Hitherto, intraoperative SEP monitoring has mainly depended on time domain measurements of the latency and amplitude in the initial response peak. Under clinical conditions, SEP signals are usually accompanied by numerous noise signals from the patient and the environment.2 For example, the cortical peaks are often modulated by slow waves, which may result in apparent reductions or increases in amplitude, depending on the position of the peak relative to the ascending or descending part of the slow wave. Even with averaging signal enhancement, identification of SEP peaks is sometimes not an easy task and often requires trained personnel.1, 6 False outcomes in SEP monitoring are probably caused by interpretation of technically unsatisfactory recordings.1, 13, 14 Some false monitoring outcomes reflect contaminated SEP signals.3. Time-frequency analysis can separate the useful information from noise in time-frequency space so as to avoid the variability caused by noise. Our results show that the ...

This paper presents an application based on higher order spectra (HOS) for fault pattern extraction of induction motors. The focus was put on one of major HOS measures, the bispectrum in particular. The bispectrum is the third-order frequency domain measure, which contains information that conventional spectral analysis techniques cannot provide. A series of experiments for fault diagnosis of induction motors by vibration bispectrum analysis were carried out. The experimental results showed that the bispectrum of vibration could significantly suppress the noise and therefore highlight the relevant fault symptoms. It was also found that there were unique bispectrum patterns for different faults of induction motors.. ...

Higher-order spectra or polyspectra of time series, such as bispectrum and bicoherence, have been investigated in abundant literature and applied to problems of signal detection in a wide range of fields. This package aims to provide a simple API to estimate and analyze them. The current implementation is based on Brillinger and Irizarry (1998) ,doi:10.1016/S0165-1684(97)00217-X, for estimating bispectrum, with Lii and Helland (1981) ,doi:10.1145/355958.355961, for cross-bispectrum.. ...

Pre Existing heart conditions can dramatically increase the risk of complications experienced during surgery. Given the number of conditions and the severity of this case, additional neuromonitoring measures helped ensure the patients safety and provided

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Threshold-level repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation for intraoperative monitoring of central motor conduction. AU - Calancie, Blair. AU - Harris, William. AU - Brindle, G. Fred. AU - Green, Earth A.. AU - Landy, Howard J.. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - Object. The authors conducted a study to evaluate repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to assess spinal cord motor tract function in individuals undergoing spine surgery, with emphasis on safety and efficacy. Methods. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were elicited using standard technique. Muscle electromyographic values were measured in response to a three- or four-pulse train of stimulation delivered to the motor cortex via subdermal electrodes. They also evaluated whether changes in the minimum stimulus intensity (that is, threshold level) needed to elicit a response from a given muscle predict motor status immediately postoperatively, as well as whether changes in SSEP response amplitude and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Can Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Localize Brain Function?. AU - Karabanov, Anke Ninija. AU - Bicalho Saturnino, Guilherme. AU - Thielscher, Axel. AU - Siebner, Hartwig Roman. PY - 2019. Y1 - 2019. N2 - Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) uses constant (TDCS) or alternating currents (TACS) to modulate brain activity. Most TES studies apply low-intensity currents through scalp electrodes (,= 2 mA) using bipolar electrode arrangements, producing weak electrical fields in the brain (, 1 V/m). Low-intensity TES has been employed in humans to induce changes in task performance during or after stimulation. In analogy to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation, TES-induced behavioral effects have often been taken as evidence for a causal involvement of the brain region underlying one of the two stimulation electrodes, often referred to as the active electrode. Here, we critically review the utility of bipolar low-intensity TES to localize human brain function. We summarize ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Which structures are most sensitive to painful transcranial electrical stimulation ? Abstract. AU - Häkkinen, V.. AU - Eskola, H.. AU - Nurmikko, T.. AU - Kolehmainen, S.. AU - Yli-Hankala, A.. N1 - Contribution: organisation=ltt,FACT1=1. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. M3 - Article. VL - 87. JO - Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol. JF - Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol. ER - ...

Study Design.Retrospective analysis of a prospectively accrued series of 213 consecutive patients who underwent intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring with electromyography and somatosensory-evoked potentials during thoracolumbar spine surgery.Objectives.To study the incidence of significant int

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) can bring value to the operating suite. This presentation will review the expectations from adding this additional servic...

A new algorithm is presented that estimates the displacement vector field from two successive image frames. In the case where the sequence is severely corrupted by additive (Gaussian or not, colored) noise of unknown covariance, then second-order statistics methods do not work well. However, we have studied this topic from a viewpoint different from the above to explore the fundamental limits in image optimal flow estimation. Our scheme is based on subpixel optimal flow estimation using the bispectrum in the parametric domain. The displacement vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order holograms and the matrix containing the Dirac delta function. To prove the feasibility of the proposed method, we compared it with a phase correlation technique and the nonparametric bispectrum method described in Res. Lett. Signal Process., ID 417915 (2008) . Our results show that our method is considerably more immune to the presence of noise.. © 2009 Optical ...

As a group of clinicians, it could be argued that we anaesthetists have a penchant for number generating machines that dont really add much to patient care. Central venous pressure, cardiac output monitoring (controversial), and Bispectral Index (BIS) readily spring to mind as the most popular Random number generators we encounter. Now this is a bit of an extreme perspective, and I do personally feel that there can only really be a benefit to having extra information at hand - its just the interpretation of it all where caution is required. The literature is full of nuanced ways we can optimise patient outcomes through manipulating the stroke volume/stroke volume variation/central venous pressure etc. each with varying amounts and quality of supporting evidence. It therefore comes as quite a shock when you stumble across a paper that has the potential to be an immediate gamechanger, as is the case here. The paper is entitled Response of bispectral index to neuromuscular blockade in awake ...

Literature - Narcotrend: EEG-Monitor mit automatischer Bewertung des EEG für Narkose und Sedierung in der Anästhesie und auf der Intensivstation. Der Narcotrend ermöglicht eine individuelle und bedarfsgerechte Dosierung von Narkosemitteln.

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The report estimates that in 2017, nearly 1,275 units of 0.2T systems were sold across the global Intraoperative MRI Equipment Market. Towards the end of the forecast period, 0.2T systems are assessed to reflect a global market volume share of approximately 40%. On the other hand, 3.0T systems will showcase rapid volume growth at 9% CAGR over the forecast period. Increasing complexities in neurosurgeries will drive the demand for high-field intraoperative MRI equipment, and nearly 895 units of 3.0T systems will be adopted worldwide by the end of 2026.. Request for Sample of this Global Market Research Report Here - https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=519. High Demand for 0.2T Systems to Reflect the Growing Need for Low-field Intraoperative MRI Equipment. Detailed improvements in the images generated by 0.2T systems is driving their sales in the global market for intraoperative MRI equipment. Small read-out gradients are made visible and the 0.2T intraoperative MRI equipment ...

en] BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the A-Line Autoregressive Index (AAI) response to surgical stimulation during lumbar arthrodesis, as an estimate of the anti-nociceptive component of a Bispectral Index (BIS) guided anaesthesia combined with epidural analgesia. METHODS: An epidural catheter was inserted in 23 patients allocated randomly to receive ropivacaine plus clonidine (Group R) or normal saline (Group S) epidurally. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol, cis-atracurium and a remifentanil infusion that was stopped 3 min after tracheal intubation, and maintained using sevoflurane to keep BIS at 50 (range 40-60). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal sevoflurane, BIS and AAI were analysed from 2 min before to 17 min after surgical incision. RESULTS: While BIS was maintained at 50, AAI significantly increased from a 2 min averaged value of 12 (4) to 21 (7) in Group S within the first 5 min after surgical incision, but did not change in Group R. Maximum AAI values reached ...

The review by Robinson and colleagues showed that the absence of SEPs assessed , 24 hours after the onset of coma was associated with a very poor prognosis. The specificity of this finding is excellent, although the sensitivity is rather low. In other words, many patients with coma and SEPs that are present also do very badly. The likelihood of waking up is largely determined by the cause of the coma-brain hemorrhage and anoxia are associated with the worst prognosis. Only in the case of adult anoxic encephalopathy, where none of the 336 patients with absent cortical SEPs woke up, would this finding allow for rapid treatment withdrawal. The authors correctly point out the self-fulfilling nature of applying these prognostic findings uncritically to new patients. A concern is the lack of discussion regarding the standardized performance of SEPs. No standards are offered on exactly how and when the tests should be done, although it is indicated that they should be performed , 24 hours after the ...

Intraoperative MRI Market analysis is provided for global market including development trends by regions, competitive analysis of the Intraoperative MRI ma

Perioperative goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) may improve outcome after high-risk surgery. Minimal invasive measurement of stroke volume variation (SVV) has been recommended to guide fluid therapy. We intended to study how perioperative GDFT with arterial-based continuous SVV monitoring influences postoperative complications in a high-risk surgical population. From February 1st 2012, all ASA 3 and 4 patients undergoing abdominal surgery in two university hospitals were assessed for randomization into a control group or GDFT group. An arterial-line cardiac output monitor was used to measure SVV, and fluid was given after an algorithm in the intervention group. Restrictions of the method excluded patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, patients with atrial fibrillation and patients with severe mitral/aortal stenosis. To detect a decrease in number of complication from 40 % in the control group to 20 % in the GDFT group, n = 164 patients were needed (power 80 %, alpha 0.05, two-sided test). To include

The advance of electronic technology has been closely followed by the medical community over the past 200 years. Cutting edge electronics are used in medical imaging solutions to provide ever greater bandwidth and resolution in applications such as MRI machines, and research to interface with the human nervous system continues at a breakneck pace. The cost of this technology - particuarly in research and development - is incredibly high. Combine this with the high price of the regulatory approvals necessary for devices which deal in terms of life and death, and youll find that even basic medical technology is prohibitively expensive. Just ask any diabetic. On the face of things, theres a moral dilemma. Humanity has developed technologies that can improve quality of life. Yet, due to our own rules and regulations, we cannot afford to readily distribute them. One example o... Full article: http://hackaday.com/2017/03/31/transcranial-electrical-st... ...

Health care stakeholders need to invest in value-based care, innovative care delivery models, advanced digital technologies. XploreMR will help you to know declarative, procedural, contextual, and somatic information about the Intraoperative Imaging Market. It also provides a critical assessment of the performance of emerging and mature markets in a new publication titled Global Market Study on Intraoperative Imaging: Systems Segment Projected to Grow at a Relatively High CAGR over the Forecast Period.. XploreMR examines the performance of the global intraoperative imaging market for a period of eight years in a new report titled Intraoperative Imaging Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast, 2016-2024. According to the report, companies operating in the global intraoperative imaging market are mainly focusing on geographic expansion, establishing facilities in proximity to target markets and consolidation of existing manufacturing capabilities to gain larger market share.. Click ...

Marcus Neuroscience Institute Uses Intraoperative MRI to Treat First Brain Tumor Case Sophisticated technology provides optimal accuracy, results BOCA RATON, FL

Fact.MR predicts a robust growth in demand for intraoperative MRI equipment in the global healthcare marketplace. By the end of 2026, the global

Purpose This study was designed to evaluate the effect of preoperative pregabalin on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in adolescents undergoing surgery for spinal deformities.

Intraoperative angiography was also found to be useful in the reassessment of residual lesions after the surgical approach had been modified. Our study revealed 43 cases in which repeat imaging was conducted. The results of these repeat studies confirmed complete eradication of the lesion in 19 (44%) and persistent lesion requiring additional surgical manipulation in 24 (56%) of the cases. Therefore, it is necessary to repeat the imaging technique at various stages during the operation to identify the anatomic changes as the operation progresses and to ensure total eradication of the lesion.. Analysis of the combined data showed that intraoperative angiography verified complete eradication in 158 procedures (84%). In a second group of 15 patients (8%) the lesion was thought to be completely treated on the basis of previous intraoperative angiograms and surgical inspection; however, repeat intraoperative angiograms were not obtained after minor surgical manipulations. This lack of consistency was ...

IMRIS Inc. has announced that University Hospital Tübingen neurosurgeons in Germany, are reporting success toward their objectives of limiting patient ris

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Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is a procedure to continuously monitor the nervous systems functional integrity during operations involving the brain and spinal cord. Electrodes or needles attached to the patients relevant anatomy continuously transmit information, which can be viewed on a monitor.

[161 Pages Report] Intraoperative Imaging Market categorizes the global market By Product (CT, MRI, Ultrasound), By Application (ENT, Gastro) & By Geography

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Background: The use of clinical signs may not be reliable to measure the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. Bispectral Index monitoring provides a direct measurement of the hypnotic effect of the anaesthetic agent used and it may have certain clinical advantages over clinical signs. Objective: This study consists of dose requirement of propofol with bispectral Index monitoring and without bispectral Index monitoring. Material and Methods: In the present study, 100 patients were randomly divided into two groups (50 in each group), one group received Standard dose of propofol while the other received propofol infusion with BIS monitoring. Results: Mean amount of propofol for induction used was 1.6 vs 2.24 mg/kg in bispectral index group and standard group respectively. The inference was that the induction dose of propofol by Bispectral index and by standard practice was statistically highly significant with P. Key words: Bispectral Index monitoring system, propofol, anaesthetic drug consumption, ...

BACKGROUND: The Narcotrend is a new electroencephalographic monitor designed to measure depth of anesthesia, based on a six-letter classification from A (awake) to F (increasing burst suppression) including 14 substages. This study was designed to investigate the impact of Narcotrend monitoring on recovery times and propofol consumption in comparison to Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring or standard anesthetic practice.. METHODS: With institutional review board approval and written informed consent, 120 adult patients scheduled to undergo minor orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive a propofol-remifentanil anesthetic controlled by Narcotrend, by BIS(R), or solely by clinical parameters. Anesthesia was induced with 0.4 micro x kg-1 x min-1 remifentanil and a propofol target-controlled infusion at 3.5 microg/ml. After intubation, remifentanil was reduced to 0.2 micro x kg-1 x min-1, whereas the propofol infusion was adjusted according to clinical parameters or to the following target values: ...

Extracted from text ... Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia & Analgesia ? March 2006 21 Spectral entropy and haemodynamic response to surgery during sevoflurane anaesthesia Introduction Apart from somatic responses, surgery also evokes autonomic responses, including haemodynamic responses. Spectral entropy has been validated as a means to monitor the hypnotic state during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Aim To investigate the relationship between spectral entropy, heart rate, and blood pressure during sevoflurane anaesthesia. FJ Smith, E Dannhauser Patients and methods The sample consisted of 43 patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery. Patients were premedicated with oral midazolam. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with alfentanil 15 mg/kg, ..

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are techniques widely employed in the last decades to the study of physiology of cognitive processes, and bring the promise of being a complementary therapeutic intervention to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this doctoral dissertation, I attempted to advance in methodologically rigorous protocols to influence normal brain physiology and search for solutions to modulate memory activity, targeting different anatomical nodes of the verbal episodic memory network with transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS, TACS). In the first study, I aimed to modulate memory performance by applying a focal multi-electrode tDCS targeting primarily the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC). In the second study, the target was moved to the left temporal cortex, aiming to interfere and manipulate with the temporal characteristics of the encoding process by the application of tACS. ...

International Scholarly Research Notices is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal covering a wide range of subjects in science, technology, and medicine. The journals Editorial Board as well as its Table of Contents are divided into 108 subject areas that are covered within the journals scope.

Intraoperative Ultrasound (IOUS) in Neurosurgery auf frohberg.de - This book is intended as a practical manual on the use of intraoperative ultrasound...

Receive peer-to-peer education on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in neurosurgery and learn the clinical benefits of intraoperative ultrasound.

(Medical Xpress) -- A new Australian study has confirmed the accuracy of a modern non-invasive cardiac output monitor that can replace a 40-year-old standard in this field.

OBJECTIVE: To compare non-invasive hemodynamic measurements obtained in pregnant and postpartum women using two automated cardiac output monitors against those obtained by two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). METHODS: This was a cross-comparison study into which we recruited 114 healthy women, either with normal singleton pregnancy (across all three trimesters) or within 72 hours following delivery. Cardiac output estimations were obtained non-invasively using two different monitors, Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM®, which uses continuous-wave Doppler analysis of transaortic blood flow) and Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Monitor (NICOM®, which uses thoracic bioreactance), and 2D-TTE ...

INTRODUCTION: The DCM include different clinical conditions, with different etiology, which require different treatments, but are linked by common clinical signs and symptoms: Masticatory muscle pain in the preauricular region, TMJ Limitation and / or alteration of normal function mandible Articular noises. Over the years there have been numerous proposals for classification dcm. the classification most commonly used today is that the RDC. This classification as well as a tab on the symptoms and signs provides guidance on the validity of the diagnostic tools available. The same DRC excludes from the list of valid diagnostic tools with EMG. AIM: The aim of this study is to determine whether use of electromyography in combination with transcranial electrical stimulation can be effective in the diagnosis of DCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study we subjected 60 patients to electromyographic examination during transcranial electrical stimulation. RESULTS: The results we can establish that ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in predicting postoperative nerve function during thyroid surgery and its consequent ability to assist the surgeon in intraoperative decision making.

PubMed journal article: Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

The Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care at UCSF was established in 1958 by Stuart Cullen MD. Since then, it has risen to become one of the preeminent Departments in the world. We are enormously proud of our tradition of outstanding patient care, research, and education. UCSF has a storied history of innovation in anesthesia, critical care, and pain medicine. The Department has been ranked in the top ten nationally in NIH-funded research, for the last 10+ years. Important discoveries by the Department include the first use of CPAP in premature infants, key contributions to the pharmacology of muscle relaxants and inhaled anesthetics, first demonstration of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and many others. We have robust research programs, spanning the range from ion channel structure and function, to clinical and translational research.. Our trainees have become leaders across the country. We are particularly proud of our residency program, which provides unequalled ...

Currently available investigating modalities like CT scans, MRI etc although have a high accuracy in staging of gastrointestinal(GI) tract malignancies, are not correct in all cases . The aim of this study is to assess the role of intraoperative ultrasound as a modality to increase the staging accuracy of GI tract ...

Ahmed Zaky-Failure of the Flotracâ ¢/Vigileoâ ¢ (3.01) to Track Rapid Hemodynamic Changes in an Unstable Cardiac Surgical Patient

The Washington University and Barnes-Jewish Comprehensive Epilepsy Center uses intraoperative MRI (iMRI) for better outcomes when treating epilepsy through surgery.

The aim of this work was to establish the correlation between the bispectral index (BIS) and different rates of continuous infusion of propofol. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups (P2, P4, P8). All animals were induced with propofol (10 mg/kg/IV), followed immediately by the continuous infusion of the agent: 0.2 mg/kg/min (P2), 0.4 mg/kg/min (P4) and 0.8 mg/kg/min (P8). The BIS values were measured before any drug administration (M0) and 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after the start of the continuous infusion of propofol. The Analysis of Variance was used to calculate the correlation between the infusion rates of propofol and the BIS values. BIS demonstrated significant difference between groups at the moment M40, where P8 (72 ± 9,7) was smaller than P2 (84 ± 7,4) and P4 (33 ± 8,5), while in M50 this difference was observed in P8 (69 ± 13,5) that was smaller than P2 (84 ± 6,4).. The effects of induction dose of propofol were not more presented in M40, therefore, the ...

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Broch O. 1, Bein B. 1, Gruenewald M. 1, Carstens A. 1, Illies C. 1, Schöneich F. 2, Steinfath M. 1, Renner J. 1 ✉. 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany; 2 Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. ...

Purpose of this study is to investigate whether intraoperative imaging using a 1.5T MRI in craniopharyngioma surgery is useful in order to increase the

The Medtronic Stim Bur Guard combines an electric drill with stimulation for nerve monitoring. It works with the NIM neuromonitoring systems to alert you of the burs proximity to the facial nerve and help reduce the risk of patient injury during otologic procedures.

Application of A-line autoregressive model with exogenous input index during the wake-up test in spinal surgery under propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia.:

The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details ...

Surgeons rely on intraoperative monitoring to evade irreparable damage to the patients sensory, auditory, and visual structures, as well as injury to the nerves that control movement and reflexes. Cortical mapping allows the surgeon to safely navigate the brain by identifying the central sulcus and localizing specific motor and sensory regions. Although pre-operative localization of both motor and sensory cortex can be done non-invasively with the use of MRI, PET, MEG, or SPECT technology, surgical resection of the brain often requires direct recording from the surface of the brain. Grid electrodes placed on the brain surface generate responses that set spatial limits for the surgeon by indicating which zones of the brain must be avoided so as to eliminate post-operative deficits. The objective of the cortical mapping procedure is to minimize operative risk and morbidity while maximizing the extent of resection.. Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) has become an essential tool during this procedure ...

The intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring industry is now experiencing a period of rapid growth. This growth is majorly attributed to factors such as; rising number of spinal, cranial procedures, technological advancements, cost effectiveness, among others. The IONM techniques are widely adopted in developed countries, but due to low level of awareness, this technology is still in infancy in various developing nations. This can create opportunity for various market players to invest in such countries to achieve greater benefits.. Globally the market for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring was valued at $1.1 billion and anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 8.9% from 2016-2027.. Get a Copy of Sample Report @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/729 .. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) as the name suggests is a monitoring technique which refers to a group of procedures used during surgery to monitor neural pathways during high-risk neurosurgical, ...

Since the brain can shift during surgery, brain-mapping techniques and intraoperative MRI create accurate pictures of the brain that guide the neurosurgeon in effectively removing only the tumor and avoiding any functional brain tissue, to preserve hearing, language and other important brain functions.. ...

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[118 Pages Report] Check for Discount on Global Intraoperative Computed Tomography (CT) Sales Market Report 2017 report by QYResearch Group. In this report, the global Intraoperative Computed Tomography (CT) market...

Nature (NPG), www.nature.com. Subject: I got a senior scientist to Blog?. Subject: I got a senior scientist to Blog?. Dear Matt and the Team,. Blogging is the newest way of dissemination of information, but most strikingly to take the information to peers in our field of interests as well as to the public.. Blogging also differs from the traditional or even for that matter the digital publications of scientific work in a way that any common man with little knowledge can go to the blog site and try to grasp a comment, discussion or an article as much as possible. More importantly, if the blogger is a good writer, he or she will incorporate some simplicity to the writing style, simplicity into the comprehension, content and to the grammatical English to make it easy for all to understand.. The question is how many scientists, or how many senior scientists or great scientists can bring their science to common man to understand?. This is a daunting question all along scientific research was ever ...

Depicted is a pulse-wave doppler of the descending aorta: The aortic doppler waveform is a good representation of left ventricular systolic function.

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Funny how this site is so pro ODM. I suppose ODM has no skeletons in the closet? Why did they insist on an open ballot. Why does no one report on this site what really happened? Ruto was accused of threatening ODM members who defected with physical violence, the only way to make sure they voted in ODM favour was by open ballot. Who are we kidding here? ODM are just as bad. Come on Kenyans, see the light!. Secondly, the speaker got in on an ODM ballot litereally, and then did just what he was expected to do…suprisingly……he stood by the law.!! Good on him….there is at minimum, ONE good guy out there! By doing this he Stuffed the ODM call for abandoning the whole swearing in idea their way, and had the goons follow the law. If they believed they were right they should have walked out. Instead, they bowed to what they felt was wrong, under the pressure of the very man they had just voted in! What a joke really on the ODM side. They acted like spoilt children throughout the whole Disney ...

At Cole Eye Institute, surgeons and researchers are working to develop the next generation of intraoperative OCT devices and instrumentation to improve ophthalmic surgical outcomes in real time.

Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology는 수술중신경계감시 및 관련분야에 종사하는 의사, 보건의료인 및 기초 연구자들을 대상으로 하며, 수술중신경계감시와 관련분야의 모든 연구 결과 및 최신 소견 등을 게재한다. 타 학회지에 이미 게재된 내용의 원고는 게재하지 않으며, 본 학회지에 게재된 것을 임의로 다른 잡지에 게재할 수 없음을 원칙을 한다

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A surgical stress to the body causes a series of metabolic changes that leads to a cascade of endocrine and inflammatory responses. The magnitude of the responses depends on the extent and nature of t... more

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