International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 815-828, 2021. There is evidence to suggest that aquatic plyometric training (APT) may be an effective and safer alternative to traditional land-based plyometric training (LPT) when training to increase jump performance. The aim of this review was to critically examine the current literature regarding the effects of APT vs. LPT on jump performance in athletic populations. Key terms were employed in five separate databases to complete the current review. Available articles were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine which studies were deemed eligible for review. Outcome measure in these studies included those assessing lower extremity power and jump performance (i.e., drop jumps, broad jumps, sergeant jumps, repeated countermovement jumps, and vertical jumps). All but one of the studies included in this critical review showed significant improvements in jump performance after LPT and APT interventions. Both LPT and APT groups
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Terrestrial animals are exceptionally skilled at moving across diverse terrain, yet the neuromotor strategies evolved to accommodate the varying mechanical demands of the environment are not well understood. Running steadily uphill requires an increase in net muscle work to increase the potential energy of the body with each stride. Running downhill decreases the potential energy of the body with each stride. How does an animal modulate the work of its muscles to walk, trot or gallop efficiently over sloping, uneven terrain? Do the strategies used by animals to increase or decrease mechanical energy of the body depend on gait or locomotor speed? This study explored the answers to such questions by comparing the net joint moments and the positive, negative and net joint work generated by the hindlimb muscles of goats (Capra hircus, a species adapted to mountainous terrain) during walking, trotting and galloping over level, inclined and declined surfaces.. Changes in muscle work with surface grade ...
The detailed knowledge of C. elegans connectome for 3 decades has not contributed dramatically to our understanding of worms behavior. One of main reasons for this situation has been the lack of data on the type of synaptic signaling between particular neurons in the worms connectome. The aim of this study was to determine synaptic polarities for each connection in a small pre-motor circuit controlling locomotion. Even in this compact network of just 7 neurons the space of all possible patterns of connection types (excitation vs. inhibition) is huge. To deal effectively with this combinatorial problem we devised a novel and relatively fast technique based on genetic algorithms and large-scale parallel computations, which we combined with detailed neurophysiological modeling of interneuron dynamics and compared the theory to the available behavioral data. As a result of these massive computations, we found that the optimal connectivity pattern that matches the best locomotory data is the one in ...
Called Locomotion Vault, the project was developed by researchers at the Universities of Birmingham, Copenhagen, and Microsoft Research. It aims to provide a central, freely available resource to analyze the numerous locomotion techniques currently available.. The aim is to make it easier for developers to make informed decisions about the appropriate technique for their application and researchers to study which methods are best. By cataloguing available techniques in the Locomotion Vault, the project will also give creators and designers a head-start on identifying gaps where future investigation might be necessary. The database is an interactive resource, so it can be expanded through contributions from researchers and practitioners.. Researcher Massimiliano Di Luca, of the University of Birminghams School of Psychology, said: Locomotion is an essential part of virtual reality environments, but there are many challenges. A fundamental question, for example, is whether there should be a ...
After complete spinal transection in adult rats, careful combinations of pharmacological and physical therapies create a novel cortical sensorimotor circuit that may bypass the lesion through biomechanical coupling, allowing animals to recover unassisted hindlimb locomotion.
Locomotives on the Great Central Railway There are many steam and diesel locomotives based at the Great Central Railway. Some are being restored, some being repaired and maintained and some are in service. Because of the nature of these veteran forms of railway motive power the running situation changes frequently. And, of course, we have visiting locomotives to add to the variety. Please see these pages for the latest situation on any particular locomotive. Detailed reports on the condition of locomotives are given in Main Line, the quarterly magazine for members of Friends of the Great Central Main Line.. STEAM LOCOMOTIVES. ...
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It has been observed that the relationship between locomotor performance and body mass in terrestrial mammals does not follow a single linear trend when the entire range of body mass is considered. Large taxa tend to show different scaling exponents compared to those of small taxa, suggesting that there would be a differential scaling between small and large mammals. This pattern, noted previously for several morphological traits in mammals, has been explained to occur as a result of mechanical constraints over bones due to the differential effect of gravity on small and large-sized forms. The relationship between maximum relative running speed (body length s-1) and body mass was analysed in 142 species of terrestrial mammals, in order to evaluate whether the relative locomotor performance shows a differential scaling depending on the range of mass analysed, and whether the scaling pattern is consistent with the idea of mechanical constraints on locomotor performance. The scaling of relative ...
TY - GEN. T1 - Effects of impaired visual acuity on locomotion inside the built environment.. AU - Vivekanandaraja, P.. AU - Shields, J.. AU - Reinhardt-Rutland, Anthony. AU - Anderson, Roger. PY - 1999/11. Y1 - 1999/11. M3 - Other contribution. ER - ...
Album: Unknown Testo della canzone Locomotion di Alexia Come on Come on do the locomotion with me Locomotion (Come on) You got the notion, Locomotion Do
This article reviews the status of research on locomotion in segmented worms. It focuses on three major groups (leeches, earthworms, and nereid polychaetes) that have attracted the most research attention. All three groups show two types of locomotion: crawling (moving over a solid substrate) and swimming (moving through a liquid). The adults of all three groups form a hydroskeleton by controlling the pressure within the segments, and they locomote by controlling the shapes of the individual segments in coordinated spatial and temporal patterns. Many annelid larvae use cilia to move through water. Four aspects of the locomotory patterns are considered: the kinematics (the movement patterns), biomechanics (how muscle contractions produce movement), the neuronal basis of the movement patterns, and efforts to produce robots that move like annelid worms.
Despite the importance of the deep intrinsic spinal muscles for trunk control, few studies have investigated their activity during human locomotion or how this may change with speed and mode of locomotion. Furthermore, it has not been determined whether the postural and respiratory functions, of which these muscles take part, can be coordinated when locomotor demands are increased. EMG recordings of abdominal and paraspinal muscles were made in seven healthy subjects using fine-wire and surface electrodes. Measurements were also made of respiration and gait parameters. Recordings were made for 10s as subjects walked on a treadmill at 1 and 2 ms(-1) and ran at 2, 3, 4 and 5 ms(-1). Unlike the superficial muscles, transversus abdominis was active tonically throughout the gait cycle with all tasks, except running at speeds of 3 ms(-1) and greater. All other muscles were recruited in a phasic manner. The relative duration of these bursts of activity was influenced by speed and/or mode of locomotion. ...
Górska T., Chojnicka-Gittins B., Majczyński H., Zmysłowski W. (2007)Overground locomotion after incomplete spinal lesions in the rat: quantitative gait analysis. J Neurotrauma 24: 1198-1218. Sanusi J., Sławińska U., Vrbova G., Navarrete R. (2007) Effect of precocious locomotor activity on the development of motoneurones and motor units of slow and fast muscles in rat. Behav Brain Res 178:1-9 Celichowski J. , Mrówczyński W., Krutki P., Górska T., Majczński H., Sławińska U. (2006) Changes of contractile properties of motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle after total transection of the spinal cord. Exp Physiol 91: 887-95. Majczyński H ., Cabaj A., Sławińska U., Górska T. (2006) Intrathecal administration of yohimbine impairs locomotion in intact rats. Behav Brain Res 175: 315-322. Majczyński H ., Maleszak K., Cabaj A. Sławińska U. (2005) Serotonin-related enhancement of recovery of hind limb motor functions in spinal rats after grafting of embryonic raphe nuclei. J ...
Locomotion is generally defined as any type of motor activity that animals use, including humans, to produce activity such as walking, running, swimming, jumping, flying, and gliding. In vertebrates, these activities are controlled by a complex neural network located in the spinal cord referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. Spinal CPG adjustments, rely mostly on sensory motor stretch reflexes, which provides direct excitatory feedback to the motoneurons (MNs) innervating the muscle which has been stretched, and thus sending that information to the spinal interneurons for readjustments on movements or posture. After the loss of supraspinal brain/brainstem) inputs to the spinal cord via injury or disease, locomotion is entirely directed by the CPG and the sensory information coming from periphery. Within motor control systems, neuromodulators are necessary for proper and efficient CPG function because they induce or regulate essential components of spinal network ...
Advances in our understanding of the control of locomotion enable us to optimize the rehabilitation of patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Based on various animal models, it is generally accepted that central pattern generators (CPG) exists for the rhythmic generation of stepping movements, and that this is also the case in humans. However, in humans supraspinal control is also essential for the performance of locomotion. For regaining locomotor function, incomplete SCI subjects strongly depend on visual input to compensate for proprioceptive deficits and impaired balance. In addition, they require additional attentional capacity to stand, walk and handle their walking aids. These factors might contribute to their higher risk of falling. During the last decade, task-specific functional training performed by physiotherapists, combined with manual or robotic assisted bodyweight supported treadmill training have improved the regaining of ambulatory function in patients with incomplete SCI. At ...
Computer simulation has been used to investigate several aspectsof locomotion in salamanders. Here we introduce a three-dimensionalforward dynamics mechanical model of a salamander, with physicallyrealistic weight and size parameters. Movements of the four limbs and ofthe trunk and tail are generated by sets of linearly modeled skeletalmuscles. In this study, activation of these muscles were driven byprescribed neural output patterns. The model was successfully used tomimic locomotion on level ground and in water. We compare thewalking gait where a wave of activity in the axial muscles travelsbetween the girdles, with the trotting gait in simulations usingthe musculo-mechanical model. In a separate experiment, the model is usedto compare different strategies for turning while stepping; either bybending the trunk or by using side-stepping in the front legs. We foundthat for turning, the use of side-stepping alone or in combination withtrunk bending, was more effective than the use of trunk bending alone.
Our results imply that speeds on sand and hard ground are similar, because for both treatments limbs do not slip during locomotion, stride length is constant and 〈vx〉 = sf. On hard ground, no-slip is maintained by a claw engaging irregularities. On sand, entirely different mechanics account for no-slip: in successful runs, material behind the flipper did not move during the thrust phase, supporting the hypothesis that the turtle advances via solidification of the material behind it.. Forward movement of the body on sand without slipping of the flipper requires that net thrust forces F thrust remain below the yield force of the granular medium, Fthrust , Fyield. We assume that the mechanics of the large front flipper (maintaining surface normal vector parallel to vx) produces the dominant contribution to Fthrust. Observation of the smaller hind limbs indicate that at initiation of stance, the foot remains plantar and above the surface during the entire step, presumably contributing to lifting ...
The Drosophila tachykinin gene (dtk) produces five different neuropeptides (DTK1-5). These are expressed in about 100 interneurons branching in several neuropils in the Drosophila brain, e. g. the fan-shaped body (FB) of the central complex, a neuropil believed to be a higher center for locomotor control. Previously, DTKs have been shown to modulate locomotor behavior: flies virtually devoid of DTKs (accomplished by RNAi) displayed altered activity in Buridans arena, monitoring a 15 min period of walking activity between two opposing landmarks (Winther et al, 2006, Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 31: 399). In the present study we wanted to further explore the impact of DTKs on locomotor behavior. We studied the spontaneous walking activity of the fly, over a period of 7 hours, extracting several parameters from video-tracks using Ethovision software. We found that flies with DTK depletion in all DTK-neurons of the central nervous system (driving expression of the RNAi construct with the pan-neural ...
NSWGR 73 CLASS LOCOMOTIVE PROTOTYPE OVERVIEW. With a need for new shunting motive power, the NSWGR decided in the late 1960 s to place an order with Walkers Limited (Maryborough, QLD) for fifty diesel hydraulic 73 Class locomotives. The class leader, 7301, entered service in October 1970. The last of the class, 7350, was delivered in March 1973. These locomotives were very similar in design to the DH Class that Walkers Limited had then recently built for Queensland Railways. In many instances, the 73 Class replaced the last surviving steam locomotives in NSW.. During their life in government ownership, members of the 73 Class were at various times based at Eveleigh (Sydney), Delec (Sydney), Yeerongpilly (Queensland), Goulburn, Port Kembla, Queanbeyan, South Grafton, Taree, Cootamundra, Albury, West Tamworth, Orange, Dubbo, Parkes, Lithgow and Broadmeadow (Newcastle). Metropolitan yards such as Sydney Yard and Darling Harbour would often have a number of the class at work simultaneously. Class ...
FUNDED PHD POSITION IN MODELLING BIOLOGICAL NEURO-MUSCULAR CONTROL IN DYNAMIC LOCOMOTION WITH A LINK TO BIOROBOTICS (BIOMECHANICS / BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING / (BIO-)PHYSICS) We are currently seeking a highly motivated PHD STUDENT (F/M/D) WE OFFER a FUNDED RESEARCHER POSITION FOR 36 MONTHS in our project „Neuro-muscular contraction in dynamic locomotion. The project has a strong focus on basic research investigating the function of biological muscles in locomotion and how to transfer important characteristics to novel bio-inspired robotic systems. You will be part of an interdisciplinary multi-center research group with muscle physiology and biorobotics researchers in a team of at least three PhD students. Your contribution will be focused on modelling and simulation of neuro-muscular control. Your contract should start in the first half of 2021. Salary will be based on previous experience. ABOUT US You will become a member of the group /Multi-Level Modeling in Motor Control and Rehabilitation ...
This study investigated whether the modular control of changes in direction while running is influenced by perturbations to balance. Twenty-two healthy men performed 90° side-step unperturbed cutting manoeuvres while running (UPT) as well as manoeuvres perturbed at initial contact (PTB, 10 cm translation of a moveable force platform). Surface EMG activity from 16 muscles of the supporting limb and trunk, kinematics, and ground reaction forces were recorded. Motor modules composed by muscle weightings and their respective activation signals were extracted from the EMG signals by non-negative matrix factorization. Knee joint moments, co-contraction ratios and co-contraction indexes (hamstrings/quadriceps) and motor modules were compared between UPT and PTB. Five motor modules were enough to reconstruct UPT and PTB EMG activity (variance accounted for UPT = 92±5%, PTB = 90±6%). Moreover, higher similarities between muscle weightings from UPT and PTB (similarity = 0.83±0.08) were observed in comparison
This paper presents a formal framework for achieving multi-contact bipedal robotic walking, and realizes this methodology experimentally on two robotic platforms: AMBER2 and ATRIAS. Inspired by the key feature encoded in human walking- multi-contact behavior-this approach begins with the analysis of human locomotion and uses it to motivate the construction of a hybrid system model representing a multi-contact robotic walking gait. Human-inspired outputs are extracted from reference locomotion data to characterize the human model or the SLIP model, and then employed to develop the human-inspired control and an optimization problem that yields stable multi-domain walking. Through a trajectory reconstruction strategy motivated by the process that generates the walking gait, the mathematical constructions are successfully translated to the two physical robots experimentally ...
Sports injuries are injuries resulting from sports activities. More broadly,these are all injuries sustained during a sporting activity,of which there are many. They include a potential TBI,or traumatic brain injury.. In the narrow sense,they represent injuries to the locomotor system,movement systems (muscles,tendons,ligaments,joints,bones). As in professional as well as in recreational sports,dominant injuries of the locomotor system are dominant,with sports injuries we mean locomotor system injuries.. Sports injuries are divided into acute and chronic.. 1) Acute sports injuries Acute injuries occur as a result of the immediate action of a strong force (movement or contact),which exceeds the compensatory capacity of our body and leads to mechanical damage to the tissue. The soft tissues (muscles,ligaments,tendons) of the locomotor system support your joints and prevent injury. They resist the force exerting on your body to a certain extent,after which soft tissue structure is disturbed ...
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Before submitting a question, please visit Frequently Asked Questions. If you have something to share that would enrich our knowledge about this object, use the form below. After review, selected comments will appear on this page along with the name you provide.. Please note that we generally cannot answer questions about the history, rarity, or value of your personal artifacts.. If you require a personal response, please use our contact page. Personal information will not be shared or result in unsolicited email. We may use the provided email to contact you if we have additional questions. See our privacy statement. ...
The iconic Arctic animals cant reduce their energy output enough to compensate when summer ice melt diminishes their food supply, new data suggest ...
Abstract: Planning whole-body motions while taking into account the terrain conditions is a challenging problem for legged robots since the terrain model might produce many local minima. Our coupled planning method uses stochastic and derivatives-free search to plan both foothold locations and horizontal motions due to the local minima produced by the terrain model. It jointly optimizes body motion, step duration and foothold selection, and it models the terrain as a cost-map. Due to the novel attitude planning method, the horizontal motion plans can be applied to various terrain conditions. The attitude planner ensures the robot stability by imposing limits to the angular acceleration. Our whole-body controller tracks compliantly trunk motions while avoiding slippage, as well as kinematic and torque limits. Despite the use of a simplified model, which is restricted to flat terrain, our approach shows remarkable capability to deal with a wide range of non-coplanar terrains. The results are ...
The preferred habitats and locomotory methods of goniopholidids are also worth pondering. There is some evidence that larger Wealden goniopholidids were mostly confined to a semi-aquatic existence, as their interlocking osteoderms likely strengthened their backs and improved terrestrial competency (as it does for atoposaurids and several other type of ancient crocodyliform), but their sheer weight likely impeded terrestrial locomotion over sustained periods (Salisbury and Frey 2000). The same is true of large modern crocodiles: here, reinforced vertebral joints perform a similar job to osteoderm bracing but still fail to facilitate effective, fast terrestrial locomotion for long periods. Larger crocodilians therefore spend much of their time in water, and certainly find most of their food there. If so, this makes the atypically long forelimbs of goniopholidids all the more interesting. Often, development of relatively equate limb lengths in quadrupeds is considered a sign of good terrestrial ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A bioinspired autonomous swimming robot as a tool for studying goal-directed locomotion. AU - Manfredi, L.. AU - Assaf, T.. AU - Mintchev, S.. AU - Marrazza, S.. AU - Capantini, L.. AU - Orofino, S.. AU - Ascari, L.. AU - Grillner, S.. AU - Wallén, P.. AU - Ekeberg, O.. AU - Stefanini, C.. AU - Dario, P.. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - The bioinspired approach has been key in combining the disciplines of robotics with neuroscience in an effective and promising fashion. Indeed, certain aspects in the field of neuroscience, such as goal-directed locomotion and behaviour selection, can be validated through robotic artefacts. In particular, swimming is a functionally important behaviour where neuromuscular structures, neural control architecture and operation can be replicated artificially following models from biology and neuroscience. In this article, we present a biomimetic system inspired by the lamprey, an early vertebrate that locomotes using anguilliform swimming. The artefact ...
Bipedalism is a form of movement on the ground. Some tetrapods have evolved the ability to move on two limbs. Those that do, use their rear limbs. Some animals move on two limbs all the time, they are called habitual bipeds. Optional bipeds can move on two or four legs. Early quadruped animals used all four limbs for locomotion but many later ones are bipedal. The earliest dinosaurs were bipedal but millions of years later some reverted and became quadrupeds. Birds are descendants of bipedal dinosaurs, and are bipeds themselves. Their forelimbs have become wings. Some optional bipeds stand on two legs to drive away competitors and predators, to see farther, or as body language. Their locomotion is on four limbs. ...
Temperature dependence, energetics, and speed of locomotion have important implications for the ecology and evolution of ants. Here, we report the results of a full-factorial study investigating the responses of active metabolic rate (AMR), voluntary locomotion speed, and cost of transport (COT) to …
The paper reports the electronics used in a new developed wireless endoscopic capsule provided with novel focus and locomotion features. The locomotion is
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We conduct research to understand neurocontrol and mechanical principles of dynamic legged locomotion in animals, by designing and applying running legged robots and their computational models.
Motor modules linear units with spindle drive CAD файлове в 2D и 3D от утвърдени от доставчика каталози
Reviewers on Locomotion of Expressions are sent a complimentary item in exchange for their honest opinions and receiving a free product does not influence their review posts. All opinions and thoughts are their own, and different people may have different outcomes. We are not responsible for those who purchase these items and experience different results. Occasionally, the company provides a product to give away as well as monetary compensation. Even on the rare occasion on which a post is sponsored, it still has the reviewers honest opinion contained herein. ...
Reviewers on Locomotion of Expressions are sent a complimentary item in exchange for their honest opinions and receiving a free product does not influence their review posts. All opinions and thoughts are their own, and different people may have different outcomes. We are not responsible for those who purchase these items and experience different results. Occasionally, the company provides a product to give away as well as monetary compensation. Even on the rare occasion on which a post is sponsored, it still has the reviewers honest opinion contained herein. ...
We are using single molecule fluorescence techniques to monitor movements of molecular motors moving on RNA. First, I will present our recent finding that a cytosolic viral RNA sensor RIG-I (Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene 1) is a translocase on double stran
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A large number of aminergic and peptidergic modulatory systems and metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B and glutamate receptors are present in the lamprey central nervous system. These systems tune the activity of the locomotor network to meet varying external and internal demands. Immunohistochemical studies have shown cells below the central canal that are immunoreactive to 5-HT, dopamine, and tachykinins. They give rise to a dense ventromedial plexus in which the dendrites of locomotor network neurons are distributed. In this plexus, modulators are released in a paracrinic fashion because these cells do not form conventional synaptic contacts with dendrites of spinal neurons. The frequency of the locomotor bursts is reduced by blocking the reuptake of either 5-HT or dopamine during fictive locomotion (Fig. 2D⇑) (5, 11). Similarly, exogenous application of these modulators also reduces the locomotor frequency. Through activation of 5-HT1A-like receptors, 5-HT blocks KCa channels ...
Horses evolved in the Northern Hemispheres northern latitudes and are well adapted to cold provided they live in a herd, have 24/7 appropriate forage and fresh water (although it is reported horses can live on certain snows, dont try this at home), and move a lot through the day. Place your feeders so the horses have to move about to eat, and never let the forage disappear completely, please. Movement is the nature of the horse. Heavy horses require more movement rather than less hay. Keep your ponies moving to keep them warm and healthy. Digestion is dependent on locomotion. Mobile horses require miles of walking each and every day to maintain optimal health. Humans often fail their horses by depriving them of the abundant locomotion they require each day to stay healthy. Every system of the horse is dependent on abundant daily locomotion ...
Looking for online definition of Digitigrade locomotion in the Medical Dictionary? Digitigrade locomotion explanation free. What is Digitigrade locomotion? Meaning of Digitigrade locomotion medical term. What does Digitigrade locomotion mean?
Brachiation (from brachium, Latin for arm), or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. During brachiation, the body is alternately supported under each forelimb. This form of locomotion is the primary means of locomotion for the small gibbons and siamangs of southeast Asia. Some New World monkeys such as spider monkeys and muriquis are semibrachiators and move through the trees with a combination of leaping and brachiation. Some New World species also practice suspensory behaviors by using their prehensile tail, which acts as a fifth grasping hand. Some traits that allow primates to brachiate include a short spine (particularity the lumbar spine), short fingernails (instead of claws), long curved fingers, reduced thumbs, long forelimbs and freely rotating wrists. Modern humans retain many physical characteristics that suggest a brachiator ancestor, including flexible shoulder joints and fingers well-suited for ...
NORFOLK, Va. - Norfolk Southern continues to convert older D.C.-traction locomotives into A.C.-traction units at a pace of just over 100 locomotives per year.. Some 54% of the NS road fleet is now A.C. traction, Chief Financial Officer Mark George told an investor conference today. Thats up from a third of the fleet at the end of 2018. The railroad aims to have 65% of its road locomotives feature AC traction.. The D.C.-to-A.C. conversion program provides NS with a like-new locomotive for half the cost of buying a brand-new road locomotive. The A.C. units are more reliable, have reduced maintenance costs, are more efficient, and have better tractive effort than the D.C. locomotives they replace.. NS continues to add energy management systems to its road fleet, as well, as a way to improve fuel efficiency. About 80% of the road fleet is equipped now, as the railroad moves toward a goal of 90%. The railroad aims to put locomotives with energy management systems on the point so that the software ...
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The biological hypothesis of spinal engine states that locomotion is mainly achieved by the spine, while the legs may serve as assistance. Inspired by this hypothesis, a compliant, multiple degree-of-freedom, biologically-inspired spine has been embedded into a quadruped robot, named Kitty, which has no actuation on the legs. In this paper, we demonstrate how versatile behaviors (bounding, trotting, and turning) can be generated exclusively by the spines movements through dynamical interaction between the controller, the body, and the environment, known as embodiment. Moreover, we introduce information theoretic approach to quantitatively study the spine internal dynamics and its effect on the bounding gait based on three spinal morphologies. These three morphologies differ in the position of virtual spinal joint where the spine is easier to get bent. The experimental results reveal that locomotion can be enhanced by using the spine featuring a rear virtual spinal joint, which offers more ...
Several aspects of the behaviour of polyoma virus-transformed BHK cells in culture have suggested that they are more deformable than BHK cells. This possibility was tested by applying negative pressure at the cell surface by means of a micropipette. It was found that PyBHK cells in early mitosis are twice as deformable as BHK cells in the same stage. In addition, the taut, non-ruffling margins of both cell types when fully spread are much less deformable than the extending, ruffling leading lamella. The degree of deformability of these cells is correlated with the distribution and organization of microfilaments and consistent with this, deformability increases greatly in the presence of cytochalasin B. The significance of deformability studies such as these is discussed. ...
During amoeboid locomotion, which many metazoan cells use to migrate through tissues, actin polymerization is thought to generate filopodia and lamellipodia at the leading edge, which move the cell forward. However, this model does not fully explain amoeboid movement - for example, why do some cells glide and others move jerkily? On p. 3833, Kunito Yoshida and Thierry Soldati propose that the focal production of blebs - transparent, spherical cell-surface protrusions - is also important for amoeboid locomotion. Blebs `blow out from the cell surface when myosin-II-driven contraction of the back of the cell increases the cytoplasmic fluid pressure. By visualizing the dynamics of F-actin, the authors show that migrating Dictyostelium cells continuously produce these blebs at the leading edge. Pseudopodia extension, cell-body retraction and the speed of cell locomotion are all reduced in myosin-II-null cells, cells treated with the myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin, and cells at high osmolarity - ...
Virtual reality technology has recently had a revival with new VR-hardware being introduced to the consumer market. This can be considered a turning point in the field as it has now become more accessible and affordable to the public. Since this revival, VR-technology has been subject to multiple HCI studies, where also VR locomotion techniques have been examined. However, a majority of these studies emphasize constructive research problems with a focus on understanding the technical aspects of the interaction. New and novel VR locomotion techniques are constructed without any empirical evaluation of the human aspects to support this work. Without the knowledge of already existing issues with the interaction, there is a research gap in the current field of VR locomotion studies. To fill this research gap, we examined and compared three of the currently prevalent VR locomotion techniques; joystick, teleportation and walk in place with a focus on the user experience and usability. We examined ...
Get information, facts, and pictures about brachiation at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about brachiation easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.
Flight, in animals, locomotion of either of two basic types-powered, or true, flight and gliding. Winged (true) flight is found only in insects (most orders), most birds, and bats. The evolutionary modifications necessary for true flight in warm-blooded animals include those of the forelimbs into
BALLET (BALloon Locomotion for Extreme Terrain) is a new concept vehicle for robotic surface mobility on planetary bodies with an atmosphere. The vehicle is composed of a buoyant balloon with six evenly distributed suspended payload modules each serving as a foot for locomotion over inaccessible rugged terrain. While the physics of BALLET will apply on Venus and Mars, the environmental conditions and available component technology limit our consideration to Titan. We describe the concept in detail, its applications for science missions on Titan, mission deployment scenarios, analyses of the concept under varying environmental conditions, and simulations of its locomotion. The concept is shown to be feasible and provides a new approach for exploration of rugged lakes, dunes, shorelines, and cryovolcanic regions on Titan. ...
Phase 3 - Railroads would have remained a niche for things like mines and factories were it not for the steam locomotive, and the development of the locomotive and its ability to haul bigger and bigger loads were what made the mainline railroads. Yes it was faster than horsedrawn wagons, but the capacity/efficiency was what made them so important. You cant produce everything needed to rapidly develop/maintain a civilization without transportation capacity. Locomotive development centered around capacity and reliability until the late 1990s, when the railroads realized that 6000HP AC locomotives were too much to be practical - development now is mostly about emissions. Average train speed was very low (and still is today), although the advantage of regular 25MPH train speeds over heavy 2-3MPH wagons was more than enough of a selling point. Transportation of heavy/bulk goods isnt really about speed. Speed is a thrill and more necessary in todays world but was more of a convenience in the early ...
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The mammalian spinal cord contains intrinsic neural systems capable of producing rhythmic alternating activity in limb flexor and extensor motor nuclei (see also Grillner, 1981; Stein, 1984) which...
The stresses acting in muscle-tendon units and ligaments of the forelimb and hindlimb of horses were determined over a range of speed and gait based on recordings of ground reaction forces and limb kinematics. Maximum stresses of 40-50 MPa were calculated to act in several of the principal forelimb
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of overground exoskeleton-assisted gait training on the recruitment and training of muscles used in postural control. There are two parts to this study:. In Part 1 of the study, we hope to determine how different exoskeletons including the Lokomat and Ekso engage your abdominal muscles. You will be asked to come into the Human Locomotion Lab at ICORD where you will be trained on how to use each of these robotic devices while we will monitor your abdominal activity using EMG surface electrodes. Part 1 of this study involves 6 sessions.. In Part 2 of the study, we hope to determine how training on either the Lokomat or Ekso improves your seated balance and other similar functional abilities. You will be asked to come into the Human Locomotion at ICORD where you till be trained on both devices; you will receive between 10-20 training sessions for each exoskeleton. Each week you will be tested on your seated balance to monitor for changes and/or ...
The locomotion ability and high mobility are the most distinguished features of humanoid robots. Due to the non-linear dynamics of walking, developing and controlling the locomotion of humanoid robots is a challenging task. In this thesis, we study and develop a walking engine for the humanoid robot, NAO, which is the official robotic platform used in the RoboCup Spl. Aldebaran Robotics, the manufacturing company of NAO provides a walking module that has disadvantages, such as being a black box that does not provide control of the gait as well as the robot walk with a bent knee. The latter disadvantage, makes the gait unnatural, energy inefficient and exert large amounts of torque to the knee joint. Thus creating a walking engine that produces a quality and natural gait is essential for humanoid robots in general and is a factor for succeeding in RoboCup competition. Humanoids robots are required to walk fast to be practical for various life tasks. However, its complex structure makes it prone to
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Locomotive - Diesel traction: By the end of the 1960s, diesel had almost completely superseded steam as the standard railroad motive power on nonelectrified lines around the world. The change came first and most quickly in North America, where, during the 25 years 1935-60 (and especially in the period 1951-60), railroads in the United States completely replaced their steam locomotives. What caused the diesel to supersede the steam locomotive so rapidly was the pressure of competition from other modes of transport and the continuing rise in wage costs, which forced the railroads to improve their services and adopt every possible measure to increase operating
Thu, 25 Oct 2018 11:42 AM (IST). The Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur is teaming up with Indian Railways on a US$9.5 million project to build methanol-powered locomotive engines.. Indias railways, long the backbone of the Indian economy, are looking to become more eco-friendly in a bid to counter the increasing threat of air pollution.. The methanol engine will be derived from existing 16 cylinder diesel locomotive engines and the project will proceed in three phases. The first phase will consist of computerized simulation, the second of trails involving a single cylinder, and the third phase will see a fully functional 16 cylinder methanol-powered locomotive operating on the tracks.. The Institute has received US$4.7 million in funding to begin the first phase of the program from the Indian governments Department of Science and Technology (DST). The remaining funding will be provided by the Indian Ministry of Railways.. It is expected that the engine will operate on a mixture of 85% ...
In this paper, the design, development, and laboratory testing of a pipe crawling robot for autonomous piping maintenance is presented. The robot consists of a modular design with four cylindrical modules for navigation which uses worm-type locomotion. Two gripping modules at a given sequence alternate gripping action simultaneously to create forward motion along with the other two modules holding the robot in place between gripping sequences. The gripping modules are designed for light-weight, optimized radial traction and to provide the maximum pull force. Then an active inspection mechanism equipped with a computer vision camera is used in the design of a conceptual nondestructive evaluation module. The bio-mimic design of the robot not only provides significant traction with pipe walls to carry NDE equipment, but it also allows conducting multi-scale mechanism tasks. Inspired by peristaltic locomotion, the proposed pipe inspection crawler can perform gripping action using radial motions to ...
Colic is often initiated by deprivations of locomotion. Digestion is locomotion dependent. For the horses gut to move, the horse must move, abundantly. Stalled horses require miles of daily walking to maintain digestive health. When stalled they should have constant access to appropriate forage. Bedding stalled on horses on clean straw helps re-create the constant moving and grazing horses are wont to do. Horses bedded on straw (with 24/7 access to hay), spend hours moving about, head down, lipping, and tonguing through the straw. Straw encourages the constant movement that aids digestion in a big way. It is relatively easy to keep stabled horses stomachs full with roughage. Appropriate hay should always be present, in addition to the straw bedding. The straw bedding needs cleaned of manure and fluffed several times a day ...
In Artificial Locomotion games movement of the camera, such as thumbstick player movement or on rails camera movement. This kind of games can give the players a wider range of experiences, but can cause motion sickness and can be detrimental to presence.. The below is a list of some Artificial Locomotion games specially designed for Oculus Rife VR:. ...
How euglena have locomotion and mode of nutrition? plz give detail description It has locomotion through flagella and contraction and it has generally mecsotro
Suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière (LME), une des approches thérapeutiques développée sur des modèles précliniques tels que le chat et utilisée actuellement en clinique, consiste à reproduire sur tapis roulant les mouvements de la marche. Cette thérapie vise à réactiver les circuits neuronaux caudaux à la lésion et notamment le générateur de patron central (CPG) capable de générer un patron locomoteur de base. Un des principes centraux de cette approche est la spécificité de lentraînement par rapport à la tâche motrice quy désire être récupérée. Cependant, comme le CPG locomoteur est présent dès la naissance, nous pensons quun réapprentissage de la tâche locomotrice par un entraînement spécifique nest pas nécessaire pour rétablir la locomotion après une LME complète. Par ailleurs, le retour somatosensoriel provenant de la région dorsale lombaire et périnéale a un effet puissant sur le support de poids et la locomotion après une LME. ...
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We demonstrate complementary differences in the behavior of B lymphoblastoid cells adhering to LFA-1 or its counter-receptor ICAM-1. The interaction of B lymphoblastoid cells with glass-supported planar bilayers bearing LFA-1 or ICAM-1 was observed by time-lapse video microscopy, and the distribution of adhesion receptors on cells interacting with the planar bilayers was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. B lymphoblasts formed a large contact area and crawled rapidly (up to 25 microns/min) on planar bilayers bearing ICAM-1. In contrast, these cells attached to planar bilayers bearing LFA-1 through a fixed point about which the cells actively pivoted, using a single stalk-like projection. Phorbol ester-stimulated lymphoblasts, which adhere more strongly to ICAM-1-bearing substrates than unstimulated lymphoblasts, were still capable of locomotion on ICAM-1. Phorbol ester stimulation of B lymphoblasts on planar bilayers bearing LFA-1 promoted a rapid conversion from stalk attachment to symmetrical
Humanoid robot related research keeps attracting many researchers nowadays because of a high potential of bipedal locomotion. While many researchers concentrate on a robot body movement due to its...
To solve the problems of improvement of the existent and creation of new efficient lower limb prostheses, and to stu-dy effect of prosthesis design, as a special technical devi-ce, on kinematical dynamical energetical and other characte-ristics of amputee locomotion it is expedient to use wide ca-pabilities of mathematical modelling of a human walk process on a prosthetic limb. There was proposed earlier mathemati-cal models of biped walk having different degrees of adequa-cy in multitude of works. These models were used for diffe-rent purposes: investigation of kinematical dynamical and energetical characteristics of human gait, working out and creation of antropomorphic walking machines, etc. In the given paper a mathematical model has been proposed for investigation of dynamics of an amputees locomotor sys-tem with a below-knee prosthesis. Based on this model computer program has been composed. The series of problems of dynamics of a two-leggal walking, calculation of consumption of energy on motion
Half of human spinal cord injuries lead to chronic paralysis. Here, we introduce an electrochemical neuroprosthesis and a robotic postural interface designed to encourage supraspinally mediated movements in rats with paralyzing lesions. Despite the interruption of direct supraspinal pathways, the cortex regained the capacity to transform contextual information into task-specific commands to execute refined locomotion. This recovery relied on the extensive remodeling of cortical projections, including the formation of brainstem and intraspinal relays that restored qualitative control over electrochemically enabled lumbosacral circuitries. Automated treadmill-restricted training, which did not engage cortical neurons, failed to promote translesional plasticity and recovery. By encouraging active participation under functional states, our training paradigm triggered a cortex-dependent recovery that may improve function after similar injuries in humans.. ...
Moving On is Alans second CD. As with the Best this was recorded with Ryan Prebble at The Surgery in Wellington.. Several songs continue the country stories of his first collection, but also included are Alans observations of living in Wellington - as a newcomer trying to make sense of the differences and picking up the rhythm of city living.. Contact Alan on [email protected] to find out how to get a copy. ...
negative regulation of gene expression / positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity / G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway / regulation of sensory perception of pain / protein import into nucleus, translocation / phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway / cellular response to growth factor stimulus / immune response / adult locomotory behavior / G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger / neuropeptide signaling pathway / adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway / synaptic transmission / regulation of calcium ion transport / cellular response to toxic substance / eating behavior / cellular response to hypoxia / negative regulation of protein oligomerization / positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation / regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential / opioid receptor signaling pathway ...
We are interested in how circuitry that drives locomotory behavior is constructed during development. During embryogenesis, many cells navigate extensively to their final destinations, where they form precise connections with their neighbors. We intend to define the molecules and mechanisms that guide three cell types (mouse ES cells, motor neurons, and neural crest) to their targets. Mouse ES cells have been stably transfected to express EphA4 and we are examining their fate prior to and after stimulations with ephrins, in vitro and in vivo.
Involved in adult locomotory behavior; neurogenesis; and regulation of myelination. Localizes to extracellular space. Is expressed in several structures, including adipose tissue; alimentary system; genitourinary system; nervous system; and sensory organ. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in childhood absence epilepsy. Orthologous to human LGI4 (leucine rich repeat LGI family member 4 ...
The Crayfish hybrid experimental model is an AnimatLab v1 neuromechanical model of the crayfish thorax and 5th walking leg that provides a virtual periphery to the live crayfish central nervous system. Run in real time, levator and depressor muscles are excited by motor nerve discharges of the CNS. Up and down movement of the leg shortens and stretches a model stretch receptor that controls movement of a real stretch receptor that provides sensory feedback to the CNS. Real-time sensory feedback provided by the model increases the locomotor cycle frequency by three-fold ...
The purpose of this work is to better understand how animals control locomotion. This knowledge can then be applied to neuromechanical design to produce more capable and adaptable robot locomotion. To test hypotheses about animal motor control, we model animals and their nervous systems with dynamical simulations, which we call synthetic nervous systems (SNS). However, one major challenge is picking parameter values that produce the intended dynamics. This paper presents a design process that solves this problem without the need for global optimization. We test this method by selecting parameter values for SimRoach2, a dynamical model of a cockroach. Each leg joint is actuated by an antagonistic pair of Hill muscles. A distributed SNS was designed based on pathways known to exist in insects, as well as hypothetical pathways that produced insect-like motion. Each joints controller was designed to function as a proportional-integral (PI) feedback loop and tuned with numerical optimization. Once tuned,
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SoundTraxx Tsunami 2 TSU-2200, 2 Amp, Universal Digital Sound Decoder for ALCO Diesel Locomotives.This 2-amp, universal-style digital sound decoder is suitable for a wide variety of Alco diesel locomotives from HO to S scale. 885007.
The locomotive was passed around by organizations that either did not have the funds or the desire to restore the locomotive. As for the valve gear (if that is the dirty work alluded to), that was most likely done by the United States Army Transportation Corp. The only purpose for the locomotives was essentially to train corpsmen on how to rebuild and operate locomotives that they would encounter if we ever had another armed conflict in post-WWII Europe. Capriotti valve gear was common on European locomotives and the USATCs operational requirements dictated that they be able to fix any locomotives or rolling stock that they encountered in the field ...
Article Genset locomotive repower project - CSX transportation case study. In December of 2007, CSX Transportation, in cooperation with PSEG Fossil LLC and NESCAUM, began a project to modernize three conventional switch locomotives to a more efficien...
Warren Buffet and BNSF Railway will begin testing LNG powered locomotives from GE to replace diesel fueled locomotives in their 6900 unit fleet
Provided by Iqbal Pittalwala, University of California - Riverside. Biologists at UC Riverside show that geckos alter foot orientation during downhill locomotion. Found in warm regions of the world, geckos are extremely capable of climbing up steep, smooth surfaces. To do so, they employ an adhesive system - a key evolutionary innovation that facilitates climbing vertically, and even in inverted positions. On the underside of their toes are setae, millions of very fine hair-like structures, which provide increased surface area and close contact between the foot and the surface on which it rests.. This adhesive system works best when loading - the application of the geckos weight - occurs along the long-axis of the toe, and when this loading is along the natural curvature of the setae. But can geckos employ this adhesive system when moving downhill? If the setae are positioned so that loading might be against their natural curvature, would the gecko not slip as it moved downhill?. Biologists ...
The researchers used a numerical model of the salamanders spinal cord to explore three fundamental issues related to this vertebrates movement: what were the changes in the spinal cord that made it possible to evolve from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion? How are the limb and axial movements coordinated? And how is a simple electrical signal from the brain stem translated by the spinal cord into a change in gait? Once they thought they had answers to these questions, the team implemented the model - a system of coupled oscillators representing the neural networks in the spinal cord - on a primitive salamander-like robot. Simple electrical signals, like the signals sent from the upper brain to the spinal cord, were sent wirelessly from a laptop to the robot. These signals were enough to cause the robot to change its speed and direction and change from walking to swimming. The model therefore provides a potential explanation - relevant for all four-legged organisms - of how agile locomotion is ...
Stride frequency is one of the most important parameters of running technique. Why do we pay so much attention to this running parameter?
Noradrenaline (NA) is a neurotransmitter produced in the central nervous system by neurons localized essentially in the brainstem, particularly in the locus ceruleus (LC) (Foote et al., 1983). Through the activation of adrenoceptors and corresponding second messenger systems (Molinoff, 1984), NA participates in a variety of motor and mental functions, such as locomotor control, cognition, motivation, and attention (Foote et al., 1983). In addition to these classic transmitter signaling functions, NA is thought to play a key role in neuronal survival, differentiation and plasticity, and to participate in brain repair mechanisms. For instance, compounds that mimic or increase LC output, including NA itself, its precursorl-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, and amphetamine, improve behavioral recovery (Feeney, 1998), stimulate neural sprouting and synaptogenesis (Lee et al., 1994; Stroemer et al., 1998) and limit neuronal death in experimental models of cerebral ischemia (Lee et al., 1994). Another ...
Elias, P K.; Elias, M F.; and Eleftheriou, B E., Emotionality, exploratory behavior, and locomotion in aging inbred strains of mice. (1975). Faculty Research 1970 - 1979. 597 ...
Locomotor training is helping Emmalie, who was unable to walk after suffering a spinal cord injury, take steps, sit up on her own and improve her range of motion. Andrea Behrman, PhD, professor in the UofL Department of Neurosurgery, researches locomotor training in children at UofL.. It turns out the spinal cord is really really smart. And it may be as smart as the brain, Behrman said. The brain gets information, listens to it, reads it, responds, integrates it and generates an outcome. When (the researchers) found that out, they said I wonder if anybody can use this information in rehabilitating people with spinal cord injuries? And the answer is yes.. ...