Recent evidence supports a role for neutrophils in the host defense against Mycobacterium avium. To determine whether the depletion of neutrophils has an effect on the outcome of infection in mice as determined by the number of bacteria in liver and spleen, we administered RB6-8C5 anti-neutrophil antibody intraperitoneally both early and late in the infection. Mice were then observed for 14 days and harvested. The number of viable bacteria in liver and spleen was determined. While administration of RB6-8C5 antibody early in infection resulted in a significant increase in the number of bacteria in organs when compared with mice receiving immunoglobulin control, administration of RB6-8C5 antibody late in infection (week 3) did not have an impact on the bacterial load in tissue. Infection of CD18 knockout mice (with impaired neutrophil function), however, did not show a significant enhancement of M. avium growth when compared with that of wild-type control mice. Neutrophils were found to produce ...

Summary Mycobacterium avium is an intracellular pathogen that is associated with disseminated infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS appear to acquire M. avium mainly through the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies have shown that healthy mice given M. avium orally develop disseminated infection after 2-4 weeks. The chief site of M. avium invasion of the intestinal mucosa is the terminal ileum. To learn more about the pathophysiology of M. avium infection of the intestinal mucosa, C57BL/6 bg+ bg+ mice were infected orally with M. avium strain 101 and groups of six mice were killed each week for 8 weeks. The terminal ileum was then prepared for histopathological studies and electron microscopy. A delayed inflammatory response was observed and influx of neutrophils in the Peyer's patches was the only abnormality seen at 1 week. A severe inflammatory response was seen from week 2 to week 5 and necrosis of intestinal villi was observed 6 weeks after infection.

TY - JOUR. T1 - A randomized, double-blind trial comparing azithromycin and clarithromycin in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. AU - Dunne, M.. AU - Fessel, J.. AU - Kumar, P.. AU - Dickenson, G.. AU - Keiser, Philip. AU - Boulos, M.. AU - Mogyros, M.. AU - White, A. Clinton. AU - Cahn, P.. AU - OConnor, M.. AU - Lewi, D.. AU - Green, S.. AU - Tilles, J.. AU - Hicks, C.. AU - Bissett, J.. AU - Schneider, M. M E. AU - Benner, R.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Two hundred and forty-six patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who also had disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex received either azithromycin 250 mg every day, azithromycin 600 mg every day, or clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day, each combined with ethambutol, for 24 weeks. Samples drawn from patients were cultured and clinically assessed every 3 weeks up to week 12, then monthly thereafter through week 24 of double-blind therapy and every 3 months ...

Mycobacterial fractions, some of which are associated with the cell envelope of Mycobacterium avium serovar 4, were assessed for their ability to affect various immunological functions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Treatment of PBM with a total lipid fraction derived from M. avium serovar 4 resulted in a significant suppression of lymphoproliferative responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin stimulation at concentrations not affecting cell viability. Although a similar suppression was not observed when PBM were treated with purified serovar 4-specific glycopeptidolipids (GPL), treatment with the beta-lipid fragment derived from the GPL did result in a significant suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness. Further studies revealed that the total lipid fraction and the beta-lipid fragment were effective at significantly reducing the ability of human macrophages to restrict the intracellular growth of mycobacteria and at stimulating PBM to secrete prostaglandin E2. These same effects

Mycobacterium avium infections are frequently detected in AIDS patients in Brazil despite the wide use of highly active antiretroviral chemotherapy (4,9). This infection has been associated with AIDS in the presence of the late immunosuppression that occurs when CD4+ cell counts are extremely low. Antiretroviral treatment has considerably improved the prognosis of AIDS by reducing the incidence of opportunistic events, but treatment failures, and non-adherence to therapy render individuals susceptible to many pathogens. In such patients M. avium has been isolated from many clinical sources, including stool, sputum, skin, blood, CSF, and biopsy tissues. Isolation of organisms from these body sites does not necessarily mean that they are a cause of morbidity, unless they are found at sterile sites concomitantly with clinical evidence such as anemia, weight loss and diarrhea (4,9). The epidemiological events involved in the natural history of this infection have not yet been clarified.. Blood was ...

Mycobacterium avium Monoclonal Antibody from Invitrogen for ELISA applications. This antibody reacts with Bacteria samples. Clone: 2A4. Supplied as 200 µg purified antibody (1 mg/ml) in PBS with 0.09% sodium azide.

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for A0QND0 (RSMG_MYCA1), Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase G. Mycobacterium avium (strain 104)

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The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details ...

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Looking for online definition of Mycobacterium avium infection in the Medical Dictionary? Mycobacterium avium infection explanation free. What is Mycobacterium avium infection? Meaning of Mycobacterium avium infection medical term. What does Mycobacterium avium infection mean?

TY - JOUR. T1 - Intrapulmonary Mycobacterium avium infection as the first manifestation of chronic granulomatous disease. AU - Ohga, Shoichi. AU - Ikeuchi, K.. AU - Kadoya, R.. AU - Okada, K.. AU - Miyazaki, C.. AU - Suita, S.. AU - Ueda, K.. PY - 1997/1/1. Y1 - 1997/1/1. N2 - A 10-month-old Japanese male infant, with no history of being prone to infections, contracted an intrapulmonary mycobacterial infection. After 2 months of intermittent fever, radiological examinations revealed mass lesions in the lung and mediastinum. Biopsy specimens showed granulomas with caseous necrosis, from which Mycobacterium avium was isolated. There was no history of mycobacteriosis or immunodeficiency diseases among his relatives. Analyses of the O 2 - release and expression of NADPH oxidase components verified that he suffered from gp91-phox - chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and that his mother was a carrier of the disease. This is a rare clinical presentation for the onset of CGD, suggesting that the ...

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are opportunistic pathogens that may infect several species, including humans and pigs. Mah is however more frequently isolated from pigs than Maa, and it is unclear if this is due to difference in virulence or in exposure to the two organisms. Clinical isolates of each subspecies were administered perorally to ten domestic pigs, respectively. The animals were sacrificed at six and 12 weeks after inoculation. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions were recorded, and tissue samples were collected for mycobacterial culture, IS1245 real time PCR and histopathological examination. Culturing was also performed on faecal samples collected at necropsy. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions were detected in pigs infected with each subspecies, and bacterial growth and histopathological changes were demonstrated, also in samples from organs without gross pathological lesions. Six weeks after inoculation, live Mah was detected in

Epidemiological studies on Mycobacterium avium are requisite for revealing infection sources and disease transmission. They are based upon genotyping methods like RFLP and MIRU-VNTR. In our study, MIRU-VNTR typing was applied to 121 previously RFLP typed M. avium field isolates to compare the discri …

Recent studies have shown that respiratory isolates from pulmonary disease patients and household water/biofilm isolates of Mycobacterium avium could be matched by DNA fingerprinting. To determine if this is true for Mycobacterium intracellulare, household water sources for 36 patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease were evaluated. MAC household water isolates from three published studies that included 37 additional MAC respiratory disease patients were also evaluated. Species identification was done initially using nonsequencing methods with confirmation by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and/or partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. M. intracellulare was identified by nonsequencing methods in 54 respiratory cultures and 41 household water/biofilm samples. By ITS sequencing, 49 (90.7%) respiratory isolates were M. intracellulare and 4 (7.4%) were Mycobacterium chimaera. In contrast, 30 (73%) household water samples were M. chimaera, 8 (20%) were other MAC X species (i.e., ...

Tortoli, E; Rindi, L; Garcia, MJ; Chiaradonna, P; Dei, R; Garzelli, C; Kroppenstedt, RM; Lari, N; Mattei, R; Mariottini, A; Mazzarelli, G; Murcia, MI; Nanetti, A; Piccoli, P; Scarparo, C (July 2004). Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 4): 1277-85. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0. PMID 15280303 ...

Background : Practice guidelines recommending Mycobacterium avium complex MAC prophylaxis for patients with HIV disease were based on clinical trials in which individuals did not receive protease inhibitors. Objective : To estimate the cost-effectiveness of strategies for MAC prophylaxis in patients whose treatment regimen includes protease...

Question - Mycobacterium avium complex, bad cough, extreme chest pain, COPD, asthma, on antibiotics. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for Chest pain, Ask an ENT Specialist

TY - JOUR. T1 - Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium among HIV-infected patients after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AU - Kirk, O.. AU - Gatell, J.. AU - Pedersen, C.. AU - Proenca, R.. AU - Brettle, R.P.. AU - Barton, S.. AU - Sudre, P.. AU - Phillips, A.N.. AU - Lundgren, J.D.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. M3 - Journal article. VL - 162. SP - 865. EP - 872. JO - American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. JF - American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. SN - 1073-449X. ER - ...

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Distinct Differences in Repertoires of Low-Molecular-Mass Secreted Antigens of Mycobacterium avium Complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Antigens in a 4-week-

an oral drug used as prophylaxis and treatment for tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. Side effects may include rash, fever, gastrointestinal distress, liver and kidney toxicity and bone marrow suppression leading to leukopenia ...

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Results. The study was focused on the 280 patients with NTM isolation (28 were reinfected with at least another species). Mycobacterium avium was the main isolated species. 68% were men. Median age was 73.2. Most remarkable risk factors were: tobacco, COPD and bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis turned out to be a statistically significant risk factor for reinfection. Only 12 patients (12.4%) were treated ...

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Since 1994, Irish cattle have been exposed to greater risks of acquiring Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection as a consequence of the importation of over 70,000 animals from continental Europe. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of reported clinical cases of paratuberculosis in Ireland. This study examines the prevalence of factors that promote the introduction and within-herd transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) on selected Irish dairy farms in the Cork region, and the association between these factors and the results of MAP screening tests on milk sock filter residue (MFR). A total of 59 dairy farms, selected using non-random methods but apparently free of endemic paratuberculosis, were enrolled into the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data about risk factors for MAP introduction and transmission. The MFR was assessed on six occasions over 24 months for the presence of MAP, using culture and ...

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These bacteria cause disease in humans called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection or Mycobacterium avium complex infection.[2] These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household dust and in soil.[3] MAC bacteria only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or those with severe lung disease. ...

We want to hear from you. Disseminated MAC infections - Have spread throughout the body. Almost everyone has them in their bodies. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the major pathologic nontuberculous mycobacteria causing lung disease (LD) in humans worldwide. Este complejo incluye M. avium ssp. avium (MAA), M. avium sp. Epidemiology. The disease is also called MAC and it affects people with HIV who have a severely suppressed immune system and are not taking anti-HIV drugs (ART) or medication to prevent MAC. Some sources also include Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Do you have updated information on this disease? Opportunistic pathogens in the genus mycobacterium. Mycobacterium avium complex is a nonmotile, non-spore-forming, gram-positive acid-fast bacillus. avium, M. avium ssp. 1 Servicio de Medicina en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. We remove all identifying information when posting a question to protect your privacy. Do you ...

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the aetiological agent of Johnes disease or paratuberculosis and is included within the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Map strains are of two major types often referred to as Sheep or S-type and Cattle or C-type. With the advent of more discriminatory typing techniques it has been possible to further classify the S-type strains into two groups referred to as Type I and Type III. This study was undertaken to genotype a large panel of S-type small ruminant isolates from different hosts and geographical origins and to compare them with a large panel of well documented C-type isolates to assess the genetic diversity of these strain types. Methods used included Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units - Variable-Number Tandem Repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), analysis of Large Sequence Polymorphisms by PCR (LSP analysis), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis of gyr genes, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Restriction

TY - JOUR. T1 - Localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection of vertebral and paravertebral structures in an HIV patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AU - Corrales-Medina, Vicente. AU - Symes, Stephen. AU - Valdivia-Arenas, Martin. AU - Boulanger, Catherine. PY - 2006/2/1. Y1 - 2006/2/1. KW - HIV. KW - Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS). KW - Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). KW - Paravertebral abscess. KW - Vertebral osteomyelitis. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33644978205&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=33644978205&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1097/01.smj.0000198645.36984.9c. DO - 10.1097/01.smj.0000198645.36984.9c. M3 - Article. C2 - 16509558. AN - SCOPUS:33644978205. VL - 99. SP - 174. EP - 177. JO - Southern Medical Journal. JF - Southern Medical Journal. SN - 0038-4348. IS - 2. ER - ...

This is the first record of the detection of MAP in bovine milk in Northeast Brazil. The presence of MAP in milk has been previously reported in Brazil by Carvalho et al.,1818 Carvalho IA, Silva A, Campos EB, Moreira MAS. Short communication: detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction in bovine milk in Brazil. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(11):5408-5410. who found the IS900 region of DNA in 8/222 (3.6%) samples of raw bovine milk from Viçosa, Minas Gerais.. MAP has been detected previously in bovine milk in other countries. In Switzerland, DNA of IS900 was found in 273 (19.7%) of 1384 samples from milk tanks.1212 Corti S, Stephan R. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific IS900 insertion sequences in bulk-tank milk samples obtained from different regions throughout Switzerland. BMC Microbiol. 2002;2:15. Slana et al.1313 Slana I, Liapi M, Moravkovaa M, Kralovaa A, Pavlika I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow bulk ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Defining the stressome of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vitro and in naturally infected cows. AU - Wu, Chia Wei. AU - Schmoller, Shelly K.. AU - Sung, Jae Shin. AU - Talaat, Adel M.. PY - 2007/11/1. Y1 - 2007/11/1. N2 - Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes an enteric infection in cattle, with a great impact on the dairy industry in the United States and worldwide. Characterizing the gene expression profile of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to different stress conditions, or shed in cow feces, could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In this report, the stress response of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a genome-wide level (stressome) was defined for the first time using DNA microarrays. Expression data analysis revealed unique gene groups of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that were regulated under in vitro stressors while additional groups were regulated in the cow samples. ...

A cluster of patients refers to the geographic proximity of unrelated patients with the same disease and suggests a common environmental cause for that disease. Clusters of patients with Crohns disease have been linked to the presence of an infectious microorganism in unpasteurized milk and cheese, untreated water supplied by wells or springs, animal manure used as fertilizer for family vegetable gardens, and bodies of water contaminated by agricultural runoff. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the suspected cause of Crohns disease. MAP causes a disease in dairy cows and other animals that is similar to Crohns disease, called Johnes (Yo-knees) disease or paratuberculosis. Dairy cows with Johnes disease secrete MAP into their milk and excrete MAP into their feces. MAP is present in untreated water such as well water, in bodies of water contaminated by agricultural runoff, and in unpasteurized milk and cheese. The treatment of tap water to make it drinkable or

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johnes disease (JD), a chronic, nontreatable enteritis of ruminants. The pathogen causes substantial losses to the dairy industry and might be associated with Crohns disease in humans. Eradication of MAP through programs that are solely based on test and cull is ineffective because current tests lack sufficient accuracy for reliable detection of infected cattle. Consequently, current MAP control programs focus on prevention of new infections through implementation of best management practices. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the Alberta Johnes Disease Initiative (AJDI), a management-based MAP control program. Research in this thesis focussed on estimating MAP herd-prevalence, evaluating environmental samples as a diagnostic tool, identifying risk factors for MAP infection, and identifying factors that influenced management improvements. A total of 370 farms participated in the AJDI and were visited annually by their ...

Johnes disease is a chronic debilitating enteropathy of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Current abattoir surveillance programs detect disease via examination of gross lesions and confirmation by histopathological and/or tissue culture, which is time-consuming and has relatively low sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate whether a high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) test is a viable alternative for tissue testing. Intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes were sourced from sheep experimentally infected with MAP and the DNA extracted using a protocol developed for tissues, comprised enzymatic digestion of the tissue homogenate, chemical and mechanical lysis, and magnetic bead-based DNA purification. The extracted DNA was tested by adapting a previously validated qPCR for fecal samples, and the results were compared with culture and histopathology results of the corresponding tissues. The MAP tissue qPCR confirmed infection in the majority of sheep with

This thesis summarizes an investigation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) as a pathogen within the cow-calf industry in Canada. The specific objectives of this project were to describe the distribution of this pathogen in this industry provincially, as well as at the individual farm level in wildlife species, and in the environment. Secondary objectives of this project were to identify on-farm management risk factors that are associated with this disease and to examine potential options for herd level diagnostic capabilities. Nationally, 0.8% (95%CI = 0.4-1.1%) of the cows in the cow-calf industry were seropositive for Map with 11.7% (95%CI=7.0-16.5%) of the herds sampled having a minimum of one positive test result or 4.5% (95%CI=1.4-7.5%) of the herds having a minimum of two positive test results. The true cow prevalence was estimated as 1.8% (95%CI= 0.4 - 3.1). No Map was detected in any of the non-ruminant wildlife species sampled on cow-calf operations suggesting that ...

The catalase activities of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum strains were measured. M. intracellulare and M. avium had significantly lower activities than M. scrofulaceum. The percentage of catalase activity remaining after exposure of cell-free extracts from late-log-phase cells to 53°C for 50 min allowed differentiation among the three species; M. intracellulare catalase retained 14.1 ± 7.9% (mean ± standard deviation) of its activity, M. avium retained 53.3 ± 7.4% of its activity, and M. scrofulaceum catalase was very resistant and retained 82.8 ± 6.7% of its activity. Cells of all three species harvested in stationary phase exhibited higher percentages of heat-resistant catalase, and species could not be differentiated at this stage in the growth cycle. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude extracts from late-log-phase cells produced two bands of catalase activity in both M. intracellulare and M. avium extracts and four bands of activity in

TY - JOUR. T1 - The Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis protein MAP1305 modulates dendritic cell-mediated T cell proliferation through Toll-like receptor-4. AU - Lee, Su Jung. AU - Noh, Kyung Tae. AU - Kang, Tae Heung. AU - Han, Hee Dong. AU - Shin, Sung Jae. AU - Soh, Byoung Yul. AU - Park, Jung Hee. AU - Shin, Yong Kyoo. AU - Kim, Han Wool. AU - Yun, Cheol Heui. AU - Park, Won Sun. AU - Jung, In Duk. AU - Park, Yeong Min. PY - 2014/2/1. Y1 - 2014/2/1. N2 - In this study, we show that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis MAP1305 induces the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), a representative antigen presenting cell (APC). MAP1305 protein induces DC maturation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β) through Toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling by directly binding with TLR4. MAP1305 activates the phosphorylation of MAPKs, such as ERK, p38MAPK, and JNK, which is essential for DC ...

The objective of this study was to determine if viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was present in waste milk delivered and fed to calves on California calf ranches. Four calf-raising facilities in the Central Valley of California that fed pasteurized waste milk to calves were enrolled. Pre- and post-pasteurization waste milk samples were cultured for MAP using liquid and solid media over a 5-day period during each of four seasons. Aerobic cultures were performed Show moreThe objective of this study was to determine if viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was present in waste milk delivered and fed to calves on California calf ranches. Four calf-raising facilities in the Central Valley of California that fed pasteurized waste milk to calves were enrolled. Pre- and post-pasteurization waste milk samples were cultured for MAP using liquid and solid media over a 5-day period during each of four seasons. Aerobic cultures were performed simultaneously to ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aspergillus precipitating antibody in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. T2 - A cross-sectional study. AU - Suzuki, Shoji. AU - Asakura, Takanori. AU - Namkoong, Ho. AU - Okamori, Satoshi. AU - Yagi, Kazuma. AU - Kamata, Hirofumi. AU - Uwamino, Yoshifumi. AU - Funatsu, Yohei. AU - Nakano, Yasushi. AU - Nishimura, Tomoyasu. AU - Ishii, Makoto. AU - Ebihara, Tamotsu. AU - Betsuyaku, Tomoko. AU - Hasegawa, Naoki. PY - 2018/5. Y1 - 2018/5. N2 - Rationale: Little is known about the role of Aspergillus precipitating antibody (APAb) in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD). Objectives: We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with MAC-LD positive for APAb. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study targeting patients with MAC-LD. APAb was checked in all participants. Clinical variables included laboratory data, pulmonary function, high-resolution computed tomography findings, and health-related quality of life. Results: ...

Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection answers are found in the Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web.

Mycobacterium avium is one of the most frequently isolated non-tuberculous mycobacteria, responsible of human and porcine infections. The species M avium consists of four subspecies; M avium subspecies avium (MAA), M avium subspecies silvaticum (MAS), M avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and M avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) (Thorel and others 1990, Mijs and others 2002, Turenne and others 2007). Given its pathogenicity for both human beings and pigs, MAH represents an increasing public health concern (Pate and others 2011, Iwamoto and others 2012, Muwonge and others 2014). In pigs, these mycobacteria provoke granulomatous lesions mainly in lymph nodes of the digestive tract, potentially reducing the value of carcases (Alvarez and others 2011).. Recently, the authors reported on the predominance of MAH among Belgian patients (98.9 per cent) and slaughter pigs (100 per cent) infected by M avium (Vluggen and others 2016). Genotyping of these isolates revealed a large genetic diversity and ...

What is Mycobacterium avium complex disease? Mycobacterium avium [MY-co-bak-TEER-ee-um A-vee-um] complex, also known as MAC, is the name of a group of ...

Citation: Paustian, M., Kapur, V., Sreevatsan, S., Bannantine, J.P. 2007. Draft Genome Sequence of an Ovine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis Isolate [abstract]. Abstract No. 104C-05. p. 61. Interpretive Summary: This work was performed to sequence the complete genome of an isolate of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the bacteria that causes Johnes Disease, that was obtained from a sheep. Previous studies have shown that there are differences between the bacteria recovered from infected cattle and sheep. The findings will be of use to other scientists who can compare the genome sequence with other available sequences. Technical Abstract: An isolate of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) was cultured from the distal ileum of a sheep that had been diagnosed with Johnes Disease. Comparative genomic hybridization and short sequence repeat typing were used to characterize this isolate as typical of North American Johnes Disease sheep ...

Paratuberculosis in cows is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. (MAP) Infected cows spread MAP in the environment. Recently Supershedder (SS) cows were recognized. These cows are spreading extremely high numbers of MAP in the environment. These MAP in the environment can be ingested by herd-mates causing positive fecal samples ... read more in these herd-mates. We hypothesized that these fecal positive cows become Pass through cows, ingesting the MAP and shedding MAP in the feces without becoming positive on tissue rather than Active passive-shedders, ingesting the MAP, shedding MAP in the feces and becoming positive on tissue. By using the Multilocus Short Sequence Repeats (MLSSR) method for 3 different loci (1, 2 and 8) on SS cows and cows that were fecal positive at the same time as the SS, in three different herds in the North East of the US, we aimed to evaluate if low shedders should be considered Pass through cows or Active passive-shedders and if Active ...

In the present study, a robust TaqMan real-time PCR amplifying the F57 and the ISMav2 sequences of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples was developed and validated. The validation was based on the recommendations of International Organization for Standardization protocols for PCR and real-time PCR methods. For specificity testing, 205 bacterial strains were selected, including 105 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains of bovine, ovine, and human origin and 100 non-M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Diagnostic quality assurance was obtained by use of an internal amplification control. By investigating six TaqMan reagents from different suppliers, the 100% detection probability was assessed to be 0.1 picogram M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA per PCR. The amplification efficiency was 98.2% for the single-copy gene F57 and 97.8% for the three-copy insertion sequence ISMav2. The analytical method was not limited due to instrument specificity. The triplex real

Mycobacterium avium subspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP) belongs to theM avium complex (MAC). MAC occur widely in the environment and inhabit normal animal and human intestine. MAC do not usually cause disease unless the host is debilitated.MAP is a pathogen and causes chronic inflammation of the intestine in many animals, including primates.MAP is closely related genetically to other MAC but possesses additional DNA such as IS900, the hspX region, and the low %GC genetic element GS, which are associated with its pathogenic phenotype. Further genetic elements related to pathogenicity may be revealed by the whole genome sequencing ofMAP currently underway at the University of Minnesota. A recent review and extensive bibliography is available.1 MAP can colonise animals for years without causing disease. Chronic inflammation of the intestine (Johnes disease) may emerge after a long latent period, particularly when animals are stressed. Regional lymph nodes, liver, and lung are also involved. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - B-Cell Epitopes in the Immunodominant p34 Antigen of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Recognized by Antibodies from Infected Cattle. AU - Ostrowski, M.. AU - Mundo, S. L.. AU - Harris, N. B.. AU - Barletta, R. G.. AU - Lopez, O. J.. PY - 2003/11. Y1 - 2003/11. N2 - Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) causes Johnes disease, a chronic and fatal enteritis in ruminants. In the last stage of the disease, antibody titres rise and levels of interferon-γ decrease, suggesting that the host-immune response is switching from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 profile. In infected cattle, the membrane protein p34 elicits the predominant humoral response against M. paratuberculosis. To map the B-cell epitopes of this antigen, affinity-purified bovine antibodies against the carboxy-terminal region of p34 were used to screen a 12-mer phage display library. Several phage clones carrying peptides resembling fragments of p34 were affinity selected. Based on the ...

MAC Infection (Mycobacterium Avium Complex) Clinical Research Trial Listings in Immunology Pulmonary/Respiratory Diseases Hepatology (Liver, Pancreatic, Gall Bladder) Infections and Infectious Diseases on CenterWatch

Johnes disease, a serious chronic form of enteritis in ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). As the organism is very slow-growing and fastidious, several PCR-based methods for detection have been developed, based mainly on the MAP-specific gene IS900. However, because this gene is similar to genes in other mycobacteria, there is a need for sensitive and reliable methods to confirm the presence of MAP. As described here, two new real-time PCR systems on the IS900 gene and one on the F57 gene were developed and carefully validated on 267 strains and 56 positive clinical faecal samples. Our confirmatory PCR systems on IS900 were found sensitive and specific, only yielding weak false positive reactions in one strain for each system. The PCR system on F57 did not elicit any false positives and was only slightly less sensitive than our primary IS900-system. DNA from both naturally infected and spiked faeces that tested positive with our primary system could be confirmed

does anyone have a mycobacterium avium complex infection?? Mine is in my lung and I have been on tuberculosis drugs for about 2 years.

Johnes disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The usually fatal disease is characterised by cachexia, and in some species diarrhoea, after a long pre-clinical phase. Treatment is ineffective and economically impracticab …

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) persistently infects intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes leading to a prolonged subclinical disease. The MAP genome sequence was published in 2005, yet its transcriptional organization in natural infection is unknown. While prior research analyzed regulated gene sets utilizing defined, in vitro stress related or advanced surgical methods with various animal species, we investigated the intracellular lifestyle of MAP in the intestines and lymph nodes to understand the MAP pathways that function to govern this persistence. Our transcriptional analysis shows that 21%, 8% and 3% of the entire MAP genome was represented either inside tissues, macrophages or both, respectively. Transcripts belonging to latency and cell envelope biogenesis were upregulated in the intestinal tissues whereas those belonging to intracellular trafficking and secretion were upregulated inside the macrophages. Transcriptomes of natural infection and in vitro macrophage infection

File Title: Evaluation of eight live attenuated vaccine candidates for protection against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice ...

The generation of novel Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-specific monoclonal antibodies and phage-display derived peptide binders, along with their application for the magnetic separation (MS) of MAP cells, is described. Our aim was to achieve even greater MAP capture capability than is possible with peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMS) using a 50:50 mix of biotinylated-aMp3 and biotinylated-aMptD peptide-coated beads. Gamma-irradiated whole MAP cells and ethanol extracted antigens (EEA) from these cells were used to elicit an immune response and as phage-display biopanning targets. A range of novel binders was obtained and coated onto paramagnetic beads, both individually and in various combinations, for MS evaluation. IS900 PCR was employed after MS to provide quick results. Capture sensitivity was assessed using a range of MAP concentrations after which the most promising beads were tested for their specificity for MAP, by performing MS followed by culture using 10 other

The ability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to enter bovine epithelial cells is influenced by preexposure to a hyperosmolar environment and intracellular passage in bovine mammary epithelial cells ...

Dr Michael Mullan describes simple mathematical techniques to investigate the survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) during high temperature short time, HTST, pasteurisation.

Dr Michael Mullan describes simple mathematical techniques to investigate the survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) during high temperature short time, HTST, pasteurisation.

The patient was 71-year-old male with a history of sinobronchial syndrome since 8 years ago. He has been suffering from cough, sputum and upper abdominal discomfort since January 1994. He was diagnosed as an early gastric cancer by endoscopy, and his chest X-ray film showed an infiltrative shadow in the right upper lung field. A smear of the sputum specimen was positive for acid fast bacilli, which were later identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare. In this case, before the Mycobacterium intracellulare infection, it was confirmed that his mucociliary transport was severely impaired by using aerosol inhalation cine-scintigraphy. This case suggests that an impairment of the local defence mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium intracellulare infection.

The environmental factors at play in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain enigmatic. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is transmitted from dairy herds to humans through food contamination. MAP causes an asymptomatic infection that is highly prevalent in Sardinian T1D patients compared with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy controls. Moreover, MAP elicits humoral responses against several mycobacterial proteins. We asked whether antibodies (Abs) against one of these proteins, namely MAP3865c, which displays a sequence homology with the β-cell protein zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) could be cross-reactive with ZnT8 epitopes. To this end, Ab responses against MAP3865c were analyzed in Sardinian T1D, T2D and healthy subjects using an enzymatic immunoassay. Abs against MAP3865c recognized two immunodominant transmembrane epitopes in 52-65% of T1D patients, but only in 5-7% of T2D and 3-5% of healthy controls. There was a linear correlation between titers of anti-MAP3865c and anti

|i|Mycobacterium avium|/i| subsp. |i|paratuberculosis|/i| (Map) contains PPE family antigens which are Proline and glutamic acid rich and may play important role as T cell antigens. Hence the identification and generation of antigens are necessary for immunological characterization. In the present study, the epitopic region of a unique PPE gene encoding 34.9 kDa protein from Map was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The gene was cloned into |i|Escherichia coli|/i| vector pQE30 UA. The recombinant plasmid designated as pQPPE was transformed into |i|E. coli|/i| M15 and induced with IPTG revealed the high level expression of 37.1 kDa His-fusion protein (34.9 kDa PPE and 2.2 kDa His-tag), which was confirmed by immunoblotting. Recombinant PPE protein was then purified by Ni-NTA agarose chromatography. The polyclonal antiserum raised against purified recombinant PPE protein reacted with expressed 37.1 kDa His-fusion protein as well as with Map sonicate. The protein elicited

Pathology support in collaborative research projects. Book Chapters Francisco A Uzal, Jesse M Hostetter and Brandon L Plattner. (2016). The gastrointestinal tract. In: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmers Pathology of Domestic Animals, Volume 1. Maxie, 6th ed. Elsevier.. Selected Publications: Search PubMed for Dr. Plattner -Ludwig L, Egan R, Baquero MM, Mansz A and Plattner BL. 2019. WC1+ and WC1neg gd T lymphocytes in intestinal mucosa of healthy and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infected calves. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. In press.. -Stinson KJ, Duffield TF, Kelton DF, Baquero MM and Plattner BL. 2019. A preliminary study investigating effects of oral monensin sodium in an enteric Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis model of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. In press.. -Stinson KJ, Baquero MM and Plattner BL. 2018. Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves. Veterinary Research. ...

Johnes disease is chronic inflammation of the intestine caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Infection and disease are mainly in domestic livestock but can affect many species including primates. Johnes is a new disease which emerged at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and principally involved Europe and North America. It has since spread to former low incidence regions to become a global problem. Crohns disease is a chronic inflammation of the intestine in humans which emerged in Europe and North America mid 20th century and increased to become a major healthcare problem. It has now spread to former low incidence regions. Infected animals shed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and into the environment. Human populations are widely exposed. Outcomes maybe influenced by microbial phenotype. Exposure to extracellular forms of these pathogens may confer some natural protection; exposure to intracellular forms which have passaged through milk ...

MAP causes Johnes disease in cattle and other ruminants. It has long been suspected as a causative agent in Crohns disease in humans,[4][5] but studies have been unable to show definite correlation.[6] Recent studies have shown that MAP present in milk can survive pasteurization, which has raised human health concerns due to the widespread nature of MAP in modern dairy herds. MAP survival during pasteurization is dependent on the D72C-value of the strains present and their concentration in milk.[7] It is heat resistant and is capable of sequestering itself inside white blood cells, which may contribute to its persistence in milk. It has also been reported to survive chlorination in municipal water supplies. MAP is a slow growing organism and is difficult to culture. Bacterial cultures were regarded as Gold standards for detection of MAP. Detection is very limited in fresh tissues, food, and water. Recently, John Aitken and Otakaro Pathways have discovered a method to culture MAP from human ...

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic infection in cattle. MAP infected cattle with humoral immune (HI) reactions with IgG antibodies are usually those where latency of infection has ceased and their infection is progressing towards reduced milk yield, weight loss and significant bacterial excretion in feces. The proportion of detectable infections among all infected animals that will develop disease is often referred to as the tip of the iceberg. The purpose of this study was to estimate this proportion. Test-records from 18,972 Danish dairy cows with MAP specific IgG antibodies on their final test-record were used to estimate age-specific sensitivities (Se). These cows were the infected ones considered to develop disease in a population with a representative age-distribution and were defined as cases. The specificity (Sp) of the test was estimated based on test-results from 166,905 cows, which had no MAP IgG antibodies in their final four test-records. The Sp, ...

Although colostrum has been used to detect specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, confounding, non-specific reactions can be a problem. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of non-specific ELISA reactions in samples of colostrum taken between 0 and 4days-in-milk (DIM), and to assess the probability of an animal testing positive for MAP specific IgG over this time-period. Non-specific reactions were found in 3/365 (0.8%) of samples. The odds of an animal testing positive on day of calving were 130 times higher than at 4 DIM. The findings suggest colostral samples may have enhanced diagnostic potential over milk samples in determining if cattle have been exposed to or infected with MAP ...

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This report provides evidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in a wide range of nonruminant wildlife species in North America and confirms that the nonruminant infections reported in Scotland (3, 4) were not an isolated occurrence. In both of these studies M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from tissue and feces from mammals and birds, and infections were detected on numerous premises. However, both the number of isolates and species infection prevalences were lower in our surveys than reported in Scotland (4, 11, 12).. It is now clear that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may infect animals in multiple taxonomic groups, but the pathogenic capacity of the organism for these species is still an open question. In Scotland, histological lesions were seen in rabbits (11, 12), foxes, weasels, a stoat, wood mouse, and crow (4). The absence of histological lesions in tissues from infected animals in our study may be related to the phase of infection in the culture-positive ...

On March 24 and 25, 2017 researchers and clinicians from around the world met at Temple University in Philadelphia to discuss the current knowledge of Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) and its relationship to human disease. The conference was held because of shared concern that MAP is a zoonotic bacterium that poses a threat not only to animal health but also human health. In order to further study this problem, the conferees discussed ways to improve MAP diagnostic tests and discussed potential future anti-MAP clinical trials. The conference proceedings may be viewed on the www.Humanpara.org website. A summary of the salient work in this field is followed by recommendations from a majority of the conferees.

Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half life, which enables once daily dosing and shorter administration durations, is a property distinct from other macrolides ...