgA, from the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, is upregulated during bacterial-host cell contact. Here, we report the crystal structures of both regulatory domain and full-length CrgA, the first of a novel subclass of LTTRs that form octameric rings. Non-denaturing mass spectrometry analysis and analytical ultracentrifugation established that the octameric form of CrgA is the predominant species in solution in both the presence and absence of an oligonucleotide encompassing the CrgA-binding sequence. Furthermore, analysis of the isolated CrgA-DNA complex by mass spectrometry showed stabilization of a double octamer species upon DNA binding. Based on the observed structure and the mass spectrometry findings, a model is proposed in which a hexadecameric array of

Symptoms: Burning urination, discharge, delayed urination, weak urine flow, cloudy urine. Doctor: Hello,Thanks for contacting askthedoctor.com for an opinion.Chlamydia and gonorrhea are transmitted through vagin al, anal or oral sexual contact. Though oral sex is otherwise considered safe with respect to transmission of sexually transmitted diseases but if a person who is not infective gives an oral sex to a person harboring chlamydia infection and then after contracting the infection has oral sex with another partner , then he/ she can transmit these STIs to the third person. The incidence is around 25-30% in the world and have been an accepted route of transfer.Specifically, oral gonorrhea (also termed pharyngeal gonorrhea) is defined as an STD infection of the pharynx with Gram-negative coccal-shaped (round) bacteria named Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infection is acquired from direct contact with white/yellowish pus-like fluid containing N. gonorrhoeae (also termed discharge or exudates) in one ...

Doctors in Britain are advised to stop using the usual treatment cefixime for gonorrhea and instead use two or more powerful antibiotics.. The Health Protection Agency (HPA) recommends the necessary change because the antibiotic usually prescribed for gonorrhea is no longer effective and it has been noted it is now largely resistant to it. Tests on samples taken from patients and grown in the laboratory showed reduced susceptibility to the usual antibiotic cefixime in nearly 20 percent of cases in 2010, compared with just 10 percent of cases in 2009.. The bacterium that causes the infection, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has an unusual ability to adapt itself and has gained resistance, or reduced susceptibility, to a growing list of antibiotics; first penicillin itself, then tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin and now cefixime.. With the scenario, it presents the real threat of not being able to treat gonorrhea in the future.. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the first-line antibiotic used ...

Every year, countries of the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) participate in Euro-GASP to test susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to the antibiotics commonly used for gonorrhoea treatment. In 2015, 24 EU/EEA countries collected and tested more than 2 000 gonococcal isolates that showed stable proportions of resistance against the antimicrobials cefixime, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin compared to 2014 and only one isolate resistant to ceftriaxone.. Cefixime resistance decreased slightly to 1.7% in 2015 in comparison to the year before (2%). Ciprofloxacin resistance, although still very high, has decreased from 53% in 2013 to 49% in 2015 and the level of azithromycin resistance went down from 8% in 2014 (169 out of 2 147 isolates) to 7% in 2015. However, five isolates displayed high-level resistance to azithromycin, compared with only one in 2014. Only one isolate displayed resistance to ceftriaxone in 2015, compared to five in 2014 and seven in 2013.. The continuing ...

Computer illustration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, the cause of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is also known as gonococcal infection and gonococcal urethritis. Symptoms include inflammatory discharge from the urethra or vagina. - Stock Image C027/6078

January 11, 2017 -- Rinsing with the antiseptic mouthwash Listerine for one minute can significantly reduce the prevalence of gonorrhea-causing bacteria, according to a new study. Now, researchers want to know whether Listerine can also help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).. In 1879, the manufacturer of Listerine claimed the mouthwash could cure gonorrhea. With gonorrhea infections increasing worldwide, a team of researchers from Melbourne, Australia, thought it was a good time to investigate whether Listerine really does inhibit the growth Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the mouth and throat. The findings of their small study were published in the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections (December 20, 2016).. If Listerine has an inhibitory effect against N. gonorrhoeae in the pharynx, it could be a cheap, easy to use, and potentially effective intervention for gonorrhea prevention and control, wrote the authors, led by Eric Chow, MPH, PhD. Chow is a senior research fellow ...

Gonorrhea is a bacterium and it can stay in secretions inside the throat in addition to the male genitals and womens private parts and is spread through oral, anal and vaginal intercourse. Growing rates of gonorrhea heighten the threat of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant lines of Neisseria Gonorrhoea, the bacteria accountable for the infection, making the need for a preventive measure that does not rely on the use of condoms even greater pressing, they say.. The ailment - which became not unusual within the first half of the 1900s till the invention of a powerful antibiotic remedy - is seeing a resurgence. Medical doctors are concerned that the number of instances reported had been rocketing in recent years. Studies show that between 2012 and 2015 gonorrhea infections rose via more than 53% in male participants. The medical community is now more concerned that contracting the new strain contamination may additionally, in the end, become untreatable, following the emergence of super strain ...

First-line treatment for gonorrhea is ceftriaxone plus either azithromycin or doxycycline. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on more than 34 000 urethral isolates from U.S. men with symptomatic gonococcal urethritis. Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from men who have sex with men were significantly more likely than isolates from men who have sex exclusively with women to exhibit elevated cephalosporin minimal inhibitory concentrations and antimicrobial resistance. This testing is not usually done in routine practice, but clinicians should actively follow men who have sex with men after first-line treatment for gonorrhea for possible treatment failure. ...

The Neisseria genus, of Gram-negative Betaproteobacteria, contains two closely related human pathogens, N. meningitidis, a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and septicaemia and N. gonorrhoeae, that causes the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhoea [1]. Survival of bacteria like Neisseria depends upon an effective response to oxidative challenges from the host environment, for example, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (·O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by phagocytes. To protect cellular components, including proteins and DNA, bacteria produce a range of enzymes, including catalases, peroxidases, oxidoreductases, and superoxide dismutases, whose expression is frequently controlled by redox-sensing transcription factors.. OxyR, widely known as a mediator of hydrogen peroxide-induced gene expression, is a redox-sensitive LysR-type transcription factor. Increased cellular hydrogen peroxide levels result in the oxidation of a pair of conserved cysteine residues present in the ...

Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic aminopenicillin of the beta-lactam group of antibiotics. Amoxicillin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, acting through the inhibition of biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide. Amoxicillin is active in vitro against beta-lactamase negative strains of Proteus mirabilis and Haemophilus influenza. In vitro studies have also demonstrated activity against most strains of alpha- and beta-haemolytic streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase negative strains of staphylococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria, meningitidis and Enterococcus faecalis. However, some of the organisms are sensitive to amoxicillin only at concentrations achieved in the urine. Strains of gonococci which are relatively resistant to benzyl penicillin may also be resistant to amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by beta- lactamases and therefore it is ineffective against bacteria which produce ...

Oral gonorrhea is a type of gonorrhea that is caused by engaging in oral sex. It is also known as pharyngeal gonorrhea. It is caused by the bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infection can lead to serious reproductive health problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Gonorrhea also can cause infections in newborn babies. Tests and effective treatments are available ...

A University of Saskatchewan health scientist has been awarded $113,000 from Grand Challenges Canada to develop a simple, inexpensive and rapid test to diagnose antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea, some strains of which have become resistant to almost all antibiotics. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes 106 million new gonorrhea infections every year. There is no vaccine for this superbug.

In this study, we developed an array-based differential genomic DNA hybridization method to compare genomes of different bacterial strains. This method is similar to the representational-difference analysis that was used to detect genetic differences between virulent and avirulent Mycobacterium bovis strains (18) and between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis (23). By identifying those segments of DNA in a random-fragment phage library of P. aeruginosaX24509 DNA which are absent from the genome of PAO1, we have shown a 3% difference between these two strains. A similar survey of several randomly selected UTI strains and those obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis suggests that these strains contain in their genomes approximately 3% unique DNA which is not present in PAO1 (data not shown). This suggests that the genomic variation among differentP. aeruginosa isolates is less pronounced than that in different E. coli isolates. For example, using an M13 library from a UTI strain ...

In an examination of the effectiveness of cefixime, the only oral cephalosporin antimicrobial recommended for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) infections, researchers found a clinical treatment failure rate ...

Amoxizilinak eta, orokorrean, penizilina erdi-sintetikoek penizilina bera baino espektro zabalagoa dute: bakterio Gram positiboen aurka ez ezik, Gram negatibo askoren aurka eraginkorra da ere. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), Listeria, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrea), Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis), Helicobacter pylori (ultzera gastrikoa), Treponema, Leptospira eta Campylobacter dira amoxizilinarekiko sentikorrak diren mikroorganismoetako batzuk. Ez da eraginkorra eraztun betalaktamiko apurtzen duten bakterioen aurka. Amoxizilina gehienetan aho bidetik hartzen da, eta batzuetan zain barneko bidetik ere. Penizilina guztien antzera amoxizilinak alergia eragin dezake. ...

This is an antigen test, which tests directly for the presence of the gonorrhea bacteria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in the human body. High Clinical Accuracy (>99%) Reliable Results in less than 15 min Tested in clinical trials Certifications: TUV ISO 13485 (ISOs International Medical Devices Standard) & GMP Easy

|strong|Rabbit anti |em|Neisseria meningitidis|/em| antibody|/strong|reacts with |i|Neisseria meningitidis |/i| serogroups A, B and C recognizing multiple antigens. Other serogroups have not been test…