A physical map of the chromosome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 has been constructed. Digestion of strain FA1090 DNA with NheI, SpeI, BglII, or PacI resulted in a limited number of fragments that were resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis. The estimated genome size was 2,219 kb. To construct the map, probes corresponding to single-copy chromosomal sequences were used in Southern blots of digested DNA separated on pulsed-field gels, to determine how the fragments from different digests overlapped. Some of the probes represented identified gonococcal genes, whereas others were anonymous cloned fragments of strain FA1090 DNA. By using this approach, a macrorestriction map of the strain FA1090 chromosome was assembled, and the locations of various genetic markers on the map were determined. Once the map was completed, the repeated gene families encoding Opa and pilin proteins were mapped. The 11 opa loci of strain FA1090 were distributed over approximately 60% of ...

BELDA JUNIOR, Walter; VELHO, Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira; ARNONE, Marcelo and FAGUNDES, Luis Jorge. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. [online]. 2007, vol.38, n.2, pp.293-295. ISSN 1517-8382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822007000200020.. Continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns is essential in order for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) treatment to be effective. Gonococci isolates from 65 patients in São Paulo were submitted to susceptibility testing, and a decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in 8.7% of these patients, indicating that Neisseria gonorrhoeae fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging in Brazil.. Keywords : anti-bacterial agents; ciprofloxacin; drug resistance; Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ...

To increase the utility of the previously constructed physical map of the chromosome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090, 28 additional genetic markers were localized on the map. Cloned gonococcal genes were used to probe Southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested DNA separated on pulsed-field gels, thus identifying the fragment in each of several digests to which the probe hybridized and the map location of each gene. The addition of the new markers brings the total number of mapped loci for this strain to 68; the locations of all of those markers on the updated map are shown. ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the predominant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain types in Pakistan and to evaluate their correlation with fluoroquinolone resistance. METHOD: A total of 314 strains were collected from 2007-2009. Of these 112 strains were randomly selected for serotyping via the coagglutination technique. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was checked through the E-test method. Chi square was performed to assess the correlation between the strain type and fluoroquinolone resistance pattern. RESULTS: N. gonorrhoeae isolates were typed in two serogroups and 28 serovars. Serogroup WI comprised 40% (n = 45) whereas WII/WIII was 60% (n = 67). Most commonly isolated serovar belonged to serogroup WI namely Aorst (10%). The other predominant circulating serovars of the serogroup WI were Aost (9%) and Ast (8%) and Bsy (8%), Bopyt (5%) and Bprt (4.5%) in the serogroup WII/III. Fluoroquinolone resistance was 98%, with an MIC of 2 microg/mL in 47%, 4 microg/mL in 36% and | 32 microg/mL in 12% of the isolates. On

ABSTRACT Restriction-Modification systems (RMS) are one of the main mechanisms of defence against foreign DNA invasion and can have an important role in the regulation of gene expression. The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae carries one of the highest loads of RMS in its genome; between 13 to 15 of the three main types. Previous work has described their organization in the reference genome FA1090 and has experimentally inferred the associated methylated motifs. Here, we studied the structure of RMS and target methylated motifs in 25 gonococcal strains sequenced with Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) technology, which provides data on DNA modification. The results showed a variable picture of active RMS in different strains, with phase variation switching the activity of Type III RMS, and both the activity and specificity of a Type I RMS. Interestingly, the Dam methylase was found in place of the NgoAXI endonuclease in two of the strains, despite being previously thought to be absent ...

To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant trends of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Guangzhou, from 1996 to 2001. The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to four antimicrobials, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin. The resistance of all strains to four antibiotics was interpreted according to criteria used in the project of surveillance of gonococcal antibiotic susceptibility in the WHO Western Pacific Region. Penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was analysed by the paper acidometric method. 793 consecutive N gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Guangzhou were studied from 1996 to 2001. A total of 55 strains of PPNG were identified and the prevalence rapidly spread from 2% to 21.8%. Of the four antibiotics examined, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin appeared to be the most effective agents although two spectinomycin resistant strains were isolated in 1996. Their MIC(50), MIC(90), ...

OBJECTIVES--To employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the rapid differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae protein IB (PIB) isolates and to compare its usefulness with the widely accepted auxotype/serovar classification scheme. METHODS--The outer membrane protein IB genes of 47 gonococcal isolates belonging to 10 different serovars were amplified by PCR. The approximately 1 kb DNA products were then digested separately with restriction enzymes CfoI and MspA1I, and electrophoresed on agarose gels. RESULTS--Cleavage of PIB genes by MspA1I and CfoI differentiated all the N gonorrhoeae strains into five and six PCR-RFLP profiles, respectively. PCR-RFLP was more discriminatory than auxotyping, which classifies the strains into only two auxotypes. Some strains belonging to common serovars could be further differentiated. A combination of PCR-RFLP analysis, auxotyping and serotyping further increased the discrimination of the strains into ...

The obligate human pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has evolved mechanisms to manipulate the apoptotic machinery in human epithelial cells in favor of host niche adaptation. In the present research, I investigated the apoptotic effect of N. gonorrhoeae on transduced human urethral epithelial cells (THUEC) and the underlying mechanism of apoptosis modulation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that gonococcal infection conferred an anti-apoptotic effect in early infection, but induced apoptosis during prolonged infection periods in THUEC. Intracellular gonococci were required to provide the anti-apoptotic effect. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways mapped the apoptosis resistance to a signaling cascade involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and Bim/Bad, in which the inhibition of ERK activation by N. gonorrhoeae contributed to the anti-apoptotic effect on THUEC. A N. gonorrhoeae minD ...

Objectives To improve the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by designing a multiplex PCR assay using two N gonorrhoeae-specific genes as targets, thereby providing detection and confirmation of a positive result simultaneously.. Methods PCR primers were designed to detect two N gonorrhoeae genes, namely porA and pgi1. Primers for an internal control targeting the ompW gene of Vibrio cholerae were also designed and incorporated in the assay. The DNA of 45 clinical isolates including 33 N gonorrhoeae isolates, seven non-gonococcal Neisseria species, and five non-Neisseria species was tested using the multiplex PCR assay.. Results All 33 N gonorrhoeae isolates were successfully detected by the assay and none of the non-gonococcal isolates was detected. The assay showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, and a limit of detection of 1.25 ng of DNA.. Conclusion This multiplex PCR assay offers a sensitive and specific assay suitable for the detection of N gonorrhoeae, and offers real potential for ...

Since publication of CDCs 1993 guidelines (CDC. Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-12]:1--39), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have been introduced as critical new tools to diagnose and treat C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. NAATs for C. trachomatis are substantially more sensitive than previous tests. When using a NAAT, any sacrifice in performance when urine is substituted for a traditional swab specimen is limited, thus reducing dependence on invasive procedures and expanding the venues where specimens can be obtained. NAATs can also detect both C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae organisms in the same specimen. However, NAATs are usually more expensive than previous tests, making test performance from an economic perspective a key consideration. This report updates the 1993 guidelines for selecting laboratory tests for C. trachomatis with an emphasis on screening men and women in the ...

Global Markets Directs, Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections - Pipeline Review, H2 2016, provides an overview of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections pipeline landscape.

Via Eurosurveillance: Gonorrhoea treatment failure caused by a Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with combined ceftriaxone and high-level azithromycin resistance, England, February 2018. The abstract: We describe a gonorrhoea case with combined high-level azithromycin resistance and ceftriaxone resistance. In February 2018, a...

Gonorrhea is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in the world. A naturally occurring variation of the terminal carbohydrates on the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) molecule correlates with altered disease states. Here, we investigated t

We carried out a study to evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae genital infections in school-based adolescents in Northern Italy. Systematic screening for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae genital infection was performed in 13th grade students in the province of Brescia, an industrialized area in Northern Italy. Student filled in a questionnaire on sexual behaviour and provided a urine sample for microbiological testing. A total of 2,718 students (mean age: 18.4 years; 59.1 % females) provided complete data (62.2 % of those eligible). Overall 2,059 students (75.8 %) were sexually active (i.e. had had at least one partner), and the mean age at sexual debut was 16.1 years (SD: 1.4). Only 27.5 % of the sexually active students reported regular condom use during the previous 6 months, with higher frequency in males than in females (33.8 % vs 24.2 %). No case of N. gonorrhoeae infection was detected, while C. trachomatis was found in 36 adolescents, with a prevalence of 1

The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the widespread sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, which in rare cases also leads to the development of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). DGI is mediated by PorBIA-expressing bacteria that invade host cells under low phosphate condition by interaction with the scavenger receptor-1 (SREC-I) expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. The interaction of PorBIA and SREC-I was analysed using different in vitro approaches, including surface plasmon resonance experiments that revealed a direct phosphate-independent high affinity interaction of SREC-I to PorBIA. However, the same binding affinity was also found for the other allele PorBIB, which indicates unspecific binding and suggests that the applied methods were unsuitable for this interaction analysis. Since N. gonorrhoeae was recently classified as a super-bug due to a rising number of antibiotic-resistant strains, this study aimed to discover inhibitors against ...

Rising azithromycin nonsusceptibility among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates threatens current treatment recommendations, but the cause of this rise is not well understood. We performed an ecological study of seasonal patterns in macrolide use and azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, finding that population-wide macrolide use is associated with increased azithromycin nonsusceptibility. These results, indicative of bystander selection, have implications for antibiotic prescribing guidelines ...

To the Editor: Spread of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern. Effective antimicrobial therapy is a key element in gonorrhea control. However, N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobial drugs, including β-lactams, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones (1-3). Even an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin-resistant, cefixime-resistant N. gonorrhoeae has emerged, and cefixime has now been withdrawn from use in Japan. Best practice treatment is limited to injectable extended-spectrum cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone and spectinomycin. The emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae threatens effective disease control.. We identified a novel ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolated from a 31-year-old female commercial sex worker; MIC of ceftriaxone for this isolate was high (2 µg/mL). The woman visited a clinic in Kyoto for a routine examination for sexually transmitted infections in January 2009. Although she had no ...

In 2016, we identified a ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolate in China. The strain genotype was identical to the resistant clone FC428 that originated in Japan. Enhanced international collaborative surveillance programs are crucial to track the transmission of the ceftriaxone-resistant clones ...

Studies were performed on local isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to assess their aetiological role in different clinical populations, to determine the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and characterisation of quinolone resistance. In the study performed on women presenting for termination of pregnancy (TOP) the prevalence of common sexually transmitted pathogens (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis) was much higher than reported from other studies in TOP populations. The commonest organism isolated was C. trachomatis. There were no significant differences in infection rates in women with or without signs and symptoms of vaginal discharge. Therefore all women presenting for TOP need to be screened and treated for sexually transmitted pathogens. In the study to determine the co-infection rates in men presenting with urethritis (discharge and/or burning on micturition (BOM)), the overall infection rate was 65% with co-infections (more than one pathogen ...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae MntC protein: a periplasmic-binding protein that be a component of an ABC transporter that imports manganese ion to combat oxidative stress; isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae; GenBank AE004969

Background: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and their bla(TEM-135) gene variant in 2007 and 2012 in Nanjing, China. In addition, molecular epidemiological typing of all isolates was performed to elucidate the genetic relationships of the PPNG strains. Methods: A total of 199 and 77 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected at the National Center for STD Control in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Nitrocefin tests were performed to identify PPNG. Mismatch amplification mutation assay was used to identify bla(TEM-135). All isolates were genotyped using N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), and additionally, porB-based phylogenetic analysis was performed for the PPNG isolates. Results: The total prevalence of PPNG isolates was 41% (114/276) and 58% (66/114) of these PPNG isolates possessed bla(TEM-135). In 2007, 45% (90/199) produced beta-lactamase, and of those PPNG, 58% (52/90) possessed bla(TEM-135). In 2012, 31% ...

Pilated Neisseria gonorrhoeae of colony type 1 (T1) and non-pilated bacteria of colony type 4 (T4) were observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No pili were observed on T4 gonogocci, but two types of pili--straight, type a, and bent, type b--were seen on T1 by TEM. When incubated with human sperum and examined by either TEM or SEM, T1 gonococci were seen to attach by individual pili, by several pili wound together as a rope, or by direct contact. Gonococci from T4 colonies attached only by direct contact. Treatment with typsin (1 mg/ml) damaged or removed pili from gonococci. After incubation with trypsin, attachment of pilated gonococci to sperm was decreased significantly, but such treatment did not affect attachment of non-pilated gonococci. Incubation of gonococci from either colony type in 0.1 mmol/l ferric nitrate, followed by incubation with sperm, significantly increased attachment of only T4 bacteria. No pili were seen on T4 gonococci treated with ferric ...

A Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with a reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.5 microg/mL) was isolated among 398 clinical isolates obtained from 2000-2001 in Fukuoka City, Japan. The N. gonorrhoeae strain was negative for penicillinase production but it sho …

Chlamydia trachomatis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA Probe,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative laboratory research and development. ARUP offers an extensive test menu of highly complex and unique medical tests in clinical and anatomic pathology. Owned by the University of Utah, ARUP Laboratories client,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product

Finds sub-sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. The tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match Prosite patterns in protein sequences. More... ...

The majority of in vitro-grown Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains were unable to use hemoglobin as the sole source of iron for growth (Hgb-), but a minor population was able to do so (Hgb+). The ability of Hgb+ gonococci to utilize hemoglobin as the iron source was associated with the expression of an iron-repressible 89-kDa hemoglobin-binding protein in the outer membrane. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein revealed amino acids, from positions 2 to 16, identical to those of HpuB, an 85 kDa iron-regulated hemoglobin-haptoglobin utilization outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis. Isogenic mutants constructed by allelic replacement with a meningococcal hpu::mini-Tn3erm construct no longer expressed the 89-kDa protein. Mutants could not utilize hemoglobin to support growth but still grew on heme. Thus, the gonococcal HpuB homolog is a functional hemoglobin receptor and is essential for growth with hemoglobin. ...

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Abstract Increasing Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to ceftriaxone, the last antibiotic recommended for empiric gonorrhea treatment, poses an urgent public health threat. However, the genetic basis of reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone is not completely understood: while most ceftriaxone resistance in clinical isolates is caused by target site mutations in penA , others lack these mutations. Here, we show that penA -independent ceftriaxone resistance has evolved multiple times through distinct mutations in rpoB and rpoD . We identify five mutations in these genes that each increase resistance to ceftriaxone, including one mutation that arose independently in two lineages, and show that clinical isolates from multiple lineages are a single nucleotide change from ceftriaxone resistance. These RNA polymerase mutations result in large-scale transcriptional changes without altering susceptibility to other antibiotics, reducing growth rate, or deranging cell morphology. These results underscore the

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global health concern. Strains from two internationally circulating sequence types, ST-7363 and ST-1901, have acquired resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, mainly due to mosaic penA alleles. These two STs were first detected in Japan; however, the timeline, mechanism, and process of emergence and spread of these mosaic penA alleles to other countries remain unknown. METHODS: We studied the evolution of penA alleles by obtaining the complete genomes from three Japanese ST-1901 clinical isolates harboring mosaic penA allele 34 (penA-34) dating from 2005 and generating a phylogenetic representation of 1075 strains sampled from 35 countries. We also sequenced the genomes of 103 Japanese ST-7363 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from 1996 to 2005 and reconstructed a phylogeny including 88 previously sequenced genomes. RESULTS: Based on an estimate of the time-of-emergence of ST-1901 (harboring mosaic penA-34) and ST-7363 (harboring mosaic

Increasing Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to ceftriaxone, the last antibiotic recommended for empiric gonorrhea treatment, poses an urgent public health threat. However, the genetic basis of reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone is not completely understood: while most ceftriaxone resistance in clinical isolates is caused by target site mutations in penA, some isolates lack these mutations. We show that penA-independent ceftriaxone resistance has evolved multiple times through distinct mutations in rpoB and rpoD. We identify five mutations in these genes that each increase resistance to ceftriaxone, including one mutation that arose independently in two lineages, and show that clinical isolates from multiple lineages are a single nucleotide change from ceftriaxone resistance. These RNA polymerase mutations cause large-scale transcriptional changes without altering susceptibility to other antibiotics, reducing growth rate, or deranging cell morphology. These results underscore the unexpected diversity

At all stages of the disease process, bacteria must acquire nutrients from the surrounding microenvironment to sustain growth and replication. Recent findings from genetic screening methods to identify factors required for bacterial pathogenesis in vivo have served to emphasize the essential role of microbial physiology during pathogenesis (25, 35).. N. gonorrhoeae has stringent nutrient requirements for growth. Only a limited repertoire of carbon energy sources, including glucose and lactate, are effectively utilized by this bacterium (2). Both are available in the genital tract, the normal habitat of N. gonorrhoeae. While biochemical evidence has demonstrated the effect of additional lactate on gonococcal metabolism and resistance against complement, this is the first description of a strain of N. gonorrhoeae that is specifically unable to utilize this carbon source. This was achieved by taking advantage of the recent identification of the gene encoding the lactate permease in the related ...

The present study describes the detailed phenotypic and genetic confirmation and characterization, including elucidation of the resistance mechanisms, of the first identified N. gonorrhoeae strain (H041) displaying high-level resistance to ceftriaxone worldwide. H041 was isolated from a female commercial sex worker in Japan (23), and the ceftriaxone MIC of H041 was 4- to 8-fold higher than any previously observed. Ceftriaxone is also the last remaining option for empirical first-line treatment of gonorrhea. Accordingly, N. gonorrhoeae has now shown its ability to develop resistance to ceftriaxone also and, although the biological fitness of ceftriaxone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae remains unknown, the gonococcus may become a true superbug that initiates a future era of untreatable gonorrhea.. Although a posttreatment isolate was unavailable (only one specimen positive with SDA [ProbeTec ET; Becton-Dickinson], sampled 2 weeks after treatment) to definitively verify treatment failure using 1 g ...

In Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the MerR family transcription factor NmlR activates 3 operons in response to disulfide stress. In the present study, we show that trxB, a monocistronic operon under the control of NmlR, encodes a functional thioredoxin reductase. It is shown that neisserial TrxB has biochemical properties similar to those of its homologue from Escherichia coli. Analysis of a trxB mutant of N. gonorrhoeae showed that it was more sensitive to disulfide stress and to stress induced by organic hydroperoxides, superoxide, and nitric oxide than wild-type gonococcus. TrxB was found to be essential for the microaerobic induction of aniA and norB, the genes encoding nitrite reductase and nitric oxide reductase, respectively. The importance of TrxB during natural infection was demonstrated by the fact that the survival of gonococci within human cervical epithelial cells, as well as biofilm formation on these cells, was greatly reduced for a trxB mutant compared with a wild-type strain ...

The Neisseria gonorrhoeae population structure is not clonal [1-5], its panmictic structure being the result of horizontal genetic exchange [6]. The pathogenic Neisseria spp. are naturally transformable [7] and chromosomal changes are largely mediated by homologous recombination. Natural competence for transformation and homologous recombination allow the generation of mosaic genes, such as the divergent opa genes [8, 9], antigenic variation through recombination with silent cassettes, such as in the pilE/pilS system [10, 11], and the horizontal exchange of whole genes or groups of genes in Minimal Mobile Elements (MMEs) [12]. A Minimal Mobile Element (MME) is defined as a region between two conserved genes within which different genes are found in different strains. These elements are described as minimal reflecting the fact that they do not have features suggesting mobilization by associated transposases, nor do they currently appear to have features by which remotely encoded systems would ...

Uncomplicated gonorrhea is most commonly an acute urogenital infection involving the urethra in men and the endocervix in women of reproductive age. Upon entering the urogenital tract, Neisseria gonorrhoeae adheres to columnar epithelial cells, a step that presumably enables the gonococcus to withstand the flushing force of urine and the constant shedding of cervical mucus. Transcriptional regulation of genes in response to environmental stimuli in the mucus layer may coordinate adaptation of this pathogen to nutritionally different microenvironments and to physiological stress induced by nonspecific host defenses. The major pilin subunit, PilE, is encoded by one or two expression loci (pilE) on the chromosome. This chapter focuses on the survival mechanisms utilized by the gonococcus specifically in the context of the urogenital mucosa. The isolation of a gonococcal fur mutant by Thomas and Sparling facilitated the identification of numerous fur-dependent iron-induced (Fip) and iron-repressed (Frp)

Major outer membrane proteins (MOMP) from a mixture of detergent-treated Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains: SB587, SB2262, SB2265 & SB2275 ...

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease with a high morbidity burden. Incidence of this disease is rising due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has shown an extraordinary ability to develop resistance to all antimicrobials introduced for its treatment. In fact, it was recently classified as a “Priority 2” microorganism in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery and Development of New Antibiotics. Seeing as there is no gonococcal vaccine, control of the disease relies entirely on prevention, diagnosis, and, especially, antibiotic treatment. Different health organizations worldwide have established treatment guidelines against gonorrhea, mostly consisting of dual therapy with a single oral or intramuscular dose. However, gonococci continue to develop resistances to all antibiotics introduced for treatment. In fact, the first strain of super-resistant N.gonorrhoeae

The World Health Organization (WHO) Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) conducts surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) and the South East Asian Region (SEAR) to optimise antibiotic treatment and control of gonococcal disease. This report details the results of this surveillance during 2010.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease with a high morbidity burden. Incidence of this disease is rising due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has shown an extraordinary ability to develop resistance to all antimicrobials introduced for its treatment. In fact, it was recently classified as a “Priority 2” microorganism in the WHO Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery and Development of New Antibiotics. Seeing as there is no gonococcal vaccine, control of the disease relies entirely on prevention, diagnosis and, especially, antibiotic treatment. Different health organizations worldwide have established treatment guidelines against gonorrhea, mostly consisting in dual therapy with a single oral or intramuscular dose. However, gonococci continue to develop resistances to all antibiotics introduced for treatment. In fact, the first strain of super-resistant N. gonorrhoeae was recently detected in the

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) heptose (Hep) glycan substitutions influence gonococcal serum resistance. Several gonococcal strains bind the classical complement pathway inhibitor, C4b-binding protein (C4BP), via their porin (Por) molecule to escape complement-dependent killing by normal human serum (NHS). We show that the proximal glucose (Glc) on HepI is required for C4BP binding to Por1B-bearing gonococcal strains MS11 and 1291 but not to FA19 (Por1A). The presence of only the proximal Glc on HepI (lgtE mutant) permitted maximal C4BP binding to MS11 but not to 1291. Replacing 1291 lgtE Por with MS11 Por increased C4BP binding to levels that paralleled MS11 lgtE, suggesting that replacement of the Por1B molecule dictated the effects of HepI glycans on C4BP binding. The remainder of the strain background did not affect C4BP binding; replacing the Por of strain F62 with MS11 Por (F62 PorMS11) and truncating HepI mirrored the findings in the MS11 background. C4BP binding correlated with resistance to killing

Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is global concern. We evaluated trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae over years 1992-2009 in Pakistan. Resistance rates were compared between years (2007-2009) and (1992-2006). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria using the disk diffusion methodology against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Additional antibiotics tested in 100 strains isolated during 2007-2009, included cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefipime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 was used as control. Chi-square for trend analysis was conducted to assess resistance trend over the study period. During study period significant increase in combined resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ofloxacin was observed (P value

This test was performed using the APTIMA® COMBO2 Assay (GEN-PROBE).. Clinical Significance. C. trachomatis infections are the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. C. trachomatis is known to cause cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), epididymitis and proctitis. It is also the most frequent cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. Among women, the consequences of Chlamydial infections are severe if left untreated. Approximately half of Chlamydial infections are asymptomatic.Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci) is the causative agent of gonorrhea. In men, this disease generally results in anterior urethritis accompanied by purulent exudate. In women, the disease is most often found in the cervix, but the vagina and uterus may also be infected.. Alternative Name(s) CT/NG APTIMA®, CT/GC APTIMA®, Hologic, CT/GC TMA, CT/NG TMA. ...

FITC偶联Neisseria gonorrhoeae抗体(ab20815)经ELISA, ICC/IF实验严格验证，实验条件参看说明书。Abcam对所有产品均提供质保服务和专属技术支持，中国75%以上现货。

Intragenic recombination between the single complete pilin gene (expression locus) and multiple, distinct, partial pilin gene copies (silent, storage loci) is thought to account for the generation of pilus antigenic diversity and piliation phase (on-off) changes exhibited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The mechanisms operating in the genomic rearrangements associated with these forms of pilus variation were investigated through the study of isogenic strains of gonococci bearing either wild-type or altered recA alleles. Examination of the rates of pilus phase variation and the genetic basis for changes in piliation status displayed by these strains show that recA mediated homologous recombination is required for these high frequency events and confirm that the nonpiliated state results from mutations in the expressed pilin gene. In a strain that is deficient in recA mediated homologous recombination, pilus phase variation occurs at a 100-1000-fold reduced rate and results predominantly from one class ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differing Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterial loads in the pharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. T2 - Implications for gonococcal detection, transmission, and control. AU - Bissessor, M. AU - Tabrizi, S N. AU - Fairley, C. K.. AU - Danielewski, Jennifer A. AU - Whitton, B.. AU - Bird, S.. AU - Garland, S.. AU - Chen, M. Y.. PY - 2011/12. Y1 - 2011/12. N2 - The bacterial loads for gonococcal infections of the pharynx and rectum were determined among men with male sexual partners. The median bacterial load for rectal infections (18,960 copies/swab) was significantly higher than the load for pharyngeal infections (2,100 copies/swab; P = 0.001). Bacterial loads among men with symptomatic proctitis were strikingly high (median, 278,000 copies/swab).. AB - The bacterial loads for gonococcal infections of the pharynx and rectum were determined among men with male sexual partners. The median bacterial load for rectal infections (18,960 copies/swab) was significantly higher than ...

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Sixty four penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 24 non-penicillinase-producing (non-PPNG) strains isolated from six different south east Asian localities were tested by the agar dilution method against 15 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (19:1 ratio). A large proportion of both PPNG and non-PPNG strains showed, however, a decreased susceptibility to tetracycline, kanamycin, and erythromycin: 49% with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tetracycline greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml, 34% with MICs of kanamycin greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml, and 80% with MICs of erythromycin greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml. These MIC cut-off values were chosen since they are close to the highest concentrations of these antibiotics attainable in serum after drug administration. Resistance to these antibiotics was not related to penicillinase production and does not appear to be confined to gonococci ...

Background: Knowledge on antimicrobial drug resistance and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates circulating in India, Pakistan, and Bhutan is sorely lacking. In this paper, we describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India, Pakistan, and Bhutan in 2007-2011. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production were tested for 65 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from India (n=40), Pakistan (n=18) and Bhutan (n=7) using Etest methodology (eight antimicrobials) and nitrocefin solution, respectively. Resistance determinants, i.e. penA, mtrR, porB1b, gyrA, and parC, were sequenced. N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was performed for molecular epidemiology. Results: The highest resistance level was observed for ciprofloxacin (94%), followed by penicillin G (68%), erythromycin (62%), tetracycline (55%), and azithromycin (7.7%). All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ...

The vaginal microbiota can impact the susceptibility of women to bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). BV is characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus spp., an overgrowth of anaerobes (often dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis) and a pH | 4.5. BV is associated with an increased risk of acquiring STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. While these associations have been identified, the molecular mechanism(s) driving the risk of infections are unknown. An ex vivo porcine vaginal mucosal model (PVM) was developed to explore the mechanistic role of Lactobacillus spp. in affecting colonization by G. vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The data presented here demonstrate that all organisms tested can colonize and grow on PVM to clinically relevant densities. Additionally, G. vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae form biofilms on PVM. It was observed that lactic acid, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid inhibit the growth of G. vaginalis on PVM in a pH-dependent manner. N. gonorrhoeae

Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, are obligate human pathogens that cause distinctly different disease syndromes. They are both Gram negative diplococci, non-sporing, oxidase positive and difficult to differentiate on morphological and cultural characteristics. However, they can be differentiated on the following grounds: S.N. Character Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis 1. Commonly Called Gonococcus Meningococcus 2. …. Read more32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Opacity-associated protein A contributes to the binding of Haemophilus influenzae to chang epithelial cells. AU - Prasadarao, Nemani V.. AU - Lysenko, Elena. AU - Wass, Carol A.. AU - Kim, Kwang Sik. AU - Weiser, Jeffrey N.. PY - 1999/8. Y1 - 1999/8. N2 - Opacity-associated protein A (OapA), which is responsible for the transparent-colony phenotype of Haemophilus influenzae, has been implicated in the colonization of the nasopharynx in an infant rat model of carriage. In this report, we show that OapA mediates attachment to Chang epithelial cells examined by using genetically defined type b and nontypeable H. influenzae strains with or without OapA. We also showed that OapA was conserved among H. influenzae strains by comparing deduced amino acid sequences. Both recombinant OapA and polyclonal anti-OapA antiserum blocked the binding of H. influenzae to Chang epithelial cells, suggesting that the interaction of H. influenzae is specific to OapA. Moreover, the binding of ...

Methods for identifying Neisseria spp. include conventional and modified carbohydrate degradation procedures, chromogenic enzyme substrate tests, and immunologic coagglutination tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In this study, we evaluated the abilities of the RIM-N carbohydrate degradation system (American MicroScan, Campbell, Calif.), the Gonochek II enzymatic identification system (Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del.), and the Phadebact Gonococcus coagglutination test (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Piscataway, N.J.) to identify pathogenic Neisseria spp. and Branhamella catarrhalis. Both stock strains and clinical isolates, including 176 N. gonorrhoeae, 173 Neisseria meningitidis, 48 Neisseria lactamica, and 12 B. catarrhalis strains, were tested. The RIM-N identified 98% of the gonococci, 99% of the meningococci, 94% of the N. lactamica strains, and 100% of the B. catarrhalis strains within 1 h. The Gonochek II system identified 99% of the gonococci, 97% of the meningococci, 100% of the N. lactamica ...

Defenses against oxidative stress are crucial for the survival of the pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An Mn(II) uptake system is involved in manganese (Mn)-dependent resistance to superoxide radicals in N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we show that accumulation of Mn also confers re …

Methane is metabolized principally by methanotrophs and methanogens in the global carbon cycle. Methanotrophs consume methane as the only source of carbon, while methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methylotrophs, which are microorganisms that can obtain energy for growth by oxidizing one-carbon compounds, such as methanol and methane, are situated between methanotrophs and methanogens. Methanogens can obtain energy for growth by converting a limited number of substrates to methane under anaerobic conditions. Three types of methanogenic pathways are known: CO2 to methane [MD:M00567], methanol to methane [MD:M00356], and acetate to methane [MD:M00357]. Methanogens use 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (CoM; coenzyme M) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis and have four enzymes for CoM biosynthesis [MD:M00358]. Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), requiring for the final reaction steps of methanogenic pathway, is divided into two types: cytoplasmic HdrABC in ...

A single 2 g dose of azithromycin effectively treats genitourinary infections caused by susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae and has been used to treat uncomplicated gonorrhea in persons with cephalosporin allergy. However, azithromycin is not recommended as monotherapy because of concern over the emergence of resistance. Instead, a 1 g dose of azithromycin is recommended as a component of dual therapy for gonorrhea, in conjunction with a cephalosporin (i.e., 250 mg of ceftriaxone or 400 mg of cefixime, if ceftriaxone is not an option). During January 1992--July 2009, of 87,566 N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested for azithromycin susceptibility by CDCs national Gonoccoccal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), only 39 (0.04%) had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥8 µg/mL (including 25 with 8 µg/mL and 14 with 16 µg/mL), indicating reduced susceptibility; none of the isolates were collected in San Diego County, California (CDC, unpublished data, 2011). During August--October 2009, five of 55 ...

Third, some gonococci are able to engage in conjugation, which is essentially bacteria sex! During conjugation, one bacterium uses an appendage called a sex pilus to attach to another bacterium and deliver a circular piece of DNA from the donor to the recipient. The recipient is now in possession of any traits its new DNA encodes.. You know how we humans are officially Homo sapiens? The scientific name for gonococci is Neisseria gonorrhoeae. And, just as we had genetic cousins in the form of Homo neanderthalensis (aka the Neanderthals), so too do Neisseria gonorrhoeae have cousins in the Neisseria genus. Most human-associated Neisseria species dont cause disease, and live peacefully in our upper respiratory tracts. These species include Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria flava, Neisseria perflava, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria sicca, Neisseria polysaccharea, and more.. When gonococci meet their cousins at a family reunion, they dont swap recipes for potato salad - they swap genetic material. ...

To the Editor: We report a case of male gonococcal urethritis that persisted despite ciprofloxacin therapy. The isolate was found to be highly resistant (MIC 32 µg/mL).. A 30-year-old man visited his family physician with a 2-day history of urethral discharge and dysuria. The symptoms began 7 days after a single, unprotected orogenital contact with a female hitchhiker. The patient denied exchange of money for the act and reported no other recent sex partners or travel outside Israel. After a urethral swab was obtained for culture, the patient received a single dose of ciprofloxacin (500 mg orally). Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was subsequently reported. However, symptoms persisted, and a regimen of doxycycline (100 mg orally twice daily for 10 days) was initiated. After temporary clinical improvement, the patient returned with worsening symptoms: bloody urethral discharge, severe dysuria, edema of the penis, and painful erection. N. gonorrhoeae was reisolated from a repeat urethral swab. ...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shown to form biofilms during cervical infection. Thus, biofilm formation may play an important role in the infection of women. The ability of N. gonorrhoeae to form membrane blebs is crucial to biofilm formation. Blebs contain DNA and outer membrane structures, which have been shown to be major constituents of the biofilm matrix. The organism expresses a DNA thermonuclease that is involved in remodeling of the biofilm matrix. Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of gonococcal biofilms and planktonic runoff indicate that genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance are more highly expressed in biofilm. The expression of aniA, ccp, and norB, which encode nitrite reductase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and nitric oxide reductase respectively, is required for mature biofilm formation over glass and human cervical cells. In addition, anaerobic respiration occurs in the substratum of gonococcal biofilms and disruption of the norB gene required ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Strong Positive Selection and Recombination Drive the Antigenic Variation of the PilE Protein of the Human Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. AU - Andrews, T. Daniel. AU - Gojobori, Takashi. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - The PilE protein is the major component of the Neisseria meningitidis pilus, which is encoded by the pilE/pilS locus that includes an expressed gene and eight homologous silent fragments. The silent gene fragments have been shown to recombine through gene conversion with the expressed gene and thereby provide a means by which novel antigenic variants of the PilE protein can be generated. We have analyzed the evolutionary rate of the pilE gene using the nucleotide sequence of two complete pilE/pilS loci. The very high rate of evolution displayed by the PilE protein appears driven by both recombination and positive selection. Within the semivariable region of the pilE and pilS genes, recombination appears to occur within multiple small sequence blocks that lie ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Genetic Resistance Determinants for Cefixime and Molecular Analysis of Gonococci Isolated in Italy. AU - Carannante, Anna. AU - Vacca, Paola. AU - Ghisetti, Valeria. AU - Latino, Maria Agnese. AU - Cusini, Marco. AU - Matteelli, Alberto. AU - Vocale, Caterina. AU - Prignano, Grazia. AU - Leli, Christian. AU - Ober, Patrizia. AU - Antonetti, Raffaele. AU - Poletti, Federica. AU - Stefanelli, Paola. PY - 2017/3. Y1 - 2017/3. N2 - A strictly defined subset of gonococci (n = 65) isolated in Italy from 2011 to 2014 was characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility for cefixime (CFM) and ceftriaxone (CRO) and by sequencing of resistance determinant genes (penA, mtrR, porB1b, ponA) for extended-spectrum cephalosporins and Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). The penA mosaic alleles XXXIV and XXXV were found in all resistant (R) and decreased susceptibility (DS) gonococci to CFM, except for one. They were associated with an adenine deletion in the mtrR promoter ...

9) About 10 to 20 percent of young children with severe meningococcal meningitis develop a syndrome called Waterhouse Friedrichsen syndrome, which one of these is not the symptomatic characteristic of this syndrome ...

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the glutamine synthetase gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was able to tolerate urea concentrations of ≤1.8 M, compared with a PCR assay that was functional at concentrations of ,100 mM. The LAMP assay was as sensitive as the PCR assay while being faster and simpler to perform.. ...

The increasing prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae strains exhibiting decreased susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and the recent isolation of two distinct strains with high-level resistance to cefixime or ceftriaxone heralds the possible demise of β-lactam antibiotics as effective treatments for gonorrhea. To identify new compounds that inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are proven targets for β-lactam antibiotics, we developed a high-throughput assay that uses fluorescence polarization (FP) to distinguish the fluorescent penicillin, Bocillin-FL, in free or PBP-bound form. This assay was used to screen a 50,000 compound library for potential inhibitors of N. gonorrhoeae PBP 2, and 32 compounds were identified that exhibited |50% inhibition of Bocillin-FL binding to PBP 2. These included a cephalosporin that provided validation of the assay. After elimination of compounds that failed to exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition, the antimicrobial activity of the remaining 24

Neisseria meningitidis is more classically known as the cause of meningococcal sepsis and meningococcal meningitis. However its role as a cause of urethritis/cervicitis has been the subject of ongoing speculation over the years, and several studies have backed such a link up. For example, check this study out, and this one.. A recent study has added more weight to this hypothesis, backing the assertion up with DNA studies of the N. meningitidis isolates showing adaptation to a genital environment. (loss of outer capsules, and acquisition of enzymes facilitating survival in a low oxygen environment). So what does this all mean for clinical microbiology laboratories?. I guess it shows the inherent weakness of molecular diagnosis. There could be a widespread outbreak of urethritis due to Neisseria meningitidis in your local area, but the laboratory would be completely naïve to it, if it only performs molecular testing for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Particularly in the Sexual Health Clinic ...

For Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) infections, the rate of clinical treatment failure with cefixime is 6.77%, and is associated with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≥0.12µg/mL.

FIG. 3. Effects of deletion of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump or reversion of penB to the wild-type sequence in strains FA6140, FA6140 penA35, and 35/02 on the MICs of penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and cefixime. To investigate the individual contributions of mtrR and penB to Cephi, FA6140, FA6140 penA35, and 35/02 were transformed with plasmids harboring mtrD insertionally inactivated with a kanamycin resistance cassette or porB1b with a downstream erythromycin resistance cassette, and the MICs of the resulting transformants were determined as described in Materials and Methods. The MICs represent the averages ± standard deviations for at least two transformants in a minimum of three independent experiments. ...

Additionally, the most effective point with regards to a personal clinic is that it is preparing to make sure the confidentiality of an affected person, plus check outcomes are speedily decided. The strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are fast becoming resisted to Ceftriaxone and cefixime, which are very effective treatments for gonorrhea, but you are proofing being ineffective on these strains. Such people might opt for a medication for example Doxycycline, thats required to be taken for a long period. He also added that so far there are actually no reported treatment failures here inside U. Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, (that are cocci), and Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Clostridium, Actinobacteria, and Listeria (which can be rods). Currently the treatment for gonorrhea is either ceftriaxone (single dose injection) or cefixime (single dose oral). Due to their capacity to penetrate the central nervous sxstem, third-generation ...

A study by light microscopy, using Leishman's stain alone or Leishman's stain followed by nigrosin, showed the presence of capsules on gonococci of two strains subcultured from subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. With the Alcian blue method of preparation for electron microscopy, gonococci of both strains recently grown in vivo showed densely stained capsules on some cells, while others in the same preparation showed only irregular masses of dense material on their surfaces with strands connecting adjacent bacteria. Treatment with antiserum, complement and conglutinin revealed irregular masses and strands of extracellular material with fixatives that did not contain Alcian blue.

Objectives Currently, ceftriaxone is the last remaining drug recommended for empirical treatment of gonorrhoea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone have been isolated worldwide in countries such as Japan, France, Spain, Slovenia, Australia and Sweden. These have led to treatment failures and the emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Various mutations in penA (mosaic and nonmosaic), which encodes the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), have been reported to be the primary reason for reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility, but it can be reduced further by mutations in mtrR, porBIB and ponA. In this study, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of New Zealand isolates of N. gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone and to characterise the penA, mtrR, porBIB and ponA in the isolates. Methods A total of 28 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with elevated ceftriaxone MIC (0.03 to 0.12 mg/L), collected from 2012 to 2015 and obtained from the ...

In this study we analysed the time to clearance of anogenital C. trachomatis after treatment in patients coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae, using modern RNA- and DNA-based NAATs and daily collected samples. The median time to clearance was 7 days for RNA and 6 days for DNA. Ninety-five per cent of patients had cleared C. trachomatis RNA and DNA after 13 and 14 days, respectively.. Several previous studies reported on in vivo clearance of C. trachomatis after treatment, but used different molecular testing methods, and a sampling frequency of no more than twice a week. Some studies observed clearance of DNA within 3 weeks using ligase chain reaction or in-house PCR methods [13, 14], while other studies reported 5-25 % DNA persistence after 3-4 weeks [9, 15, 16, 25]. The exact time to clearance of RNA, when tested by NAAT, was also previously unknown. Sena et al. reported 12 % RNA persistence after 4 weeks in men, while Dukers et al. reported 42 % intermittent positive results up to 51 days [9, 19]. ...

August 10, 2012 - The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) no longer recommends oral cephalosporin treatment for gonococcal infections, according to theirreported in the August 10 issue of theMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. The new recommendations update the CDCs 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Infection with [Neisseria] gonorrhoeae is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, and can facilitate HIV transmission, write Carlos del Rio, MD, from the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues. In the United States, gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable infection, with ,300,000 cases reported during 2011. Gonorrhea treatment has been complicated by the ability ofN. gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment. Urethral isolates of N gonorrhoeae collected in the United States during 2006 through 2011 have shown declining ...

Looking for online definition of Thayer-Martin agar in the Medical Dictionary? Thayer-Martin agar explanation free. What is Thayer-Martin agar? Meaning of Thayer-Martin agar medical term. What does Thayer-Martin agar mean?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female cervical swab and male urethral swab specimens. This kit is intended for use as an aid in the diagnosis of Gonorrhea. Principle:Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is one of the most common infectious bacterial diseases and is most frequently transmitted during sexual intercourse,…

Author Summary Many bacteria are able to secrete toxins targeted against neighboring cells. In order to protect themselves against their own toxin, they also express an

In January 2006, CDC learned that Pfizer, Inc. (New York, New York) had discontinued U.S. distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin®) in November 2005; remaining inventory will expire in May 2006. No other pharmaceutical company manufactures or sells spectinomycin in the United States. Pfizer is continuing to distribute spectinomycin outside the United States for the international market. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration are working with Pfizer to make spectinomycin available again in the United States and will update this information as soon as possible. Historically, spectinomycin has been used to treat persons infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae who cannot receive one of the two first-line treatments (i.e., fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins) currently recommended for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection (1). Relatively few indications exist for which spectinomycin is the preferred treatment option for N. gonorrhoeae; these include 1) pregnant women with ...

The genus Neisseria contains many species. Most of them are part of the normal flora of humans and animals; only two are human pathogens: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes a sexually transmitted disease of the same name, and Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningitis. These pathogens often behave like their related commensal cousins in that they establish asymptomatic infection at high frequency. This commensal-like trait was likely inherited by the pathogens as they evolved from commensal species. Supporting this idea is the observation that many N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningiditis genes that mediate pathogen interactions with their hosts are also in the commensals. A major goal of our lab is to determine how commensal and pathogenic Neisseria differentially regulate these host interaction genes, and how these regulatory events might affect their lifecycle in the host.. Another goal of our lab is to use our new mouse model for Neisseria colonization, persistence, and asymptomatic ...

To evaluate the agreement between NAAT results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection obtained with self-obtained vaginal swabs (SOVS), collected in a non-clinical setting vs. NAAT results using SOVS collected in a clinical setting. This is a new use of this specimen type as SOVS are FDA cleared only for use in clinics. The NAAT (Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2® Assay (AC2)) result with the home-collected SOVS specimen will be compared to the result obtained with an SOVS collected in the clinic on multiple platforms (Direct Tube Sampling (DTS) / Panther / Tigris). The term home-collected is used to refer to any specimen that is not collected in a clinic, since there is no certainty that a specimen is collected at home or in a restroom in an office setting, etc. To compare the SOVS results to an FDA cleared predicate test with the collection of two clinician collected vaginal swabs ...

In 1998, Jones et al. determined that a new quinolone antibiotic, trovafloxacin, is highly active in vitro against uncomplicated gonorrhea, even against strains that showed mild resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. It is also active against Chlamydia trachomatis, since many individuals with gonorrhea concurrently are infected with chlamydia, along with numerous other Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Jones et al. determined that these resistance phenotypes included ones that were pencillin-susceptible; chromosomally mediated resistance to pencillin and tetracycline; penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and those strains with plasmid-mediated resistance because of the TetM determinant; and plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline. As of 1999, no clinically significant resistance to the broad-spectrum cephalosporins have been identified, and fluoroquinolone-resistant gonococcal strains are now prevalent in Australia and much of the Far East (Fox and Knapp, 1999). Due to the ...

Journal of Tropical Medicine is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies on all aspects of tropical diseases. Articles on the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of tropical diseases, parasites and their hosts, epidemiology, and public health issues will be considered. Journal of Tropical Medicine aims to facilitate the communication of advances addressing global health and mortality relating to tropical diseases.

Specimens submitted with the white cleaning swab or with two swabs. Transport tubes without swabs. Swabs in gel, wooden swabs, dry swabs other than BD Dry Swab system. Swabs in bacterial transport medium (e.g., culturettes). Urine specimens where the liquid level in the urine transport tube does not fall between the two black indicator lines. Urine specimens in sterile containers that have exceeded the 24 hour stability. Specimens collected in liquid cytology containers or media will not be tested.. Specimens collected in Universal Transport Medium (UTM). ...

We describe the results of the Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics 2013 Neisseria gonorrhoeae external quality assessment programme that included an N. gonorrhoeae strain harbouring an N. meningitidis porA gene which causes false-negative results in molecular diagnostic assays targeting the gonococcal porA pseudogene. Enhanced awareness of the international transmission of such gonococcal strains is needed to avoid false-negative results in both in-house and commercial molecular diagnostic assays used in laboratories worldwide, but particularly in Europe.

Method of Use: Bring media to room temperature before use. Inoculate media by swabbing the surface from side to side while rolling in a large z pattern to sufficiently transfer the specimen. Remove the CO 2 generating tablet from the foil wrapper and immediately place the tablet into the circular well of the petri plate. The tablet will be activated by the moisture in the medium. Do not place a drop of water on the tablet. There is adequate moisture generated in the bag to slowly release the CO 2 . Place the plate in the ziplock bag and seal. The completeness of the seal is essential to maintain CO 2 environment for growth. Invert plates and incubate at 35ºC. for 24-48 hours. Some strains may require up to 72 hours to appear. If the plate is to be sent to a laboratory after inoculation, incubate them under appropriate conditions before shipment. Specimens should be submitted directly to the laboratory without delay and protected from excessive heat and cold. Specimens must be transported at ...

I am Sagar Aryal, a passionate Microbiologist and the Scientific Blogger. I did my Masters Degree in Medical Microbiology and currently working as a Lecturer at Department of Microbiology, St. Xaviers College, Kathmandu, Nepal. I am particularly interested in research related to Medical Microbiology and Virology.. ...

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Anorectal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae may follow appropriate sexual contact or secondary contamination. It is associated with proctitis,

The purpose of this chapter is (i) to review the pathophysiology of gonorrhea during pregnancy, (ii) to summarize epidemiologic data regarding gonorrhea among pregnant women, and (iii) to discuss the manifestations of maternal and infant infections, with special emphasis on principles of prevention and management. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted bacterium which infects columnar and transitional epithelium of the genitourinary tract, including the urethra, endocervix, and anal canal, and the conjunctivae and pharynx. The majority of pregnant women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic; the proportion of symptomatic patients among pregnant women with gonorrhea has been reported to be as low as 1.2%. Pregnant women who are diagnosed with uncomplicated gonococcal infections or who are the sexual partners of men with gonorrhea should be treated with ceftriaxone (125 mg intramuscularly) in a single dose or with cefixime (400 mg orally) in a single dose. Due to the higher risk of pharyngeal gonorrhea

Infection with Neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae carries a significant public health burden in the United States (U.S.). Gonococcal infection can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and increases the risk of transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With over 350,000 cases of gonorrhea reported each year, gonorrhea is the second most common notifiable condition. Furthermore, it is estimated that case reports account for only half of the incident cases of gonorrhea in the U.S. each year. Given that gonorrhea is a bacterial infection which causes symptoms in approximately 90 percent of infected men and 50 percent of infected women, the most critical aspect of reducing the public health burden of gonorrhea for affected populations is provision of effective antimicrobial therapy. In order to identify treatment options for patients with suspect or confirmed cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infection and patients ...

Fujibio Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kit is a direct binding test for the visual detection of gonorrhea antigen , in the secretory specimen and urine from urogenital system, as an aid in the diagnosis of gonococcal infection. It is Based on the principle of double sandwich immunoassay for the detection of gonorrhea antigen in the secretory specimen or urine. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are employed to identify gonorrhea specifically. Both sensitivity and specifically of the test are higher than those of the present methods, which often involve long hours of culturing the collected specimen. Test results are not affected by any medication that is being taken. Results are read visually without any instrumentation. This test is ideal for screening specimen samples containing at least 1x 10 bacteria per ml.. Gonorrhea or gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that can infect both men and women which is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can cause infections in the ...