Endo-β-1,4-d-mannanase is the key depolymerizing enzyme for β-1,4-mannan polymers present in the cell walls of plants and some algae, as well as in some types of plant seeds. Endo-1,4-β-mannanase from blue mussel Mytilus edulis (MeMan5A) belongs to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 enzymes. The MeMan5A structure has been determined to 1.6 resolution using the multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion method at the selenium K edge with selenomethionyl MeMan5A expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. As expected for GH 5 enzymes, the structure showed a (βα)8-barrel fold. An unusually large number of histidine side-chains are exposed on the surface, which may relate to its location within the crystalline style of the digestive tract of the mussel. Kinetic analysis of MeMan5A revealed that the enzyme requires at least six subsites for efficient hydrolysis. Mannotetraose (M4) and mannopentaose (M5) were shown to interact with subsites −3 to +1, and −3 to +2, respectively. A clear kinetic ...

Hörnaeus K, Guillemant J, Mi J, Hernroth B, Bergquist J, Lind SB Data Brief 8 (-) 470-473 [2016-09-00; online 2016-06-03] Here, we provide the dataset associated with our research article on the potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity in the gills of Mytilus edulis, Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) [1]. Blue mussels were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and samples were collected at different time points post injection. Protein extracts were prepared from the gills, digested using trypsin and a full in-depth proteome investigation was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein identification and quantification was performed using the MaxQuant 1.5.1.2 software, MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification [2]. Mass Spectrometry-based ...

This study describes a novel approach to the objective of identifying a suitable biomarker of oxidative-stress in marine animals and evaluates an established assay under controlled experimental conditions in vivo and in vitro. Live animals and tissue homogenates of the euryoxic blue mussel Mytilus edulis (L.), and the stenoxic smooth artemis Dosinia lupinus (L.), were exposed to oxidative-stress generated using a 60Co γ-radiation source. In live organisms, mortality-rates were significantly different between species. M. edulis showed zero mortality and D. lupinus 30% mortality over 18 h. Protein-carbonyl (PC = O) content was determined by colourimetric assay (total protein-carbonyl) or immunodetection (for individual proteins) in four tissue types: digestive gland, mantle, adductor muscle and foot. In tissue homogenates, digestive gland and adductor muscle of both species showed significant increases (greater for D. lupinus) in PC = O content following irradiation in vitro. All tissues from ...

The fouling marine mussel Mytilus edulis attaches itself to various substrates by spinning byssal threads, the adhesive discs of which are rich in the amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). An acid-soluble protein was extracted and purified from the phenol gland located in the byssus-secreting foot of the animal. This protein is highly basic and contains large amounts of lysine, dopa, and 3- and 4-hydroxyproline. The composition of this protein and its sticky tendencies in vitro strongly suggest that it contributes to byssal adhesion.. ...

Buck, B. H. , Walter, U. and Rosenthal, H. (2004): Experimental Trails on the Feasibility of Offshore Seed Production of Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the German Bight , Aquaculture - An Ecologically Sustainable and Profitable Venture, World Aquaculture Conference 2004, March 5, Hawaii Convention Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii (USA ...

Mussel aquaculture is a significant industry in Eastern Canada where the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and the bay mussel, M. trossulus co-occur. Generally mussel farmers associate M. trossulus with significant loss of productivity because of low meat yields and fragile shell. Previous studies on homogenous M. edulis populations have demonstrated that individuals showing the greatest performance are characterized by a lower standard metabolism related to higher multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH) level based on specific allozyme markers. These mussels rely less on their energy reserves to maintain vital functions and had more energy available to support physiological responses to stress at high temperatures. Mussels with high MLH levels also had lower mortality and higher growth rate. In this study, the metabolism performance of each species and their hybrids were estimated along with their respective MLH. For each species (M. edulis and M. trossulus) and hybrids, we observed that individuals with lower

Aquaculture of Mytilus edulis requires regular movement of mussel seed from one area to another providing a significant pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species. Sewell et al. (2008) reviewed species with the potential to be introduced to and impact mussel beds. These included Botrylloides violaceus, Corella eumyota, Crepidula fornicata, Didemnum vexillum, Eriocheir sinensis, Rapana venosa, Magallana gigas and Aulocomya ater. Three of these species were considered by Mainwaring et al. (2014) to currently impact sublittoral Mytilus edulis beds; Didemnum vexillum, Crepidula fornicata and Magallana gigas.. Crepidula fornicata is reported to settle and establish amongst mussel beds, and is often transported with the transfer of oysters and oyster dredging (Minchin, 1995; Blanchard, 1997; Thieltges, 2005; Rayment, 2007) as well as by hull fouling (Rayment, 2007). If Crepidula fornicata becomes established in a bed it is likely to alter the bed structure particularly if it is on a coarse ...

Mytilus edulis M3 protein: a calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein with egg vitelline coat lysin and first polar body releasing activities; isolated from Mytilus edulis sperm; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank D14731

The sequence of 13.9 kilobases (kb) of the 17.1-kb mitochondrial genome of Mytilus edulis has been determined, and the arrangement of all genes has been deduced. Mytilus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains 37 genes, all of which are transcribed from the same DNA strand. The gene content of Mytilus is typically metazoan in that it includes genes for large and small ribosomal RNAs, for a complete set of transfer RNAs and for 12 proteins. The protein genes encode the cytochrome b apoenzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CO) subunits I-III, NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits 1-6 and 4L, and ATP synthetase (ATPase) subunit 6. No gene for ATPase subunit 8 could be found. The reading frames for the ND1, COI, and COIII genes contain long extensions relative to those genes in other metazoan mtDNAs. There are 23 tRNA genes, one more than previously found in any metazoan mtDNA. The additional tRNA appears to specify methionine, making Mytilus mtDNA unique in having two tRNA(Met) genes. Five lengthy unassigned ...

The focus of this thesis is the early detection of stress in the environment. It has been proposed that studies on the cellular level would detect stress reactions earlier in time compared to common physiological methods. In a series of experiments we investigated how different stress factors, both natural and introduced by man, affect levels of stress proteins. One- and two-dimensional gels were used to determine individual proteins and families of proteins. The two-dimensional gels were also used in a proteomic approach, were the presence and absence of proteins after treatment was observed, and the protein expression signatures (PES) were identified. Baltic Mytilus edulis was used in all experiments and it is evident that earlier observed differences in physiological rates and pollution sensitivity, compared to marine mussels, is also manifested as lower concentrations of stress proteins after exposure to copper and cadmium. When the Baltic mussels were allowed to acclimate for one month the ...

1. 1. Pyruvate kinase of the adductor muscle of the sea mussel displays an absolute requirement for Mg2+ or Mn2+. By the use of Ca2+ or Zn2+ no enzyme activity is obtained. 2. 2. In the presence of Mn2+, in contrast to Mg2+, always hyperbolic substrate saturation curves are obtained. 3. 3. ... read more There is evidence that Mn2+ not only acts by forming an ADP-Mn2+ complex, but also as an allosteric activator. 4. 4. Ca2+ is a strong inhibitor but the enzyme becomes less sensitive to this inhibition when Mg2+ is replaced for Mn2. show less ...

Radioactive particles are aggregates of radioactive atoms formed by, e.g., condensation or precipitation of radionuclides or breakdown of larger radioactive materials, and can contain significant radioactivity. They have been released into the environment from nuclear weapons tests, and from accidents and effluents within the fuel nuclear cycle.. Aquatic filter feeders can be expected to take up and potentially retain radioactive particles, which could then provide concentrated localised doses to nearby tissues. Despite the high potential for accumulation and the potency of radioactive exposure, studies of the retention of radioactive particles in filter feeders are scarce. This study experimentally investigated the retention and effects of radioactive particles in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.. The spent fuel particles, collected in the field, comprised of a U and Al alloy containing fission products such as 137Cs and 90Sr/90Y. The particles were introduced into mussels in suspension with ...

ABSTRACT: The digenean trematode Proctoeces maculatus is an important parasite of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The parasite reduces mussel quality and yield, negatively impacting mussel aquaculture efforts. Typically, the trematode is detected by visual observation. To provide a better diagnostic tool able to detect this parasite at any life stage and at low intensities, we designed a species-specific molecular assay to detect P. maculatus in M. edulis tissue. Primers targeting the 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from P. maculatus were used to develop an end-point polymerase chain reaction assay and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Analytical specificity of the assays was demonstrated using DNA from 4 other digenean trematodes. The qPCR assay was linear from 6.79 × 102 to 6.79 × 107 copies of the cloned target DNA and had a conservative detection limit of 68 copies. The qPCR assay detected single cercariae, and the number of isolated cercariae was linearly correlated ...

Robert W. Dickey, Steven M. Plakas, Edward L. E. Jester, Kathleen R. El Said, Jan N. Johannessen, Leanne J. Flewelling, Paula Scott, Dan G. Hammond, Frances M. Van Dolah, Tod A. Leighfield, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Dechraoui, John S. Ramsdell, Richard H. Pierce, Mike S. Henry, Mark A. Poli, Calvin Walker, Jan Kurtz, Jerome Naar, Daniel G. Baden, Steve M. Musser, Kevin D. White, Penolope Truman, Aaron Miller, Timothy P. Hawryluk, Marleen M. Wekell, David Stirling, Michael A. Quilliam, and Jung K. Lee. Application of an Ocean Color Algal Taxa Detection Model to Red Tides in the Southern Benguela Collin S. Roesler, Stacey M. Etheridge, and Grant C. Pitcher. Detection of Pectenotoxin in Norwegian Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis ...

Glycosidases hydrolyse the glycosidic bond in carbohydrates. Structural studies of three glycosidases with different substrate specificities are presented in this work.. Dextranase catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6-glycosidic linkage in dextran polymers. The structure of dextranase, Dex49A, from Penicillium minioluteum was solved in the apo-enzyme (1.8 Å resolution) and product-bound (1.65 Å resolution) forms. The main domain of the enzyme is a right-handed β-helix, which is connected to a β-sandwich domain at the N-terminus. Using NMR spectroscopy the reaction course was shown to occur with net inversion at the anomeric carbon. A new clan is suggested that links glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 28 and 49.. Endo-β-1,4-D-mannanase catalyzes the depolymerization of β-1,4-mannan polymers. The structure of endo-1,4-β-mannanase Man5A from blue mussel Mytilus edulis has been determined at 1.6 Å resolution. Kinetic analysis of Man5A revealed that the enzyme requires at least 6 subsites for ...

Introduced Species The mytilid Aulocomya ater, a native of South America, has recently been found in the Moray Firth (McKay, pers. comm.). It is thought that this species has stronger byssal attachment than Mytilus edulis and may replace it in more exposed areas if it reproduces successfully. Next Section References. ...

New developments in high-resolution, low accelaration voltage electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) enable us to resolve and quantify the co-orientation of nanocrystals constituting biological carbonate crystals with a scan step resolution of 125 nm. This allows the investigation of internal structures in carbonate tablets and tower biocrystals in the nacre of mollusc shells, and it provides details on the calcite-aragonite polymorph interface in bivalves. Within the aragonite tablets of Mytilus edulis nacre we find a mesoscale crystallographic mosaic structure with a misorientation distribution of 2 full width at half maximum. Selective etching techniques with critical point drying reveal an organic matrix network inside the nacre tablets. The size scales of the visible aragonite tablet subunits and nanoparticles correspond to those of the open pore system in the organic matrix network. We further observe by EBSD that crystal co-orientation spans over tablet boundaries and forms composite ...

Abstract The effects of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the immune reactivity of haemocytes from Mytilus edulis were investigated by means of a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, utilizing phagocytosis and neutral red uptake or lysosomal neutral red retention assays. C...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Single contaminant and combined exposures of polyethylene microplastics and fluoranthene. T2 - accumulation and oxidative stress response in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. AU - Magara, Gabriele. AU - Elia, Antonia Concetta. AU - Syberg, Kristian. AU - Khan, Farhan R.. PY - 2018/8/18. Y1 - 2018/8/18. N2 - The microplastic vector effect has received increasing attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polyethylene microplastic beads (PE MP) on accumulation and associated oxidative stress responses attributed to fluoranthene (Flu) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Blue mussels were exposed for 96 h to four treatment groups: Flu-only, MP-only, Flu and MP coexposure, and Flu-incubated MP. Treatments were conducted at a low and high concentration (50 μg/L and 100 Flu μg/L and 100, and 1000 MP/mL). Results demonstrated that in both the gill and digestive gland, coexposure did not markedly affect Flu uptake, but this treatment significantly decreased ...

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160 μg.kg-1 mussel meat). Peaks above the maximum residue limit have in some years also occurred in late June to late July. Rapid intoxication vs. slow detoxification of mussels is a common phenomenon, especially in autumn-winter. Temporal and regional differences are large. There is also a considerable variation in toxin levels between years. In 1994 almost 5000 μg DST.kg-1 mussel meat was detected. In 1997 mussel farmers experienced very low levels, i.e. only three samples above the restriction limit of DST. In autumn 1989 to spring 1990 and in early autumn 2000 to early 2001, high levels (about 200 to 2000 μg DTX.kg-1 mussel meat) were recorded during 26 weeks. The Koljö Fjord region had low levels of toxins until 1998, despite regular recordings of potentially DST producing algae in the area. Today mussels grown and harvested in this area have similar toxin levels to mussels from other fjords in the Skagerrak region. Measurements of other toxins than DST are few and are not included in ...

This symposium aims to highlight the latest research on marine mussels (Mytilus sp.) from a multdisciplinary perspective, including studies from the fields of genomics, proteomics, immunology, physiology, ecology and aquaculture among others. Marine mussels represent an excellent study system in evolutionary biology, ecology, ecotoxicology, climate change and more importantly, they are a key species in aquaculture, being commercialised worldwide. ...

2006 (English)In: Marine Environmental Research, ISSN 0141-1136, E-ISSN 1879-0291, Vol. 62, S90-S91 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published ...

Seawater currents, mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) condition index (content of soft tissue), algae concentrations and algae toxins (DST) were measured in a commercial farm in Lysefjorden, in southern Norway. Based on the data we accessed processes related to water exchange, removal rate of algae biomass and the mussel plant specifications to increase the understanding of how physical and biological factors influence the carrying capacity of mussels in longline culture. Friction from mussels etc in the farm retarded the current velocity and potential food supply to about 25 % of ambient flow. The biomass of mussels in this farm was too high, resulting in reduced quality and increased toxicity in mussels. A carrying capacity model of a mussel farm was developed and calculations show that carrying capacity of a blue mussel farm increased considerably with increased width/length ratio. The highest relative increase in carrying capacity was obtained by increase in current velocities at high width/length ...

The wide distribution of microsatellites in mussels of the Mytilus edulis complex (Mytilidae) enables the analysis of inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The aim of this investigation was to assess genetic differentiation in six sampling localities distributed along the European Atlantic coast to expose the potential of these markers in genetic studies requiring the detection of low polymorphism and as a source of sequences for developing microsatellite markers. We detected low genetic structuring within each member of the Mytilus edulis complex. Nei and Li distances and AMOVA clustered the individuals studied into two groups. On the basis of these results two sampling localities coming from the M. edulis x M. galloprovincialis mosaic hybrid zone in Western Europe were assigned to one species. On the other hand, mussels of a sampling locality in the Baltic Sea were not significantly different from a pure M. edulis locality supporting an extensive introgression of M. edulis in these individuals.

Habitat temperature is often cited as a limiting factor determining where ectothermic species can live (Hochachka and Somero, 2002). Because water temperature and blue mussel species composition were highly variable among the sites we examined (Braby, 2004; Braby and Somero, 2006), any observed differences between M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis in their responses to temperature could provide a mechanistic explanation for the distribution of these species within the mosaic hybrid zone present in San Francisco and Monterey Bays. Previous work (Sarver and Foltz, 1993) on the distributions of these two congeners in this hybrid zone suggested that M. trossulus was better adapted to conditions of low temperature and low salinity than M. galloprovincialis. However, this earlier study did not examine physiological traits, but focused strictly on the distributions of the two species.. Our study provides evidence for genetically fixed differences in the thermal responses of heart function among the ...

K9 Natural Blue Mussel Bites Dog Treats.A Natural Source Of Glucosamine And Chondroitin Sulphate! These Yummy Freeze- Dried Mussels Are Made In New Zealand And Help Joint Growth And Repair, Improve Jo

Background With the recognition that environmental change resulting from anthropogenic activities is causing a global decline in biodiversity, much attention has been devoted to understanding how changes in biodiversity may alter levels of ecosystem functioning. Although environmental complexity has long been recognised as a major driving force in evolutionary processes, it has only recently been incorporated into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning investigations. Environmental complexity is expected to strengthen the positive effect of species richness on ecosystem functioning, mainly because it leads to stronger complementarity effects, such as resource partitioning and facilitative interactions among species when the number of available resource increases. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we implemented an experiment to test the combined effect of species richness and environmental complexity, more specifically, resource richness on ecosystem functioning over time. We show, using all possible

Contaminants in Mussel Tissues from U.S. Coastal Waters. Findings are presented from analyses of mollusks collected from sites along the East and West Coasts of the United States, from 1986 through 1989, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Status and Trends Program (NS&T). Contaminant levels in surface sediments and in the tissues of three species of mussels from 96 sites have been used as indicators of the status of coastal environmental quality. Generally, the greastest accumulations of organic contaminants are found in mussel tissues from urban areas. For instance, the highest levels of PAHs were found in samples from the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, NY, and Elliott Bay, WA. The highest levels of PCBs were found at Angelica Rock in Buzzards Bay, MA, followed by moderately high concentrations in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, NY and NJ, and a second Buzzard's Bay site (Round Hill). Highest levels of DDT were found in mollusks from sites off Palos Verdes

Other articles where Marine mussel is discussed: mussel: Marine mussels are usually wedge-shaped or pear-shaped and range in size from about 5 to 15 centimetres (about 2 to 6 inches). They may be smooth or ribbed and often have a hairy covering. The shells of many species are dark blue or dark greenish…

Title 12, §6074-A SPAT COLLECTION LICENSE; As used in this section, spat means sea scallops, Placopectin magellanicus, or blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in the post-larval st

Three new mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs) have been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of the concentrations of organic cont

Title: Species composition and hybridisation of mussel species (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in Australia Authors: Emi S. Ab Rahim, Thuy T. T. Nguyen, Brett Ingram, Cynthia Riginos, Kim J. Weston and Craig D. H. Sherman Source: Marine and Freshwater Research (Published online: 5 January 2016) Brief summary of the paper: Mussels belonging to the Mytilus edulis species complex…

Article Development of biomarkers to detect the effects of organic pollution on aquatic invertebrates: recent molecular, genotoxic, cellular and immunological studies on the common mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) and other mytilids. Organic contaminants a...

CRM-FDMT1 is a freeze-dried mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) containing a range of lipophilic marine toxins as well as domoic acid. CRM-FDMT1 is distributed in amber glass bottles, each containing 3 g of freeze-dried powder. It is recommended that the powder is reconstituted with water before use. Each bottle of CRM-FDMT1 contains enough material for approximately eight uses.. Certified toxin levels and associated uncertainties have been assigned for domoic acid, azaspiracid-1, -2 and -3, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and -2, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2, and 13-desmethylspirolide C. Information values are also provided for a range of other toxin analogues in CRM FDMT1. The CRM is designed to test the accuracy of sample preparation procedures and liquid chromatography experiments for the analysis of multiple toxins ...

DOPA and other catechol compounds perform well as binding agents for coating inorganic surfaces (18-23), including the electropolymerization of dopamine onto conducting electrodes (24); however, coating of organic surfaces has proven much more elusive. Hypothesizing that the coexistence of catechol (DOPA) and amine (lysine) groups may be crucial for achieving adhesion to a wide spectrum of materials, we identified dopamine as a small-molecule compound that contains both functionalities (Fig. 1E). We show that this simple structural mimic of Mytilus edulis foot protein 5 (Mefp-5) is a powerful building block for spontaneous deposition of thin polymer films on virtually any bulk material surface and that the deposited films are easily adapted for a wide variety of functional uses.. Simple immersion of substrates in a dilute aqueous solution of dopamine, buffered to a pH typical of marine environments (2 mg of dopamine per milliliter of 10 mM tris, pH 8.5), resulted in spontaneous deposition of a ...

Sperm proteins of marine sessile invertebrates have been extensively studied to understand the molecular basis of reproductive isolation. Apart from molecules such as bindin of sea urchins or lysin of abalone species, the acrosomal protein M7 lysin of Mytilus edulis has been analyzed. M7 lysin was found to be under positive selection, but mechanisms driving the evolution of this protein are not fully understood. To explore functional aspects, this study investigated the protein expression pattern of M7 and M6 lysin in gametes and somatic tissue of male and female M. edulis. The study employs a previously published monoclonal antibody (G26-AG8) to investigate M6 and M7 lysin protein expression, and explores expression of both genes. It is shown that these proteins and their encoding genes are expressed in gametes and somatic tissue of both sexes. This is in contrast to sea urchin bindin and abalone lysin, in which gene expression is strictly limited to males. Although future studies need to ...

Bay, Copper, Gill, Heavy Metals, Iron, Metals, Mussel, Mussels, Mytilus, Mytilus Edulis, Tissue, Water, Blood, Classification, Containment, Control Group, Diagnosis, Disease, External Fixator, Goal

Summary: Moisture is the nemesis of synthetic adhesives yet presents no impediment to the underwater adhesion of sessile organisms. Capturing wet bioadhesion for technology is not possible without fundamental biological insights. ...

The main rivers entering Wexford and Cork Harbours are the Slaney and Lee. In both cases, the entire estuary from the freshwater river to marine entrance to the sea is termed the ?Harbour?. Their freshwater catchment areas are similar, but freshwater runoff is greater in Cork due to a generally higher rainfall (Table 3). Wexford is smaller and shallower, and although it has a larger tidal range a greater proportion of its volume (39 %) is potentially exchanged on each tide than for Cork (10 %) (Table 3). They differ markedly in shape, the Slaney discharging into a very wide shallow bay (Figure 3), but the Lee into a narrower complex inlet (Figure 4). Both receive untreated sewage discharges, and Cork Harbour has a greater concentration of industrial discharges and a larger human population (Table 3). In Wexford Harbour, considerable areas of saltmarsh have been dyked off and drained for use as agricultural land. Large beds of mussels (Mytilus edulis) are managed as a fishery in Wexford Harbour, ...

Parry, HE; Pipe, RK. 2004 Interactive effects of temperature and copper on immunocompetence and disease susceptibility in mussels (Mytilus edulis). Aquatic Toxicology, 69. 311 - 325. 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.06.003 Full text not available from this repository ...

Hemocytes of Mytilus edulis were examined cytologically and cytochemically. On the basis of structure, staining reactions, and phagocytic behavior, they were divided into two main groups: basophilic hemocytes and eosinophilic granular hemocytes (granulocytes). The basophilic cells were further divided into small lymphocytes and larger phagocytic macrophages reactive for lysosomal hydrolases. Mitosis was observed in granulocytes and in small lymphoid cells, believed to be the stem cells for the basophilic cell line. A few cells appeared to be intermediate between lymphocytes and small granulocytes. Macrophages were the main cell type involved in the clearance of injected carbon particles. However, granulocytes did show some phagocytic activity. Brown cells displaying apparent amoebocytic behavior were found to contain Fe3+ and Pb2+ in cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which were also reactive for β-glucuronidase and glucosaminidase. These cells appear to have a separate origin from the ...

Berhahn & Vorberg (1993) have suggested that Sabellaria spinulosa is a good indicator of fishing intensity in the Wadden Sea. Subtidal Sabellaria reefs are reported to have been lost due to physical damage in at least five areas. In the Wadden Sea, Reisen & Reise (1982) reported that extensive subtidal Sabellaria spinulosa reefs were lost from Lister Ley, island of Sylt, between 1924 and 1982. They attributed the losses to destruction by heavy gear as populations were in the way of shrimp trawling. Reise & Schubert (19870 reported similar losses from Norderau area, and attributed them to similar causes. Trawling still occurs in these areas and as a result Sabellaria has been replaced by Mytilus edulis and sand-dwelling amphipods in these areas (Reise & Schubert 1987). Populations have also been destroyed in Morecambe Bay (England) (Taylor 1993: Mistakidis 1956 ...

Major contractile proteins were purified from relaxed actomyosin extracted from molluscan catch muscle myofibrils using ammonium sulfate fractionation and divalent cation precipitation. A fraction of this actomyosin was precipitated and purified as a supramolecular complex composed of twitchin (TW), …

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HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; UV: ultraviolet detection; CE: capillary electrophoresis; FLD: fluorimetric detection; MS: mass spectrometry; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; SPE: solid phase extraction; PLE: pressure liquid extraction ...

Increasing concentrations of marine plastics and microplastics have been documented in the Gulf of Maine, due to an array of plastic pollution sources. Marine plastics and microplastics are known to be ingested by marine invertebrate species, including lobster, a commercially important species in Maine. Previous research on other invertebrate larvae indicates that the ingestion of microplastics causes decreased mobility, early settlement, slower growth rates, and a reduced feeding rate. This project will examine the effects of microplastic ingestion in lobster larvae and on species survival. Building on a study conducted in 2017 on blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), scientists will focus on the ingestion of microplastic fibers in the American lobster (Homarus americanus) during larval development. This study will look at the survival rates of the larvae, the ingestion and depuration rates (purification of impurities), body size, and any morphological and functional abnormalities. This ...

Denotes student co-author D.S. Page and J. Widdows. Temporal and Spatial Variation in Levels of Alkyltins in Mussel Tissues: A Toxicological Interpretation of Field Data. Marine Environmental Research 32, 113-129, 1991. W.X. Wang, J. Widdows, and D. S. Page. Effects of organic toxicants on the anoxic energy metabolism of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research34, 327-331, 1992.. J. Widdows and D. S. Page. Effects of tributyltin and dibutyltin on the physiological energetics of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research. 35, 233-249, 1993.. Page, D. S., Gilfillan, E. S., Boehm, P. D. & Harner, E. J. (1995). Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the EXXON VALDEZ Oil Spill. Part I: Methodology. In Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in Alaskan Waters , ASTM Special Technical Publication # 1219 (P. G. Wells, J. N. Butler and J. S. Hughes, ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 263-295. Page, D. S., ...

Denotes student co-author D.S. Page and J. Widdows. Temporal and Spatial Variation in Levels of Alkyltins in Mussel Tissues: A Toxicological Interpretation of Field Data. Marine Environmental Research 32, 113-129, 1991. W.X. Wang, J. Widdows, and D. S. Page. Effects of organic toxicants on the anoxic energy metabolism of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research34, 327-331, 1992.. J. Widdows and D. S. Page. Effects of tributyltin and dibutyltin on the physiological energetics of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research. 35, 233-249, 1993.. Page, D. S., Gilfillan, E. S., Boehm, P. D. & Harner, E. J. (1995). Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the EXXON VALDEZ Oil Spill. Part I: Methodology. In Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in Alaskan Waters , ASTM Special Technical Publication # 1219 (P. G. Wells, J. N. Butler and J. S. Hughes, ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 263-295. Page, D. S., ...

Chemically skinned anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) preparations were prepared by treatment with the nonionic detergents saponin and Triton X-100. Both maximum peak tension and rate of contraction were found to be greater in saponin-treated ABRM than in ABRM treated with Triton X-100. Active tension was initiated at a concentration of free Ca2+ above 0.1 microM, and maximum tension development was found at a [Ca2+] = approximately 32 microM. During exposure of the muscle preparation to optimal Ca2+ concentration, a high and almost constant tension level was sustained. The force recovery was high after a quick release during this period indicating the presence of an active state rather than a catch state. Actually, a state equivalent to the catch state in the living ABRM could not be induced, if the Ca2+ concentration was above 0.1 microM. Variations in the ionic strength in the range of 0.07--0.28 M had no influence on active state and only slightly affected the maximum tension ...

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The objectives of this study were to develop baseline data on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals, in freshwater and anadromous fish, shellfish, and marine mammals, important to Inuit communities of Northern Labrador and Nunavik in order to provide the same level of information that is available for other Canadian arctic regions. 1999-00 was the final year of the project. Successful collection of mussels (Mytilus edulis), arctic char (sea run), scallops and walrus samples were made in 1999. During 1998 major collections of ringed seal, sea run arctic char and blube mussels (Mytilus edulis) were made. Chemical analyses of POPs and metals in ringed seals and char collected in 1998-99 were completed in 1999-2000. Low concentrations of mercury, selenium and lead were found in samples of scallops from Labrador while cadmium and arsenic levels were much higher than the other elements, especially in gut samples. Arsenic was the most prominent of the five metals determined in mussels from Nunavik.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Dopamine inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase in molluscan nervous tissue homogenates. T2 - Evidence for intracellular site of action. AU - Hiripi, Laszlo. AU - Stefano, George B.. PY - 1980/1/1. Y1 - 1980/1/1. N2 - PCPA, dopamine and the dopamine agonist epinine inhibited trytophan hydroxylase activity in nervous tissue homogenates of Anodonta cygnea and Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia). Haloperidol did not affect tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the homogenates nor did it antagonize dopamine action.. AB - PCPA, dopamine and the dopamine agonist epinine inhibited trytophan hydroxylase activity in nervous tissue homogenates of Anodonta cygnea and Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia). Haloperidol did not affect tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the homogenates nor did it antagonize dopamine action.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0019186605&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0019186605&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - ...

Azaspiracids, a new class of shellfish toxins, have been implicated in several recent incidents of human intoxications following the consumption of mussels (Mytilus edulis). A study was undertaken to examine the distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in scallops (Pecten maximus) and individual shellfish were dissected into five tissue fractions for the determination of toxin composition. Separation of the predominant azaspiracids, AZA1-3, was achieved using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with detection by positive electrospray multiple tandem mass spectrometry. The AZP toxin composition was determined in the adductor muscle (meat), gonad (roe), hepatopancreas (digestive glands), mantle and gill of scallops. Substantial differences in the AZP toxin levels between tissue compartments were observed and toxins were concentrated predominantly, about 85%, in the hepatopancreas. There was also a significant variation in the total toxin levels between individual scallops from the same ...

A mussel clinging to a sheet of teflon. (Image credit: Haeshin Lee/ Phillip Messersmith) The marine mollusc Mytilus edulis inhabits ecological niches in the intertidal zone, which is exposed to air during low tide and submerged in water during high tide. Being so turbulent, these niches are inhospitable to many forms of life; the organisms that do inhabit such harsh conditions are suitably adapted, and the success of the mussel is due largely to its ability to adhere to virtually any kind of surface. The mussels steadfast grip is achieved by means of collagenous threads consisting of a glue protein called Mefp-5, which is secreted by exocrine glands in the foot. Last year, a team of researchers led by Phillip Messersmith of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, determined that the major component of the mussels glue protein is an amino acid called 3,4-dihydro-L-phenylalinine, the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Now, writing in the journal Science, Messersmiths team ...

The bamboo Bambusa edulis has a long juvenile phase in situ, but can be induced to flower during in vitro tissue culture, providing a readily available source of material for studies on reproductive biology and flowering. In this report, in vitro-derived reproductive and vegetative materials of B. edulis were harvested and used to generate transcriptome databases by use of two sequencing platforms: Illumina and 454. Combination of the two datasets resulted in high transcriptome quality and increased length of the sequence reads. In plants, many MADS genes control flower development, and the ABCDE model has been developed to explain how the genes function together to create the different whorls within a flower. As a case study, published floral development-related OsMADS proteins from rice were used to search the B. edulis transcriptome datasets, identifying 16 B. edulis MADS (BeMADS). The BeMADS gene expression levels were determined qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Most BeMADS genes were highly

Editors note: story updated Nov. 3. Aquaculture companies in Maine are at the forefront of efforts to culture high-quality seafood products. While the industry has grown in the last five years, those seeking to further expand face serious challenges.. Two awards from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will support research projects designed to overcome the challenges and increase aquaculture production.. A grant of $908,015 will support research into sustainable post-harvest processing of aquacultured seaweed and development of value-added products.. Balunkeswar Nayak, assistant professor of food processing in the University of Maine School of Food and Agriculture, will lead the research.. Other UMaine team members include Peter van Walsum in chemical and biological engineering; John Belding at the Advanced Manufacturing Center; and Jennifer Perry, Denise Skonberg and Mary Ellen Camire in the School of Food and Agriculture.. Interest in seaweed aquaculture is increasing in the ...

The generation of EST information is an essential step in the genomic characterisation of species. In the context of the European Network Marine Genomics, a common goal was to significantly increase the amount of ESTs in commercial marine mollusk species and more specifically in the less studied but ecologically and commercially important groups, such as mussel and clam genera. Normalized cDNA libraries were constructed for four different relevant bivalves species (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, Ruditapes decussatus and Bathymodiolus azoricus), using numerous tissues and physiological conditions. In this paper, we present the analysis of the 13,013 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated. Each EST library was independently assembled and 1300-3000 unique sequences were identified in each species. For the different species, functional categories could be assigned to only about 16 to 27% of ESTs using the GO annotation tool. All sequences have been incorporated into a publicly available ...

An examination is made of the hypothesis that endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serves as a local hormone regulating ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill. These cilia are sensitive to exogenous 5-HT and respond to it by a prompt, sustained, and reversible rise in beat frequency; at the same time the carbohydrate metabolism is stimulated, as described elsewhere. Control gill contains small but definite amounts of endogenous 5-HT according to bioassay, fluorometry, and chromatography. The amount can be increased markedly by exposing the isolated gill to the precursor substance 5-hydroxytryptophan but not l-tryptophan. As the tissue level of 5-HT rises, the spontaneous beat frequency also rises. Both remain elevated for hours and perhaps for days. The gill of Mytilus edulis is richer than the gill of Modiolus demissus in both endogenous 5-HT and effective 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity. Modiolus gill lacks the 5-hydroxyindole oxidase by which Mytilus gill destroys 5-HT. What ...

The development of genomic tools for the assessment of impacts of aquaculture activities on the environment using mussels (Mytilus edulis) and native little neck clams (Protothaca staminea) as bio-indicator species

Define byssus. byssus synonyms, byssus pronunciation, byssus translation, English dictionary definition of byssus. n. pl. bys·sus·es or bys·si 1. Zoology A mass of strong, silky filaments by which certain bivalve mollusks, such as mussels, attach themselves to rocks and...

Recovery of the attached characterizing species, Semibalanus balanoides and the algal turfs will depend on recolonization by larvae. Patella vulgata is mobile, but the ability to relocate depends on the shore type and roughness (as described below). All the characterizing animals species and others that are present, such as Mytilus edulis produce pelagic larvae. As these are common, widespread species, where the footprint of the impact is relatively small, larval supply from adjacent populations should support recolonization. Where source populations are very distant due to regional impacts or habitat discontinuities, larval supply and recovery could be affected. Changes and recovery trajectories following the removal of key species are unpredictable and interactions between the key species may be positive or negative. Limpets and littorinds may enhance barnacle settlement by grazing and removing algae (Hawkins, 1983) or by depositing pedal mucus trails that attract barnacle larvae (Holmes et ...

In Vitro Culture of the Passion Fruit. Passiflora edulis Sims In this study, a tissue culture method, which can be used for multiplication of the yellow passion fruit is described. Callus was Initiated from different explants of the yellow and purple passion fruit. Immature seeds of var. edulis formed callus when Inoculated on MS ( Murashlge and Skoog) medium containing 1 - 3 mg/1 a-napthaleneacetic acid ( NAA) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyiamlnopurlne (BAP). Stem explants of var. edulis and var. flavicaroa formed callus when Inoculated on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/1 NAA, with or without 0.5 mg/1 BAP. Stem segments with nodes formed shoots when Inoculated on MS medium with 2 mg/1 BAP or 2 mg/1 BAP and 0.2 mg/1 NAA. Leaf discs of var. flavlcarpa formed callus when inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/1 NAA, 2 mg/1 indole-3-aceticacid ( IAA) and 0.4 mg/1 kinetin (K IN ). Those inoculated on medium with 2 mg/1 NAA or 2 mg/1 NAA and 0.5 mg/1 KIN formed callus and roots within 4 weeks. Shoots ...

Protein-metal coordination complexes are well known as active centers in enzymatic catalysis, and to contribute to signal transduction, gas transport, and to hormone function. Additionally, they are now known to contribute as load-bearing cross-links to the mechanical properties of several biological materials, including the jaws of Nereis worms and the byssal threads of marine mussels. The primary aim of this thesis work is to better understand the role of protein-metal cross-links in the mechanical properties of biological materials, using the mussel byssus as a model system. Specifically, the focus is on histidine-metal cross-links as sacrificial bonds in the fibrous core of the byssal thread (Chapter 4) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-metal bonds in the protective thread cuticle (Chapter 5). Byssal threads are protein fibers, which mussels use to attach to various substrates at the seashore. These relatively stiff fibers have the ability to extend up to about 100 % strain, ...

The biochemical composition of two varieties of African Pear (Dacryodes edulis)-D. e. var. edulis and D. e. var. parvicarpa have been determined using standard methods. Proximate moisture content was higher in D.e. var. parvicarpa (61.40%) than in D. e. var. edulis (46.59%). This difference implies D. e. var. edulis with low moisture content is of quality and is more stable compared D. e. var. parvicarpa. The measured anti-nutrient concentrations in the two varieties of Dacryodes edulis were low and fall within the acceptable levels based on National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria and WHO. The concentrations of essential elements in both varieties were high such that phosphorus was 4446.04 mg kg-1 in D. e. var. edulis and 3674.07 mg kg-1 in D. e. var. parvicarpa. Cu concentration of 4.08 mg kg-1 in D. e. var. edulis and 3.66 mg kg-1 in D. e. var. parvicarpa was the lowest among the mineral elements determined. On the other hand, Cd and Pb were completely ...

Severe undersampling of the deep sea, estimated to be much less than 1 per cent of the total seafloor McClain (2007), prevents full characterization of species ranges. For many species, we can only conservatively estimate the maximum linear range extent with any accuracy. However, the use of singular linear dimensions to characterize range is not without precedent as terrestrial and shallow-water biogeographers often employ these metrics to convey useful information, e.g. Rapoports Rule (e.g. Fortes & Absalao (2004)). Based on such observations we can thus begin to describe some general patterns in species distributions.. Studies employing morphospecies as basic taxonomic units largely support earlier theories of cosmopolitanism in many groups inhabiting the soft-bottom seafloor, notably nematodes, foraminifera, mollusca and echinodermata (e.g. Madsen 1961; Sibuet 1979; Tyler 1980; Rex 2002; Gooday et al. 2004; Vanreusel et al. 2010). For example, approximately 25 per cent of known bivalve ...

To assess the short-term trend of pollution by hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlorophenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) emitted to a marine environment, existing and former loads were estimated based on pollutant concentrations in water, blue mussels, and sediment, using partitioning calculations. The study included chemical analyses of organochlorines in sediment samples, caged mussels, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) incubated in the water column and in the outflow from an adjacent plant in order to find out whether the high pollutant concentrations found in the superficial sediment corresponded to former or existing discharges. A comparison was made of hypothetical water concentrations calculated from values determined in SPMDs, mussels, and sediment, assuming equilibrium in the distribution of the pollutants between mussels and water or sediment and water. Sediment-derived water concentrations of HCB in the vicinity of the outlet were much higher than the water concentrations ...

Oysters vs Mussels. Oysters and mussels are both shellfish. However, one can come across many differences in their anatomy, habitat, breeding and behaviour. But it is very hard to notice the difference between the two and people hardly find any difference between them.. One of the main differences that can be said is that oysters come a little fleshy than mussels.. One of the major differences that can be noticed is in the fertilization. In marine Mussels, fertilization happens outside the body. The larval stage drifts for three to six months before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel. In fresh water mussels, the males release sperm directly into the water and it reaches female through incurrent siphon. Once fertilization takes place, the eggs develop into a larval stage called glochidium, which attaches to the fishs fins or gills. Before this, glochidia grow in the gills of the female mussel. Oysters reproduce in a different way. In oysters, external fertilization takes place, which ...

More things that experts have blamed on global warming. Ive cut & pasted, but in the original article each of these claims is linked to a source.. Agricultural land increase, Africa devastated, African aid threatened, air pressure changes, Alaska reshaped, allergies increase, Alps melting, Amazon a desert, American dream end, amphibians breeding earlier (or not), ancient forests dramatically changed, Antarctic grass flourishes, anxiety, algal blooms, Arctic bogs melt, Asthma, atmospheric defiance, atmospheric circulation modified, avalanches reduced, avalanches increased, bananas destroyed, bananas grow, bet for $10,000, better beer, big melt faster, billion dollar research projects, billions of deaths, bird distributions change, birds return early, blackbirds stop singing, blizzards, blue mussels return, boredom, Britain Siberian, British gardens change, bubonic plague, budget increases, building season extension, bushfires, business opportunities, business risks, butterflies move north, ...

In the deepest, darkest bottoms of the Baltic Sea thrive species that do not require sunlight, such as amphipod crustaceans and blue mussels. Read more!

CAMPUS for A+ Girl by mytilus CAMPUS for A+ Girl by mytilus Detail link: http: www.renderosity.com mod bcs index.php?ViewProduct=82077 DOWNLOAD HERE : http: rapidgator.net file 1dc7ef7aa

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Jin-Long Yang, Pei-Jing Shen, Xiao Liang, Yi-Feng Li, Wei-Yang Bao, Jia-Le Li].

Extracts of a Kenyan medicinal plant, Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl, were subjected to bioactivity guided phytochemical analysis for identification of biological makers of activity. Pure compounds; lupeol, oleuropein, carissol and β-amyrin were subsequently isolated. In vitro evaluations of the compounds against viral strains of Herpes simples virus types 1 revealed a significant activity for lupeolat EC50 of between 2.98 - 4.2 µg/ml for both sensitive and resistant strains with a high therapeutic index (TI , 38). A concentration of the compound at 10.0 µg/ml was virucidal, reducing viral yields in Vero E6 cells by 98.3%. On oral administration to mice at 20.0 µg/ml following a cutaneous viral infection, a delayed onset of infections of slow progression to mild and sever zosteriform lesions were observed (p £ 0.05 test Vs control by repeated measures ANOVA). The mice receiving treatment with the compound also exhibited increased mean survival times as opposed to control (p ≤ 0.05 test ...

Passiflora Edulis Alba - Albino or White Passiflora. This is an edible passiflora, the flower is white but the fruit is Yellow.. a rare and highly sought after passiflora, we have a few of these here that we are trying to propagate. We will know soon when we will have these for sale.. ...

Discover Lifes page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of Pinus edulis - Twoneedle pinyon -- Discover Life

Sea icicles forming on undercut lip of the Drygalski Ice Tongue from wave action and freezing seawater, Ross Sea, Antarctica District, Antarctica Region, Antarctica stock photo. Quality New Zealand images by well known photographer Rob Suisted, Natures Pic Images.

TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of wave action on sedimentation of tidal flats: application of high spatial resolution numerical modelling in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland.. AU - Malvarez, Gonzalo. AU - Cooper, Andrew. AU - Jackson, Derek. AU - Navas, Fatima. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. M3 - Article. VL - SI 34. SP - 172. EP - 182. JO - Journal of Coastal Research. T2 - Journal of Coastal Research. JF - Journal of Coastal Research. SN - 0749-0208. ER - ...

Thread by @rev_avocado: Im watching the NYC mayoral debate and boy, I did not realize Scott Stringer was this short. Lol, Eric Adams lying about whether he sided with landlords. Small landlords should be able to...…

Regenerative medicine urgently needs biocompatible adhesives suitable for therapeutic use in the treatment of small bone fractures. Such an adhesive should allow rapid bonding of the bone fragments without the need for the attachment of plates and screws. The use of biological glue from marine mussels (so-called mussel-adhesive proteins, MAPs) - as potential environmentally-friendly bio-inspired adhesives - could be a solution to this problem. In nature, mussel secrets adhesive proteins and efficiently adheres to stone and other inorganic surfaces and even to man-made products such as metal and plastic (e.g. Teflon) materials. The secret of these bio-glues is the presence of catechol groups in the side chain of the non-proteinogenic amino acid L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) which is produced post-translationally by tyrosine hydroxylation and is capable of surface adhesion. However, isolation of such bio-glues from natural sources is expensive, inefficient, and it is not possible to ...

123 Mytilus Road Mini-Eco House is truly one of a kind. Barely distinguishable from its environment on google earth, this home is a testament to low impact development. Making extremely good use of its space, the Mini-Eco feels much larger than it actually is. Massive bay view windows let in the suns rays, while simultaneously transporting the interior to the spectacular exterior views! This Green Home must been seen to be believed ...

The non-linear nature of the general relativity equations suggests that space-time can be turbulent. Such a turbulence may happen in the primordial universe (first second). The analytical theory of weak gravitational wave (GW) turbulence [1] was built from a diagonal space-time metric reduced to the variables t, x and y [2]. The theory predicts the existence of a dual cascade driven by 4-wave interactions with a direct cascade of energy and an inverse cascade of wave action. In the latter case the wave action spectrum - an exact solution of the equations - has the power law index -2/3 involving an explosive phenomenon. In this context, we developed a nonlinear diffusion model in spectral space to describe GW turbulence in the approximation of strongly local interactions [3]. We showed analytically that the model equation satisfies the conservation of energy and wave action, and reproduces the power law solutions previously derived from the kinetic equations. We showed numerically that in the ...

Mussels use a rather flexible method to attach to a surface; they spin a set of threads from an internal muscle to the surface, also known as stem. (Waite, 1983) (Waite,1992) The treads are 2 to 4 cm in length and attach to the surface by the use of plaques (diameter 2-3 mm). Thus, this plaque connects the substrate and the byssal thread. The specific adhesion is determined by the number of threads, which can go up to 30 to 50 threads per mussel. This will lead to a total attachment strength up to 400N. The plaque is divided into three sections. The first part is a pre-coating adhesive layer, which can attach to the surface. On top of this, the byssal threads are anchored in an open, cellular structure. (Benedict & Waite, 1986) The overall protection layer is formed by a varnish, which protects against enzymatic and chemical degradation. (Rzepecki & Waite, 1995). The foot of the mussel (Haemers, 2003 ...

Laingsburg Karoo sheep and game farm for sale.Very neat 9109Ha farm on three titles with all game, sheep and all equipment and furniture &am...176480085

Illustration of Illustration of a hen with a basket of egg at the farm on a white.. vector art, clipart and stock vectors.. Image 19301719.

Julianne Hough leaves Bristol Farms on June 15, 2011 in Los Angeles, California. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images

Mussels and clams are highly perishable. It is best to check their freshness directly. The shell, when the animal is still alive, must be bright and vivid. Outside the water, the valves must be perfectly closed, indicating that the animal is still alive. If at the time of purchase it is still in the water, it must react to the touch, quickly closing the valves. The smell must be that of the sea, pleasant and with a salty touch, without traces of ammonia.. Once purchased, the outer surface must be cleaned thoroughly. In many preparations, in fact, they are cooked with the shell. It is important to remove all residues of sand and mud and free it from incrustations that could melt during cooking. For mussels, then, it is essential to eliminate the byssus, the fibrous beard attached to the shell, Donegani recommends. The first step is a thorough washing under plenty of running water. Once this is done, we can scrape the shells with a wire brush, removing any byssus with a sharp knife. Then we can ...

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of Weeds of the U.S. ...

2006-01-01 Resumo em português INTRODUÇÃO: Pesquisas de novas substâncias com finalidades terapêuticas têm sido realizadas procurando isolar, extrair ou purificar novos compostos de origem vegetal. A Passiflora edulis (maracujá), espécie pertencente à família Passifloracea, originária das regiões tropicais e subtropicais do continente americano, é popularmente usada como sedativo, analgésico e antinflamatório e no tratamento de lesões cutâneas, feridas e erisipelas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a (mais) cicatrização de anastomoses colônicas em ratos, que receberam extrato hidroalcoólico de Passiflora edulis no trans-operatório. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos de 20 animais cada, denominados: grupo Passiflora (GP) e grupo controle (GC). Os ratos de cada grupo foram separados em dois subgrupos de 10 animais cada, avaliados no 3º e 7º dia do pós-operatório. O procedimento cirúrgico constou de secção da alça colônica esquerda, 5cm acima da ...

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar uma forma alternativa para o controle do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro, pela produção de plantas transgênicas contendo o gene da proteína capsidial do Passionfruit...

Microsclerotherapy is the technique used to treat spider veins or thread veins of the legs. It is a relatively straightforward procedure which involves injecting a liquid into the veins which destroys them and causes them to disappear over time.. It is suitable for use on thread veins on the legs or body, provided they are beneath the heart. Thread veins on the face are better treated with Electro Surgery, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or laser. As gravity has an effect on the blood in the veins and also as the skin is more sensitive to burns, Microsclerotherapy is the most preferable treatment for thread veins below the heart.. ...

Sergey Edunov created GIRAPH-1100: ------------------------------------- Summary: Multiple mutation requests to one vertex result in failure Key: GIRAPH-1100 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/GIRAPH-1100 Project: Giraph Issue Type: Bug Reporter: Sergey Edunov Assignee: Sergey Edunov The scenario is simple: You send multiple addEdgeRequest() where the source vertex of new edge does not exist (typical scenario for adding reverse edges). If two of these requests happen to arrive in the single SendPartitionMutationsRequest, giraph is unable to handle it: FATAL 2016-07-26 17:59:09,563 [netty-server-worker-6] org.apache.giraph.graph.GraphTaskManager - uncaughtException: OverrideExceptionHandler on thread netty-server-worker-6, msg = readFields: Already has vertex id 977939745592684, exiting... java.lang.IllegalStateException: readFields: Already has vertex id 977939745592684 at ...

I love this site. But I do not want to get any more emailed updates on threads I am a part of. Can I make it so I get updates on this site, but not...

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En el presente trabajo de investigación que se encuentra en el área de Tecnología de Frutas y Hortalizas tiene como objetivo la Elaboración de una Bebida Funcional de Maracuyá (Passiflora Edulis), Edulcorado con Jarabe ...