Growth kinetics and collagen production were determined in smooth muscle cells isolated from human jejunum and maintained in cell culture. Collagen synthesis increased during the first 15 days in culture at a time when the rate of cell proliferation was maximal. When confluent, these cells produced significantly more collagen than human dermal fibroblasts cultured under identical conditions. The smooth muscle cells required daily replenishment of ascorbate for maximal collagen synthesis. The types of collagen produced by human intestinal smooth muscle cells in culture were the same as those collagens extracted from strictured human bowel (types I, III, and V). These findings suggest that collagen production by human intestinal smooth muscle cells has a role in the repair as well as the fibrosis of the gastrointestinal tract. © 1987 ...

Smooth muscle is responsible for the contractility of hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the uterus. Its structure differs greatly from that of skeletal muscle. The human stomach contains three layers of muscle in its walls, the outer longitudinal, the middle circular and the inner oblique and visceral smooth muscle cells makes up all three layers along the entire organ. Smooth muscle contraction is critical to peristalsis in the human stomach and the contraction may be mediated by activation of phospholipase through two distinct mechanisms (increased intracellular Ca2+ and G protein activation) and activating PKCepsilon-dependent mechanisms. In vitro study also shows that gastric smooth muscle cells express ET and eNOS and both calcium and sodium may be involved as current carriers in the generation of the plateau potential.HGSMC from Bioarray Research Laboratories are isolated from the human stomach. HGSMC are cryopreserved at secondary culture ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A novel Ca2+ influx pathway activated by mechanical stretch in human airway smooth muscle cells. AU - Ito, Satoru. AU - Kume, Hiroaki. AU - Naruse, Keiji. AU - Kondo, Masashi. AU - Takeda, Naoya. AU - Iwata, Susumu. AU - Hasegawa, Yoshinori. AU - Sokabe, Masahiro. PY - 2008/4/1. Y1 - 2008/4/1. N2 - In response to mechanical stretch, airway smooth muscle exhibits various cellular functions such as contraction, proliferation, and cytoskeletal remodeling, all of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma. We tested the hypothesis that mechanical stretch of airway smooth muscle cells increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+] i) by activating stretch-activated (SA) nonselective cation channels. A single uniaxial stretch (3 s) was given to human bronchial smooth muscle cells cultured on an elastic silicone membrane. After the mechanical stretch, a transient increase in [Ca2+]i was observed. The [Ca 2+]i increase was significantly dependent on stretch amplitude. The ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - PPARγ ligand ciglitazone inhibits TNFα-induced ICAM-1 in human airway smooth muscle cells. AU - Huang, Chien Da. AU - Hsiung, Te Chih. AU - Ho, Shu Chuan. AU - Lee, Kang Yun. AU - Chan, Yao Fei. AU - Kuo, Li Wei. AU - Lin, Shu Min. AU - Wang, Chun Hua. AU - Lin, Horng Chyuan. AU - Kuo, Han Pin. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Background: Modification of human airway smooth muscle (ASM) function by proinflammatory cytokines has been regarded as a potential mechanism underlying bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Human ASM cells express intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in response to cytokines. Synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ reportedly possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we examined whether ciglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ ligand, can modulate the basal and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced ICAM1 gene expression in human ASM cells. Methods: Human ASM cells were treated with TNFα. ICAM-1 ...

Organization of cytoskeletal and myofilament elements in smooth at muscles. Diagram Of Smooth Muscle delightful to be able to the website, on this period I will teach you regarding Diagram of smooth muscle.. Now, here is the very first impression, diagram of smooth muscle, diagram of smooth muscle cells, diagram of smooth muscle tissue, diagram of smooth muscle contraction, labelled diagram of smooth muscle cell, labelled diagram of smooth muscle, histological diagram of smooth muscle, diagram of smooth cardiac and skeletal muscles :. ...

Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped, and, like all muscle, can contract and relax. In the relaxed state, each cell is spindle-shaped, 20-500 micrometers long, and 5 micrometers wide.[1] There are two types of smooth muscle arrangements in the body: multi-unit and single-unit. The single-unit type, also called unitary smooth muscle, is far more common. Whereas the former presents itself as distinct muscle fibers that are usually activated by their own nerve fibers, the latter operate as a single unit and are arranged in sheets or bundles. Unitary smooth muscle is also commonly referred to as visceral smooth muscle because it is found in the walls of the viscera, or internal organs, of the body, including the intestines, ducts such as the bile ducts, ureters and oviducts, and most blood vessels.[2] Unitary smooth muscle can be further divided into phasic and tonic. The cells that compose smooth muscle have, in general, single nuclei. The cells are arranged in sheets or bundles and connected by ...

Smooth muscle has elongated spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus. Unlike skeletal muscle, which appears striated when stained and viewed under a light microscope, the contractile filaments in smooth muscle cells arent arranged in such an ordered, linear way. The contractile proteins are actin and myosin, the same as in skeletal muscle cells.The amount of myosin in smooth muscle cells is considerably less than in cells of skeletal muscle; the ratio of actin to myosin is about 15:1 for smooth muscle, compared to only 2:1. Smooth muscle cells are located within the walls of tubular or hollow organs or vessels for structural support. These can be divided into subtypes of smooth muscle cells; those in the vascular system, respiratory system, intestines, the eye and reproductive organs.[1] Contraction of smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, meaning its movements are primarily involuntary. However, as opposed to skeletal muscle, it can also be controlled by chemical and ...

To generate temporally-controlled targeted somatic mutations selectively and efficiently in smooth muscles, we have established a transgenic SMA-Cre-ER(T2) mouse line in which the expression of the Tamoxifen-dependent Cre-ER(T2) recombinase is under the control of a large genomic DNA segment of the mouse smooth muscle alpha actin (SMA) gene, contained in a Bacterial artificial chromosome (Bac). In this transgenic mouse line, Cre-ER(T2)-mediated recombination of LoxP-flanked target DNA is strictly Tamoxifen-dependent, and efficient in both vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells. Moreover, with the exception of few cardiomyocytes, LoxP-flanked DNA excision is restricted to smooth muscle cells. Thus, SMA-Cre-ER(T2) mice should be of great value to analyze gene function in smooth muscles, and to establish new animal models of human smooth muscle disorders.

Asthma is characterized by structural changes in the airways - airway remodelling. These changes include an increase in the bulk of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) and alterations in the profile of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the airway wall. The mechanisms leading to airway remodelling are not well understood. ASM cells have the potential to play a key role in these processes through the production and release of ECM proteins. The ASM cells and ECM proteins are each able to influence the behaviour and characteristics of the other. The modified ECM profile in the asthmatic airway may contribute to the altered behaviour of the ASM cells, such responses to ECM proteins are modulated through the cell surface expression of integrin receptors. ASM cells from asthmatic individuals express different levels of some integrin subunits compared to nonasthmatic ASM cells, which have the potential to further influence their responses to the ECM proteins in the airways. ECM homeostasis requires the ...

BACKGROUND Airway smooth muscle contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases by secreting inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 production is in part regulated via activation of Gq-and Gs-coupled receptors. Here we study the role of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac1 and Epac2) in the bradykinin-induced IL-8 release from a human airway smooth muscle cell line and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this response. METHODS IL-8 release was assessed via ELISA under basal condition and after stimulation with bradykinin alone or in combination with fenoterol, the Epac activators 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP and Sp-8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMPS, the PKA activator 6-Bnz-cAMP and the cGMP analog 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cGMP. Where indicated, cells were pre-incubated with the pharmacological inhibitors Clostridium difficile toxin B-1470 (GTPases), U0126 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2) and Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS (PKA). The

The lack of an inducible differentiation or lineage system for smooth muscle has been a major limitation in studies of smooth muscle development and has impeded efforts to identify genetic elements involved in the regulation of smooth muscle lineage determination and/or differentiation. The positive identification of smooth muscle lineages has also been problematic for several reasons. First, SMCs do not undergo terminal differentiation or cell fusion and therefore are not readily identifiable by morphological criteria. Second, many markers of differentiated smooth muscle such as SM α-actin, h-caldesmon, (α, β)-metavinculin, and γ-vinculin are or can be expressed by non-SMCs, including developing skeletal and cardiac muscle28 29 and other contractile cells in vivo53 54 55 and in a variety of cultured cell lines.30 31 32 33 Additionally, it is well established that the differentiated state of SMCs is extremely plastic40 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 and appears to be dependent on ...

Phenotype and functional heterogeneity of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells in vitro is well known, but there is limited understanding of these features in vivo. We tested whether ASM is composed of myocyte subsets differing in contractile phenotype marker expression. We used flow cytometry to compare smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC) and smooth muscle-alpha-actin (sm-alpha-actin) abundance in myocytes dispersed from canine trachealis. Based on immunofluorescent intensity and light scatter characteristics (forward and 90 degrees side scatter), 2 subgroups were identified and isolated. Immunoblotting confirmed smMHC and sm-alpha-actin were 10- and 5-fold greater, respectively, in large, elongate myocytes that comprised -60% of total cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed similar phenotype heterogeneity in human bronchial smooth muscle. Canine tracheal myocyte subpopulations isolated by flow cytometry were used to seed primary subcultures. Proliferation of subcultures established with myocytes ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in airway smooth muscle. Role of endothelial differentiation gene 1, c-Src tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. AU - Rakhit, S. AU - Conway, A M. AU - Tate, R. AU - Bower, T. AU - Pyne, N J. AU - Pyne, S. PY - 1999/3/15. Y1 - 1999/3/15. N2 - We report here that cultured airway smooth muscle cells contain transcripts of endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG-1), a prototypical orphan Gi-coupled receptor whose natural ligand is sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). This is consistent with data that showed that S1P activated both c-Src and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42/p44 MAPK) in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner in these cells. An essential role for c-Src was confirmed by using the c-Src inhibitor, PP1, which markedly decreased p42/p44 MAPK activation. We have also shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) decreased p42/p44 ...

Distinguishing bladder muscularis propria from muscularis mucosae can be problematic especially in transurethral resection specimens performed for bladder carcinoma. Moreover, bladder carcinoma can be associated with a proliferative/desmoplastic myofibroblastic response that can resemble smooth muscle and potentially lead to overdiagnosis of muscularis propria invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of immunohistochemistry in staging bladder carcinoma by evaluating the expression of different markers in myofibroblasts and nonvascular smooth muscle cells in 15 cases of invasive bladder carcinoma. Reactive myofibroblasts were consistently positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, consistently negative for caldesmon, desmin, and smoothelin, and had variable expression of actin and CD10. Nonvascular smooth muscle cells of the bladder were consistently positive for smooth muscle actin, actin, desmin, and caldesmon, and consistently negative for CD10. In contrast to ...

The small GTPase RhoA increases smooth muscle contractility, and IQGAP1 has previously been shown to bind RhoA (9). Consistent with a pattern of increased RhoA activation, MLC phosphatase phosphorylation and MLC phosphorylation were both increased in Iqgap1-/- compared with WT samples (Figure 2D). RhoA-GTP, the active form, was increased in Iqgap1-/- tracheal smooth muscle and in human airway smooth muscle cells with shRNA-mediated IQGAP1 knockdown (Figure 2, E and F, and Supplemental Figure 3A). These data suggest that IQGAP1 normally blunts airway smooth muscle contractility by inhibiting RhoA activation.. Since IQGAP1 is known to act as a protein scaffold (4, 5, 14), we reasoned that IQGAP1 might bind a RhoGAP and RhoA simultaneously, thus enhancing the inhibitory effect of the RhoGAP on RhoA activation. One RhoGAP in particular, p190A-RhoGAP, is well characterized in multiple cell types (15-17), and we found p190A-RhoGAP knockdown to increase RhoA activation in human airway smooth muscle ...

Cysteine-containing leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs) are pivotal inflammatory mediators that play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other inflammatory conditions. In particular, cysteinyl-LTs exert a variety of effects with relevance to the aetiology of asthma such as smooth muscle contraction, eosinophil recruitment, increased microvascular permeability, enhanced mucus secretion and decreased mucus transport and, finally, airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) proliferation. We used human ASMC (HASMC) to identify the signal transduction pathway(s) of the leukotriene D4 (LTD4)-induced DNA synthesis. Proliferation of primary HASMC was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGF-R) and ERK1/2 was assessed with a polyclonal anti-EGF-R or anti-phosphoERKl/2 monoclonal antibody. A Ras pull-down assay kit was used to evaluate Ras activation. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated by measuring dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF

Although smooth muscle contraction relies on the presence of Ca++ ions, smooth muscle fibers have a much smaller diameter than skeletal muscle cells. T-tubules are not required to reach the interior of the cell and therefore not necessary to transmit an action potential deep into the fiber. Smooth muscle fibers have a limited calcium-storing SR but have calcium channels in the sarcolemma (similar to cardiac muscle fibers) that open during the action potential along the sarcolemma. The influx of extracellular Ca++ ions, which diffuse into the sarcoplasm to reach the calmodulin, accounts for most of the Ca++ that triggers contraction of a smooth muscle cell.. Muscle contraction continues until ATP-dependent calcium pumps actively transport Ca++ ions back into the SR and out of the cell. However, a low concentration of calcium remains in the sarcoplasm to maintain muscle tone. This remaining calcium keeps the muscle slightly contracted, which is important in certain tracts and around blood ...

Expression of the alpha7 integrin is developmentally regulated and is thought to be tissue-specific for both skeletal and cardiac muscles. We now report that alpha7 is also strongly and ubiquitously expressed by various types of smooth muscle, including vascular, gastrointestinal and genitourinary smooth muscles. In addition, alpha7 was surface-expressed by a number of smooth muscle cell lines that maintained their differentiated phenotype following adaptation to culture. Studies with the mouse 9E11G smooth muscle cell line showed that the alpha7 integrin mediated both adhesion and motility of these cells on laminin 1 substrates. Alpha7 expression appears to correlate with the smooth-muscle-differentiated phenotype. The multipotential P19 mouse embryonic stem cell line lacks alpha7 but uses the alpha6 integrin to adhere to laminin 1. Following retinoic acid-induced P19 differentiation predominantly to the smooth muscle cell lineage, high expression of alpha7 was detected along with partial ...

Smooth muscle from newborn guinea-pig vas deferens was enzymically dispersed into single cells or small clumps and grown in culture in the presence or absence of sympathetic ganglion explants.. Most single smooth muscle cells gradually lost their typical ultrastructural features and contractile properties during the first few days in culture. At 7 days of culture these dedifferentiated smooth muscle cells underwent extensive proliferation. If sufficient cells were present in the culture inoculate, a continuous monolayer formed at about 9 days of culture and redifferentiation of smooth muscle began. At 11-12 days of culture the cells reaggregated into clumps, began to contract spontaneously, and formed into well-organized muscle bundles in two layers at right angles, resembling the muscle layer organization of the in vivo vas deferens. In cultures where a continuous monolayer was not formed at 9 days, isolated cells did not redifferentiate. The process of dedifferentiation and proliferation was ...

Interleukin (IL)-8 is a C-X-C chemokine that potently chemoattracts and activates neutrophils. We determined whether IL-8 could be produced by human airway smooth muscle cells in culture and examined its regulation. TNF-alpha stimulated IL-8 mRNA expression and protein release in a time- and dose-de …

Ca(2+) sparks are highly localized Ca(2+) transients caused by Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors (RyR). In smooth muscle, Ca(2+) sparks activate nearby large-conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) (BK) channels to generate spontaneous transient outward currents (STOC). The properties of individual sites that give rise to Ca(2+) sparks have not been examined systematically. We have characterized individual sites in amphibian gastric smooth muscle cells with simultaneous high-speed imaging of Ca(2+) sparks using wide-field digital microscopy and patch-clamp recording of STOC in whole cell mode. We used a signal mass approach to measure the total Ca(2+) released at a site and to estimate the Ca(2+) current flowing through RyR [I(Ca(spark))]. The variance between spark sites was significantly greater than the intrasite variance for the following parameters: Ca(2+) signal mass, I(Ca(spark)), STOC amplitude, and 5-ms isochronic STOC amplitude. Sites that failed to generate

Definition of smooth muscle cell in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is smooth muscle cell? Meaning of smooth muscle cell as a finance term. What does smooth muscle cell mean in finance?

The results of this present thesis show a deficiency of IL-10 production in alveolar macrophages in asthma. The reduced IL-10 expression on protein and m-RNA level correlated with an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-(, MIP1- ( and GM-CSF. These observations implicate an impaired IL-10 synthesis in asthma with a subsequent prolongation of the inflammatory response. This leads to the conclusion that a dysbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is present in asthma and may be therefore of pathogenetic importance. The reduced sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to the inhibitory effects of exogenous IL-10 compared to peripheral blood monocytes may be caused by different signal transduction mechanisms. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokines RANTES and IL-8 in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells led to the conclusion that airway smooth muscle cells may act beside their contractile function as immunomodulatory cells in the pathogenesis of ...

The results of this present thesis show a deficiency of IL-10 production in alveolar macrophages in asthma. The reduced IL-10 expression on protein and m-RNA level correlated with an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-(, MIP1- ( and GM-CSF. These observations implicate an impaired IL-10 synthesis in asthma with a subsequent prolongation of the inflammatory response. This leads to the conclusion that a dysbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is present in asthma and may be therefore of pathogenetic importance. The reduced sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to the inhibitory effects of exogenous IL-10 compared to peripheral blood monocytes may be caused by different signal transduction mechanisms. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokines RANTES and IL-8 in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells led to the conclusion that airway smooth muscle cells may act beside their contractile function as immunomodulatory cells in the pathogenesis of ...

Airway remodeling is not specifically targeted by current asthma medications, partly owing to the lack of understanding of remodeling mechanisms, altogether posing great challenges in asthma treatment. Increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass due to hyperplasia/hypertrophy contributes significantly to overall airway remodeling and correlates with decline in lung function. Recent evidence suggests that IgE sensitization can enhance the survival and mediator release in inflammatory cells. Human ASM (HASM) cells express both low affinity (FcεRII/CD23) and high affinity IgE Fc receptors (FcεRI), and IgE can modulate the contractile and synthetic function of HASM cells. IgE was recently shown to induce HASM cell proliferation but the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. We report here that IgE sensitization induces HASM cell proliferation, as measured by 3H-thymidine, EdU incorporation, and manual cell counting. As an upstream signature component of FcεRI signaling, inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase

Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction Hyperresponsiveness to mast cell-derived mediators (eg, histamine) is a distinctive feature of asthma, but its etiology is

TY - JOUR. T1 - Electrophysiology of smooth muscle of the small intestine of some mammals.. AU - Hara, Y.. AU - Kubota, M.. AU - Szurszewski, J. H.. PY - 1986/3/1. Y1 - 1986/3/1. N2 - Intracellular recordings were made from cells located in the longitudinal, inner and outer circular muscle layers of the dog, cat, rabbit, opossum and human small intestine. In whole‐thickness preparations in all five species, longitudinal muscle cells generated slow waves and spikes. However, in isolated longitudinal muscle preparations, all cells tested were electrically silent. In whole‐thickness and in isolated preparations, cells in the inner circular muscle layer generated spontaneous spikes superimposed on slow potentials. However, the occurrence of spikes and slow potentials was more regular in whole‐thickness preparations. In whole‐thickness preparations, cells in the outer circular muscle layer generated slow waves which were coupled with phasic contractions. However, in isolated outer circular ...

BMP4 regulates development of many smooth muscle targets by promoting differentiation, organization, and maturation of smooth muscle cells. Typically, BMP4 from adjacent epithelium, endothelium, or fibroblasts acts in a paracrine manner to regulate smooth muscle development (Frank et al., 2005; Cai, 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Tasian et al., 2010). Our findings show that, in the adult, vaginal smooth muscle cells themselves synthesize BMP4, raising the possibility that BMP4 may also act in an autocrine manner. Indeed, a recent report suggests that BMP4 exerts autocrine effects by promoting C2C12 cell myotube formation (Umemoto et al., 2011). Hence, BMP4 may regulate smooth muscle integrity and function beyond the developmental period.. Smooth muscle cells are generally well innervated and, accordingly, secrete proteins that potentially influence axon growth and integrity. These include neurotrophins, extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and cytokines (Weintraub et al., 1996; Knox et ...

Definition of smooth muscle, mechanism of contraction in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is smooth muscle, mechanism of contraction? Meaning of smooth muscle, mechanism of contraction as a finance term. What does smooth muscle, mechanism of contraction mean in finance?

The functional properties of airway smooth muscle are fundamental to the properties of the airways in vivo. However, many of the distinctive characteristics of smooth muscle are not easily accounted for on the basis of molecular models developed to account for the properties of striated muscles. The specialized ultrastructural features and regulatory mechanisms present in smooth muscle are likely to form the basis for many of its characteristic properties. The molecular organization and structure of the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle is consistent with a model of force generation based on the relative sliding of adjacent actin and myosin filaments. In airway smooth muscle, actomyosin activation is initiated by the phosphorylation of the 20 kDa light chain of myosin; but there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of myosin light chain phosphorylation in tension maintenance. Tension generated by the contractile filaments is transmitted throughout the cell via a network of actin ...

Smoothelin (SMTN) is a cytoskeletal protein associated with stress fibers. It is 917 amino acids (aa) in length and shares 77% and 82% aa identity with mouse and rat SMTN. SMTN has two major isoforms, A and B with reported molecular weights of approximately 59 and 110 kDa, respectively. Isoform A is associated with visceral smooth muscle cells while isoform B is specific to vascular smooth muscle. Loss of SMTN has been associated with defects in intestinal smooth muscle cell contraction as well as increased arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy ...

There are three types of muscle in the human body. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Striated muscle is voluntary and attached to our skeleton so that we can skip and dance. Smooth muscle is not voluntary, we have no conscious control over it. It is found in the walls of hollow viscera, airways, blood vessels, the iris and in hair follicles. There is no fourth category of muscle. If uterine smooth muscle was so different from other smooth muscle then it would be in a section of its own. If uterine smooth muscle was designed to cause pain when contracting, as many people believe, then it would be very different from the smooth muscle in your stomach. It is not ...

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) mediates a variety of biological functions following nerve-evoked release, via activation of either G protein-coupled P2Y- or ligand-gated P2X-receptors. In smooth muscle, ATP, acting via P2Y receptors (P2YR), may act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear, but have been proposed to involve the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) by phospholipase C (PLC), to evoke Ca2+ release from the internal store and stimulation of Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization. This mechanism requires Ca2+ release from the store. However, in the present study, ATP evoked transient Ca2+ increases in only ∼10% of voltage-clamped single smooth muscle cells. These results do not support activation of KCa as the major mechanism underlying inhibition of smooth muscle activity. Interestingly, ATP inhibited IP3-evoked Ca2+ release in cells that did not show a Ca2+ rise in response to purinergic ...

O:13:\PanistOpenUrl\:36:{s:10:\\u0000*\u0000openUrl\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000idc\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000fmt\;s:7:\journal\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000doi\;s:0:\\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000pii\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000pmid\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000atitle\;s:70:\DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS ON THE LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF RAT BRONCHUS\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000jtitle\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000stitle\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000date\;s:4:\1980\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000volume\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000issue\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000spage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000epage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000pages\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000issn\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000eissn\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000aulast\;s:7:\FLEISCH\;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000aufirst\;s:2:\JH\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000auinit\;N;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000auinitm\;N;s:5:\\u0000*\u0000au\;a:3:{i:0;s:10:\FLEISCH JH\;i:1;s:10:\SPAETHE SM\;i:2;s:10:\JOHNSON ...

Pyne, Nigel and Pyne, Susan; Giembycz, M and Raeburn, D, eds. (1994) G-proteins in airway smooth muscle. In: Airways Smooth Muscle. Birkhauser Velaag, pp. 187-213. ISBN 9780817650438 Full text not available in this repository.Request a copy from the Strathclyde author ...

In the present study, we followed the expression of α4 and VCAM-1 in SMCs during human vascular ontogeny and in atherosclerotic vessels. Our results indicate that α4 integrin subunit and VCAM-1 are expressed in SMCs at the early embryonic stage of human aortic development (10 weeks of gestation). Their expression decreased dramatically between 10 and 24 weeks of gestation, moving to the external part of the media, and became undetectable in normal adult media. The pattern of α4 integrin and VCAM-1 expression in human embryonic aortic tissue appears to be different from that described in the mouse.11 During mouse development, α4 is expressed in the aorta as early as embryonic day 10, predominantly in the smooth muscle layer surrounding the endothelium, and persists into adulthood. In contrast, VCAM-1 was not detected in vascular smooth muscle during development but was evident in the lung mesenchymal cell precursors of SMCs and endothelial cells. In human adult arteries, we showed that α4 ...

Background In allergic asthma, IgE increases airway remodelling but the mechanism is incompletely understood. Airway remodelling consists of two independent events increased cell numbers and enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and the mechanism by which IgE up-regulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition by human airway smooth muscle cells in asthma is unclear. Objective Characterise the role of the two IgE receptors and associated signalling cascades in airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. Methods Primary human airway smooth muscle cells (8 asthmatics, 8 non-asthmatics) were stimulated with human purified antibody-activated IgE. Proliferation was determined by direct cell counts. Total collagen deposition was determined by Sircol; collagen species deposition by ELISA. IgE receptors were silenced by siRNA and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling was blocked by chemical inhibitors. Results IgE dose-dependently increased extracellular matrix and collagen

Describes when the smooth muscle antibody (SMA) test is ordered, how the SMA test is used, and what the results of a SMA test might mean

Selected publications. Han TY, Lourenssen S, Miller KG, and Blennerhassett MG (2015). Intestinal smooth muscle phenotype determines enteric neuronal survival via GDNF expression. Neuroscience 290:357-68. Venkataramana S, Lourenssen S, Miller KG, and Blennerhassett MG (2015). Early inflammatory damage to intestinal neurons occurs via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Neurobiol. Dis. 75:40-52. Nair DG, Miller KG, Lourenssen SR and Blennerhassett MG (2014). Inflammatory cytokines promote growth of intestinal smooth muscle cells by induced expression of PDGF-Rβ. J Cell Mol. Med. 18(3):444-54. Gougeon PY, Lourenssen S, Han TY, Nair DG, Ropeleski MJ, and Blennerhassett MG (2013). The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα are neurotrophic for enteric neurons. J Neurosci. 20;33(8):3339-51. Pelletier AM, Venkataramana S, Miller KG, Bennett BM, Nair DG, Lourenssen S and Blennerhassett MG (2010). Neuronal nitric oxide inhibits intestinal smooth muscle growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. ...

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction is a major contributor to bronchoconstriction, the narrowing of the airways observed in asthmatic airways. In vitro, ASM cells demonstrate the capacity to switch between more proliferative and more contractile phenotypes, and changes to ASM contractile function, potentially as a consequence of this phenotypic switching, may play a significant role in the exaggerated airway narrowing observed in asthma. In vivo, airway epithelial (AE) cells are topographically close to the ASM and may modulate and regulate ASM phenotype and function that could be dysregulated in asthma. One important mediator increased in asthma is TGF-β1, which influences AE cell phenotype and thus possibly affects AE cell effects on ASM. In this work, we investigated the effects of AE, with and without the influence of TGF- β1, on ASM contractile function. After examining the response of AE and ASM to TGF-β1 individually, one-way and two-way communication modes between the cell types ...

mice. Likewise, knockdown of IQGAP1 in primary human airway smooth muscle cells increased RhoA activity. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that IQGAP1 binds to both RhoA and p190A-RhoGAP, a GTPase-activating protein that normally inhibits RhoA activation. Proximity ligation assays in primary airway human smooth muscle cells and mouse tracheal sections revealed colocalization of p190A-RhoGAP and RhoA; however, these proteins did not colocalize in IQGAP1 knockdown cells or in ...

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling in chronic asthma involves structural and functional changes from healthy into hyper-reactive and proliferative/hypertrophic ASM. ASM remodeling is an important determinant in airway obstruction and decline pulmonary function in asthma that compounds the well- established immune/inflammatory components. These ASM phenotypic changes are of great clinical importance yet remains poorly understood. A more recent concept is that ASM not only contributes to physical obstruction of airways, but acts as immune effector in asthma. Orai1 encodes canonical, ubiquitous and evolutionarily-conserved Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor STIM1. We showed that CRAC mediate proliferative signals during pathological smooth muscle remodeling. However, Orai1-mediated CRAC is widely functional in most, if not all, tissues rendering its specific targeting for therapy challenging. ...

Muscular layer of the uterus The middle layer, or myometrium, makes up most of the uterine volume and is the muscular layer, composed primarily of smooth muscle cells. The wall of uterus is composed of three layers. The innermost layer is The middle layer is the muscular layer, myometrium. Interlacing smooth.

In vertebrates, gut coiling proceeds left-right asymmetrically throughout growth of the gastrointestinal tract with extremely organized muscular buildings facilitating peristalsis. In this report, we explored the mechanisms of larval gut coiling morphogenesis related to its nascent smooth muscle cells utilizing extremely clear Xenopus early larvae.. First, to visualise the dynamics of intestinal smooth muscle cells, whole-mount specimens had been immunostained with anti-smooth muscle-specific actin (SM-actin) antibody. We discovered that the nascent gut of Xenopus early larvae steadily expands the SM-actin-positive area in a stage-dependent method. Transverse orientation of smooth muscle cells was first established, and subsequent, the mobile longitudinal orientation alongside the gut axis was adopted to make a meshwork of the contractile cells.. Finally, anisotropic torsion by the smooth muscle cells was generated in the heart of gut coiling, suggesting that twisting drive may be concerned in ...

In vertebrates, gut coiling proceeds left-right asymmetrically throughout growth of the gastrointestinal tract with extremely organized muscular buildings facilitating peristalsis. In this report, we explored the mechanisms of larval gut coiling morphogenesis related to its nascent smooth muscle cells utilizing extremely clear Xenopus early larvae.. First, to visualise the dynamics of intestinal smooth muscle cells, whole-mount specimens had been immunostained with anti-smooth muscle-specific actin (SM-actin) antibody. We discovered that the nascent gut of Xenopus early larvae steadily expands the SM-actin-positive area in a stage-dependent method. Transverse orientation of smooth muscle cells was first established, and subsequent, the mobile longitudinal orientation alongside the gut axis was adopted to make a meshwork of the contractile cells.. Finally, anisotropic torsion by the smooth muscle cells was generated in the heart of gut coiling, suggesting that twisting drive may be concerned in ...

1. In order to discover whether the changes in reactivity are related to the primary cause of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or are just an adaptation induced by the high arterial blood pressure we tested the contractile respon

Ok so my measurements are sporadic I decided to just look on here for info to fix it. I found Remeks post about TGC. MIne is more BPFSL then BPEL at about half and inch. Mostly because I cannot get a full enough erection to measure correctly which annoys me. So I need to have a girth heavy exercises to increase my smooth muscle in my penis. I have gotten one persons input on this I would like a few more. I want mainly length gains. But in order for me to grow I need to do girth exercises. My question is that if I do the girth heavy exercises like TGC says I should will the gains most likely be in length because my tunica is more developed and just need more smooth muscle to cut off the veins more. Or will the gains be girth because Im doing girth exercises and ill have to wait to gain length until after I have increased my smooth muscle. All opionions are very much appreciated ...

Having left the field a while ago, for reasons that I wont go into, suffice it to say I no longer have access to the relevant literature, Ive been drawn quite by accident to consider the recent proposal that the inhibitory junction potential (IJP) recorded in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle has its origin in cells…

TY - CONF. T1 - The catch smooth muscle contains small fusiform cells: stem cells, sensors or else?. AU - Gilloteaux, Jacques. AU - Davey, Tracey. PY - 2018/9/1. Y1 - 2018/9/1. N2 - New structures found in paramyosin smooth muscles. AB - New structures found in paramyosin smooth muscles. M3 - Paper. ER - ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - TLR3-mediated synthesis and release of Eotaxin-1/CCL11 from human bronchial smooth muscle cells stimulated with double-stranded RNA. AU - Niimi, Kyoko. AU - Asano, Koichiro. AU - Shiraishi, Yoshiki. AU - Nakajima, Takeshi. AU - Wakaki, Misa. AU - Kagyo, Junko. AU - Takihara, Takahisa. AU - Suzuki, Yusuke. AU - Fukunaga, Koichi. AU - Shiomi, Tetsuya. AU - Oguma, Tsuyoshi. AU - Sayama, Koichi. AU - Yamaguchi, Kazuhiro. AU - Natori, Yukikazu. AU - Matsumoto, Misako. AU - Seya, Tsukasa. AU - Yamaya, Mutsuo. AU - Ishizaka, Akitoshi. PY - 2007/1/1. Y1 - 2007/1/1. N2 - Respiratory infections with RNA viruses, such as rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, are a major cause of asthma exacerbation, accompanied by enhanced neutrophilic and/or eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. We studied the effects of dsRNA synthesized during RNA virus replication, and of its receptor, TLR3, on the synthesis of eosinophilic chemokines in bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC). Synthetic dsRNA, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Vardenafil inhibiting parasympathetic function of tracheal smooth muscle. AU - Lee, Fei Peng. AU - Chao, Pin Zhir. AU - Wang, Hsing Won. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Background: Levitra, a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, is the trade name of vardenafil. Nowadays, it is applied to treatment of erectile dysfunction. PDE5 inhibitors are employed to induce dilatation of the vascular smooth muscle. The effect of Levitra on impotency is well known; however, its effect on the tracheal smooth muscle has rarely been explored. When administered for sexual symptoms via oral intake or inhalation, Levitra might affect the trachea. Methods: This study assessed the effects of Levitra on isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle by examining its effect on resting tension of tracheal smooth muscle, contraction caused by 10-6 M methacholine as a parasympathetic mimetic, and electrically induced tracheal smooth muscle contractions. Results: The results showed that adding methacholine to the ...

Mouse Colonic Smooth Muscle Cells from Creative Bioarray are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Colonic Smooth Muscle Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Creative Bioarrays Cell Culture Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen ...

In addition to their proliferative and differentiating effects, several growth factors are capable of inducing a sustained airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction. These contractile effects were previously found to be dependent on Rho-kinase and have also been associated with the production of eicosanoids. However, the precise mechanisms underlying growth factor-induced contraction are still unknown. In this study we investigated the role of contractile prostaglandins and Rho-kinase in growth factor-induced ASM contraction. Growth factor-induced contractions of guinea pig open-ring tracheal preparations were studied by isometric tension measurements. The contribution of Rho-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase (COX) to these reponses was established, using the inhibitors Y-27632 (1 μM), U-0126 (3 μM) and indomethacin (3 μM), respectively. The Rho-kinase dependency of contractions induced by exogenously applied prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was

The subject of this thesis was an investigation of the mechanism of action of smooth muscle relaxants and included two projects. I. the Nature of the NANC Neurotransmitter in the Bovine Retractor Penis and the Rat Anococcygeus Muscles (1) The relaxant action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), the smooth muscle inhibitory factor (IF) isolated from the bovine retractor penis (BRP) muscle, nitric oxide (NO) and sodium nitroprusside (NaNP) were examined on four isolated smooth muscle preparations; the rabbit aortic strip, the BRP muscle, the rat anococcygeus muscle and the guinea-pig trachea. EDRF (released by acetylcholine), the IF and NO produced powerful relaxation of the rabbit aortic strip and the BRP muscle but had little or no effect on the rat anococcygeus muscle or the guinea-pig trachea. The same rank order of potency of these stimuli in all four muscles suggests all might owe their effects to NO. NaNP, however, produced complete relaxation of the rabbit aortic strip, the rat ...

QINGXIN, Liu et al. Apigenin inhibits cell migration through MAPK pathways in human bladder smooth muscle cells. Biocell [online]. 2011, vol.35, n.3, pp.71-79. ISSN 0327-9545.. Apigenin, a nonmutagenic flavonoid, has been shown to possess free radical scavenging activities, anticarcinogenic properties, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, apigenin was reported to cause gastric relaxation in murine. To assess possible effects of apigenin on migration of bladder smooth muscle (SM) cell, we isolated SM cells from peri-cancer tissue of human bladder and established a cell model that was capable to overexpress transiently MEKK1 (MEK kinase 1). Results showed that overexpression of active human MEKK1 by adenoviruses infection induced migration of human bladder smooth muscle (hBSM) cells and phosphorylation of MAPKs, ERK, JNK and p38, which are the downstream molecules of MEKK1. Then, hBSM cell overexpressing MEKK1 were exposed to apigenin (50 μM). Our data indicated that apigenin ...

Effects of oxygen tension on vascular and other smooth muscle: 1. The resting tension of various isolated intestinal and vascular smooth muscle preparations var

In normal adult physiology, intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) are characterized as contractile and non-proliferative. Inflammation induces permanent changes to the intestine including hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer largely due to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. While the consequences of this hyperplasia are largely unknown, increased muscularis mass may present permanent challenges to organ motility. Similar SMC hyperplasia is observed in other inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) where SMC de-differentiate into a synthetic phenotype and the mitogens responsible for hyperplasia have been well studied. However, there are limited investigations of SMC mitogens in intestinal inflammation. The identification of these factors may be of critical importance in the case of intestinal strictures, whereby recurring inflammation can lead to bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention. A novel, primary rat ISMC model was ...

In normal adult physiology, intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) are characterized as contractile and non-proliferative. Inflammation induces permanent changes to the intestine including hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer largely due to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. While the consequences of this hyperplasia are largely unknown, increased muscularis mass may present permanent challenges to organ motility. Similar SMC hyperplasia is observed in other inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) where SMC de-differentiate into a synthetic phenotype and the mitogens responsible for hyperplasia have been well studied. However, there are limited investigations of SMC mitogens in intestinal inflammation. The identification of these factors may be of critical importance in the case of intestinal strictures, whereby recurring inflammation can lead to bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention. A novel, primary rat ISMC model was ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Upregulated P-Rex1 exacerbates human airway smooth muscle hyperplasia in asthma. AU - Huang, Yapei. AU - Xie, Yan. AU - Jiang, Haihong. AU - Abel, Peter W.. AU - Panettieri, Reynold A.. AU - Casale, Thomas B.. AU - Tu, Yaping. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH; grant no. R01HL116849 to Y.T. and T.B.C.; grant nos. R01HL097796, P01 HL114471, and P30 ES013508 to R.A.P.); Nebraska State LB595 grant to Y.T. and P.W.A.; and the NIH National Center for Research Resources (grant no. G20-RR024001).. PY - 2019/2. Y1 - 2019/2. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85056356516&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85056356516&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.020. DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.020. M3 - Article. C2 - 30312708. AN - SCOPUS:85056356516. VL - 143. SP - 778-781.e5. JO - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. JF - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. SN - ...

Increased phasic activity in the bladder smooth muscle of animal models and patients with detrusor overactivity has been suggested to underlie the pathophysiology of overactive bladder. Potassium (K+) channels are key regulators of bladder smooth muscle tone and thus may play a role in this altered phasic activity. In this study the effects of K+ channel modulators on the phasic activity of bladder strips from the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model of bladder dysfunction were investigated. Bladder strips from rats 1 week following streptozotocin administration and age-matched controls were mounted in tissue baths at 37 °C and the effects of K+ channel modulators on resting basal tension or phasic activity induced by a low concentration of carbachol (0.5 μM) were investigated. Activation of BKCa channels by NS1619 had a minor inhibitory effect on carbachol-induced phasic activity of bladder strips from control and diabetic rats, and significantly inhibited amplitude only at 30 μM. Activation of

TY - JOUR. T1 - The dominant protein phosphatase PP1c isoform in smooth muscle cells, PP1cβ, is essential for smooth muscle contraction. AU - Chang, Audrey N. AU - Gao, Ning. AU - Liu, Zhenan. AU - Huang, Jian. AU - Nairn, Angus C.. AU - Kamm, Kristine E.. AU - Stull, James T. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Contractile force development of smooth muscle is controlled by balanced kinase and phosphatase activities toward the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). Numerous biochemical and pharmacological studies have investigated the specificity and regulatory activity of smooth muscle myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP) bound to myosin filaments and comprised of the regulatory myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) and catalytic protein phosphatase 1c (PP1c) subunits. Recent physiological and biochemical evidence obtained with smooth muscle tissues from a conditional MYPT1 knockout suggests that a soluble, MYPT1-unbound form of PP1c may additionally contribute to myosin RLC ...

MEKK1-MKK4-JNK-AP1 Pathway Negatively Regulates Rgs4 Expression in Colonic Smooth Muscle Cells. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors). The three types of adrenoceptors present are: α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} , α 2 {\displaystyle \alpha _{2}} and β 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{2}} . The main endogenous agonist of these cell receptors is norepinephrine (NE). The adrenergic receptors exert opposite physiologic effects in the vascular smooth muscle under activation: α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} receptors. Under NE binding α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} receptors cause vasoconstriction (i.e. contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells decreasing the diameter of the vessels). α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} receptors ...

Looking for online definition of Smooth muscle cells in the Medical Dictionary? Smooth muscle cells explanation free. What is Smooth muscle cells? Meaning of Smooth muscle cells medical term. What does Smooth muscle cells mean?

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Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:01 AM Subject: [Histonet] Immunocytofluorescence on smooth muscle cells > Hello, > > > We are a new lab and we try to develop Immuno-cyto-fluorescence techniques > in the lab. > We are working with human bronchial smooth muscle cells. > I have currently a very big problem with all rabbit antibodies. All rabbit > antibodies (including IgG as isotype) give a non-specific signal, signal in > the nucleus and cytoplasm with very high intensity. There is no signal > between cells. > > This problem does not exist with Rat and mouse antibodies I have used. > > - I have tried different fixation methods (PFA 4%, acetone-methanol (1/1), > and kit like permeafix). > > - I have tried different blocking solution (Rabbit serum 2%, FBS 2%, Horse > serum and Universal blocker solution from Dako) without any results. > > - I have tried different diluents for my antibody (PBS 1X, PBS 1x-BSA 3%, > Dako diluents) > > - I have tried different permeabilization methods (saponin, ...

Background: Antibiotics may impair small bowel smooth muscle contractility and contribute to postoperative ileus. The aim of this study was to compare the contractile responses of ileum smooth muscle to different agonists in guinea pigs treated with ceftriaxone (Rocephin; F. Hoffman-La Roche, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) or ampicillin (Ampisina; Mustafa Nevzat Ilac Sanayii AS, Istanbul, Turkey). ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Embryonic aortic and gizzard smooth muscle cells maintain their contractile phenotypes in culture. AU - Fisher, S. A.. AU - Ikebe, M.. AU - Brozovich, F. V.. PY - 1996/12/1. Y1 - 1996/12/1. N2 - Investigations into the determinants of the tonic and phasic contractile properties of smooth muscle (sm) have been hampered by the de-differentiation of sm cells in vitro. We have developed an in vitro system in which sm cells maintain their contractile phenotypes. SM cells derived from ED 10-15 chick aortic (tonic) or gizzard (phasic) tissue expiants were plated at 3 x 10 cells/cm2 for up to three passages in DMEM/F-12+0.5% PCS on simple (0.5% gelatin) or complex (Matrigel™) extra-cellular matrices. KC1 depolarization (90 mM) resulted in single cultured gizzard cells developing 3.0+0.7 (IN of force in 8+2 sec, while single cultured aortic cells developed 0.76+.01 ,iN of force in 20+0.7 sec. Cells demonstrated similar contractile characteristics in response to stimulation with ...

Ro 25-1553, a cyclic peptide analog of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), was designed to overcome many of the deficiencies inherent in this natural neuropeptide. On isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, Ro 25-1553 produces concentration-dependent relaxation of contractile responses to a number of different spasmogens. Depending on the contractile stimulus, Ro 25-1553 is 24 to 89 times more potent than VIP as a relaxant of guinea pig trachea. The high potency of Ro 25-1553 extends to studies on isolated, histamine-contracted, human bronchial smooth muscle, where Ro 25-1553 exhibits a 390-fold enhancement over native VIP and is more potent than other bronchodilating drugs, such as the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists isoproterenol and salbutamol. Ro 25-1553 was shown to displace the radioligand 125I-VIP from rat forebrain membranes with an IC50 value of 4.98 nM, thereby demonstrating that it acts at a VIP receptor. In addition, when tested in a battery of 40 other binding assays (e.g., ...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Microtubule dynamics regulate cyclic stretch-induced cell alignment in human airway smooth muscle cells. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Chronic feeding of a HFHC diet before and during pregnancy in the rat mirrored changes often associated with maternal obesity in women. These include a significant increase in body fat mass and circulating levels of total cholesterol [15-17]. Increasing body mass index can significantly depress human uterine contractility ex vivo [18] and cholesterol has been shown to play a key role in uterine contractile activity, as it causes significant utero-relaxant effects on both human and rat myometrium [19,20]. What was evident from the current study was that uterine tissue from control animals at both TNL and TL displayed regular biphasic plateau contractions with synchronized contraction and relaxation of uterine smooth muscle bundles [21]. In contrast, uterine tissue from HFHC-fed animals displayed a spike bundle contraction phenotype. Spike bundle contractions are multiphasic, resulting from asynchronous contraction and relaxation of uterine smooth muscle bundles [21]. This ex vivo contractility ...

The phenotype of airway smooth muscle (ASM) differs in asthmatic patients compared to healthy individuals. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increased contraction and altered synthetic capabilities of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) have all been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying a number of these changes remain unclear. This project utilizes molecular techniques to investigate the regulation of gene expression in cultured ASMCs isolated from both healthy and asthmatic individuals. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that exert a post-transcriptional regulation on gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for down regulation through either mRNA degradation or translational repression. During this project microarray studies have been performed to determine differences in the miRNA expression profile of cultured ASMCs isolated from healthy or moderate asthmatic volunteers. These studies have identified a number miRNAs with differential expression in asthmatic ...

Airway remodelling describes the histopathological changes leading to fixed airway obstruction in patients with asthma and includes extra-cellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is present in remodelled airways but its relationship with ECM proteins and the resulting functional consequences are unknown. We used airway smooth muscle cells (ASM) and bronchial biopsies from control donors and patients with asthma to examine the regulation of MMP-1 by ECM in ASM cells and the effect of MMP-1 on ASM contraction. Collagen-I and tenascin-C induced MMP-1 protein expression, which for tenascin-C, was greater in asthma derived ASM cells. Tenascin-C induced MMP-1 expression was dependent on ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK activation and attenuated by function blocking antibodies against the β1 and β3 integrin subunits. Tenascin-C and MMP-1 were not expressed in normal airways but co-localised in the ASM bundles and reticular basement membrane of patients with asthma. Further, ECM ...

TY - CHAP. T1 - [Ionic mechanisms of carbon monoxide action on the contractile properties of smooth muscles of the blood vessels].. AU - Baskakov, M. B.. AU - Zheludeva, A. S.. AU - Gusakova, S. V.. AU - Smagliǐ, L. V.. AU - Aleǐnik, A. N.. AU - Ianchuk, P. I.. AU - Medvedev, M. A.. AU - Orlov, S. N.. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of a family of gas transmitters. In this article we present the results of mechanographic investigations of the mechanisms of CO action on a rat thoracic aorta segments. We found that relaxing effect of CO donor CORM-2 on vascular smooth muscles is mediated mainly by opening of voltage-dependent potassium channels in smooth muscle cells: 4-aminopyridine, blocking these channels, almost completely eliminated the CO-induced vasorelaxation of the segments precontracted by depolarization of the smooth muscle cells membranes with high potassium (30 mM KCl) solution or by phenylephrine (10 microM). For the first time we documented that CORM-2 ...

Non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) is a common disorder whose pathophysiology is poorly understood. Some evidence suggests it may be related to sustained esophageal contractions (SECs) of longitudinal smooth muscle. The investigators have previously shown that acid is a trigger for SECs and results in shortening of the esophagus. In this study, the investigators plan to prospectively evaluate esophageal shortening responses to acid in a group of patients with NCCP compared to controls. The investigators will use high resolution esophageal manometry coupled with acid infusion to evaluate shortening. The investigators hypothesize that at least a subset of patients with NCCP will have an exaggerated esophageal shortening response to acid which correlates with symptom production. If our hypothesis proves true, this may lead to a future therapeutic target in the treatment of these patients ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Numerical analyses of the interrelation between extracellular smooth muscle orientation and intracellular filament overlap in the human abdominal aorta. AU - Haspinger, Daniel Ch. AU - Murtada, Sae Il. AU - Niestrawska, Justyna A.. AU - Holzapfel, Gerhard A.. PY - 2018/12/1. Y1 - 2018/12/1. N2 - Smooth muscle cells are one of the functional constituents in the human abdominal aorta, located in the medial layer, forming two helices similar to collagen fibers. During development, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cells experience changes in their orientation and a reorganization of their intracellular filament structure. In order to study the so far not so well-known interrelation between smooth muscle orientation and the intracellular filament structure in the human abdominal aorta a recently proposed mechanochemical model is modified. Two families of muscle fibers are introduced with a non-symmetric filament overlap behavior, and the model is implemented into a ...

Clinical asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction which is commonly due to an exaggerated airway narrowing referred to as airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Although debate exists on the complex etiology of AHR, it is clear that airway smooth muscle (ASM) mediated airway narrowing is a major contributor to airway dysfunction. More importantly, it is now appreciated that smooth muscle is far from being a simple cell with only contractile ability properties. Rather, it is more versatile with the capacity to exhibit numerous cellular functions as it adapts to the microenvironment to which it is exposed. The emerging ability of individual smooth muscle cells to undergo changes in their phenotype (phenotype plasticity) and function (functional plasticity) in response to physiological and pathological cues is an important and active area of research. This article provides a brief review of the current knowledge and emerging concepts in the field of ASM phenotype and function both under ...

Smooth muscle within the GI tract causes the involuntary peristaltic motion that moves consumed food down the esophagus and towards the rectum.[1] The smooth muscle throughout most of the GI tract is divided into two layers: an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer.[1] Both layers of muscle are located within the muscularis externa. The stomach has a third layer: an innermost oblique layer. The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system, or by receptor mediated calcium influx.[1] These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons.[2] The inner circular layer is innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle cells to contract or relax, depending on the particular stimulation the cells receive. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Smooth muscle-specific genes are differentially sensitive to inhibition by Elk-1. AU - Zhou, Jiliang. AU - Hu, Guoqing. AU - Herring, B. Paul. PY - 2005/11. Y1 - 2005/11. N2 - Understanding the mechanism of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation will provide the foundation for elucidating SMC-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and asthma. In the current study, overexpression of Elk-1 in SMCs down-regulated expression of several endogenous smooth muscle-restricted proteins, including telokin, SM22α, and smooth muscle α-actin. In contrast, down-regulation of endogenous Elk-1 in smooth muscle cells increased the expression of only telekin and SM22α, suggesting that smooth muscle-specific promoters are differentially sensitive to the inhibitory effects of Elk-1. Consistent with this, overexpression of the DNA binding domain of Elk-1, which acts as a dominant-negative protein by displacing endogenous Elk-1, enhanced the expression of telokin and SM22α without ...

Bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs) are one of the most extensively studied frog secretions-derived peptide families identified from many amphibian species. The diverse primary structures of BRPs have been proven essential for providing valuable information in understanding basic mechanisms associated with drug modification. Here, we isolated, identified and characterized a dodeca-BRP (RAP-L1, T6-BK), with primary structure RAPLPPGFTPFR, from the skin secretions of Chinese large odorous frogs, Odorrana livida. This novel peptide exhibited a dose-dependent contractile property on rat bladder and rat ileum, and increased the contraction frequency on rat uterus ex vivo smooth muscle preparations; it also showed vasorelaxant activity on rat tail artery smooth muscle. In addition, the analogue RAP-L1, T6, L8-BK completely abolished these effects on selected rat smooth muscle tissues, whilst it showed inhibition effect on bradykinin-induced rat tail artery relaxation. By using canonical antagonist for

There are comprehensive accounts of the regulation of mast cell development and activation. This is followed by a detailed description of mast cell factors and receptors and their role in allergic and immunologic conditions. Their localization in airway smooth muscle bundles characterizes asthma. Their roles in airway smooth muscle hyperplasia and in airway remodelling in asthma and their involvement in allergic rhinitis is well covered. The model of mast cell knock-in mice and its contribution to understanding of late phase reactions and chronic allergic inflammation is well covered. The species differences in these cells are emphasized, and the point is made that one cannot extrapolate from mouse to human mast cells. This is one factor that has made the study of these cells so difficult.. Assessment: ...

Watherian indica is a dicotyledonous shrub used in the treatment of diarrhoea in Northern Nigeria. It consists of a well-defined mixture of flavonoids, saponins, sugars, alkaloids and mucilage. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments of the aqueous extract were done. The study to determine the in vivo effect of aqueous root extract of the shrub was on the gastrointestinal transit in conscious rats. In the in vivo experiment, fasted rats were given 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg of the extract orally and 15 minutes later, 0.5ml of 10% charcoal (BaSO4. H2O) was administered into the conscious animals. The control group received the vehicle (normal saline) before charcoal meal. In the in vitro experiment, the effect of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8mg/ml of the extract on the frequency and strength of contraction of an isolated rabbit jejunum was determined using a multi-channel physiograph (model PMP-4B). The result of the study indicates that Watherian indica root extract delays the gastrointestinal transit and ...

In response to ingestion of nutrients, enteroendocrine L cells secrete the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), to enhance glucose-dependent insulin release. Therapies related to GLP-1 are approved for type 2 diabetes. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is expressed in cells of the gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere. In pancreatic beta cells, GLP-1R are coupled to the Gs/cAMP/PKA pathway. The expression and function of GLP-1R in gastrointestinal smooth muscle are not known. Aim. To test the hypothesis that GLP-1 regulates smooth muscle function by acting on GLP-1R expressed on smooth muscle. Methods. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) were isolated and cultured. Expression of GLP-1R mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. Expression of GLP-1R protein was measured by western blot. The effect of GLP-1 (7-36) amide on Gαs activation, cAMP formation, and PKA activity was examined in cultured SMC. The effect of GLP-1 on basal activity and on acetylcholine-induced contraction was measured in intact colon via organ bath

Triplet imaging is a novel optical technique that allows investigating oxy- gen metabolism at the single cell and the sub-cellular level. The method combines high temporal and spatial resolution, which are required for the monitoring of fast kinetics of oxygen concentration in living cells. Calibration and validation is demon- strated with a titration experiment using L-Ascorbic Acid with the enzyme Ascor- base oxidase. The method was applied to a biological cell system, employing as reporter a cytosolic fusion protein of β-galactosidase with SNAP-tag labeled with tetramethylrhodamine. Oxygen consumption in single smooth muscle cells A7r5 during an [Arg8]-vasopressin-induced contraction is measured. The results indicate a consumption leading to an intracellular oxygen concentration that decays mono- exponentially with time. This is in good agreement with previously reported mea- surements of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle fibers.. ...

Lipids havepreviously been considered primarily as building blocks of the cell membrane, but are now also recognized as important cell signaling molecules. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a glycerophospholipid consisting of a phosphate head group, a linker region, and a lipophilic tail. LPA has earlier been shown to exert a diversity of cellular effects such as aggregation, apoptosis, contraction, migration, and proliferation. The effects of LPA are elicited by activation of its cognate G protein-coupled receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3. In the present study we have used cultures of human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and erythroleukemia cells (HEL), and isolated human platelets to characterize physiological effects of LPA compared with adrenaline and noradrenaline as well as structure-activity relationships of LPA. SMCs were isolated from biopsies of human myometrium obtained at cesarean sections. We show that cultured myometrial SMCs express multiple LPA and α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. ...

To make direct measurements of Ca2+ uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of isolated smooth muscle cells, a fluorometric method for monitoring Ca2+ uptake by striated muscle SR vesicles (Kargacin, M.E., C.R. Scheid, and T.W. Honeyman. 1988. American Journal of Physiology. 245:C694-C698) was modified. With the method, it was possible to make continuous measurements of SR function in saponin-skinned smooth muscle cells in suspension. Calcium uptake by the SR was inhibited by thapsigargin and sequestered Ca2+ could be released by Br-A23187 and thapsigargin. From the rate of Ca2+ uptake by the skinned cells and the density of cells in suspension, it was possible to calculate the Ca2+ uptake rate for the SR of a single cell. Our results indicate that the SR Ca2+ pump in smooth muscle cells can remove Ca2+ at a rate that is 45-75% of the rate at which Ca2+ is removed from the cytoplasm of intact cells during transient Ca2+ signals. From estimates of SR volume reported by others and ...

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Two types: (a) numerous Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses accompanied by smooth muscle hyperplasia and expanded subserosal layer containing numerous nerve trunks; (b) extensively fibrotic gallbladder wall with numerous Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses but few/no smooth muscle bundles and an expanded subserosal layer containing abundant nerve-trunks; surface epithelium may be ...

Our results demonstrate that maxi-K channels in smooth muscle cells are regulated by agents that alter the redox state of sulfhydryl groups. We have shown that sulfhydryl reduction increases nPo of the channel whereas oxidation has the opposite effect. Maxi-K channels in patches pulled from smooth muscle cells appear to exist in a mixed redox state, since either reduction or oxidation markedly affected channel activity. This mixed redox state could occur either because some channels in the patch exist in the reduced state whereas others are in the oxidized state, or because each channel has more than one redox modulatory site existing in different redox states. Since membrane patches from airway myocytes always contain multiple channels, we could not differentiate between these two possibilities.. We compared the normalized conductance-voltage curves constructed from macroscopic currents in response to step-depolarization during control and after sulfhydryl reduction to determine whether ...

Pharmacology: Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Mechanism of Action: Perhaps by its direct vasodilating action on cerebral blood vessels, Papaverine increases ...

Emilin1 (E1) is a protein of the extracellular matrix that regulates TGFβ activity through proteolysis of the proTGFβ. E1 KO mice are hypertensive, with increased TGFβ activation. As E1 is expressed in blood vessels starting from embryonic life to adulthood, is still unknown whether the E1 KO phenotype results from a developmental defect or lack of a homeostatic role exerted in the adult. To dissect this issue, we inactivated E1 in smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of adult mice, by the use of floxed E1 and CreERT2 [a tamoxifen (TAM) inducible Cre recombinase] under the control of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (Smmhc) promoter. When Smmhc-CreERT2 E1fl/fl mice were given TAM, blood pressure significantly increased (124±1 vs basal condition 106±1 mmHg) as well as myogenic response in resistance arteries (16.3±0.7 vs basal condition 11.4±0.1 % at 125 mmHg).. In order to evaluate the relevance of our findings in the human pathology, we enrolled 20 hypertensive and 20 normotensive patients ...

Aortic vascular smooth muscle from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is known to respond in vitro to nonphysiologic cations with greater contraction than vascular smooth muscle from certain normotensive control stocks. The pattern of inheritance of the response of aortic rings to cobalt (Co2+) in vitro was determined. The test characteristic utilized was the cobalt response ratio (CRR) defined as the contractile response to 0.6 microM Co2+ divided by the response given by maximal stimulation with 10 microM Co2+. The SHR were crossed with Dahl salt-resistant rats that had been inbred for 21 generations (R/JR strain) to produce F1, F2, and backcross populations. The CRR was 0.90 +/- 0.011 in SHR, 0.74 +/- 0.016 in F1, and 0.38 +/- 0.031 in R/JR. The F1 value was significantly higher than the midparental value indicating partial SHR dominance. The F1 males from reciprocal crosses had similar CRR indicating no sex-linked effect. In the backcross to the R/JR, the CRR showed a bimodal distribution ...

Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) is an important neutrophil chemoattractant known to be elevated in the airways of cigarette smokers and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a syndrome associated with chronic cigarette smoking. We examined the acute effect of aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on IL-8 expression in normal human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMC) and alveolar macrophages. CSE upregulates IL-8 mRNA levels in a concentration and time-dependent manner and such an effect was accompanied by IL-8 secretion into the extracellular medium. CSE-evoked elevation of IL-8 mRNA was mimicked by its component acrolein at concentrations (3-30µM) found in CSE. Both CSE and acrolein induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation which was accompanied by the phosphorylation of MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2), a known downstream substrate of the p38 MAPK. In both HBSMC and human alveolar macrophages, pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK or MK2 strongly ...