OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate whether fertilization could induce the resumption of meiosis in mouse oocytes arrested at metaphase I (MI) after in vitro maturation (IVM), and to investigate the effect of Ca²⁺ chelator treatment at the time of fertilization on the transition from MI to metaphase II (MII). METHODS: MII-stage and arrested MI-stage mouse oocytes after IVM were fertilized, and then embryonic development was monitored. Blastocysts from each group were transferred into 2.5 days post-coitum pseudo-pregnant ICR mice. MI oocytes after IVM were treated with a Ca²⁺ chelator to investigate the effect of Ca²⁺ oscillations on their maturation. RESULTS: As insemination time increased, the number of oocytes in the MI group that reached the MII stage also increased. The blastocyst rates and total cell numbers in the MII group were significantly higher than in the MI group. No pregnancy occurred in the MI group, but 10 pregnancies were achieved (10 of 12) in the MII ...

Fully grown mouse oocytes are normally competent to progress from prophase I to metaphase II without interruption. However, growing mouse oocytes initially become only partially competent to undergo meiotic maturation. Meiotic maturation in these oocytes does not progress beyond metaphase I. In contrast to the oocytes of most strains of mice, most oocytes of strain LT/Sv mice become arrested at metaphase I even when they are fully grown. The initiation of oocyte maturation is correlated with an increase in p34cdc2 kinase activity that continues to rise until metaphase I. The transition into anaphase I is normally correlated with a decrease in p34cdc2 kinase activity. This study demonstrated that metaphase I arrest in both partially competent growing oocytes and fully grown LT/Sv oocytes is correlated with a sustained elevation of p34cdc2 kinase activity. In fact, p34cdc2 activity continued to increase during the time when activity normally decreased. In normally maturing oocytes, some, but

The Xenopus chromokinesin Xkid is essential for metaphase chromosome alignment and must be degraded to allow anapahase chromosome movement

Preparation Methods of Human Metaphase Chromosomes for their Proteome Analysis.: Chromosomes are supermolecules that contain most of the DNA within a cell and a

Effect of NAM treatment at metaphase II and of flavopiridol treatment at 9 h post-GVBD and at metaphase II.(A) GV-stage oocytes were matured in vitro to metapha

Although the physical dimensions of chromosomes are such that they fall well within the spatial resolving power of scanning electron microscopes, results in the past have been disappointing. This is most likely due to limitations in preparative techniques, coupled with the initial necessity to separate the chromosomes from the remainder of the metaphase cell. Two approaches have been employed, a; to use a variety of isolation buffers which provide bulk chromosome preparations, b; to use metaphase spreads prepared essentially as for light microscopy and re-processed for SEM. In the former, wide variations in chromosome surface topography and fibre organisation arise according to the choice of isolation buffer, and mixed populations preclude individual chromosome identification. In the latter the shortcomings in preparation can be considered the air drying that occurs during the making of spreads, and the initial use of methanol/acetic acid fixation. In our view however, these limitations in preparation

Metaphase 1 is the next state to prophase 1 when prophase 1 crossing over will get achieved, and tetrads switch within the path of a plan typically often known as metaphase plate. This metaphase plate is positioned between two poles of the cell. Here the spindle fibers are linked to the centromeres of each of the bivalents, and every kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are then shifted in the direction of the similar pole. Consequently, every kinetochores bind to the spindle fibers to find out the similar pole. This is the true between mitosis and meiosis as members of the each chromosome pair separate from each other throughout the subsequent stage of meiosis that is anaphase 1. Two chromosomes and four chromatids in full from each guardian can set up on each side of the cell and produce the variations in chromosomal distribution in daughter cells after meiosis 1. ...

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dear bionetters, I am a graduate student working on DNA sequencing, but as a side project I am interested in subjecting metaphase chromosomes to electron microscopy. I understanding how to arrest the cells in metaphase --I am working with a borrowed culture of a human lymphocytes-- but am unclear on how to extract and purify the chromosomes. Basically I am looking for two procedures: 1. how to break open the cells gently, and 2. how to isolate the chromosomes from the remains of the cell. (A few papers mentioned centrifugation, but fewer still provided the exact conditions!) Any advice on procedures or even references would be greatly apreciated. Thanks! David (DHC at BIOCH.OX.AC.UK ...

Metaphase is the third of the five phases of mitosis, which is the process in which somatic cells divide. The other phases include prophase, prometaphase, anaphase and telophase. In metaphase, replicated chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Meiosis 1 and 11 also include metaphases.

The HANABI PIV Metaphase Spreader is an automated instrument that provides optimized environmental conditions for the preparation of metaphase chromosome spreads. The HANABI PIV automatically processes up to 48 samples or 96 slides per run.

Perhaps most recognizable phase of mitosis is termed metaphase where the chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore microtubules, begin to align in one plane (the metaphase plate) halfway between the spindle poles.

Perhaps most recognizable phase of mitosis is termed metaphase where the chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore microtubules, begin to align in one plane (the metaphase plate) halfway between the spindle poles.

View Notes - Exam2StudyQues_ver 2 from BIOL 100 at UMBC. 1. In mitosis how are chromosomes arranged during metaphase, and what takes place immediately after metaphase (dont just name the phase;

We explain Metaphase with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers.This lesson will explain in detail what occurs in the process of metaphase.

Essential roles of Drosophila inner centromere protein (INCENP) and aurora B in histone H3 phosphorylation, metaphase chromosome alignment, kinetochore disjunction, and chromosome segregation ...

Shown is a fluorescence microscopy image of a HeLa cell at mitotic metaphase. The cell is stained to reveal DNA (blue), microtubules (red), and the C...

Metaphase is one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, the two types of cell division. Its the second stage of division, in which...

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Metaphase - Short notes for NEET Biology. Get access to the complete set of notes for free. Highlighted points to readily grasp and glance through

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Pretty happy about this exam. Worst question was the first but the Meiosis question wasnt fair at all. The micrographs werent a great quality. I put Metaphase II and Metaphase I? The next question asked you about how the chromosomes were aligned or something a long those lines, so i just assume it was askingg to compare both. I got 1% photosynthetic efficiency and then 800 Rh. For the questions below that about woodland. I put that woodland has a high abundance of cellulose which is not digested by herbivores so energy is lost. I honestly cant remember any other questions haha. Not saying im right ...

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Complete reconstructions of all the bivalents were made from electron micrographs of serial sections through six pollen mother cells at metaphase I of meiosis in Triticum aestivum (hexaploid bread wheat). At least two of these metaphases contained interlocked pairs of bivalents. In one, two ring bivalents were interlocked, while in another a rod bivalent ran through the centre of a ring bivalent. Two other groups of bivalents were too closely appressed to allow separation into individual bivalents and may have contained interlocks. Meiosis in other anthers of the same plants examined by light microscopy was considered normal. The frequency of interlocking found was much higher than reported from light-microscope spreads. Not all interlocks in metaphase I cells need adversely affect meiosis, but knowledge of their regularity and form may facilitate understanding the processes of chromosome pairing. ...

During mitosis, a spindle checkpoint detects chromosome misalignment and halts the cell cycle progression. In meiosis of female germ cells, however, it is debatable whether such a checkpoint is present. This research employed a unique model in the mouse, mitotic chromosomes transferred to meiotic cytoplasts to investigate whether a meiotic oocytes microtubule apparatus can effectively separate mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and whether a spindle checkpoint exists during its division. The intact germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes, enucleated GV cytoplasts, and enucleated GV cytoplasts at 15 h in-vitro maturation were transferred with a metaphase fibroblast cell. When mitotic chromosomes were transferred into enucleated or intact mouse GV oocytes, the first bipolar meiotic spindles were established and the reconstructed oocytes were able to extrude polar bodies. However, none of the reconstructed oocytes showed complete and accurate alignment of chromosomes, except the enucleated GV cytoplasts reconstructed

The US producer delivers a varied release for Semteks label. On one side theres the whip-crackle percussion and acid tingle of Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase. These elements are combined with a brittle rhythm and dreamy synth-lines and it sounds like Gwyers attempt at making Detroit techno. On the flip there are more surprises in store; she meanders into lullaby ambience with And Again Those Eyes, while on Meiosis Gametes pits frazzled snares and clunky drum distortion against Beltran-esque serenity. Its a masterful, mixed release ...

Nonhistone proteins provide a structural scaffold for long chromatin loops. Although histones are the predominant proteins in chromosomes, nonhistone proteins are also involved in organizing chromosome structure. Electron micrographs of histone-depleted metaphase chromosomes from HeLa cells reveal long loops of DNA anchored to a chromosome scaffold composed of nonhistone proteins. This scaffold is shaped like the metaphase chromosome and persists evn when DNA is digested by nucleases. Loops of 30-nm chromatin fiber a few megabases long associate with a flexible chromsome scaffold, yielding an extended form characteristic of chromosomes during interphase. Folding of scaffold produces highly condensed structure characteristic of metaphase chromosomes. But the geometry of scaffold folding in metaphase chromosomes has not yet been determined.. In situ hybridization with different fluorescent-labeled probes to DNA in human interphase cells support loop model shown. Some probe sequences mllion of base ...

It is well known that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in various mitotic events, but its function in mammalian oocyte meiosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that no specific JNK2 signal was detected in germinal vesicle stage. JNK2 was associated with the spindles especially the spindle poles and cytoplasmic microtubule organizing centers at prometaphase I, metaphase I, and metaphase II stages. JNK2 became diffusely distributed and associated with the midbody at telophase I stage. Injection of myc-tagged JNK2α1 mRNA into oocytes also revealed its localization on spindle poles. The association of JNK2 with spindle poles was further confirmed by colocalization with the centrosomal proteins, γ-tubulin and Plk1. Nocodazole treatment showed that JNK2 may interact with Plk1 to regulate the spindle assembly. Then we investigated the possible function of JNK2 by JNK2 antibody microinjection and JNK specific inhibitor SP600125 treatment. These two manipulations caused ...

Induction of meiotic mutants by EMS A search for meiotic mutants is being undertaken among plants of the M3 generation following treatment of pollen with EMS. To date, sporocytes of 27 mutants which exhibited ovule abortion and/or abnormal kernel development have been examined. Of these, at least two appear to be new mutants. One affects meiosis in several ways and is variable in its expression. Two or four univalents are sometimes present during diakinesis, prometaphase I and metaphase I. Whether the univalents result from the failure of homologous chromosomes to pair or from desynapsis is not yet known. Lagging chromosomes (usually 1 or 2, but sometimes 3 or 4) have been observed at both meiotic anaphases and telophases. Occasionally, the axis of one or both of the metaphase II spindles is oriented in the same direction as, instead of at right angles to, that of the metaphase I spindle. As a result, quartets of the type shown in Figure 1, or linear quartets (Figure 2) are formed. Some quartets ...

Mitotic spindle alignment with the basal or substrate-contacting domain ensures that dividing epithelial cells remain in the plane of the monolayer. Spindle orientation with respect to the substratum is established in metaphase coincident with maximal cell rounding, which enables unobstructed spindle rotation. Misaligned metaphase spindles are believed to result in divisions in which one daughter loses contact with the basal lamina. Here we describe a rescue mechanism that drives substrate-parallel spindle alignment of quasi-diagonal metaphase spindles in anaphase. It requires a Rho- and E-cadherin adhesion-dependent, substrate-parallel contractile actin belt at the apex that governs anaphase cell flattening. In contrast to monolayered Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, hepatocytic epithelial cells, which typically feature tilted metaphase spindles, lack this anaphase flattening mechanism and as a consequence maintain their spindle tilt through cytokinesis. This results in out-of-monolayer ...

In summary, we have isolated and characterized a large set of ts mutant alleles that define five complementation groups and share a common defect: mutant mothers shifted to the nonpermissive temperature of 25°C produce embryos that arrest at the meiotic one-cell stage. Our premise, that these affected one-cell embryos reach a normal meiosis I metaphase state, but then fail to progress to anaphase, is supported by the following observations: (a) the oocytes undergo normal maturation events and, after fertilization, their chromosomes align and congress in a metaphase pentagonal array on a morphologically normal meiotic spindle, (b) in such embryos, the sperm chromatin remains condensed and the sperm microtubule organizing center remains quiescent, and (c) neither meiotic anaphase figures nor polar bodies are ever observed. In addition, the stable presence of phosphohistone H3 and MPM-2 epitopes indicates that the mutant embryos are permanently arrested in an M phase-like state. These results ...

Enhanced light micrograph of roundworm (ascaris) cells in the metaphase stage of mitosis. Mitosis is the cell division of a nucleus, typically consisting of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It usually results in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes. Magnification 160x at 35mm. - Stock Image C028/2378

Surveillance mechanisms stop progression throughthe cell cycle at specific checkpoints (at the G1 → S, G2 → M and metaphase → anaphase transitions) if certain crucial requirements have not been met

View Notes - Homework _16 with answers from BIO Bio 5A at UC Riverside. Homework#16,02/20/09(Dr.MMG) 1. A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two

This work delineates roles of Zn2+ and Ca2+ during mammalian mII and mII exit. From the results obtained, it can be argued that Zn2+ is required for mII arrest and that Ca2+i release during fertilization is not essential for full-term development. The work provides evidence that Zn2+ is required for the Emi2-mediated regulation of meiotic arrest in mouse mII oocytes. Meiotic resumption after Zn2+ depletion is not accompanied either by Ca2+ release or Emi2 degradation, both of which are induced by Ca2+-dependent oocyte activation (Fig. 2A-C; Fig. 3A). Furthermore, events of mII exit that depend on the APC-proteasome pathway, including cyclin B degradation and chromosome separation (Peters, 2006), occur with similar kinetics whether or not Ca2+ is mobilized (Fig. 1A-C; Fig. 3B,C). This observation implies that Zn2+ depletion activates or unmasks the APC-proteasome pathway, even in the presence of Emi2. Indeed, TPEN-induced mII exit is prevented by proteasome inhibitors (Fig. 3E,F) or removal of ...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

We have developed a procedure for efficient in situ hybridization of bacterial recombinants created with various types of large-insert cloning vectors. Minimal quantities of crude DNA are amplified and labeled during the degenerate-oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction. The resulting probes generate high-intensity fluorescent hybridization signals on metaphase chromosomes and on interphase nuclei.

Comparison of affected and unaffected individuals generally involves first looking for structural alterations in the chromosomes, such as deletions or translocations that are visible from chromosome spreads or detectable using PCR based on that DNA sequence. ...

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Changes in microtubule stability from metaphase to anaphase in Xenopus egg extracts. (A) Calcium was added to CSF-arrested Xenopus egg extracts (0 min) in the p

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The stage in the second meiotic division of meiosis that follows prophase II, during which the chromosomes are aligned along a single plane in the center of each cell produced during the first meiotic division (two total cells). Each chromosome can clearly be observed as a pair of joined, identical chromatids. The stage ends as soon as the centromeres connecting the pairs to each other break ...

If the M checkpoint is passed, cells may enter mitosis and proceed through metaphase (where chromosomes line up on metaphase plate) and anaphase (where chromosomes separate as … Histology definition is - a branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal and plant tissues as discernible with the microscope. Histology is an essential tool of biology. How long will the footprints on the moon last? The study of details of tissues came into usage in the 1700s by the scientist Bichat. I hope that this small dip into the background has sparked an interest and you will appreciate some of the many, many years of discovery, refinement and development when you come to use histology in your research- either for the first time, or for the next time you are in the histology lab. Founder of histology is. This is recognised as the first published record of the word cell. the recognizable organ systems and suggest that each part of the So- what exactly is histology? Then please share with your

I have a prof that says that crossing over in meiosis happens during metaphase 1. I asked her about this, pointing out the evidence that I had that said that crossing over happens during prophase 1. She says that the line between prophase and metaphase are obscure and that the actual event happens during metaphase. What does anyone have to say about this ...

Meiosis produce the male gametes and the female gametes to complete the sexual reproduction , It occurs only in the reproductive cells , Where it occurs in the testis to produce the male gametes ...

With 4 figures SUMMARY: We investigated the frequencies of cytoskeletal anomalies in metaphase‐II (M‐II) and incompetent [arrested at an immature metaphase (IM) stage] porcine and bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) in relation with ageing by immunostaining and confocal microscopy. In porcine oocytes, meiotic arrest at the IM stage was associated with abnormalities of cortical actin bu ...

Ordinary awareness is one of the biggest mysteries of our age: scientists are totally baffled by the fact that humans enjoy inner experience along with their behavior and are at a loss to explain the origin of this experience tho much progress has been made in explaining the behavior. One small group of mind scientists believes that mind is a quantum effect and that disembodied entities (which might be called souls) manipulate the body by willfully causing quantum possibilities to become actual. In this view mind enters the body from outside (a philosophical position known as dualism) by operating on certain quantum-uncertain parts of the nervous system ...

Define mitosis: a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase,…

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