Since 1994, Irish cattle have been exposed to greater risks of acquiring Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection as a consequence of the importation of over 70,000 animals from continental Europe. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of reported clinical cases of paratuberculosis in Ireland. This study examines the prevalence of factors that promote the introduction and within-herd transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) on selected Irish dairy farms in the Cork region, and the association between these factors and the results of MAP screening tests on milk sock filter residue (MFR). A total of 59 dairy farms, selected using non-random methods but apparently free of endemic paratuberculosis, were enrolled into the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data about risk factors for MAP introduction and transmission. The MFR was assessed on six occasions over 24 months for the presence of MAP, using culture and ...

Bacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex causing Avian Tuberculosis in birds are organisms of the air-freshwater interface, and are found most commonly in temperate regions, surviving best out of sunlight. Shady conditions and completely enclosed houses, by protecting the bacteria from sunlight, may enhance survival and thereby increase contamination (J7.32.w1, J44.72.w1, P3.1990-1991.w1).. Bacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex causing Avian Tuberculosis in birds can usually survive for at least four years and possibly up to seven years in the environment. Sites on which waterfowl have been maintained for many years may have high levels of contamination, due to excretion of bacilli by infected birds over time (B32.7.w43, B14, P3.1990-1991.w1, P11.1993.w1).. The types commonly recognized as Mycobacterium avium (serotypes 1, 2 and 3) are the major causes of disease in birds (B15 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aspergillus precipitating antibody in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. T2 - A cross-sectional study. AU - Suzuki, Shoji. AU - Asakura, Takanori. AU - Namkoong, Ho. AU - Okamori, Satoshi. AU - Yagi, Kazuma. AU - Kamata, Hirofumi. AU - Uwamino, Yoshifumi. AU - Funatsu, Yohei. AU - Nakano, Yasushi. AU - Nishimura, Tomoyasu. AU - Ishii, Makoto. AU - Ebihara, Tamotsu. AU - Betsuyaku, Tomoko. AU - Hasegawa, Naoki. PY - 2018/5. Y1 - 2018/5. N2 - Rationale: Little is known about the role of Aspergillus precipitating antibody (APAb) in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD). Objectives: We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with MAC-LD positive for APAb. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study targeting patients with MAC-LD. APAb was checked in all participants. Clinical variables included laboratory data, pulmonary function, high-resolution computed tomography findings, and health-related quality of life. Results: ...

Looking for online definition of Mycobacterium avium infection in the Medical Dictionary? Mycobacterium avium infection explanation free. What is Mycobacterium avium infection? Meaning of Mycobacterium avium infection medical term. What does Mycobacterium avium infection mean?

Johne's disease (pronounced "yo-knees") is a contagious, chronic and usually fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine of ruminants. All ruminants are susceptible to Johne's disease. Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, a hardy bacteria related to the agents of leprosy and tuberculosis. The disease is worldwide in distribution.. A national study of US dairies, Dairy NAHMS 96, found that approximately 22 percent of US dairy farms have at least 10% of the herd infected with Johne's disease. The study determined that infected herds experience an average loss of $40 per cow in herds with a low Johne's disease clinical cull rate while herds with a high Johne's disease clinical cull rate lost on average of $227. This loss was due to reduced milk production, early culling, and poor conditioning at culling. The cost of Johne's disease in beef herds still need to be determined.. ...

We want to hear from you. Disseminated MAC infections - Have spread throughout the body. Almost everyone has them in their bodies. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the major pathologic nontuberculous mycobacteria causing lung disease (LD) in humans worldwide. Este complejo incluye M. avium ssp. avium (MAA), M. avium sp. Epidemiology. The disease is also called MAC and it affects people with HIV who have a severely suppressed immune system and are not taking anti-HIV drugs (ART) or medication to prevent MAC. Some sources also include Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Do you have updated information on this disease? Opportunistic pathogens in the genus mycobacterium. Mycobacterium avium complex is a nonmotile, non-spore-forming, gram-positive acid-fast bacillus. avium, M. avium ssp. 1 Servicio de Medicina en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. We remove all identifying information when posting a question to protect your privacy. Do you ...

Recent evidence supports a role for neutrophils in the host defense against Mycobacterium avium. To determine whether the depletion of neutrophils has an effect on the outcome of infection in mice as determined by the number of bacteria in liver and spleen, we administered RB6-8C5 anti-neutrophil antibody intraperitoneally both early and late in the infection. Mice were then observed for 14 days and harvested. The number of viable bacteria in liver and spleen was determined. While administration of RB6-8C5 antibody early in infection resulted in a significant increase in the number of bacteria in organs when compared with mice receiving immunoglobulin control, administration of RB6-8C5 antibody late in infection (week 3) did not have an impact on the bacterial load in tissue. Infection of CD18 knockout mice (with impaired neutrophil function), however, did not show a significant enhancement of M. avium growth when compared with that of wild-type control mice. Neutrophils were found to produce ...

We report a case of osteomyelitis due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) in an AIDS patient shortly after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy with subsequent immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

BioAssay record AID 1084112 submitted by ChEMBL: Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 after 18 hr by agar well diffusion method.

The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism based on the "pearly layer" characteristic. The production of "pearly layer" around the colonies of the different types of C. botulinum on egg yolk enriched media has been used as an aid in differentiation and isolation of this group of bacteria. In this investigation a comparative study was conducted to test the efficiency of the "pearly layer" formation on liver veal agar egg yolk media (LVA) and trypticase agar egg yolk media (TA). Liver veal agar egg yolk media was not entirely satisfactory in that strains of C. botulinum type E and most non-toxic "type E-like" clostridia did not always give a typical reaction. These organisms in many cases produced a faint "pearly layer" or, in some cases, no "pearly layer" on the LVA egg ...

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous species of the phylum actinobacteria (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus mycobacterium. Mycobacterium fortuitum is a fast-growing species that can cause infections. The term "fast growing" is a reference to a growth rate of 3 or 4 days, when compared to other Mycobacteria that may take weeks to grow out on laboratory media. Pulmonary infections of M. fortuitum are uncommon, but Mycobacterium fortuitum can cause local skin disease, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone), joint infections and infections of the eye after trauma. Mycobacterium fortuitum has a worldwide distribution and can be found in natural and processed water, sewage, and dirt. Bacteria classified as Mycobacteria, include the causative agents for tuberculosis and leprosy. Mycobacteria are sometimes referred to as "acid-fast bacteria," a term referencing their response to a laboratory ...

Start Over You searched for: Subjects United States ✖Remove constraint Subjects: United States Subjects Cattle Diseases -- prevention & control ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cattle Diseases -- prevention & control Subjects Government Regulation ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Government Regulation Genre Address ✖Remove constraint Genre: Address Titles Cattle disease: speech ✖Remove constraint Titles: Cattle disease: speech Dates by Range 1850-1899 ✖Remove constraint Dates by Range: 1850-1899 ...

This case report describes a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in an adult, female single pet goat kept on a dairy cattle farm. The doe showed the habitus of a chronically ill animal, with poor body condition and chronic diarrhoea, when presented at the clinic. The animal displayed a grave manifestation of the disease with severe enteritis and typhlocolitis, lymphadenitis and some up to 10 cm in diameter pyogranulomatous inflammation in the liver, spleen, pancreas, omasum and the intestinal lymph nodes. All other causative agents that might explain the described signs were ruled out (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, tuberculosis, tumorous alterations, foreign bodies, caprine arthritis encephalitis). Goats seem to be vulnerable for yersiniosis, but in contrast to this case report, in most cases, Yersinia enterocolitica, and not Y. pseudotuberculosis, can be proved as infectious cause of yersiniosis. ...

Patients with pulmonary MAC with a lower BMI than healthy individuals also have a significantly poorer prognosis than those of normal weight. Emaciation in such patients is thought to be caused by destruction of lung structure from disease progression and an increased resting metabolic rate caused by the increased load from breathing; however, causes of emaciation and details of energy metabolism in these patients have not been studied.. Elucidating details of energy metabolism and causes of emaciation in patients with pulmonary MAC could provide the basis for improvement in nutritional status and activities of daily living through early nutrition therapy and rehabilitation. We propose to clarify the following:. Energy metabolism in patients with pulmonary MAC, including resting metabolic rate, calorie intake and consumption, and hormonal secretions.. Relation between energy metabolism and degree of pulmonary MAC progression. ...

CONTAGIOUS bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC, is one of the most important cattle diseases in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, CBPP has been controlled by the live T1/44 vaccine, which has been used in Africa for over 60 years. Vaccination has been shown to be successful when coverage of the cattle population of a country or region is high and maintained over successive years. However, it is well known that the vaccine provides only short-term immunity, can cause severe adverse reactions and is rarely effective in the face of a severe outbreak. Furthermore, mathematical modelling has shown that even a mass vaccination campaign over a five-year period is unlikely to achieve eradication unless other strategies are also used (Mariner and Catley 2004). Previously, it was believed … ...

Looking for online definition of Mycobacterium kansasii in the Medical Dictionary? Mycobacterium kansasii explanation free. What is Mycobacterium kansasii? Meaning of Mycobacterium kansasii medical term. What does Mycobacterium kansasii mean?

Tiwari, A., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Dohoo, I. R., Haddad, J. P., Stryhn, H. E., & Keefe, G. P. (2003). Effects of seropositivity for Bovine Leukemia Virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Neospora caninum on risk of culling in dairy cattle. In AABP Proceedings Columbus, Ohio ...

1] [Falkinham, J. O. 2009. Effects of Biocides and Other Metal Removal Fluid Constituents on Mycobacterium Immunogenum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(7), 2057-2061. doi:10.1128/aem.02406-08.] [2] [Fedrizzi, T., Meehan, C., Grottola, A. et al. 2017. Genomic characterization of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Sci Rep 7(45258), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45258] [3] [Garcia-Zamora, E., Sanz-Robles, H., Elosua-Gonzalez, M., Rodriguez-Vasquez, X., and Lopez-Estebaranz, JL. 2017. Cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium immunogenum: an European case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Online, 23(10). doi:13030/qt9zg5r07t] [4] [Jaén-Luchoro, D., Seguí, C., Aliaga-Lozano, F., Salvà-Serra, F., Busquets, A., Gomila, M., Bennasar-Figueras, A. 2016. Complete genome sequence of the Mycobacterium immunogenum type strain CCUG 47286. Genome Announcements 4(3), e00401-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00401-16] [5] [Kaur, G., Chander, A. M., Kaur, G., Maurya, S. K., Nadeem, S., Kochhar, R., ...

NIH Rare Diseases : 50 mycobacterium fortuitum is a bacteria that can cause infections of many areas of the body including the skin, lymph nodes, and joints. it belongs to a group of bacteria, known as nontuberculous mycobacterium, as it is different from the mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis. it can be found in natural and processed water, sewage, and dirt. healthy people usually do not get mycobacterium fortuitum infections; however, they may occur after surgery, in people with an impaired immune system, or after exposure to a contaminated medical device (such as an endoscope). it is uncommon for this condition to cause lung disease, but mycobacterium fortuitum infection can lead to skin disease, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone), joint infections, and eye disease. the signs and symptoms of infection differ depending on the infection site. treatment also depends on the site of the infection, but usually includes prolonged use of antibiotics. last updated: 2/22/2017 ...

Background & Aims: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis has been proposed as a cause of Crohn's disease. We report a prospective, parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of 2 years of clarithromycin, rifabutin, and clofazimine in active Crohn's disease, with a further year of follow-up. Methods: Two hundred thirteen patients were randomized to clarithromycin 750 mg/day, rifabutin 450 mg/day, clofazimine 50 mg/day or placebo, in addition to a 16-week tapering course of prednisolone. Those in remission (Crohn's Disease Activity Index ≤150) at week 16 continued their study medications in the maintenance phase of the trial. Primary end points were the proportion of patients experiencing at least 1 relapse at 12, 24, and 36 months. Results: At week 16, there were significantly more subjects in remission in the antibiotic arm (66%) than the placebo arm (50%; P = .02). Of 122 subjects entering the maintenance phase, 39% taking antibiotics experienced at least 1 relapse ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of Mycobacterium avium complex-infection treatment on cytokine expression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. T2 - Results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 853. AU - MacArthur, Rodger D.. AU - Lederman, Michael M.. AU - Benson, Constance A.. AU - Chernoff, Miriam C.. AU - MacGregor, Rob Roy. AU - Spritzler, John. AU - Mahon, Laura F.. AU - Yen-Lieberman, Belinda. AU - Purvis, Scott. PY - 2000/5/22. Y1 - 2000/5/22. N2 - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected persons with newly diagnosed Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia were enrolled in an 8- week study to determine whether treatment of MAC infection is associated with decreases in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. Blood specimens were obtained for quantitative MAC cultures and to determine plasma levels of HIV RNA, TNF-α, and other proinflammatory cytokines. MAC levels decreased by 1.75 log at week 4 (P = .008) and by 2.48 log at week 8 (P = .001). Plasma TNF-α ...

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic wasting diarrheal disease in ruminants called Johne's disease, that is evocative of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Agents used to treat IBD, called 'anti-inflammatories', immuno-modulators' and 'immuno-suppressants' inhibit MAP growth in culture. We concluded that, unknowingly, the medical profession has been treating MAP since sulfasalazine's introduction in 1942. Monensin, called a 'Growth Enhancer' in cattle, ameliorates Johne's disease without a documented mechanism of action. We hypothesized that Monensin would inhibit MAP in culture. Using the radiometric 14CO2 Bactec® system, that expresses mycobacterial growth in arbitrary growth index (GI) units, we studied the effect of Monensin on the growth kinetic of MAP isolated from humans with IBD ('Dominic', 'Ben' & UCF-4) and cattle with Johne's disease (303 & ATCC 19698.) Results are expressed as percent inhibition of cumulative GI (%-ΔcGI). The positive control

Coccidiosis is a protozoan cattle disease that most cattle develop some immunity to, while continuing to shed a few oocysts in their feces. Calves are the most vulnerable because they have the least immunity, particularly if they ingest a high number of immature protozoa in a dirty environment that overwhelm their immune system.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are opportunistic pathogens that may infect several species, including humans and pigs. Mah is however more frequently isolated from pigs than Maa, and it is unclear if this is due to difference in virulence or in exposure to the two organisms. Clinical isolates of each subspecies were administered perorally to ten domestic pigs, respectively. The animals were sacrificed at six and 12 weeks after inoculation. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions were recorded, and tissue samples were collected for mycobacterial culture, IS1245 real time PCR and histopathological examination. Culturing was also performed on faecal samples collected at necropsy. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions were detected in pigs infected with each subspecies, and bacterial growth and histopathological changes were demonstrated, also in samples from organs without gross pathological lesions. Six weeks after inoculation, live Mah was detected in

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the aetiological agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis and is included within the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Map strains are of two major types often referred to as 'Sheep' or 'S-type' and 'Cattle' or 'C-type'. With the advent of more discriminatory typing techniques it has been possible to further classify the S-type strains into two groups referred to as Type I and Type III. This study was undertaken to genotype a large panel of S-type small ruminant isolates from different hosts and geographical origins and to compare them with a large panel of well documented C-type isolates to assess the genetic diversity of these strain types. Methods used included Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units - Variable-Number Tandem Repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), analysis of Large Sequence Polymorphisms by PCR (LSP analysis), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis of gyr genes, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Restriction

Peritonitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is uncommon. The risk for MAC in AIDS patients is greatest in those with severely depressed CD4 count. The organs most commonly involved in disseminated MAC infection include spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and intestines. The involvement of peritoneum by MAC infection is rare. This is a case of MAC peritonitis in a 26-year-old female AIDS patient who is noncompliant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This patient presented with abdominal pain and distension, anorexia, diarrhea, and cough. She was treated with rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol along with atovaquone for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis and so the patient’s condition improved. MAC peritonitis should be considered in a patient presenting with nonspecific abdominal symptoms in the setting of AIDS and low CD4 count.

The catalase activities of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum strains were measured. M. intracellulare and M. avium had significantly lower activities than M. scrofulaceum. The percentage of catalase activity remaining after exposure of cell-free extracts from late-log-phase cells to 53°C for 50 min allowed differentiation among the three species; M. intracellulare catalase retained 14.1 ± 7.9% (mean ± standard deviation) of its activity, M. avium retained 53.3 ± 7.4% of its activity, and M. scrofulaceum catalase was very resistant and retained 82.8 ± 6.7% of its activity. Cells of all three species harvested in stationary phase exhibited higher percentages of heat-resistant catalase, and species could not be differentiated at this stage in the growth cycle. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude extracts from late-log-phase cells produced two bands of catalase activity in both M. intracellulare and M. avium extracts and four bands of activity in

TY - JOUR. T1 - Host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection. AU - Lamont, Elise A. AU - Xu, Wayne W.. AU - Sreevatsan, Srinand. PY - 2013/10/10. Y1 - 2013/10/10. N2 - Background: The initial interaction between host cell and pathogen sets the stage for the ensuing infection and ultimately determine the course of disease. However, there is limited knowledge of the transcripts utilized by host and pathogen and how they may impact one another during this critical step. The purpose of this study was to create a host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) interactome for early infection in an epithelium-macrophage co-culture system using RNA-seq.Results: Establishment of the host-MAP interactome revealed a novel iron assimilation system for carboxymycobactin. Iron assimilation is linked to nitric oxide synthase-2 production by the host and subsequent nitric oxide buildup. Iron ...

ANDRESIUK, M. V. et al. Echinococcus granulosus: biological comparison of cattle isolates from endemic regions of Argentina and Spain. Rev. argent. microbiol. [online]. 2009, vol.41, n.4, pp. 218-225. ISSN 1851-7617.. In the present study we have compared cattle isolates of Echinococcus granulosus from Argentina and Spain. The aim was to compare and determine if there exist phenotypic and genetic differences within E. granulosus cattle isolates between an endemic area of Spain (where the disease is mainly restricted to a sheep-dog cycle) and an endemic area of Argentina (where cattle are the most abundant intermediate hosts). The Spanish samples were previously identified as G1 genotype. The Argentinean samples were also identified as G1, but some variants were found for the cytochrome c oxidase-1 (CO1) and NADH dehydrogenase-1 (ND1) mitochondrial genes. When comparing the cyst features and the morphology of the larval rostellar hooks in both regions, some differences were found. The ...

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the cause of Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of the bovine host is not well understood; however, it is assumed that crossing the bovine intestinal mucosa is important in order for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to establish infection. To examine the ability of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to infect bovine epithelial cells in vitro, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) epithelial cells were exposed to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. It was observed that bacteria can establish infection and replicate within MDBK cells. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis also has been reported to infect mammary tissue and milk, and we showed that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infects bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cell line). Using polarized MAC-T cell monolayers, it was also determined that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis crosses apical and basolateral surfaces with approximately the same degree ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. AU - Koh, Won Jung. AU - Jeong, Byeong Ho. AU - Jeon, Kyeongman. AU - Lee, Soo Youn. AU - Shin, Sung Jae. PY - 2012/10/15. Y1 - 2012/10/15. N2 - Rationale: Little is known regarding the application of therapeutic drug monitoring for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease. Objectives: To evaluate drug interactions of multidrug regimens and clinical usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of MAC lung disease. Methods: A total of 130 patients with MAC lung disease and 60 patients with Mycobacterium abscessus complex lung disease were enrolled in this study. All of the MAC patients were treated with multidrug regimens that included clarithromycin (CLR), rifampin (RIF) or rifabutin (RFB), and ethambutol (EMB), and the plasma drug concentrations of CLR, RIF, and EMB were measured. Measurements and Main Results: Peak plasma CLR concentrations were lower in ...

Since Crohn's disease was first recognised in the early part of the twentieth century, it has been theorised that the disease is caused by a bacterial infection, with the principal suspect being mycobacteria, and more specifically in recent times, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Recently, research is making advances in understanding this organism, and is indicating more and more that at least some cases of Crohn's disease, if not all, are caused by paratuberculosis infection. Most importantly, the majority of Crohn's patients treated with antibiotic treatment which has activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis go into clinical remission. This is important information for sufferers of Crohn's disease, because Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is endemic in foods derived from cattle in most areas of the western world. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis causes a chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in cattle, and many other species, which is similar to Crohn's disease. In some countries, the ...

Previous studies found Hawaiians and Asian-Americans/Pacific Islanders to be independently at increased risk for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTMPD) and tuberculosis (TB). To better understand NTM infection and TB risk patterns in Hawaii, USA, we evaluated data on a cohort of patients in Hawaii for 2005-2013. Period prevalence of NTMPD was highest among Japanese, Chinese, and Vietnamese patients (>300/100,000 persons) and lowest among Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (50/100,000). Japanese patients were twice as likely as all other racial/ethnic groups to have Mycobacterium abscessus isolated (adjusted odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2) but were not at increased risk for infection with other mycobacteria species. In contrast, incidence of TB was stable and was lowest among Japanese patients (no cases) and highest among Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese patients (>50/100,000). Substantial differences exist in the epidemiology of NTMPD by race/ethnicity,

TY - JOUR. T1 - Localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection of vertebral and paravertebral structures in an HIV patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AU - Corrales-Medina, Vicente. AU - Symes, Stephen. AU - Valdivia-Arenas, Martin. AU - Boulanger, Catherine. PY - 2006/2/1. Y1 - 2006/2/1. KW - HIV. KW - Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS). KW - Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). KW - Paravertebral abscess. KW - Vertebral osteomyelitis. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33644978205&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=33644978205&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1097/01.smj.0000198645.36984.9c. DO - 10.1097/01.smj.0000198645.36984.9c. M3 - Article. C2 - 16509558. AN - SCOPUS:33644978205. VL - 99. SP - 174. EP - 177. JO - Southern Medical Journal. JF - Southern Medical Journal. SN - 0038-4348. IS - 2. ER - ...

Cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle with the most severe form of the disease caused by the apicomplexan, Babesia bovis. Babesiosis is transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus. The most prevalent species is Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, which is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The transmission of B. bovis is transovarian and a previous study of the R. microplus ovarian proteome identified several R. microplus proteins that were differentially expressed in response to infection. Through various approaches, we studied the reaction of the R. microplus ovarian transcriptome in response to infection by B. bovis ...

Rhipicephalus microplus is an efficient biological vector of Babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. Babesia bovis is passed transovarially to the next generation of ticks, which then transmit the parasite to naïve animals. Due to the importance of the R. microplus ovary for tick reproduction and transmission of B. bovis, we investigated the hypothesis that silencing vitellogenin receptor gene expression in the ovary during tick feeding on B. bovis-infected cattle would affect parasite transmission to the next generation of ticks. Silencing expression of the vitellogenin receptor in the ovary by RNA interference, resulted in reduced tick fertility. We observed reduced egg production (i.e. reduced weight of eggs), a lower rate of embryonic development, and a reduction in hatching. Analysis of individual larvae by PCR confirmed that RNAi mediated downregulation of the R. microplus vitellogenin receptor and also interfered with transovarial transmission of B. bovis. None of the larvae (0/58

The aim of the study was to diagnose Sarcocystis sp. infections in cattle and to detect coinfections by Toxoplasma gondii and/or Neospora caninum. Blood, diaphragm, esophagus, and myocardium from 90 beef cattle from Argentina were collected. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, polymerase chain reaction assays, and direct microscopical examination were carried out. Sarcocysts from myocardium were measured and counted. Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the three protozoans was performed. Sarcocystis cruzi sarcocysts were found in 100% of myocardium samples. Sarcocysts per gram ranged from 8 to 380 with higher values found in adult cattle (p < 0.001). T. gondii and N. caninum were not detected by immunohistochemistry. T. gondii DNA was found in myocardium of 2/20 seropositive animals, while N. caninum DNA was not found. Antibodies against S. cruzi were detected in all samples, those against N. caninum in 73% and against T. gondii in 91% of the samples (IFAT titer >/=25). It is ...

Background. Mycobacterium abscessus can produce a chronic pulmonary infection for which little is known regarding optimal treatment and long-term outcomes.. Methods. We performed a retrospective observational study (2001-2008) including all patients who met American Thoracic Society criteria for M. abscessus pulmonary disease. Our aim was the evaluation of clinical and microbiologic outcomes in patients treated with combined antibiotic and surgical therapy, compared with antibiotic therapy alone.. Results. A total of 107 patients were included in the analysis. Patients were predominantly female (83%) and never-smokers (60%), with a mean age of 60 years. Fifty-nine (55%) of 107 patients had coexistent or previous history of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary infection. High-resolution chest CT showed bronchiectasis and nodular opacities in 98% of patients and cavities in 44%. Sixy-nine (46 medical, 23 surgical) patients were followed up for a mean duration of 34 months (standard deviation, ...

BACKGROUND: There is currently no safe human challenge model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to enable proof-of-concept efficacy evaluation of candidate vaccines against tuberculosis. In vivo antimycobacterial immunity could be assessed using intradermal Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination as a surrogate for M. tuberculosis infection. METHODS: Healthy BCG-naive and BCG-vaccinated volunteers were challenged with intradermal BCG. BCG load was quantified from skin biopsy specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture colony-forming units. Cellular infiltrate was isolated by suction blisters and examined by flow cytometry. Prechallenge immune readouts were correlated with BCG load after challenge. RESULTS: In BCG-naive volunteers, live BCG was detected at the challenge site for up to 4 weeks and peaked at 2 weeks. Infiltration of mainly CD15(+) neutrophils was observed in blister fluid. In previously BCG-vaccinated individuals, PCR analysis of skin biopsy

It is believed that effective therapy for MAC disease in patients with AIDS requires combinations of two or more antimycobacterial agents in order to overcome drug resistance and the unfavorable influence of the profound immunosuppression associated with AIDS. Data suggest that clarithromycin may have substantial activity in two- or three-drug combination regimens with clofazimine, rifamycin derivatives, ethambutol, or the 4-quinolones.. Patients are randomized to one of three treatment arms containing clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol, rifabutin, or both. Clarithromycin alone is taken on days 1 through 3 to determine tolerance and rifabutin and/or ethambutol is added on day 3. AS PER AMENDMENT 7/2/97: Patients may elect to add ritonavir or indinavir to their treatment regimen. Treatment continues daily for 48 weeks. In the absence of a dose-limiting toxicity, those patients who are determined to be complete or partial responders continue on the regimen to which they were originally ...

Infectious Disease is a chapter in the book, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, containing the following 10 pages: Cryptococcal Meningitis, Mycobacterium Avium Complex, Mycobacterium Haemophilum, Mycobacterium Kansasii, Prevention of Secondary Infection in HIV, Isospora belli, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Sexually Transmitted Disease in HIV, Opportunistic Infections in HIV.

Johne's disease is a chronic debilitating enteropathy of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Current abattoir surveillance programs detect disease via examination of gross lesions and confirmation by histopathological and/or tissue culture, which is time-consuming and has relatively low sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate whether a high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) test is a viable alternative for tissue testing. Intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes were sourced from sheep experimentally infected with MAP and the DNA extracted using a protocol developed for tissues, comprised enzymatic digestion of the tissue homogenate, chemical and mechanical lysis, and magnetic bead-based DNA purification. The extracted DNA was tested by adapting a previously validated qPCR for fecal samples, and the results were compared with culture and histopathology results of the corresponding tissues. The MAP tissue qPCR confirmed infection in the majority of sheep with

Infections caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains represent a serious public health problem in recent years. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the resistance rates of M.tuberculosis complex strains isolated from clinical specimens in the laboratories of Cumhuriyet University and Numune State Hospitals in Sivas province (located in the middle Anatolia), between May 2004-May 2006 period, to the major antituberculous drugs. A total of 158 M.tuberculosis complex strains which were isolated from sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, stomach fluid, urine, pus, peritoneal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid samples, each of which from different patients were included to the study. The identification of the isolates and antituberculosis drug susceptibility testing were performed by MGIT (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube) 960 system in both of the laboratories. Of 158 isolates 42 (26.6%) were found resistant to at least one of the drugs, while 116 (73.4%) were susceptible ...

Infections caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex occur in approximately 50 to 60% of patients with AIDS. M. avium is an intracellular pathogen that survives and multiplies within mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we investigated the uptake of M. avium grown within macrophages (intracellular growth M. avium [IG]) by a second macrophage compared with M. avium cultured in broth (extracellular growth M. avium [EG]). The results showed that IG was six- to eightfold more efficient than EG in entering macrophages. In addition, while an anti-CR3 antibody was able to inhibit approximately 60% of EG uptake by macrophages, it failed to inhibit the entry of IG. In contrast to EG, IG uptake into macrophages was significantly inhibited in the presence of anti-beta1-integrin and anti-transferrin receptor antibodies. Entry into macrophages by alternate receptors was associated with resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulation. While stimulation with TNF-alpha resulted ...

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for the lethal Johne's disease in cattle. So far, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out to identify chromosomal regions highly associated with Johne's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variability within a pool of seven genes (LAMB1, DLD, WNT2, PRDM1, SOCS5, PTGER4 and IL10) indicated by former GWAS/RNA-Seq studies as putatively associated with MAP infections and to achieve a confirmation study of association with paratuberculosis susceptibility in a population of 324 German Holstein cattle (162 cases MAP positive and 162 controls MAP negative) using ELISA and fecal cultural tests. SNP validation and genotyping information are provided, quick methods for allelic discrimination were set up and transcription factor binding analyses were performed. The rs43390642:G,T SNP in the WNT2 promoter region is associated with paratuberculosis susceptibility ...

TY - CHAP. T1 - Environmental amoebae and mycobacterial pathogenesis. AU - Harriff, Melanie. AU - Bermudez, Luiz E.. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. N2 - Environmental amoebae have been shown to be a host to pathogenic mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium peregrinum can all grow inside Acanthamoeba and other environmental amoebae. Once ingested by Acanthamoeba, M. avium upregulates a number of genes, many of them similar to genes upregulated upon phagocytosis of M. avium by macrophages. Mycobacteria ingested by amoebae grow intracellularly, acquiring an invasive phenotype, evident when the bacterium escapes the infected amoeba. Once inside of amoeba, it has been shown that mycobacteria are protected from antibiotics and disinfectants, such as chlorine. This chapter describes methods employed for the study of the interaction of M. avium and Acanthamoeba.. AB - Environmental amoebae have been shown to be a host to pathogenic mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A randomized, double-blind trial comparing azithromycin and clarithromycin in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. AU - Dunne, M.. AU - Fessel, J.. AU - Kumar, P.. AU - Dickenson, G.. AU - Keiser, Philip. AU - Boulos, M.. AU - Mogyros, M.. AU - White, A. Clinton. AU - Cahn, P.. AU - O'Connor, M.. AU - Lewi, D.. AU - Green, S.. AU - Tilles, J.. AU - Hicks, C.. AU - Bissett, J.. AU - Schneider, M. M E. AU - Benner, R.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Two hundred and forty-six patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who also had disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex received either azithromycin 250 mg every day, azithromycin 600 mg every day, or clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day, each combined with ethambutol, for 24 weeks. Samples drawn from patients were cultured and clinically assessed every 3 weeks up to week 12, then monthly thereafter through week 24 of double-blind therapy and every 3 months ...

A unique test to detect diseases such as bTB and Johne's disease, with the global potential to be worth "billions" of pounds, will be commercially available to UK veterinary laboratories from the end of November.. The test, Actiphage, which is in the process of securing a worldwide patent, is based on advanced bacteriophage research conducted by Cath Rees, associate professor in microbiology at the The University of Nottingham School of Biosciences, and colleague Ben Swift, now a research fellow at the RVC.. The test can detect live mycobacteria in blood or milk in six hours, allowing affected cattle to be quickly identified and isolated/culled before they can infect others within the herd.. Dr Rees said: "The existing skin test [for bTB] is based on the animal's immune response, and takes three days to produce a result, but, more worryingly, is known to miss about 20% of infected animals, so more tests are needed to improve disease detection.. "Our new test is unique as it is the only test that ...

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY New Jersey's dairy industry includes dairy farmers, animal breeders, dairy cooperatives, milk handlers, processors, distributors and retail stores, all of which are served by the department. The state's 143 commercial and six institutional dairy farms produced just over 240 million pounds of milk valued at $36 million in FY01. New Jersey dairy farmers also produced heifers, cull cows, calves, grain, hay and other agricultural items, including breeding supplies such as embryos and semen. Maintaining the Viability of Dairy Farms in the Garden State The last decade has been an era of extreme economic distress for the dairy industry, nationwide and in New Jersey. The department continues to offer a variety of projects aimed at improving both the short- and long-term viability of this segment of the agriculture industry. Whole herd health and management programs, including control of Johne's disease and mastitis; financial management training; nutrient and crop management; and ...