Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common forms of cancer associated with the presence of precancerous oral leukoplakia. Given the poor prognosis associated with oral leukoplakia, and the difficulties in distinguishing it from cancer lesions, there is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular determinants and critical signal pathways underlying the malignant transformation of precancerous to cancerous tissue, and thus to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic target. We have utilized two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by ESI-Q-TOF-LC-MS/MS to identify proteins differentially expressed in six pairs of oral leukoplakia tissues with dysplasia and oral squamous cancer tissues, each pair was collected from a single patient. Approximately 85 differentially and constantly expressed proteins (| two-fold change, P | 0.05) were identified, including 52 up-regulated and 33 down-regulated. Gene ontological methods were employed to identify the biological processes that were over

While the majority of oral leukoplakias are localized and benign, small subsets of these lesions … acquire progressive dysplastic cellular changes and ultimately develop OSCC, the researchers wrote (Clinical Cancer Research, June 2001, Vol. 7:6, pp. 1702-1710).. At present, there is no single marker or set of markers that can reliably predict malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia into OSCC, they noted, and the malignant transformation rate for all types of oral leukoplakias varies enormously from site to site in the mouth, population to population, and study to study.. However, it is generally accepted that the detection of epithelial dysplasia is the most important predictor of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (Oral Diseases, March 2007, Vol. 13:2, pp. 126-133), and it has been shown that precancerous lesions are more likely to develop into cancer in the presence of multiple genetic alterations, the researchers found.. While a number of biomolecular targets have been ...

The aim of this study was to analyze proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for the possible presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We studied three groups: Sub-Group 1 was composed of 10 patients with PVL, (6 of whom had developed OSCC); Sub-Group 2 comprised 5 patients with OSCC but no preceding PVL; and Sub-Group 3 were 5 controls with clinically normal oral mucosa. Oral biopsies from all cases were examined for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by nested PCR. EBV was detected in 60% of Sub-Group 1 patients (PVL ) and in 40% of Sub-Group 2 (OSCC), but in 0% of SubGroup 3 (controls ...

Background: Oral cancer is one of the life threatening disease which requires an availability of a biomarker for itsearly detection and also for effective treatment strategies. The current study is done to evaluate the efficacy of one suchbiomarker i.e. TNF- α as an indicator for oral precancer and oral cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Tumournecrosis factor - alpha (TNF)-α as a salivary biomarker in histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral leukoplakia andOral squamous cell carcinoma. To correlate the levels of TNF- α with varying histologic grading in Oral SquamousCell Carcinoma and dysplasia grading in Oral leukoplakia or Hyperkeratosis. Materials and Methods: The studygroup included 90 subjects that were divided into three groups. OSCC (n=30), leukoplakia (n=30) and controls (n=30).Cases were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Salivary samples were then collected fromall three groups. Salivary levels of TNF-α were estimated using Enzyme Linked

Celecoxib is being studied in precancerous lesions of the head and neck in part because, it has been shown to prevent the progression of another type of precancerous polyps (a type of abnormal growth) in patients at high risk for colorectal cancer. There are, however, no published studies yet looking at this drug in humans for the prevention of head and neck cancers. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved celecoxib for arthritis and the prevention of polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (a type of precancerous syndrome in some families that can lead to colon cancer).. This study is being done to find out several things:. ...

What exactly is the oral leukoplakia? In which causes does it emerge? In what kinds does it declare itself and what are its symptoms? How dangerous is this

Hernández, Gonzalo ; Arriba, Lorenzo ; Jiménez, Carlos ; Vicente Bagán, José ; Rivera, Begoña ; Lucas, Miguel ; Moreno, ...

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Bone, Bone Marrow, Marrow, Patients, Cancer, Anemia, Syndrome, Syndromes, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Fanconi Anemia, Cell, Cell Transplantation, Genes, Leukemia, Leukoplakia, Mutations, Nails, Oral Leukoplakia, Pigmentation, Proteins

A substantial percentage of oral cancer is preceded by so-called precursor lesions, particularly leukoplakia. Intervention in the precursor stage may prevent the development of frank malignancy. The ongoing intervention study of oral leukoplakia is being continued both in a retrospective and prospective manner. Amongst others, the prognostic value of the DNA content is examined with regard to the predictive value of malignant transformation. Salivary gland tumours are a very heterogeneous group of tumours, with more than 40 subtypes recognised in the most recent WHO classification. Classification is based solely on histopathology. Sometimes, correct classification and prediction of biological behaviour is difficult. Therefore, the studies aim to better characterize these tumours at the genomic and protein level ...

Caused by a fungal infection white patches, like the layers of snow, mainly in the cheek tongue, soft palate and the mucous membranes of the lips, infants and young children are most vulnerable to infection. Teat disinfection is not complete, kids love to bite your finger, breastfeeding, mothers nipples are dirty source of infection. In addition, long-term use of antibiotics in the elderly are also susceptible. The best sick to the hospital after the oral comprehensive examination.. 5, oral leukoplakia. The most direct oral response to external stimuli, fitting dentures, smoke, wind and sun may cause long-term this oral disease. Mainly in the lips, tongue, gums and tongue, no discomfort early, if erosion or ulceration occurs, there will be a strong sense of pain, but if it continues to deteriorate, thickened plaques sudden rapid increase, then we should be particularly careful , may be a signal of precancerous lesions. ...

Abstract Synopsis. SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT LEUKOPLAKIA AND ERITHROPLAKIA . PhD Silvana Bara, Prof. Dr. Adem Alushi. ABSTRACT. Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia are oral mucosal diseases that have a very ...

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated member of the basic-helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, plays a significant role in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) induced carcinogenesis. In the upper aerodigestive tract of humans, tobacco smoke, a source of PAHs, activates the AhR leading to increased expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which encode proteins that convert PAHs to genotoxic metabolites. Inhibitors of Hsp90 ATPase cause rapid decrease in levels of AhR, an Hsp90 client protein, and thereby block PAH-mediated induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. The main objective of this study was to determine whether Zyflamend, a polyherbal preparation, suppressed PAH-mediated induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and inhibited DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis. We also investigated whether carnosol, one of multiple phenolic antioxidants in Zyflamend, had similar inhibitory effects. Treatment of cell lines derived from oral leukoplakia (MSK-Leuk1) and skin (HaCaT) with ...

Indications: Life style stress & general debility, Pre-eclampsia & IUGR, Infertility, Diabetes & cardiovascular disease, Oral leukoplakia/Sub mucous fibrosis, Benign Prostate Hyperplasia & ...

This was a pilot, randomized, multicenter, phase II study, with a placebo-controlled arm and double-blinded randomization assignment. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each center and was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines.. Patient eligibility. Major inclusion criteria were as follows: a histologically confirmed early (atypical hyperplasia, atypical hyperkeratosis, or mild dysplasia) or advanced (moderate-to-severe dysplasia) OPL; age ≥18 y; Zubrod performance status of 0 to 1; hemoglobin level above the lower limit of normal, WBC count ,3,000/mm3, platelet count ,125,000/mm3, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels ≤1.5× upper limit of normal, and serum creatinine ≤1.5× upper limit of normal; no anticipated need for treatment with oral or i.v. corticosteroids for more than 2 consecutive weeks over any 6-mo period during the study; and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The association between fecal hemoglobin concentration and oral potentially malignant disorders. AU - Yen, Amy Ming Fang. AU - Wang, Sen Te. AU - Feng, Sheng Wei. AU - Lin, Che Tong. AU - Chen, Sam Li Sheng. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - Objectives: The present study was to investigate the association between fecal hemoglobin (f-Hb) concentration and oral cancer and its precursor, oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Methods: We used a population-based longitudinal cohort study data based on both Taiwanese nationwide oral and colorectal cancer screening programs implemented between 2004 and 2009. The total of 235,234 smokers and/or betel-quid chewers aged 50 to 69 years free of oral cancer and OPMD at entry were followed up over time to quantify the association between baseline f-Hb concentration on newly diagnosed oral cancer and OPMD. Results: The risk of OPMD increased with baseline f-Hb in a dose manner, yielding a statistically significant elevated risk of ...

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major public health concern. The recent identification of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway as a highly prevalent molecular signature underlying HNSCC pathogenesis has provided the foundation to search for novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat HNSCC. Here, we asked whether metformin, the most widely used medication for the treatment of type II diabetes, which acts in part by stimulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway thereby reducing mTORC1 activity, may lower the risk of HNSCC development. Indeed, we show that metformin reduces the growth of HNSCC cells and diminishes their mTORC1 activity by both AMPK-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We also optimized an oral-specific carcinogenesis mouse model that results in the accumulation of multiple oral premalignant lesions at the end of the carcinogen exposure, some of which then spontaneously progress into HNSCC. Using this mouse model, we ...

Introduction. Leukoplakias of the buccal cavity are premalignant lesions with a significant 0-20% potential for malignant transformation. In addition to active follow-up screening procedures, a number of surgical interventions are recommended for their removal. One of the preferred procedures is laser ablation with consecutive histopathology using one of the many types of lasers. The efficacy of such procedure with respect to the lesion location is, however, unclear. Many studies are contradictory. Some shows laser ablations as prevention of malignisation other see it as increased risk. Aim of this is to test treatment in different locations for two years. Material and method. An outpatient ablation by a 980mm diode laser of lesions on the tongue and in the lower buccal cavity (Group A) and lesions in other parts of the buccal cavity (Group B) were performed under local anaesthesia. In total, 76 lesions were treated in 66 patients. Recurrence after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months were followed up. ...

This is a genetic test used to diagnose some underlying malignant disorder. Your physician might order some additional tests depending on your presentation

TY - JOUR. T1 - Uremic stomatitis mimicking oral hairy leukoplakia. T2 - Report of a case. AU - McCreary, C. E.. AU - Flint, S. R.. AU - McCartan, B. E.. AU - Shields, J. A.. AU - Mabruk, M.. AU - Toner, M. E.. PY - 1997. Y1 - 1997. N2 - Report on an unusual case of uremic stomatitis mimicking oral hairy leukoplakia. The similarities of the two lesions are discussed, and the differential diagnosis reviewed.. AB - Report on an unusual case of uremic stomatitis mimicking oral hairy leukoplakia. The similarities of the two lesions are discussed, and the differential diagnosis reviewed.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0031090333&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0031090333&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 9084198. AN - SCOPUS:0031090333. VL - 83. SP - 350. EP - 353. JO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology. JF - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology. SN - ...

Oral hairy leukoplakia is characterized as demarcated plaque which is grayish white or white in color with corrugated texture. Oral hairy leukoplakia mostly present on the inferior surface or lateral surface of the tongue.

Head and neck cancer including oral cancer is considered to develop by accumulated genetic alterations and the major pathway is cancerization from lesions such as intraepithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia. The relationship of proliferation markers with the grading of dysplasia is uncertain. The involvement of EBV in oral carcinogenesis is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the role of EBV and DNA Topoisomerase II∝ (DNA-Topo II∝) during oral carcinogenesis and to examine the prognostic significance of these protein expressions in OSCCs. Using specific antibodies for EBV and DNA-Topo II∝, we examined protein expressions in archival lesion tissues from 16 patients with oral epithelial dysplasia, 22 oral squamous cell carcinoma and 20 normal oral mucosa by immunohistochemistry. Clinical information was obtained through the computerized retrospective database from the tumor registry. DNA-Topo II∝ was expressed in all examined specimens. Analysis

Initially referred to as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is diagnosed clinically with the classic triad of skin findings: 1) nail dystrophy 2) abnormal skin pigmentation and 3) oral leukoplakia. It is a rare inherited disorder that affects approximately 1 in 1 million people, and associated with bone marrow failure, increased risk for malignancy and additional somatic abnormalities. Severity of the disorder and its phenotypic features depend on genetic penetrance with the most severe variants associated with the greatest reduction in telomere length [ ]. As a result, the true prevalence of the DC is unknown.. Although having the classic triad can assist with a diagnosis of DC without genetic testing, individuals often do not have all three features upon presentation. In a review that included 550 cases, only 75% of patients had at least one of the three classic manifestations, with 46% having all three findings [ ]. Additional somatic features that are less common ...

G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member A (GPRC5A), a retinoic acid-inducible gene, is a lung tumor suppressor. Previously, we showed that repression of GPRC5A expression was associated with pathologic differentiation grade of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and overexpression of GPRC5A gene inhibited the malignant phenotype in OSCC cells, suggesting that GPRC5A also functions as a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GPRC5A deficiency in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still unclear. In this study, we used Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to investigate the expression of GPRC5A in both HNSCC cell lines and clinical samples. GPRC5A stable transfectants and their parental HNSCC cells were characterized for their biological activities in anchorage-independent growth. IHC analysis showed that, GPRC5A expression was high in normal tissue, but gradually decreased in oral leukoplakia, a precancerous stage,

Patients with Revesz syndrome have cerebral calcifications, and hypoplasia of the cerebellum in addition to mild signs of dyskeratosis congenita such as a reticulated skin pattern, nail dysplasia, and oral leukoplakia. Ataxia is a prominent sign but is not present in all patients. Bone marrow failure with pancytopenia and a high risk of malignancies, however, are serious problems. Aplastic anemia and neutropenia may present in early childhood while other signs may not appear until late childhood. Sparse hair, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight are also features. Few patients with Revesz syndrome have been reported and the clinical features have not been fully delineated. It is important to note that there is a large amount of clinical variation among patients.. ...

Hematology and Oncology is a chapter in the book, Dentistry, containing the following 3 pages: Oral Erythroplakia, Oral Leukoplakia, Periodontal Bleeding.

In this study of a large series of patients included in a prospective chemoprevention trial with a median follow-up of 7.5 years, we show for the first time the value of ΔNp63 expression as a predictor of oral cancer development. In a multicovariate analysis that included age, treatment arm, and histologic status, ΔNp63 expression was independently associated with oral cancer development with a HR of 3.308 (95% CI, 1.663-6.580). At 5 years after the randomization date, 39% of the patients with positive ΔNp63 staining had developed cancer compared with only 11% of patients with negative ΔNp63 staining. Interestingly, we observed that the presence of clusters of EIC was associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer, although this risk was marginally significant in the multicovariate analysis. The significance of ΔNp63 expression in predicting oral cancer development was comparable with that of podoplanin. Because these two factors were highly associated, analyzing them together ...

The history of colposcopy begins in Hamburg, Germany, in the early 1920s. German gynaecologists were beginning to understand that cancer of the cervix might have a precursor condition, which they termed carcinomatous surface coating. In 1921, the professor of gynaecology at Hamburg University, Von Franqué, assigned his assistant, Hans Hinselmann, to the study of this cervical surface. In particular, he advised him to look at the leukoplakias that, it had already been observed, could be seen with the naked eye, adjacent to many small cervical cancers.. Hinselmann realised that to see these small lesions properly some magnification was needed. As he would later write: the examination of the cervix and vagina with the unaided eye does not meet the demands of scientific appraisal. The use of magnification [is required]. With the help of technicians from the Leitz Company, the predecessor of Leica, manufacturers of cameras and microscopes, he devised the first binocular colposcope. This was a ...

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Haematology is the specialty responsible for the diagnosis and management of a wide range of benign and malignant disorders of the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and the coagulation system in adults and children ...

Haematology is the specialty responsible for the diagnosis and management of a wide range of benign and malignant disorders of the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and the coagulation system in adults and children ...

Professor, surgery; vice chair, division of general surgery, academic affairs Specializes in benign and malignant disorders of the liver, pancreas and bile duct, gastric cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma ...

Background and Aim: Indian patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are etiologically associated with the use of tobacco and alcohol; yet, a proportion of tumors that may harbor human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cannot be neglected. The following meta-analysis was conducted to address the association of p16INK4a and HPV DNA with OSCC. In addition, the study also provides the updated prevalence of HPV-induced OSCC. Materials and Methods: Literature survey was performed using databases such as PubMed with the help of the following keywords - HPV infection, oral squamous cell carcinoma, p16INK4a, HPV DNA, E6, E7, L1, L2 and LCR. Proportion method was performed to derive the forest plot using MedCalc statistical software version 16.4.3. Results: Among 145 research articles, 33 articles were selected for further analysis, in which 13 articles were related to HPV DNA detection in tissues, 11 articles detected the overexpression of p16INK4a and nine articles reported the ...

Objective. Oral exfoliative cytology (OEC) has been implemented in the diagnosis of pathologic lesions for ages. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cytomorphological features of some of the commonest potentially malignant disorders (leukoplakia, lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis) through a simple procedure and illustrate its importance in mass screening. Materials and Method. A total of 160 subjects with 25-50 years of age were included in the study. Among them, 40 were clinically diagnosed with oral leukoplakia, 40 were diagnosed with oral lichen planus, 40 were diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis, and 40 were in the control group ...

In this prospective study of 41,458 men with detailed control for tobacco use, alcohol consumption was consistently associated with a greater risk of OPLs, regardless of the frequency of drinking, proportion consumed with meals, timing of the alcohol assessment, type of beverage, or tobacco use history. The association was most apparent in never-users of tobacco, indicating that alcohol is an independent risk factor for OPL.. Our results are compatible with previous case-control studies of OPL, which have found similar increases in risk with alcohol consumption among nonsmokers (6, 9). A study of 927 cases and 47,773 matched controls in India found that ever-drinking was associated with 1.5 times the risk of leukoplakia (95% CI, 1.3-1.9), and when the analysis was restricted to nonsmokers or nonchewers, the estimated odds ratios were greater (e.g., nonsmokers odds ratios, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4; ref. 6). Risks of oral submucous fibrosis (170 cases) and erythroplakia (100 cases) were also similarly ...

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is an inherited multisystem disorder, which classically presents with a clinical triad of skin pigment abnormalities, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia. DC is part of a spectrum of telomere biology disorders, which include some forms of inherited idiopathic aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and pulmonary fibrosis and the congenital diseases Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome and Revesz syndrome. Progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) occurs in more than 80% of patients under 30 years of age and is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, followed by pulmonary failure and malignancies. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is curative for the hematological defects, but several studies have demonstrated poor outcomes in DC patients due to increased early and late complications. A predisposition to pulmonary failure, vascular disease and secondary malignancies may contribute to the high incidence of fatal complications following HCT in DC ...

At least 15 mutations in the TINF2 gene have been identified in people with dyskeratosis congenita, including a severe form of this disorder called Revesz syndrome. Dyskeratosis congenita is characterized by changes in skin coloring (pigmentation), white patches inside the mouth (oral leukoplakia), and abnormally formed fingernails and toenails (nail dystrophy). People with dyskeratosis congenita have an increased risk of developing several life-threatening conditions, including cancer and a progressive lung disease called pulmonary fibrosis. Many affected individuals also develop a serious condition called aplastic anemia, also known as bone marrow failure, which occurs when the bone marrow does not produce enough new blood cells.. Most of the TINF2 gene mutations that cause dyskeratosis congenita change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the TINF2 protein, likely disrupting the function of the protein. The mutations result in dysfunction of the shelterin complex, interfering with ...

There are no studies of oral health and esophageal cancer in Africa, or of this areas endemic dental fluorosis, an irreversible enamel hypo-mineralization due to early-life excessive fluoride. During 2014-18, we conducted a case-control study of squamous cell esophageal cancer in Eldoret, western Kenya. Odds ratios (AORs (95% confidence intervals)) were adjusted for design factors, tobacco, alcohol, ethnicity, education, oral hygiene and missing/decayed teeth. Esophageal cancer cases (N=430) had poorer oral health and hygiene than controls (N=440). Compared to no dental fluorosis, moderate/severe fluorosis, which affected 44% of cases, had a crude OR of 20.8 (11.6, 37.4) and on full adjustment was associated with 9.4-fold (4.6, 19.1) increased risk, whilst mild fluorosis (43% of cases) had an AOR of 2.3 (1.3, 4.0). The prevalence of oral leukoplakia and tooth loss/decay increased with fluorosis severity, and increased cancer risks associated with moderate/severe fluorosis were particularly ...

In spite of tremendous progress in the field of molecular biology there is yet no single marker that reliably predicts malignant transformation of a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. Therefore, it is recommended to excise or laser any oral of oropharyngeal leukoplakia/erythroplakia, if feasible, irrespective of the presence or absence of dysplasia. However, it is actually unknown whether such removal truly prevents the possible development of a squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, lifelong follow-up is recommended at intervals of no more than 6 months ...

Most leukoplakia patches are noncancerous (benign), though some show early signs of cancer. Cancers on the bottom of the mouth can occur next to areas of leukoplakia. And white areas mixed in with red areas (speckled leukoplakia) may indicate the potential for cancer. So its best to see your dentist or primary care professional if you have unusual, persistent changes in your mouth.. A type of leukoplakia called hairy leukoplakia, sometimes called oral hairy leukoplakia, primarily affects people whose immune systems have been weakened by disease, especially HIV/AIDS.. ...

White lesions are the pathological changes seen in the oral cavity involving the soft tissues like buccal mucosa, palatal mucosa, tongue and floor of mouth.

Precancerous lesions in the mouths of non-smokers are more likely to progress to cancer than those in smokers, new research has found.

HOMOGENEOUS LEUKOPLAKIA PDF - Non-homogenous leukoplakia is a lesion of non-uniform appearance. The color may be predominantly white or a. Homogeneous leukoplakias: the most common

Oral cancer is a multifactorial pathology and is characterized by the lack of efficient treatment and accurate diagnostic tools. This is mainly due the late diagnosis; therefore, reliable biomarkers for the timely detection of the disease and patient stratification are required. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key elements in the physiological and pathological processes of various cancers, which is also reflected in oral cancer development and progression. A better understanding of their role could give a more thorough perspective on the future treatment options for this cancer type. This review offers a glimpse into the ncRNA involvement in oral cancer, which can help the medical community tap into the world of ncRNAs and lay the ground for more powerful diagnostic, prognostic and treatment tools for oral cancer that will ultimately help build a brighter future for these patients.

The disease specific five-year survival rate especially for patients with advanced oral cancer has not changed over the last decades [16]. It is therefore without question that the most effective way of combating oral cancer is early detection, diagnosis and eradication of early-stage lesions and their precursors [17]. Thus, many oral lesions undergo biopsy only when they display either symptoms or clinical features typical of malignancy, while many innocuous appearing early-stage oral cancerous lesions are merely observed clinically and left undiagnosed. This is especially true for innocuous looking lesions which are subjected to watchful waiting and close follow-up despite the fact that some precancerous and cancerous cells within them remain undetected and are allowed to progress to a more advanced stage. It explains the dilemma that more than 50 percent of oral cancers are diagnosed in the advanced stages. Early detection of oral premalignant or cancerous lesions is still a problem. Visual ...

The adult trachea measures approximately 12 cm but varies anywhere from 10 to 13 cm depending on height and sex. As there is some variability in the length, the anterior portion of the trachea is not subject to tremendous change, for the most part is composed of cartilage, and is C-shaped. The rings maybe complete or bifid. The posterior part of the trachea is also called the membranous portion and is the part of the airway that moves with breathing (Figure 37-1A). ...

Mild dysplasia is a condition in which minor abnormal changes happen in the cells of the cervix. Though most women dont have any...

Sara Berkey, MD, is a fellowship-trained colorectal surgeon at MedStar Washington Hospital Center. She specializes in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of benign and malignant disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus. Dr. Berkeys treatment methods involve both medical and surgical Colon and Rectal Surgery

At least three Greymouth dairy owners have stubbed out tobacco sales, in another body blow to the habit which is on its way out..

The State Council, or cabinet, is aiming for a nationwide ban on smoking in public places this year, and several cities have already introduced anti-smoking regulations. But critics say authorities only enforce bans sporadically, if at all, and it is common to see people puffing away in front of no smoking signs ...

Smoking Cessation Resources for Patients One of the best things that you can do for your health is to quit smoking. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), these are the benefits you can gain from quitting your tobacco habit: Lowered risk for lung cancer and many other types of cancer. Reduced risk for […]