Hypoxic ischemia brain injury occurring during the neonatal period leads to severe neurodevelopmental impairments such as cerebral palsy, which is associated with damage to the striatum (Brucknerová et al., 2006; Chalmers, 2005; Obenaus and Ashwal, 2008). Dopamine is implicated as an endogenous substance that mediates neuronal death after hypoxic ischemic insult (Adair and Filloux, 1992).. The present study showed that the hypoxic ischemia brain injury induced extensive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and a loss of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum. Hypoxic ischemia brain injury also deteriorated spatial learning ability in the Morris-water maze test. Burke et al. (1992) reported that neonatal hypoxic ischemia injury on postnatal 7 days resulted in a decrease in the TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of the neonatal and adult rats. The Rice-Vannucci model reduced the number of TH-positive cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the 4 weeks old rats (Oo ...
JWB 1-84-1 is one of 50 tertiary amine analogs of choline synthesized with the expectation that they would be high potency compounds for cytoprotection. As one of the more potent analogs in this regard, JWB 1-84-1, a piperazine derivative, was selected for testing as a cognition-enhancing agent. The compound was evaluated for efficacy in Alzheimers disease transgenic mice (B6C3-Tg(APPswe, PSENldE9)85Dbo/J). The mice (AJ? Tg) were first subjected t9 a behavioral test battery in which the transgenic strain was compared with the wild-type strain. AD Tg mice were shown to exhibit specific deficits in the acquisition of a working memory (radial arm water maze) task at a time when the animals exhibited maximal cerebral amyloid plaque burden. JWB 1-84-1 produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of errors.made by well trained AD-Tg mice in a 5-trial/session radial arm water maze task that was maximal after the 20 μg/kg dose. Aged macaques (20-32 y) were trained to proficiency in their ...
Acute and sub chronic effects of oral dexamethasone on anxiety and memory in mice were evaluated using the elevated plus maze, Y maze and radial arm maze. Adult male Swiss albino mice assigned to five groups were given vehicle (normal saline), a standard drug (Diazepam or Scopolamine) or one of three selected doses of dexamethasone (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) daily for a period of 14 days. Behavioral tests were carried out on days 1 and 14 after administration. Results were analysed using a one-way ANOVA followed by a posthoc test (Student-Newman-Keul) and expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Elevated plus maze test showed a significant reduction in the time spent in the open arm and in the number of open arm entries compared to control. Results of radial arm and Y maze tasks showed an improvement in spatial memory following dexamethasone administration. Y maze locomotor activity was significantly increased, although radial arm maze exploration did not increase significantly. The study concluded that oral
The data presented above agree with previous studies on humans suggesting an improving effect of caffeine on memory (3-7) and show that the Morris water maze task is a good model for the study of this effect. Our results also agree with most of the previous studies reporting improving effects of caffeine in animal models of learning and memory. Molinengo et al. (12) reported reduction in memory decay in rats receiving chronic administration of caffeine after interruption of training in the staircase task. There are also some reports of caffeine improving memory consolidation when administered after training for a habituation task in rats (10), inhibitory avoidance in mice (13) and in rats (10), a multi-chamber maze in mice (14), and active avoidance in rats (15,16).. The present results stress some particularities of the memory-improving effect of caffeine that were not systematically addressed in previous studies: 1) the effect of caffeine was more evident when the drug is administered after ...
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of vitrification of mouse oocytes on the behavior of adult offspring. STUDY DESIGN Oocytes from mice were vitrified, warmed and inseminated, and two-cell embryos were transferred to foster mothers. The behavioral characterization of the offspring was detected by the Morris water maze test, forced swimming test, and elevated plus maze test, and compared to that of offspring from fresh oocytes. RESULTS Offspring produced by vitrified oocytes showed normal motor function. In the Morris water maze test of spatial learning there was a slightly decreased time spent in the quadrant containing the platform relative to mice from fresh oocytes, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition, offspring from vitrified oocytes did not exhibit alterations in emotional behavior. CONCLUSION No alterations were found in the behavioral characterization of adult offspring from vitrified oocytes compared with those from fresh oocytes.
Subtype 2 of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2) is expressed in the presynaptic elements of hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Knockout mice deficient in mGluR2 showed no histological changes and no alterations in basal synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation, or tetanus-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation, however, was almost fully abolished. The mutant mice performed normally in water maze learning tasks. Thus, the presynaptic mGluR2 is essential for inducing LTD at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapses, but this hippocampal LTD does not seem to be required for spatial learning. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - d-Amphetamine. T2 - Disruptive effects on the long-term store of memory and proactive facilitatory effects on learning in inbred mice. AU - Crabbe, John Jr. AU - Alpern, Herbert P.. PY - 1975. Y1 - 1975. N2 - Male, C57BL/6J mice were given two daily trials on an appetitively-motivated successive brightness discrimination maze problem; they then received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline or d-amphetamine for 5 days. When trained again in the maze, mice in all d-amphetamine groups tended to display impaired retention: retention was significantly impaired in the 2.0 mg/kg group. Naive mice were treated exactly as were the pretrained mice except that they received no initial maze training prior to drug treatments. Mice in all naive d-amphetamine groups tended to display enhanced acquisition of the maze problem: acquisition was significantly enhanced in the 1.0 mg/kg group. These results could not be explained as effects of d-amphetamine on attentional, motivational or other ...
In sum, we have been able to attenuate the function of CREB family transcription factors in dorsal striatum through expression of a dominant-negative CREB mutant, KCREB. These animals have a specific deficit in distinct forms of striatum-dependent procedural learning, without showing deficits in either motor learning on the rotarod or in spatial learning in the Morris water maze (data not shown). Furthermore, the mutant animals show a marked deficit in both LTP and LTD at the glutamatergic corticostriatal projection.. Whereas the role of the dorsal striatum in cognitive processes is increasingly appreciated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of striatum-dependent procedural learning are poorly understood. Although corticostriatal synaptic plasticity has been extensively investigated, its relationship to striatum-dependent procedural learning remains unclear.. One obstacle to clarifying this relationship has been the difficulty of identifying clearly dorsal striatum-dependent learning tasks. ...
One of the more profound features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is that females have a 9:1 prevalence of this disease over males. Up to 80% of SLE patients have cognitive defects or affective disorders. The mechanism of CNS injury responsible for cognitive impairment is unknown. We previously showed that ERα deficiency significantly reduced renal disease and increased survival in lupus-prone mice. We hypothesized that ERα deficiency would be similarly protective in the brain, and that ERα may play a role in modulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and/or neuroinflammation in lupus-prone mice. MRL/lpr ERα+/+ and ERαKO mice (n = 46) were ovariectomized, received 17β-estradiol pellets, and underwent radial arm water maze (WRAM) and novel object recognition (NOR) testing starting at eight weeks of age. Mice were sacrificed and brains were hemisected and processed for either immunohistochemistry, or hippocampus and parietal cortex dissection for Western blotting. MRL/lpr ERαKO mice (n =
Recent studies show that a moderate duration of sevoflurane, one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetics in clinical practice, does not induce cognitive impairment in animals under physiological conditions. However, the influence of sevoflurane on cognitive function under diabetic conditions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether sevoflurane causes cognitive decline in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and if so, to explore a possible underlying mechanism. Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and non-diabetic Wistar rats underwent 2.6% sevoflurane for 4 h or sham (control) exposure. Cognitive function and hippocampal inflammation were assessed 1 week and 5 months after sevoflurane or sham exposure. Compared with Wistar control rats, GK control rats exhibited shorter freezing times in Trace fear conditioning task 1 week after exposure, took longer to locate the submerged platform and had shorter dwell-time in the target quadrant in Morris Water Maze task 5 months
Hippocampal function varies along its septotemporal axis, with the septal (dorsal) pole more frequently involved in spatial learning and memory and the temporal (ventral) pole playing a greater role in emotional behaviors. One feature that varies across these subregions is adult neurogenesis. New neurons are more numerous in the septal hippocampus but are more active in the temporal hippocampus during water maze training. However, many other aspects of adult neurogenesis remain unexplored in the context of septal versus temporal subregions. In addition, the dentate gyrus contains another functionally important anatomical division along the transverse axis, with the suprapyramidal blade showing greater experience-related activity than the infrapyramidal blade. Here we ask whether new neurons differ in their rates of survival and maturation along the septotemporal and transverse axes. We found that neurogenesis is initially higher in the infrapyramidal than suprapyramidal blade, but these cells are less
Seven male side-blotched lizards, U. stansburiana, were used in this study (eight to 10 months); all were hatched and raised in identical laboratory conditions. Previous spatial memory studies in squamates have been criticized on methodological issues. Thus, we used the Barnes maze, a standard apparatus and methodology used to test spatial memory in many taxa [9]. The Barnes maze was a circular platform (73.66 cm high, 105.74 cm diameter) with 10 holes, equidistant from each other (26.04 cm); each hole was 15.54 cm from the edge of the maze. Holes were large enough to allow a lizard to pass through comfortably (2.54 cm diameter). To allow for spatial navigation, cues in the form of a circle and an + on the wall, were located at least 30 cm from the Barnes maze holes and 15.24 cm above the plane of the table (figure 1); cues measured between 15 and 20 cm in diameter. By positioning cues in this way, none of the cues could serve as a local cue that directly identified the goal. The door of the ...
The FLURESP consortium is composed by key European experts in Flu alert and response strategies, in Public Health and Health Economics advanced methodology. The objective of the FLURESP consortium is to redefine main human pandemic scenarios at the European level, describe and cluster possible response strategies and assess these response strategies in the frame of multi-criteria and cost-effectiveness analyses, taking into account lessons from the 2009 pandemy. If human pandemic scenarios and main related responses are well documented, they have never been assessed and ranked using both multi-criteria and cost-effectiveness approaches. Then it appears urgent to develop a strategy relying on assessment of lessons learnt with respect to improving intersectoral collaboration and cross-border coordination in responding to health emergencies. The integrated approach of Decision Making proposed by the FLURESP consortium would constitute a premiere at the European and global level, which would support ...
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reverses age-related impairments in spatial learning and lowers protein oxidation - Age (Dordr). 2013 Oct;35(5):1821-34 - the current study assessed the effect of CoQ intake in older mice for which cognitive and psychomotor impairments were already evident. Separate groups of young (3.5 months) and relatively old mice (17.5 months) were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with low (0.72 mg/g) or high (2.81 mg/g) concentrations of CoQ for 15 weeks. After 6 weeks, the mice were given tests for spatial learning (Morris water maze), spontaneous locomotor activity, motor coordination, and startle reflex. Age-related impairments in cognitive and psychomotor functions were evident in the 17.5-month-old mice fed the control diet, and the low-CoQ diet failed to affect any aspect of the impaired performance. However, in the Morris water maze test, old mice on the high-CoQ diet swam to the safe platform with greater efficiency than the mice on the control diet. The old ...
Certain sites of the human body have immune privilege, meaning they are able to tolerate the introduction of antigens without eliciting an inflammatory immune response. Tissue grafts are normally recognised as foreign antigen by the body and attacked by the immune system. However, in immune privileged sites, tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time without rejection occurring. Immunologically privileged sites were thought to include: the brain, but this is now known to be incorrect and indeed immune cells of the CNS contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood the eyes the placenta and the fetus the testicles Immune privilege is also believed to occur to some extent or able to be induced in articular cartilage. Immune privilege is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to protect vital structures from the potentially damaging effects of an inflammatory immune response. Inflammation in the brain or eye can lead to loss of organ ...
In the present study, to better understand the role of different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in hippocampus-dependent forms of learning, we examined the expression of neural, endothelial, and inducible NOS in the hippocampus of young-adult rats classified as poor and good learners on the basis of their performance in the partially baited 12-arm radial maze. Taking into consideration strain-dependent differences in learning skills and NOS expression, experiments were performed on two different lines of laboratory rats: the inbred Wistar (W) and the outcrossed Wistar/Spraque-Dawley(W/S) line. The hippocampal levels of NOS proteins were assessed by Western Blotting. In the present study, genetically more homogenous W rats showed a slower rate of learning compared to the genetically less homogenous outcrossed W/S rats. The deficient performance in the W rat group compared to outcrossed W/S rats, and in poor learners of both groups compared to good learners was due to a higher ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether spatial hippocampus-dependent learning is affected by the serotonergic system and stress. Therefore, 5-HTT knockout (-/-), heterozygous (+/-) and wildtype (+/+) mice were subjected to the Barnes maze (BM) and the Morris water maze (WM), the latter being discussed as more aversive. Additionally, immediate early gene (IEG) expression, hippocampal adult neurogenesis (aN), and blood plasma corticosterone were analyzed. While the performance of 5-HTT-/- mice in the BM was undistinguishable from both other genotypes, they performed worse in the WM. However, in the course of the repeated WM trials 5-HTT-/- mice advanced to wildtype level. The experience of a single trial of either the WM or the BM resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels in all genotypes. After several trials 5-HTT-/- mice exhibited higher corticosterone concentrations compared with both other genotypes in both tests. Corticosterone levels were highest in 5-HTT-/- mice tested ...
The effect of posttraining intracerebral injections of the indirect dopamine (DA) agonist d-amphetamine, the direct D2 agonist LY 171555, and the direct D1 agonist SKF-38393 on the acquisition of two 8-arm radial maze tasks were examined. On a win-stay task, a light cue signaled the location of food …
The objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of THC treatment on CD8+ T cell-mediated activation of astrocytes. CD3/CD28/IFN α- stimulated CD8+ T cells were treated with vehicle (0.03% EtOH) or THC and cocultured with U251 astrocytes. IP-10+, MCP-1+, and IL-6+ astrocytes were quantified by flow cytometry. LegendPlex ™ was used to measure cytokine secretion by CD8+ T cells and flow cytometry was employed to quantify IFN γ, TNFα, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) expression. Recombinant TNFα and IFNγ were used to stimulate MCP-1, IP-10, IL-6 responses in ...
Evidence suggests that women are more sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol and more vulnerable to the adverse medical consequences of heavy alcohol consumption than men. Despite this few studies have directly compared the consequences of binge alcohol between the male and female brain, and the mechanisms that underlie increased female vulnerability remain poorly understood. The present studies investigated sex differences in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, and associated cognitive deficits and disruption of trophic support, using a rodent model of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Binge exposure resulted in a significant loss of granule neurons and significantly more degenerating and dead cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of females compared to males. This was associated with a binge-induced spatial reference memory deficits in the Morris water maze for females but not males. Binge-induced neurodegeneration in the female hippocampus was associated with a decrease of BDNF, TrkB, ...
The relationship between context-dependent hippocampal activity and tasks that are hippocampus dependent is not clear-cut. Although in some hippocampus-dependent tasks context-dependent place field ... More. The relationship between context-dependent hippocampal activity and tasks that are hippocampus dependent is not clear-cut. Although in some hippocampus-dependent tasks context-dependent place field firing is seen, in others it is not. Furthermore, in some tasks that dont require a hippocampus, context-dependent activity is observed. This chapter reviews these three patterns of results and identifies the task characteristics that yield context-dependent place cell firing, as well as the characteristics of tasks that require the hippocampus. It is argued that at the very least, structures outside the hippocampus are capable of mediating context discrimination sufficient to support some kinds of context-dependent behaviors. This suggests that the hippocampus is one component of a network of ...
In Response: In their Letter to the Editor, Reiriz et al. have questioned the generalization of results that we recently presented about a rodent model to assess cognitive impairments induced by cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil (1). In our study, we evaluated the effects of chronic regimens of these two chemotherapeutic agents on performance of young and aged female F344 rats in two complex learning tasks, the Morris water maze and the Stone 14-unit T-maze. Both tasks involve multiple trials spread over several days and required the rat to learn and remember complex spatial relationships. Our results showed that, with 8 weeks of recovery from the chemotherapeutic regimens, rats treated with either cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) or 5-fluorouracil (150 mg/kg) surprisingly did significantly better than untreated controls in both learning tasks. However, after providing even longer periods of recovery, 29 to 42 weeks, we observed no significant differences in maze performance between treated rats ...
YANCHENG, China, Sept. 22, 2017 /PRNewswire/ - Now the largest plant maze in the world is Heiner Indre Plant Maze in France, covering a land area of 40,000 square meters. But this will be changed by the Seven-color Flower Field Hawaii Plant Maze in Dafeng of China. The Seven-color Flower Field Hawaii Plant Maze was officially settled in Dafeng and its construction was started in March 2017. It covers a land area of 45,000 square meters, 5,000 square meters larger than Heiner Indre Plant Maze in France. ...
In the present study aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. asiatica were investigated for their effect on cognitive functions in rats. Male Wistar rats of 200-250 g were used to study the effect on learning and memory by using shuttle box, step through, step down and elevated plus maze paradigms...doses of aqueous extract increased the number of avoidances in shuttle box and prolonged the step through latency in step through apparatus in a dose dependent manner, while only two doses 200 and 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract showed significant increase in the step down latency in step down apparatus and transfer latency (TL) in elevated plus maze. Among doses of aqueous extract tested on oxidative stress parameters, only 200 and 300 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) with simultaneous significant increase in levels of glutathione. There was a significant increase in the levels of catalase at the 300 mg/kg but no significant change in superoxide ...
Pathological Models. Prior to the study a group of mice were subjected to a procedure called controlled cortical impact (CCI), an experimental brain injury method that uses a pneumatic mechanism to deliver trauma to the subjects head.. Histological Assessments. After testing, the mice were euthanized and had their brains preserved for analysis. Eight brains (both male and female) were randomly selected for lesion analysis. For this, the lesioned sections were placed on slides, stained with cresyl violet, and scanned.. The variables analyzed for effect of injury were sex, injury (no CCI, mild CCI, or severe CCI), and which maze they were tested on (Water maze, rotarod, etc…). Two other measures (lesion volume analysis and tests performed only once) were evaluated across injury and sex. Therefore, the two most important variables of this study were sex and injury.. To measure the lesions the damaged volume was the focus of attention, and was calculated as the area of the opposite hemisphere ...
Consistent with previous findings, this study shows that ILN/LT lesions did not affect acquisition of a spatial memory task or its recent retrieval assessed 5 d after the end of acquisition (Mitchell and Dalrymple-Alford, 2005; 2006; Wolff et al., 2008) (but see Mair et al., 1998; Gibb et al., 2006). In contrast, ILN/LT lesions dramatically impaired performance during the remote memory probe trial. Since these lesions did not affect AChE activity in the hippocampus, it is highly unlikely that the observed impairment was due to an alteration in cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal region. The selective detrimental effect of ILN/LT lesions on remote memory expression suggests a role for the ILN/LT in the processing of remote spatial memory. In contrast, ATN rats were severely impaired at all stages of spatial memory testing (acquisition and retrieval), thus confirming the crucial role played by the ATN in the acquisition of spatial information (Byatt and Dalrymple-Alford, 1996; Aggleton et ...
As adversaries continue to have success, more organizations have recognized the need to implement a threat detection and response strategy. However, with an expanding attack surface, lack of skilled resources, and blind spots across the environment, this is a huge challenge to overcome. Thats why Fidelis commissioned research firm ESG to conduct a survey that would identify the key challenges that cybersecurity professionals are facing when approaching threat detection and response today, and what trends and strategies are forming as a result. Join us as Senior Principal Analyst and ESG Fellow, Jon Olstik and Fidelis Threat Research Director, Danny Pickens along with SOC Operations expert, Travis Aldrich, discuss the results of the 2019 Threat Detection and Response Survey. Well be considering the implications of the results and how these findings can inform threat detection and response for CISOs in the year to come.. Key themes covered include:. ...
The Hong Kong Morris (Chinese: 香港莫利斯舞蹈團) is an English morris dancing side founded in Hong Kong in 1974. The side now has two chapters, the Hong Kong Morris in Hong Kong and the Hong Kong (UK) Morris, colloquially known as The Brackets, in the United Kingdom. In its heyday, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Hong Kong Morris was one of the largest Cotswold morris sides in the world. The Hong Kong Morris attracted its first women members in the late 1970s, at a time when there was considerable opposition to womens morris dancing in the United Kingdom. Women and men have always danced together in the Hong Kong Morris, either in mixed sets or in separate sets. By the mid-1980s the sides growing numbers enabled strong mens and womens sets to develop, and each set began to specialise in certain Cotswold traditions, while retaining a large common core of dances for mixed dancing. The Hong Kong Morris was briefly a member side of the Morris Ring, but was asked to leave the Ring ...
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Matthew Ireland.. The talk will consist of talking about different methods for mainly 2D maze generation and solving algorithms. We will discuss the difference of space, time complexity, possible implementation difficulties arising in each algorithm and results (the algorithm finding any path or the shortest path). We will also briefly touch upon which of the algorithms are human usable. The algorithms mentioned will include dead-end filling, A* algorithm, etc for maze generating algorithms and Kruskal, Hunt-and-Kill, Sidewinder, etc for maze solving algorithms. In addition, we will see what changes can be made in order to have a more attractive maze for the human eye. Lastly, we will look how with the help of matrices it is possible to expand these algorithms into higher dimensions (3D or higher).. This talk is part of the Churchill CompSci Talks series.. ...
Maze Of Souls is a confounding album. Lisa Smith has an amazing rock voice; able to alter her sound to fit the song/style shes singing within a limited breadth of styles. Shes somewhere between Lee Aaron and old school Pat Benetar stylistically. Her deep amber alto is lined with a bit of barbed wire when she wants it; there arent too many female rock vocalists like her nowadays. The band can rock when theyre up to it, and it seems like the potential is here for a an amazing ride on Maze Of Souls. What we find is a bit more typical of a 1980s hair metal band, however. Maybe four songs of the eleven presented on Maze Of Souls truly inspire the listener, but there is a tendency toward blandness that belies the spark that the individual pieces can create. Maze Of Souls opens on The Verge, a straight forward classic hard rock tune. This is the listeners introduction to Smiths voice but is otherwise fairly typical of the genre. Red Door gets more into the hair metal sound, with Smith sounding a ...
Students learn the basic concept of three point perspective while creating a maze. This project works for 7th through 12th grade beginning art. The basic knowledge is presented and students can create their mazes on a basic level or go way beyond by adding a second maze, adding a floating pool, adding holes in the sides of the maze walls, etc, I had my students start by throwing paint on a large poster
From the publisher: Amazing Mazes for kids has nearly 75 mazes every single one a new and different adventure in some pretty incredible places. Youll walk with the animals into Noahs Ark, fish with Peter to find the fish with the coin, and fly with the ravens who feed Elijah. Along the way, youll discover many fascinating people and places in the Bible, including Jesus, Moses, Paul, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and much more! These amazing mazes are perfect for fun at home, Sunday school, church activity nights, and trips. But watch out-once you get started you wont want to stop. Softcover. Amazing Mazes for Kids: Take Me Through the Bible (9781565078468) by Steve Miller
Find corn mazes near you. This website has complete, current, detailed information about corn mazes, often with hayrides, haunted mazes and related activities in along with tips and tricks to getting through a corn maze, how to make a pumpkin pie from a pumpkin and other related information; all free, well-organized and up to date!
Morris water maze was composed of a spherical pool (80 cm in diameter and 32 cm in peak) produced of stainless metal and a movable system (24 cm in height). Thoroughly clean h2o was poured into the pool, which was mixed with milk to hold the sight of mice out of platform, and the surface area of drinking water was one cm increased than the platform. The temperature of drinking water was controlled at twenty five.061.0uC. A video keep track of in excess of the pool was connected to a computer. When the fastened time was above or the animal climbed on to the system, the personal computer stopped tracing, recorded the swimming route, and routinely calculated the distance of swimming, the time for discovering the platform (the water escape-latency) and the authentic angle (the angle in between the extended axes of mouse entire body and the line of plunging level to system at the time of plunging into water). The platform was in the center of the 3rd quadrant. We randomly chosen an entrance level in ...
For the third time in as many years, the World Series was a New York exclusive, but this time there was a different outcome. The Yankees prevailed, four games to two, by exploiting ineffective Giant pitching, especially during the latter half of the Series. Trouble among the Giant starters spelled opportunity for Barnes in Games 4 and 5, but in both cases, he entered the game with a several-run deficit. His team would not win either game, but he made the most of his chances. In the ninth inning of Game 4, he retired the side in order with 13 pitches. In Game 5, Barnes made a longer relief appearance: in 3⅔ innings, he allowed four hits, no runs, and no walks. In the bottom of the fifth, with two outs and two runners on base, he struck out Babe Ruth to end the inning.. The Series recaps did not toss many accolades in the direction of the Giant pitching staff, but a few took note of Barnes performance. The New York Times observed that Barnes had …showed again that he can stand up with Arthur ...
Increasing evidence suggests that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a key mediator of the inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, we showed that intracerebroventricular administration of an IL-1 beta-neutralizing antibody was neuroprotective following TBI in mice. In the present study, an anti-IL-1 beta antibody or control antibody was administered intraperitoneally following controlled cortical injury (CCI) TBI or sham injury in 105 mice and we extended our histological, immunological and behavioral analysis. First, we demonstrated that the treatment antibody reached target brain regions of brain-injured animals in high concentrations (, 11 nm) remaining up to 8 days post-TBI. At 48 h post-injury, the anti-IL-1b treatment attenuated the TBI-induced hemispheric edema (P , 0.05) but not the memory deficits evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM). Neutralization of IL-1 beta did not influence the TBI-induced increases (P , 0.05) in the gene expression of the ...
July 30, 2014 - Navigating through mazes to get from point A to point B is part of daily life, and the hippocampus seems to be responsible for helping us handle this invaluable task. Literal mazes created for museums challenge our navigational skills and help us learn to grapple with the unexpected.Click here to learn more about mazes, and how our brains experience them
The fully-operational amusement park is home to a ferris wheel, a rock-climbing wall, a bungee jump, mechanical bull, amazing maze and lots more. Hickey also said theyre adding a colossal outdoor laser tag field in September.. Its going to have the room to hold sixteen people in the game at a time, Hickey said. I tell people that there is such a wide variety for people everywhere, and that theres such a huge amount of things to do here.. Despite only being open on the weekends and for special occasions and private events, he said theyve seen over 400,000 people come through their doors over the last two years, and that there are groups of all ages who enjoy coming to spend the day at Old Miner Maze.. We have a bunch of schools from all around the Permian Basin and even New Mexico that will come out for field days here, Hickey said. Weve had 800 people out here at one time who were all a part of an oil company.. Old Miner Maze offers group discounts and special pricing for groups of ...
The trade book version of an artists book of the same title. This book concerns two journeys: a summer sabbatical spent visiting medieval sites in Europe, and a winter spent recovering from breast cancer.Each woman who learns she has breast cacner enters a maze of bewilderment, fear, and isolation. Family and friends are alos drawn in, unsure of which way to turn or what words to say. Artist and writer Susan King, herself diagnosed with breast cancer, has created a unique and beautiful book, a life-affirming journey through the labyrinth of disease.In Treading the Maze, Susan King embarks on two voyages, braving the uncharted territory of cancer after setting off to explore the medieval Europe she had always dreamed of visiting. Transformed by her journey and the inspiration she found there, she has created a new path, a rich odyssey of words and images. Treading the Maze - with its crosshatching of alternating narratives and eluxive images - reflects the heightened awareness of being in the ...
Out and exit maze Vector. csp14072471 - Creative design of out and exit maze. Affordable Royalty Free Stock Photography. Downloads for just $2.50, with thousands of images added daily. Subscriptions available for just $39.00. Our stock photo image search engine contains royalty free photos, vector clip art images, clipart illustrations.
Try to find your way out of the maze while fighting your way through the monsters in the maze with your AK-47 Rifle as well as trying to find the hidden objectives scattered on each map. You can choose to escape the maze or just fight your way through the monsters in the survival mode.
Think of a maze, like the ones you can find in kids books that you trace through with a pencil. This may sound like a silly question, but whats the definition of a maze? If you ask your students this question, I suspect youll get some puzzled reactions. I mean, you know a maze when you see one, right? But that very intuition supports the inclusion of useless cases in the definition: if you define a maze in such a way as to exclude those setups where not every corridor is reachable from the entrance, then you definitely dont know a maze when you see one-indeed, to verify maze-hood in any given case youd have to manually check that no corridors are unreachable.. Once you make a good case for not excluding mazes with unreachable sections from the definition, its not such a large leap to not excluding unreachable states from DFAs.. But now suppose you run a company that designs mazes for theme parks. In other words, these mazes are actually going to be built, and so itd be pretty silly for ...
The first noted benefit of Coluracetam is in ameliorating the effects of glutamate neurotoxicity; cortical cultures were taken from fetal rats that had been treated with a substance that causes glutamate toxicity and these cultures were treated with Coluracetam for 12 to 24 hours. After this exposure period, it was found that Coluracetam ameliorated the effects of the exposure [1].. The second noted benefit of Coluracetam was in reducing the effects of learning deficits in rats, using the Morris Water Maze as a test. Adult rats in the experimental group were treated with a cholinergic neuron-specific neurotoxin and the control group was a population of healthy rats. In the experimental group, Coluracetam greatly reduced the learning deficits associated with the administration of the neurotoxin without causing any expected side effects such as tremor, hypothermia, or salivation. It would appear from this study that Coluracetam had less of an effect on the control group (the healthy rats) than it ...
Barnes® VOR-TX Handgun Line of ammunition features the proven Barnes XPB™ Bullet. With deep, dependable penetration and rapid double-diameter expansion make the XPB bullets ideal for hunting. Offering maximum weight retention and excellent accuracy, the XPB bullets provide maximum tissue and bone destruction, pass-through penetration and devastating energy transfer. Bullets open instantly on contact – no other bullet expands as quickly. Nose peels back into six sharp-edged copper petals destroying tissue, bone and vital organs for a quick, humane kill.
Barnes® VOR-TX Handgun Line of ammunition features the proven Barnes XPB™ Bullet. With deep, dependable penetration and rapid double-diameter expansion make the XPB bullets ideal for hunting. Offering maximum weight retention and excellent accuracy, the XPB bullets provide maximum tissue and bone destruction, pass-through penetration and devastating energy transfer. Bullets open instantly on contact – no other bullet expands as quickly. Nose peels back into six sharp-edged copper petals destroying tissue, bone and vital organs for a quick, humane kill.
Welcome to Ben Barnes Fan! Your number one active fansite dedicated to the talented English screen and stage actor, Ben Barnes! Here you will find the latest news, photos, videos and much more. We hope you enjoy your stay, and continue to support Ben and our website. Thanks for visiting ...
Optimal learning is influenced by several contexts and conditions as also stated in the concept research agenda Brain, Cognition, and Education initiated by NRO and NWO (2016). To make learning as efficient, effective, and enjoyable as possible, it is imperative that the exact relationship between the context and conditions on the one hand, where the personal learning capacity of the learner is also taken into account, and optimal learning on the other are investigated and that recommendations are formulated which are applicable in educational and instructional practice.. The research topic Biopsychology of Learning is situated at the intersection of the domains of biopsychology and learning and aims to gain knowledge and understanding of how context and conditions (see below) affect the learning process, the learner, and the learning outcomes.. Learning is not an isolated cognitive experience in the brain of the learner. In addition to personal learning capacity (i.e., genetics and equivalent ...
Yu Deng is the author of this article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments: Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimers Disease Model Mice
Woost, L.; Bazin, P.-L.; Taubert, M.; Trampel, R.; Tardif, C.; Garthe, A.; Kempermann, G.; Renner, U.; Stalla, G.; Ott, D. V. M. et al.; Rjosk, V.; Obrig, H.; Villringer, A.; Roggenhofer, E.; Klein, T. A.: Physical exercise and spatial training: A longitudinal study of effects on cognition, growth factors, and hippocampal plasticity. Scientific Reports 8, 4239 (2018 ...
Objective: Medicinal plants have attracted global attention due to their safety as well as their considerable antioxidant content that helps to prevent or ameliorate various disorders including memory impairments. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of beet root (Beta vulgaris) leaf extract on scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairments in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10): Control (C), scopolamine 1 mg/kg/day (S), scopolamine+50 mg/kg B. vulgaris leaf extract (S+B 50), scopolamine+100 mg/kg B. vulgaris leaf extract (S+B 100) and scopolamine+200 mg/kg B. vulgaris leaf extract (S+B 200). Morris water maze task was used to assess spatial memory. Serum antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were also measured. Results: Group S spent significantly less time in the target quadrant compared to the control group, and the administration of B. vulgaris leaf extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly increased this
Effect of swimming exercise on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) expression and apoptosis in social isolation rats during old age was investigated. Rats in the old social isolation groups were housed alone per cage for 4 weeks. Rats in the swimming exercise groups were allowed to swim for 30 min once daily for 4 weeks. Morris water maze task determined spatial working memory and elevated plus maze test determined anxiety. Immunohistochemistry for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and 5-HT in the dorsal raphe and for doublecortin (DCX) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was conducted. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was performed. Western blot analysis for Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c in the hippocampus was conducted. Social isolation in rats of old age reduced spatial working memory and increased anxiety level. Swimming exercise enhanced spatial working memory and suppressed anxiety level. Social isolation in ...
Spatial memory deficits have been well documented in older adults and may serve as an early indicator of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimers disease in some individuals. Pattern separation is a critical mechanism for reducing potential interference among similar memory representations to enhance memory accuracy. A small but growing literature indicates that spatial pattern separation may become less efficient as a result of normal aging, possibly due to age-related changes in subregions of the hippocampus. This decreased efficiency in spatial pattern separation may be a critical processing deficit that could be a contributing factor to spatial memory deficits and episodic memory impairment associated with aging. The present paper will review recently published studies in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents that have examined age-related changes in spatial pattern separation. The potential basic science, translational, and clinical implications from these studies are discussed to illustrate the
Gene-targeted mice lacking the AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor-A (GluRA) (GluR1) and wild-type controls were compared on a radial-maze task in which the same three of six arms were always baited, but in which the rewards of milk were not replaced within a trial. This procedure allowed not only a within-subjects but also a within-trials assessment of both spatial working memory (WM) and reference memory (RM) in GluRA-/- mice, using identical spatial cues. In experiment 1, the GluRA-/- mice made more WM and RM errors during task acquisition. However, separate groups of GluRA-/- and wild-type mice (experiment 2) acquired a purely RM version of the task at a similar rate, using a paradigm with which it was not possible to make WM errors (doors prevented mice from re-entering an arm that they had already visited on that trial). In contrast, mice with hippocampal lesions were dramatically impaired. These results are consistent with the possibility that the WM impairment in the GluRA-/- mice during
Finally, the results of the present investigation indicate that the memory enhancement occurs in the S. cumini-administered rats. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C have are amply reported to improve the cognitive impairments of Alzheimers disease model rats. Accordingly, we have been testing whether the oral administration of S. cumini seed extract to the amyloid  peptide-infused Alzheimers disease model rats ameliorate the cognitive memory. However, further investigations are required to evaluate the mechanism(s), such as, what component(s) of S. cumini seed extract provide the exact beneficial effects on the learning-related memory of the rats.
TY - JOUR. T1 - Role of nitric oxide in learning and memory and in monoamine metabolism in the rat brain. AU - Yamada, Kiyofumi. AU - Noda, Yukihiro. AU - Nakayama, Shinobu. AU - Komori, Yumiko. AU - Sugihara, Hisayoshi. AU - Hasegawa, Takaaki. AU - Nabeshima, Toshitaka. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1995/7. Y1 - 1995/7. N2 - We investigated the effects of NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, on the performance of rats in a radial arm maze and in habituation tasks, and on monoamine metabolism in the brain. Daily administration of L‐NAME (10-60 mg kg−1) resulted in a dose‐dependent impairment of performance during the acquisition of the radial arm maze task, while it failed to affect performance in those rats that had previously acquired the task. The rate of decrease in locomotor activity in the habituation task in the L‐NAME‐treated rats was significantly less than that in control ...
A cross-sectional and a longitudinal design were employed to address whether PDAPP mice exhibit any plaque-related learning deficit. Firstly, the cross-sectional study indicated that PDAPP mice simultaneously displayed an early (plaque-independent) and age-related learning impairment. Further analysis showed that the age-related learning deficit was highly correlated with plaque burden in the hippocampus of aged PDAPP mice, suggesting that amyloid plaques play a very important role in memory loss of AD. Second, the longitudinal study showed that the same PDAPP mice exhibited significant age-related learning deficits in trials to criterion and learning capacity tasks when they aged. Interestingly, cued navigation and object recognition in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were unaffected, indicating normal sensorimotor function and recognition memory of PDAPP mice. The longitudinal study further showed that the age-related learning impairment was significantly correlated with ...
The GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor shows age-related declines in expression across the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This decline is strongly correlated to age-related memory declines. This study was designed to determine if increasing GluN2B subunit expression in the frontal lobe or hippocampus would improve memory in aged mice. Mice were injected bilaterally with either the GluN2B vector, containing cDNA specific for the GluN2B subunit and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP); a control vector or vehicle. Spatial memory, cognitive flexibility, and associative memory were assessed using the Morris water maze. Aged mice, with increased GluN2B subunit expression, exhibited improved long-term spatial memory, comparable to young mice. However, memory was rescued on different days in the Morris water maze; early for hippocampal GluN2B subunit enrichment and later for the frontal lobe. A higher concentration of the GluN2B antagonist, Ro 25-6981, was required to ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Accelerated cognitive aging in diabetic rats is prevented by lowering corticosterone levels. AU - Stranahan, Alexis M.. AU - Lee, Kim. AU - Pistell, Paul J.. AU - Nelson, Christopher M.. AU - Readal, Nathaniel. AU - Miller, Marshall G.. AU - Spangler, Edward L.. AU - Ingram, Donald K.. AU - Mattson, Mark P.. N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program. PY - 2008/9. Y1 - 2008/9. N2 - Diabetes and normal aging are both characterized by increases in levels of glucocorticoids. Because long-term exposure to elevated glucocorticoids can be detrimental to hippocampal function, we evaluated the performance of young diabetic rats in the 14-unit T-maze, a task that is sensitive to hippocampal deficits. To assess the contribution of diabetes-induced elevations in corticosterone levels, we examined maze learning in diabetic rats that had levels of corticosterone clamped through adrenalectomy and low-dose ...
The standard elevated plus maze is commonly used to assess anxiety-like behavior in small laboratory animals (rat/mice). The maze is usually a cross s...
This study aimed to observe the effect of intracerebrally injected nano-MnO2 on neurobehavior and the functions of dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. Nano-MnO2, 6-OHDA, and saline (control) were injected in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of Sprague-Dawley rat brains. The neurobehavior of rats was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions in rat brain were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the escape latencies of nano-MnO2 treated rat increased significantly compared with control. The number of TH-positive cells decreased, GFAP- and iNOS-positive cells increased significantly in the lesion side of the rat brains compared with the contralateral area in nano-MnO2 group. The same tendencies were observed in nano-MnO2-injected rat brains compared with control. However, in the the positive control, 6-OHDA group, escape latencies increased, TH-positive
Over the course of three decades in the early twentieth century, Dr. William Harry Barnes greatly influenced the field of otolaryngology, a medical subspecialty focused on the ear, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck. An accomplished surgeon and researcher, Barnes used his surgical acumen to improve the hypophyscope, a device used by neurosurgeons to operate on the pituitary gland. He also developed a technique to remove a patients tonsils with little to no bleeding, in just ten minutes. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 4, 1887, Barnes spent almost his entire life in the city. As a child, he lived with his parents, George Washington Barnes and Eliza R. Webb Barnes, and two sisters (Mary and Violet), on Lombard Street, near present day Center City. In 1912, the year he completed medical school, Barnes married Mattie E. Thomas. The couple had five sons, two of whom followed their father into the field of medicine. Barnes knew from an early age that he wanted to ...
The elevated plus-maze test has been in use as a rodent model of anxiety for a decade, and is representative of those tests that are based upon the study of spontaneous behaviour patterns and which have high ecological validity. The origins of the test in studies of the relationship between explorat …
The 16/6-idiotype (16/6-Id) of the human anti-DNA antibody was found to induce experimental lupus in naïve mice, manifested by production of autoantibodies, leukopenia and elevated inflammatory markers, as well as kidney and brain involvement. We assessed behavior and brain pathology of naive mice injected intra-cerebra-ventricularly (ICV) with the 16/6-Id antibody. C3H female mice were injected ICV to the right hemisphere with the human 16/6-Id antibody or commercial human IgG antibodies (control). The mice were tested for depression by the forced swimming test (FST), locomotor and explorative activity by the staircase test, and cognitive functions were examined by the novel object recognition and Y-maze tests. Brain slices were stained for inflammatory processes. 16/6-Id injected mice were cognitively impaired as shown by significant differences in the preference for a new object in the novel object recognition test compared to controls (P = 0.012). Similarly, the preference for spatial novelty in
After mixed results in human and animal studies, it is unclear whether baclofen and other pharmacotherapies targeting GABAergic neurotransmission can effectively treat the symptoms of FXS, particularly in the absence of biomarker-based strategies to target treatment to subsets of individuals. In this study, we present evidence that (a) sensory hypersensitivity occurs in Fmr1 KO mice, as indexed by increased evoked EEG gamma power, (b) baclofen normalizes this increased evoked EEG gamma power and improves working memory (T-maze performance), and (c) at an individual level, normalization of evoked gamma oscillations was associated with improvement in working memory. Our study also suggests that some Fmr1 KO-related deficits, such as impaired sociability and episodic memory (radial water maze performance), may be impervious to rescue by baclofen. Overall, these findings indicate that racemic baclofen may have benefit for remediating sensory hypersensitivity and some cognitive deficits in FXS and ...
The cause of Alzheimers disease (AD) remains uncertain. The accumulation of amyloid peptides (Ab) is the main pathophysiological hallmark of the disease. Spatial deficit is an important initial sign of AD, while other types of memory impairments that appear in later stages. The Barnes maze allows the detection of subtle alterations in spatial search by the analysis of use of different strategies. Previous findings showed a general performance deficit in this task following long-term (35 days) infusion of Ab, which corresponds to the moderate or severe impairments of the disease. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a low-dose 15-day long treatment with Ab peptides on spatial and non-spatial strategies of rats tested in the Barnes maze. Ab peptides (0.5 mL/site/day; 30 pmoL solution of Ab1-40:Ab1-42 10:1) or saline were bilaterally infused into the CA1 (on the first treatment day) and intraventricularly (on the following 15 days) in 6-month-old Wistar male rats. Ab infusion induced ...
The cause of Alzheimers disease (AD) remains uncertain. The accumulation of amyloid peptides (Ab) is the main pathophysiological hallmark of the disease. Spatial deficit is an important initial sign of AD, while other types of memory impairments that appear in later stages. The Barnes maze allows the detection of subtle alterations in spatial search by the analysis of use of different strategies. Previous findings showed a general performance deficit in this task following long-term (35 days) infusion of Ab, which corresponds to the moderate or severe impairments of the disease. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a low-dose 15-day long treatment with Ab peptides on spatial and non-spatial strategies of rats tested in the Barnes maze. Ab peptides (0.5 mL/site/day; 30 pmoL solution of Ab1-40:Ab1-42 10:1) or saline were bilaterally infused into the CA1 (on the first treatment day) and intraventricularly (on the following 15 days) in 6-month-old Wistar male rats. Ab infusion induced ...
Albizzia julibrissin Durazz, a Chinese Medicine, is commonly used for its anti-anxiety effects. (-)-syringaresnol-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (SAG) is the main ingredient of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. The present study investigated the anxiolytic effect and potential mechanisms on the HPA axis and monoaminergic systems of SAG on acute restraint-stressed rats. The anxiolytic effect of SAG was examined through an open field test and an elevated plus maze test. The concentration of CRF, ACTH, and CORT in plasma was examined by an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit while neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain were examined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC ...
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the effect of the maze operation on perceived health-related quality of life. Previous studies regarding maze surgery have focused primarily on mortality, morbidity, the need for pacemaker implantation, and whether atrial contractions return after the operation. The maze operation is generally used in combination with mitral valve surgery or other open-heart surgery if permanent AF is present.13 14 The role of maze surgery as therapy for lone AF or paroxysmal AF is thus less clear. To the best of our knowledge, Cox et al are the only group to have presented a fairly large group of patients who underwent maze surgery with AF as the primary indication for surgery. However, the results of the operation in these patients were not presented separately. To evaluate the maze procedure as a primary indication for surgery in AF patients, objective measurements of the impact on the quality of patients lives are needed.. The present study ...
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Washida et al. (2007) then tested both types of mice with examinations that would reveal behavioural characteristics associated with autism, such as social impairments, hyperactivity, or a decrease in exploration of a new environment or object. One such examination involves placing a mouse into a cage with another mouse that it has never met before [6]. The results demonstrate that homozygous CAPS2 deletion mice spent less time interacting with the novel mouse in comparison to the wild-type mice, who frequently showed signs of interaction with the novel mouse [6]. Other results included, high anxiety levels and, in comparison to wild-type mice, a lower tendency to explore a new environment as seen in the classic open field test [6]. Furthermore, the CAPS2 knockout mice were less likely to observe, or make any form of contact with a new object in the novel object test, and they were shown to have reduced locomotor activity in the 8-arm radial maze test [6]. One of the most important social ...
We investigated the role of Arcadlin on synaptic plasticity such as epileptic seizure or learning and memory. We found that the development of amygdala kindling was facilitated in arcadlin knockout mice(ko)compared to wild type mice (wt). In addition, the day until 5 repetitive general convulsion was significantly less in ko. The walking velocity was significantly higher and the distance was significantly longer in ko compared to wt in open field test. The latency to enter the light area first from the dark area was significantly shorter in ko compared to wt in dark-light test. In Morris water maze test there was a significant delay in the latency to reach the goal plat form in young ko compared to wt ...
Microsoft has told Barnes & Noble that it has over 60,000 patents. Of the patents in its portfolio, Microsoft asserted only five patents against Barnes & Noble in the litigations (the same patents were asserted in both litigations). Prior to filing the actions, Microsoft has threatened Barnes & Noble with infringement claims in connection with six patents, only one of which was asserted in the litigations. All ten of the patents from its portfolio that Microsoft has identified to and asserted against Barnes & Noble are trivial in terms of both their commercial significance and patentability. [Lists the patents.].... These Microsoft patents can be divided into several basic categories: (1) the 372 and 780 patents relate to web browsers; (2) the 551 and 233 patents relate to electronic document annotation and highlighting; (3) the 522 patent relates to resources provided by operating systems; (4) the 517 and 352 patents deal with compatibility with file names once employed by old, unused, ...
A Computational Model of Non-Visual Spatial Learning: 10.4018/978-1-61692-825-4.ch012: A computational model of non-visual spatial learning through virtual learning environment (VLE) is presented in this chapter. The inspiration has come from
Ketosis is helpful to those with multiple sclerosis: The KD improved motor disability in the EAE model, as well as CA1 hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation) and spatial learning and memory (assessed with the Morris Water Maze). Moreover, hippocampal atrophy and periventricular lesions in EAE mice were reversed in KD-treated EAE mice. Finally, we found that the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in our EAE model were both suppressed by the KD. Collectively, our findings indicate that brain inflammation in EAE mice is associated with impaired spatial learning and memory function, and that KD treatment can exert protective effects, likely via attenuation of the robust immune response and increased oxidative stress seen in these animals ...
He lobes and is prone to rupture, ascites, trolytes and haemoglobin levels. This occurs in 0.01 per cent. It is upper tract complications. Peyronie s disease is managed expectantly, with association with anal pathology and metastatic germ cell tumors, 40% show mixed histologic features, and 30% show a lower than normal. Greatly increased in children under may encounter in hospital because of the intricacies ceptible to paracetamol poisoning; this may not become manifest until adolescence. Sodium fusidate should be preferred in individuals who exercise. In a cross-sec- tional study of 16 patients only 12% had normal bp (using the rst explanation must be considered: Energy density which means only one innervated by the morris water maze test and back and the condition is about 36 hours. Chapter 18. Conclusions: 89 compendium of research: Stem cells examine the patient received. Mental illness can affect being able to adapt their cns depressant effect. Sometimes taking in 6,000 7,000 excess ...
Elias, M F. and Eleftheriou, B E., Genetic analysis of water maze discrimination learning for Mus musculus: polygenes and albinism. (1975). Faculty Research 1970 - 1979. 596 ...
NEW MILFORD -- On Monday, farmer Dean Schultz finished planting corn seeds that will eventually grow and be landscaped into a haunted corn maze.. Since it opened in 2000, the Larsons Farm Market corn maze has become a local tradition. The corn maze may also be an integral part of saving Schultzs livelihood. He is hoping he can use agritourism, or bringing visitors to the farm, to sustain the business originally started by his grandfather. Schultz sells sweet corn to a local farmers market and is getting ready to open his own produce stand in a couple of weeks, but his main focus is expanding the agritourism part of the business. He plans to have two mazes next year and perhaps start a garden where people can pick their own produce. Schultz tried to start a community supported agriculture program, commonly referred to as a CSA, at the beginning of the season to bring in income. In a CSA, community members buy shares of the crops before the season starts. In return, they are given part of the ...
Maze of the letter T composed of various blocks and alternating colors to create the illusion of the letter T. You might need to stare at this maze for a few moments before you notice the T. Entrance to the maze is in the upper left and exit to the maze is in the lower right. Created by Yonatan ...
[...] he took a gulp that seemed to regain his breath. Whether youre in the NBA, a college student or working a 40-hour-a-week job, this makes you look at life totally differently and appreciate the little things. In some part of his head, Barnes still views himself as the awkward teenager who had to shovel driveways until he was the No. 1 college recruit in the country, the North Carolina freshman who had to sweat through struggles in the shadow of Michael Jordan and the NBA rookie who couldnt find consistency until his passion paid off in the playoffs. When head coach Mark Jackson tried to give the team a night off in Miami last season, Barnes asked if a gym could be opened for a workout as an alternative. After his breakout playoff run, during which he put up the best numbers of any rookie since David Robinson in 1990, Barnes is continuing the upward trend. After six months of chemotherapy, the tumor was removed - along with his knee and his femur - and he was fitted with a knee replacement
Barnes Creek Nature Trail local information and maps. Barnes Creek Nature Trail is a trail in Washington, United States, North America.
... VALDOSTA Ga. Nov. 26 2013 /-...(Logo: a href http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130918/CG82429LOGO... Barnes Healthcare Services has been providing various healthcare serv...Barnes continues We are excited to continue our affiliation with a r...,Numotion,Acquires,the,Custom,Mobility,Division,of,Barnes,Healthcare,Services,medicine,advanced medical technology,medical laboratory technology,medical device technology,latest medical technology,Health
In this project we evaluated the effects of sub-chronic (2 months) and chronic (6 months) exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency (SAR = 1.5 and 6 W/kg) on the spatial memory and attention in rats and on the biomarker Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). No adverse effect was observed on spatial memory performances, while a decrease of attention was obtained after the 6W/kg chronic exposure. Both exposures induced a reversible increase of GFAP expression. This study suggests a lack of persistent chronic effect at a 1.5 W/kg- SAR and a persistent effect after a chronic 6 W/kg exposure in rats
TY - JOUR. T1 - Technology‐assisted learning : a longitudinal field study of knowledge category , learning effectiveness and satisfaction in language learning. AU - HUI, W.. AU - HU, P. J. -H.. AU - CLARK, T. H. K.. AU - TAM, K. Y.. AU - MILTON, J.. PY - 2008/6. Y1 - 2008/6. N2 - A field experiment compares the effectiveness and satisfaction associated with technology-assisted learning with that of face-to-face learning. The empirical evidence suggests thattechnology-assisted learning effectiveness depends on the target knowledge category. Buildingon Kolbs experiential learning model, we show that technology-assisted learning improvesstudents acquisition of knowledge that demands abstract conceptualization and reflectiveobservation but adversely affects their ability to obtain knowledge that requires concreteexperience. Technology-assisted learning better supports vocabulary learning than face-to-facelearning but is comparatively less effective in developing listening comprehension skills. ...
Release: April 24, 2002. UI study identifies brain protein that contributes to learning and memory in mice. Research by University of Iowa scientists is shedding new light on the molecular basis of learning and memory. In addition to improving understanding of these vital brain functions, the findings also may point the way to medications for treating memory disorders or even suggest pharmacological targets to reduce brain damage caused by stroke and seizures. The UI study is reported in the April 25 issue of the journal Neuron.. Using a genetically engineered mouse, the UI team has shown that an acid-activated protein found in brain cells is responsible for acid-generated currents in the brain, and that these currents play a role in processes responsible for learning and memory. Mice that lack the protein known as acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) have a variety of learning impairments, including difficulty with spatial learning, such as remembering where something is located.. Scientists have ...
PrPC protein is one of several cellular receptors of soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers, which are canonically implicated in causing Alzheimers disease.[54] These oligomers are composed smaller Aβ plaques, and are the most damaging to the integrity of a neuron.[54] The precise mechanism of soluble Aβ oligomers directly inducing neurotoxicity is unknown, and experimental deletion of PRNP in animals has yielded several conflicting findings. When Aβ oligomers were injected into the cerebral ventricles of a mouse model of Alzheimers, PRNP deletion did not offer protection, only anti-PrPC antibodies prevented long-term memory and spatial learning deficits.[55][56] This would suggest either an unequal relation between PRNP and Aβ oligomer-mediated neurodegeneration or a site-specific relational significance. In the case of direct injection of Aβ oligomers into the hippocampus, PRNP-knockout mice were found to be indistinguishable from control with respect to both neuronal death rates and ...
MAZE Partners, Inc. is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization based in New York. We seek to educate, inspire, and develop international peer networks of cross-cultural students and professionals, becoming their ultimate platform for mental health innovation and empowerment. Our communities walk together through the maze of opportunities and challenges overseas, bring about our very own success and wellbeing, and bridge resources between our host and home countries. ​ ...
The story began…. Lea and Tony Bowen with their three young children, purchased Hedgend Maze in October 2007, simply because they fell in LOVE with the view! With little experience, this purchase proved to be a big jump from owning a small homebased enterprise to owning this current business. The Bowen Family started an adventure of a life time. The park facilities were basic but the potential was huge. Leas creativity was put to work almost immediately, creating what she calls learning-scapes.. Momentum began to gently flow, & Lea began dreaming up ideas of what could be possible. Leas vision for sustainablility within the business became more and more evident and was just as important to include in the existing core value.. Not long after the first 18 months of trade, Hedgend Maze suddenly bounced from a me to we, business. The circle of resources had grown a plenty, and the true identity of Hedgend Maze was emerging. Therefore the nature of the mission statement was derived from a ...
MERCURY MAZE,Mercury Maze is a project that has been adopted by the Advanced Health Plan.com We hope to provide links that will help educate families with the knowledge that NO ONE need suffer from Disease. This n
Her Majestys Prison Maze (known colloquially as Maze Prison, The Maze, The H Blocks or Long Kesh) was a prison in Northern Ireland that was used to house paramilitary prisoners during the Troubles fr…
Mr X the Phantom Thief is back, with a new evil plan! He wants to steal the shining light from the top of the Empire Maze Tower, New Maze Citys greatest treasure.
Kindergarten Worksheets : Spring Lemons Printable Maze Woo Jr Kids Activities Worksheets For Spring Activities Maze Leadership Workbook Reading And Comprehension Worksheet Fun Math Sheets 1st Grade Missing Digit. Spring Worksheets For Kids. Kids Worksheet 2 Matrices Worksheet. Grade 3 Math Worksheets Pdf Free. Addition Tables Worksheet. The Math Tutor. Fun Math Sheets For 1st Grade.
Busy Fingers в„ў Marble Maze Kit Plush Maze Toy for - marble Race Track Game 1407k596 Use your imagination and create your own maze and watch the marbles race Contains small parts. Follow usage instructions