The invention relates to a DNA fragment containing a determined gene, the expression of which inhibits the antibiotic and herbicidal effects of Bialaphos and related products. It also relates to recombinant vectors, containing such DNA fragment, which enable this protective gene to be introduced and expressed into cells and plant cells.

To rapidly produce large amounts of recombinant proteins, the generation of stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell pools represents a useful alternative to large-scale transient gene expression (TGE). We have developed a cell line (CHO(BRI/rcTA)) allowing the inducible expression of recombinant proteins, based on the cumate gene switch. After the identification of optimal plasmid DNA topology (supercoiled vs linearized plasmid) for PEIpro™ mediated transfection and of optimal conditions for methionine sulfoximine (MSX) selection, we were able to generate CHO(BRI/rcTA) pools producing high levels of recombinant proteins. Volumetric productivities of up to 900mg/L were reproducibly achieved for a Fc fusion protein and up to 350mg/L for an antibody after 14days post-induction in non-optimized fed-batch cultures. In addition, we show that CHO pool volumetric productivities are not affected by a freeze-thaw cycle or following maintenance in culture for over one month in the presence of MSX. ...

Define L-phenylalanine mustard. L-phenylalanine mustard synonyms, L-phenylalanine mustard pronunciation, L-phenylalanine mustard translation, English dictionary definition of L-phenylalanine mustard. n a drug, C13H18Cl2N2O2, used to treat myeloid leukaemia Noun 1. melphalan - antineoplastic drug used to treat multiple myeloma and some other malignancies...

Glutathione deficiency can still be treated and restored to satisfactory levels once again. Knowing how to increase the glutathione in your body is the first step.

The energetics of cerebral activity critically relies on the functional and metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. Important open questions include the relation between neuronal versus astrocytic energy demand, glucose uptake and intercellular lactate transfer, as well as their dependence on the level of activity. We have developed a large-scale, constraint-based network model of the metabolic partnership between astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons that allows for a quantitative appraisal of the extent to which stoichiometry alone drives the energetics of the system. We find that the velocity of the glutamate-glutamine cycle (Vcyc) explains part of the uncoupling between glucose and oxygen utilization at increasing Vcyc levels. Thus, we are able to characterize different activation states in terms of the tissue oxygen-glucose index (OGI). Calculations show that glucose is taken up and metabolized according to cellular energy requirements, and that partitioning of the sugar between

Glutathione plays a pivotal role in many key metabolic reactions in your body. Each of your cells contains glutathione, a substance created from three amino acids: cysteine, glutamate, and glycine. The bodys

Anabaena cylindrica was immobilized in calcium alginate beads and was placed in a batch reactor in the presence of a glutamine synthetase inhibitor (methionine sulfoximide). Ammonia was released in the medium during two days with a rate of 0.35 μ moles h−1mgChl−1. Addition of nitrite to the medium increased the ammonia production as cells used the nitrite reductase pathway to form ammonia. When reactors were placed in anaerobiosis by N2 bubbling, ammonia production was sustained several days and the total ammonia formed was about two fold higher than in aerobiosis. Long term effects of MSX, nitrite and anaerobiosis are discussed.

Depletion of glutathione (GSH) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by pretreatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine potentiated the activity of 10,11-methylenedioxy-20(S)-camptothecin, SN-38 [7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-20(S)-camptothecin], topotecan, and 7-chloromethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy-20(S)camptothecin (CMMDC). The greatest potentiation was observed with the alkylating camptothecin CMMDC. Buthionine sulfoximine pretreatment also increased the number of camptothecin-induced DNA-protein crosslinks, indicating that GSH affects the mechanism of action of camptothecin.

Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respirat-ory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment Academic Article ...

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Glutamine Synthetase兔多克隆抗体(ab49873)可与小鼠, 大鼠, 猴样本反应并经WB, IHC,ICC/IF实验严格验证，被8篇文献引用并得到8个独立的用户反馈。

Glutamine Synthetase兔多克隆抗体(ab73593)可与小鼠, 大鼠, 狗, 人, 狨猴样本反应并经WB, IHC, ICC/IF实验严格验证，被3篇文献引用并得到8个独立的用户反馈。

L Glutamine will make it much easier for you to recover from your workouts, with this product able to replenish your glutamine levels due to its 100% glutamine

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase on peroxynitrite- and endotoxic shock-induced vascular failure. AU - Cuzzocrea, Salvatore. AU - Zingarelli, Basilia. AU - OConnor, Michael. AU - Salzman, Andrew L.. AU - Szabo, Csaba. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. N2 - 1. Peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide is a mediator of cellular injury in ischaemia/reperfusion injury, shock and inflammation. Here we investigated whether L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle injury in response to peroxynitrite in vitro and during endotoxic shock in vivo. 2. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, BSO (1 mM, for 24 h) enhanced, whereas glutathione (3 mM) or glutathione ethyl ester (3mM) attenuated the peroxynitrite (100-1000 μM)-induced suppression of mitochondrial ...

We investigated the toxicity of hemoglobin/myoglobin on endothelial cells under oxidative stress conditions that include cellular hypoxia and reduced antioxidant capacity. Bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAECs), grown on microcarrier beads, were subjected to cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation in a small volume of medium, and endothelial cell monolayers were depleted of their intracellular glutathione (GSH) by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine. Incubation of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DBBF-Hb) or horse skeletal myoglobin (Mb) with BAECs subjected to 3 h of hypoxia caused transient oxidation of the hemoproteins to the ferryl form (Fe(4+)). Formation of the ferryl intermediate was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by the addition of L-arginine, a substrate of NO synthase, after 3 h of hypoxia. Optimal inhibition of ferryl formation, possibly due to the antioxidant action of NO, was achieved with 900 microM L-arginine. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to GSH-depleted cells in the

Abstract: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Hartland) cDNA clone coding the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2.) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from broccoli head using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The partial cDNA clone encodes an mRNA of 695 bp and the derived amino acid sequence is highly homologus to GS from rice cytosol, maize and European grape. GS has a central role in plant nitrogen metabolism and a key enzyme in the assimilation of ammonia. Broccoli head quality deteriorates rapidly after harvest and is associated with an increase in the ammonia content of the floret portions. In order to define the factors contributing to postharvest deterioration of broccoli head, the changes in GS activity and gene expression in the floret and branchlet portions of the broccoli were examined during storage. Northern blot analysis showed that the level of transcript of GS fluctuated in the floret and branchlet portions during storage. Expression of GS ...

L-BUTHIONINE (CAS 13073-21-7) Market Research Report 2018 aims at providing comprehensive data on l-buthionine market globally and regionally (Europe,

Stephen J. Temple, Suman Bagga, Champa Sengupta-Gopalan; Can glutamine synthetase activity levels be modulated in transgenic plants by the use of recombinant DNA technology?. Biochem Soc Trans 1 November 1994; 22 (4): 915-920. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0220915. Download citation file:. ...

Native human mammary MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells and a subline displaying resistance to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, the chemically activated form of cyclophosphamide, were grown as multicellular spheroids or on a collagen sponge matrix and perfused for study by 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The natural abundance 13C spectrum of the perfused cells exhibits well-resolved resonances due to the intracellular glutathione (GSH). The resistant cell line shows a higher intensity of the GSH 13C resonances, consistent with the increased GSH concentration determined from biochemical assays of extracts. Treatment of the resistant cell line with buthionine sulfoximine selectively diminishes the intensity of the GSH resonances in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.. ...

Have you ever heard of glutathione (pronounced; gloota-thigh-own)? Neither has almost anyone else. Many researchers say its probably the most important substance we require to stay healthy. Many go as far to say its the secret to prevent aging. So wheres Oprah, and the rest of the media? A quick search of the term glutathione on PubMed.gov reveals 94,117 scholarly articles, reviews and abstracts. Present in every cell of our body, glutathione levels just might be one of the best biochemical markers there is; the higher your glutathione levels are the healthier you will be. Glutathione deficiency is found in almost all patients with extreme illnesses, e.g., cancer, heart disease, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers, arthritis, liver disease, diabetes and more. In fact, researchers are concluding glutathione deficiency may play a role in patients with schizophrenia. In cerebrospinal fluid of drug-free schizophrenic patients, a significant decrease in the level of total glutathione was observed ...

Villablanca JG, Volchenboum SL, Cho H, Kang MH, Cohn SL, Anderson CP, Marachelian A, Groshen S, Tsao-Wei D, Matthay KK, Maris JM, Hasenauer CE, Czarnecki S, Lai H, Goodarzian F, Shimada H, Reynolds CP. A Phase I New Approaches to Neuroblastoma Therapy Study of Buthionine Sulfoximine and Melphalan With Autologous Stem Cells for Recurrent/Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016 08; 63(8):1349-56 ...

• Critical illness is associated with both immunosuppression and glutathione deficiency. We determined if in vivo depletion of glutathione would adversely affec

Glutamine synthetase, 0.1 ml. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia.

Shop Type-1 glutamine synthetase ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Type-1 glutamine synthetase Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.

Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme thats found in many tissues including the kidneys. The substance is used to help the body break down the chemical nitrogen. It also has the role of removing ammonia from the liver. These are important functions for the body.

Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Abfron \ Human Glutamine Synthetase ELISA \ LF-EK0185 for more molecular products just contact us

References for Abcams Mouse Glutamine Synthetase peptide (ab73592). Please let us know if you have used this product in your publication

If you know of any papers that use this antibody, please contact us at antibodies [at] alzforum [dot] org for consideration in the References section.. ...

August 19, 2021 - 6:22 p.m. (Update #66)As a result of established testing protocols, the Middlesex Sheriffs Office (MSO) today announced it had conducted 51 COVID-19 tests over the past two days, with 46 results returning negative and five results returning positive.

According to the available literature, up to present date, only one sulfilimine derivative of benzo[b]thiophene is reported and several sulfilimine and sulfoximine derivatives of monocyclic thiophene. Guided by this fact, we have prepared the reported sulfilimine and new sulfoximine derivative of benzo[b]thiophene that was previously unknown. The known synthesis of sulfilimine N- [1λ4-benzo[b]thiophenylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (15) was followed in order to oxidise it and to obtain its sulfoximine. After few attempted oxidations, as well as preparations of other analogues of the aforementioned sulfilimine, we have successfully prepared sulfoximine 4-methyl-N- [1-oxo-1H-1λ6benzo[b]thiophen-1-ylidene]benzenesulfonamide by oxidation with H2O2-P2O5 reagent. Sulfoximine 17 is in fact sulfoximine derivative of benzo[b]thiophene. The comparison between the IR spectrum, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of sulfilimine 15 and sulfoximine 17 confirmed this is a new compound with the proposed structure ...

Three synthetic methodologies are studied in details in this dissertation. For 1,5-hydride shift of alkenyl sulfoximine methodology, the reaction mechanism was studied using deuterium labeling. An uncommon 6-endo-trig 1,5-hydride shift process was discovered. The scope and limitation were studied using N-alkyl, N-allyl, and N-benzyl-substituted S-alkenyl sulfoximines. N-H-S-alkyl sulfoximines, four- and six-membered heterocyclic rings and a new class of chiral dienes were obtained. In [4+3] cycloaddition and ring opening chapter, we demonstrated an ene-like reaction using a symmetric oxyallylic cation can provide α-substituted cyclopentenones. Enantio pure products are potentially accessible by this method. [4+3] Cycloaddition of the symmetric oxyallylic cation with substituted furans, and the ring-opening process of the resulting 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one were also studied. The reaction conditions and scope were investigated. An acid-catalyzed mechanism was proposed for the ...

The trapping mechanisms of the PET hypoxia imaging agent copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu(ATSM)) remain unresolved, although its reduction prior to dissociation may be mediated by intracellular thiols. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, and its redox status changes in cancer cells and ischaemic myocardium (two prime applications for 64Cu(ATSM) PET). We therefore investigated whether modification of intracellular GSH content affects the hypoxia selectivity of 64Cu(ATSM). Isolated rat hearts (n = five per group) were perfused with aerobic buffer (equilibrated with 95%O2/5%CO2) for 15 min, then hypoxic buffer (95%N2/5%CO2) for 20 min. Cardiac glutathione was depleted by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO, 4 mmol/kg/ 48 h intraperitoneal), or augmented by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 4 mmol/L) in the perfusion buffer. Cardiac 64Cu retention from three 2-MBq bolus injections of 64Cu(ATSM) before and during hypoxia was then monitored by NaI detectors. Cardiac GSH content

The gastrointestinal tract is exposed to pro-oxidants from food, host immune factors, and microbial pathogens, which may induce oxidative damage. quercetin protection was explored in Caco2. Reversed H2O2-induced cell damage and decreased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis ratio were observed in quercetin-treated cells. Also, quercetin increased expression of the glutamate-cysteine Rocilinostat inhibitor database ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis, and increased intracellular GSH concentration under H2O2 treatment. This effect was abolished by the GCLC inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine. These results indicated that quercetin can improve cell proliferation and increase intracellular GSH concentrations by upregulating transcription of GCLC to get rid of excessive reactive air species (ROS). Elevated extracellular H2O2 focus induced by quercetin under oxidative tension was linked to the inhibition of AQP3 and upregulation of NOX1/2, which might ...

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has shown anti-tumour activity against a variety of solid tumours in vitro. However, the mechanisms responsible for its cytotoxicity against ovarian carcinoma remain elusive. In this thesis, the molecular determinants of its effects and factors mediating its chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells were investigated. It was found that As2O3 treatment caused both apoptosis induction and caspase-independent cell death involving mitochondrial dysfunction. This was accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress induction and an increase in intracellular glutathione (GSH) level. The latter was in turn prevented by the concurrent use of GSH modulator, buthionine sulfoximine but not ascorbic acid. Gene expression analysis of arsenic-resistant OVCAR-3 (OVCAR-3/AsR) cells showed the involvement of multiple factors mediating its chemoresistance. Of particular interest, a genetic hub involving elevated interleukin 1A signalling was identified. This could consecutively modulate the ...

Egea, J., Fabregat, I., Frapart, Y. M., Ghezzi, P., Görlach, A., Kietzmann, T., Kubaichuk, K., Knaus, U. G., Lopez, M. G., Olaso-Gonzalez, G., Petry, A., Schulz, R., Vina, J., Winyard, P., Abbas, K., Ademowo, S., Afonso, C. B., Andreadou, I., Antelmann, H., Antunes, F., Aslan, M., Bachschmid, M. M., Barbosa, R. M., Belousov, V., Berndt, C., Bernlohr, D., Bertrán, E., Bindoli, A., Bottari, S. P., Brito, P. M., Carrara, G., Casas, A. I., Chatzi, A., Chondrogianni, N., Conrad, M., Cooke, M. S., Costa, J. G., Cuadrado, A., My-Chan Dang, P., De Smet, B., Debelec-butuner, B., Dias, I., Dunn, J. D., Edson, A. J., El Assar, M., El-Benna, J., Ferdinandy, P., Fernandes, A. S., Fladmark, K. E., Förstermann, U., Giniatullin, R., Giricz, Z., Görbe, A., Griffiths, H., Hampl, V., Hanf, A., Herget, J., Hernansanz-Agustín, P., Hillion, M., Huang, J., Ilikay, S., Jansen-Dürr, P., Jaquet, V., Joles, J. A., Kalyanaraman, B., Kaminskyy, D., Karbaschi, M., Kleanthous, M., Klotz, L-O., Korac, B., Korkmaz, K. S., ...

Purpose:Cancer cells (relative to normal cells) demonstrate increased steady-state levels of hydroperoxides that are compensated for by increased glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism. The current study determined if inhibitors of glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism could induce chemo-radio-sensitization by enhancing oxidative stress in lung cancer cells. Experimental Design:A549 and NCI-H292 human lung carcinoma cells were treated with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) combined with carboplatin (carbo) + ionizing radiation (IR). Lung cancer cells were further sensitized with inhibitors of glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent metabolism [buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and auranofin (Au), respectively] in vitro and in vivo. Results:When 2DG was combined with carbo+IR, clonogenic cell killing was enhanced in A549 and NCI-H292 cells and this combination was more effective than paclitaxel+carbo+IR. The thiol antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) was capable of protecting cancer cells from 2DG+carbo-induced cell ...

Neuronal cell death is often caused by an excess of glutamate that is maintained and physiological level by an equilibrium of signaling between glia and neurons, also called the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft by neuroglia is reduced in a mouse model of Huntingtons disease (HD) and in HD patients, suggesting that glial cells actively participate in the survival of neurons cells in HD. But is the glutamate-glutamine cycle contributing to neuronal death in HD? To answer this question we are taking advantage of a Drosophila model that has been successfully used to dissect the cellular and molecular events of neurodegenerative disorders including HD. HD, an inherited disease caused by expansion of CAG trinucleotide, which results in translation of a protein containing an enlarged polyglutamine (polyQ) domain. HD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons, resulting in involuntary movement and death. Our preliminary data show that modulation of ...

Oxidative stress happens once theres associate degree imbalance between the assembly of free radicals and also the bodys ability to fight them off. Too-high levels of aerobic stress is also a precursor to multiple diseases. These embrace polygenic disease, cancer, and atrophic arthritis. Glutathione helps avert the impact of aerobic stress, which may, in turn, cut back illness.. An article cited in Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy care indicated that glutathione deficiency results in magnified levels of aerobic stress, which could result in cancer. It conjointly expressed that elevated glutathione levels raised inhibitor levels and resistance to aerobic stress in cancer cells.. Glutathione is a very strong antioxidant, partly because of high concentrations that can be found in every cell in the body. Supplements like George Bridgehams GRS Ultra helps you maintain the optimum level of glutathione and prevent yourself from suffering from various chronic diseases. Moreover, the supplement ...

Dietary supplement helps to keep immune system balanced BY KRISTIN WEIDENBACH. Stanford researchers have found that giving patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a daily dose of a dietary supplement can boost their levels of glutathione - a nutrient essential for proper functioning of the immune system. Restoring glutathione levels to those found in healthy people may help HIV-infected patients fight the AIDS-causing virus and fend off other diseases.. The importance here is that glutathione is a central component of all cells, and glutathione deficiency is associated with poor prognosis in many, many diseases, said Leonore (Lee) Herzenberg, PhD, professor of genetics. She is senior author of a paper describing the new study, published in the October 1 issue of the European Journal of Clinical Investigation.. Lee Herzenberg and her colleagues conducted a clinical trial in which 31 HIV-infected patients were given daily doses of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) - a ...

Product Description: Get highly effective muscle breakdown prevention by supplying glutamine for your cells! Replenish your glutamine levels spent during intense workout Triple action: Recover energy,repair & enhance your muscle development! Support for intestinal health & immune system! Key Benefits/Uses: L-

G-TEK is the new supplement that has been created by ThermoLife International. This new supplement offers advanced levels of glutamine which have been clinically shown to raise glutamine levels. In fact, the ability of G-Tek is the highest of any glutamine supplement on the market.

Hey guys Just a quick question. I have been supplementing with Glutamine 5g Pre work out and 5g post. I have just read that having glutamine post work

Background: The role of mesenchymal stem cell in cellular therapy is the subject of interest for many researchers. The differentiation potential of MSCs and abilities in modulations of the recipients immune system makes them important cells in tissue regenerative studies. MSCs by releasing the proinflammatory cytokines play important role in immunomodulatory systems; however the signaling pathways for releasing of these mediators are not well understood. Glutathione has been shown to play a role in modulation of cytokines in hepatogenic differentiation. Objective: In the current study we aimed to investigate the effects of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, inhibitor for glutathione synthesis) and N-acetylecystin (NAC, an inhibitor for ROS generation) on proinflammatory cytokines production in a hepatogenic differentiation model. Results: BSO and NAC significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels at 14 days of differentiation, whereas, NAC decreased the levels of IL-8 at days 2 and 14 of differentiation.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Dopamine toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. T2 - Role of glutathione depletion by L-BSO and apoptosis. AU - Stokes, Alan H.. AU - Lewis, Denise Y.. AU - Lash, Lawrence H.. AU - Gray Jerome, W.. AU - Grant, Ken W.. AU - Aschner, Michael. AU - Vrana, Kent E.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by grants GM 38931 (KEV) and T32 DA 07246 (AHS). PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Dopamine (DA), while an essential neurotransmitter, is also a known neurotoxin that potentially plays an etiologic role in several neurodegenerative diseases. DA metabolism and oxidation readily produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DA can also be oxidized to a reactive quinone via spontaneous, enzyme-catalyzed or metal-enhanced reactions. A number of these reactions are cytotoxic, yet the precise mechanisms by which DA leads to cell death remain unknown. In this study, the neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, was utilized to examine DA toxicity under varying oxidant states. Cells pretreated with the ...

A chlorambucil (CLB)-resistant cell line, N50-4, was developed from the established mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3, by multistep drug selection. The mutant cells exhibited greater than 10-fold resistance to CLB. Alterations in GSH and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were found in CLB-resistant variants. A 7-10-fold increase in cellular GSH content and a 3-fold increase in GST activity were detected in N50-4 cells, compared with parental cells, as determined by enzymatic assays. An increase in steady state levels of the GST-alpha isozyme mRNA was found in the CLB-resistant cells, as analyzed by Northern blotting. No GST gene amplification or rearrangement was shown by Southern blot analysis. To test the relative roles of GSH and GST in CLB resistance, a number of GSH- and GST-blocking agents were used. The CLB toxicity was significantly enhanced in N50-4 cells by administration of either the GSH-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine or the GST inhibitors ethacrynic acid or indomethacin. The ...

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit lower intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than non-CSCs, which may be due to the increased expression of free radical scavenging systems. Exogenous agents may be useful to increase ROS and selectively kill CSCs by oxidative stress. Here we tested a combination approach to increase ROS as an effective strategy to eradicate breast CSCs and metastases. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and auranofin (AU) were used to deplete glutathione (GSH) and inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TR), respectively, while mitochondrial-targeted decyltriphenylphosphonium (dTPP) was used to elevate ROS levels. In vitro clonogenicity assays using SUM159 cells showed that treatment with dTPP alone resulted in ,30% survival, while AU+BSO, BSO+dTPP and AU+BSO+dTPP all resulted in ,1% survival. These effects were reversible with N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment. The Aldefluor+ (CSC) population was also measured following drug treatment in vitro. dTPP or AU treatment alone resulted in ...

Glufosinate is the active ingredient that inhibits plant growth in herbicides that LibertyLink plants are resistant to. These herbicides can come in a variety of forms, including bialaphos, a tripeptide containing two alanine residues and glufosinate. In the case of bialaphos, the peptide is cleaved to produce the active glufosinate.. Glufosinate is very similar in chemical structure to the amino acid glutamate. Because of this structural similarity, glufosinate is able to act as an inhibitor for the enzyme glutamine synthetase, for which glutamate is a substrate. The inhibition of glutamine synthase (GS) results in disruption of the glycolate pathway. Metabolic flux through the pathway is reduced and intracellular levels of pathway intermediates accumulate. One of these intermediates, glyoxylate, is a a strong inhibitor of the key photosynthetic enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. Without the activity of this enzyme, plants are unable to fix carbon and rapidly die.. Glufosinate is an ...

Presented at: 28th International Symposium on Cerebral Blood Flow, Metabolism and Function / 13th International Conference on Quantification of Brain Function with PET, Int Soc Cerebral Blood Flow & Metab, Berlin, GERMANY, APR 01-04, ...

Glutathione biosynthesis and transporter genes are only induced after Zn + Cd treatment in leaves of the metallicolous genotype and thus display category (3)

This study aims to further mechanistically understand toxic modes of action after chronic inorganic arsenic exposure. Therefore long-term incubation studies in cultured cells were carried out, to display chronically attained changes, which cannot be observed in the generally applied in vitro short-term incubation studies. Particularly, the cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic effects of an up to 21 days incubation of human urothelial (UROtsa) cells with pico- to nanomolar concentrations of iAsIII and its metabolite thio-DMAV were compared. After 21 days of incubation, cytotoxic effects were strongly enhanced in the case of iAsIII and might partly be due to glutathione depletion and genotoxic effects on the chromosomal level. These results are in strong contrast to cells exposed to thio-DMAV. Thus, cells seemed to be able to adapt to this arsenical, as indicated among others by an increase in the cellular glutathione level. Most interestingly, picomolar concentrations of both iAsIII and thio-DMAV ...

The activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) fromStreptomyces aureofaciens was regulated by the availability of the nitrogen source. Rich nitrogen sources repressed GS synthesis and increased GS adenylylation. The enzyme was purified 270-fold to virtual homogeneity with 37% recovery. The molar mass of the native enzyme and its subunits was determined to be 620 and 55 kDa, respectively, indicating that GS is composed of 12 identical subunits. The enzyme has a hexagonal-bilayered structure as observed by electron microscopy. The isoelectric point of the purified GS was at pH 4.2. The enzyme was stable for 1 h at 50°C but lost activity rapidly when incubated at 65 and 70°C. Mg2+ supported relative synthetic activity of 100 and 72%, respectively, with the corresponding pH optima of 7.3 and 7.0. Mn2+ ions activated transferase activity at a pH optimum of 7.0. The temperature optimum for all GS activities was 50°C. Intermediates of the citric acid cycle exerted insignificant effects on the synthetic

Putative glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity (GS-IR, green) in the brain of G. insensibilis. Cell nuclei are counterstained with propidium iodide (red label).

ISHII MOTOTSUGU , YOSHIOKA YOSHICHIKA , ISHIDA WATARU , KANEKO YOSHIHITO , FUJIWARA FUMIKADO , TANEICHI HARUHITO , MIURA MASANORI , TOSHIHIRO MAKIKO , TAKEBE NORIKO , IWAI MASAKATSU , SUZUKI KAZUYUKI , SATOH JO THE TOHOKU JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 206(1), 23-30, 2005-05-01 医中誌Web 参考文献21件 被引用文献4件 ...

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In de vakantie hebben kinderen van de BSO de mogelijkheid tot vakantieopvang. Meer informatie over de vakantieopvang lees je op kinderrijk.nl.