The aim of the present study was to compare different urban biotopes for the occurrence of ixodid tick species, for the population density of Ixodes ricinus and for the prevalence rates of two emerging, zoonotic pathogens. Altogether 2455 ticks were collected from the vegetation on 30 places (forests, parks, cemeteries) of Budapest, Hungary. I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis concinna were collected in all three biotope types, but Dermacentor reticulatus only in parks and forests, and D. marginatus only in a forest. Highest population density of I. ricinus was observed in neglected parts of cemeteries. In females of this tick species the prevalence rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were significantly lower in cemeteries, than in parks or forests. In conclusion, risks associated with the presence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens may be high in a city, but this depends on biotope types, due to habitat-related differences in the vegetation, as well as in the availability ...

In addition to serving as vectors of several other human pathogens, the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, are the primary vectors of the spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) that causes Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Over the past two decades, the geographic range of I. pacificus has changed modestly while, in contrast, the I. scapularis range has expanded substantially, which likely contributes to the concurrent expansion in the distribution of human Lyme disease cases in the Northeastern, North-Central and Mid-Atlantic states. Identifying counties that contain suitable habitat for these ticks that have not yet reported established vector populations can aid in targeting limited vector surveillance resources to areas where tick invasion and potential human risk are likely to occur. We used county-level vector distribution information and ensemble modeling to map the potential ...

Cattle grazing has been suggested to reduce the risk for Lyme borreliosis by decreasing the density of questing Ixodes ricinus infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. We tested the hypotheses that cattle grazing used in woodland management decreases the density of questing I. ricinus, and that it decreases the nympal infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. We further expected the nympal infection prevalence of tick-borne pathogens that utilize cattle as amplifying hosts, namely Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia sensu stricto, to increase. To test these hypotheses, we compared the densities of questing I. ricinus between twenty pairs of plots in grazed and ungrazed forest areas. The density of I. ricinus adults, but not nymphs, was lower in areas grazed by cattle than in ungrazed areas. Nymphs were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia s.s. DNA from twelve paired areas. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and ...

A batch of 259 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected by flagging in woodlands of north-western Poland (Szczecin area) was examined for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive isolates were genotyped with the restriction fragment length polymorphism...

VENANCIO, Renan; MORAES, Gilberto José de; CASTILHO, Raphael C; et al. Diversity of soil gamasine mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) co-occurring with Ixodes ricinus tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in pastures of western Norway. Systematic and Applied Acarology, London, v. 21, n. 4, p. 385-397, 2016. Disponível em: < http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.11158/saa.21.4.1 > DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.21.4.1 ...

Partial migration is common among northern ungulates, typically involving an altitudinal movement for seasonally migratory individuals. The main driving force behind migration is the benefit of an extended period of access to newly emerged, high quality forage along the green up gradient with increasing altitude; termed the forage maturation hypothesis. Any other limiting factor spatially correlated with this gradient may provide extra benefits or costs to migration, without necessarily being the cause of it. A common ectoparasite on cervids in Europe is the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus), but it has not been tested whether migration may lead to the spatial separation from these parasites and thus potentially provide an additional benefit to migration. Further, if there is questing of ticks in winter ranges in May before spring migration, deer migration may also play a role for the distribution of ticks. We quantified the abundance of questing sheep tick within winter and summer home ranges of migratory (n

A mechanistic model was developed for mainland Scotland to predict the seasonal dynamics of the B. burgdorferi s.l. infected nymphal I. ricinus ticks (or DIN), a biophysical risk indicator of Lyme disease. The model integrates recent advances in simulating the temperature-driven temporal [16-20] and spatial [21,22] dynamics of disease risk, with multi-disciplinary data based on the literature, empirical evidence, earth observation and model predictions. It was developed using an agent-based approach that consisted of three generalized grid layers (tick population, host population and landscape) and a range of transition rules describing their interactions under the influence of temperature. Considering the scale (the whole of mainland Scotland) and spatial resolution (1 km2) of this study, the model is more relevant for rodent-specialized Borrelia genospecies such as B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi s.s. than for the bird-specialized B. garinii or B. valaisiana because the densities of rodents are ...

The present study was conducted to specifically test the hypothesis that delivery of long dsRNA by electroporation can be used as a potentially high throughput tool for studying functional genomics in epidemiologically important life stages of I. scapularis. RNAi has become a powerful experimental tool for studies involving tick-host-pathogen interaction but its utility has been severely limited by the tedious and often traumatic nature of delivering dsRNA to tick nymphs or eggs by microinjection or capillary feeding [17, 18]. Therefore, improved delivery methods and optimized protocols for gene silencing in a ticks nymphal or egg stage would make RNAi more widely available to tick biologists and enhance future RNAi applications in tick-host-pathogen and high throughput tick genome research. I. scapularis nymphs are responsible for most human transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes, B. burgdorferi, and also transform to become either male or female adult ticks, making this stage a favored ...

These are Ixodes scapularis, the deer tick or black-legged tick. Adult deer ticks are commonly found on horses, particularly in the colder months, and in areas where disease is endemic, these ticks may transmit Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum to horses ...

A total of 372 Ixodes ricinus ticks (101 females, 122 males, and 149 nymphs)collected by flagging in 6 mixed woodlands of eastern Poland were examined by culture for the presenceof internal Gram-negative bacteria other than Borrelia burgdorferi. Adult ticks were examined in poolsof 2 specimens...

How much are you and your family at risk for Lyme disease? This map shows an approximate distribution of predicted Lyme disease risk in the United States -- from high risk to the minimal/no risk zones.

Bacteria associated with the tick Ixodes ricinus were assessed in specimens unattached or attached to the skin of cats, dogs and humans, collected in the Czech Republic. The bacteria were detected by PCR in 97 of 142 pooled samples including 204 ticks, i.e. 1-7 ticks per sample, collected at the same time from one host. A fragment of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced from 32 randomly selected samples. The most frequent sequences were those related to Candidatus Midichloria midichlori (71% of cloned sequences), followed by Diplorickettsia (13%), Spiroplasma (3%), Rickettsia (3%), Pasteurella (3%), Morganella (3%), Pseudomonas (2%), Bacillus (1%), Methylobacterium (1%) and Phyllobacterium (1 ...

dprjones assisted Thunderf00t in his DMCA battle with PCS and also assisted me when I was the recipient of a dishonest DMCA claim against a creationism debunking series. His activities to combat votebotting and flagging campaigns are legendary. In keeping with the War on ignorance theme, I put this little piece together as a tribute to a fallen comrade.. Downfall of dprjones. Hopefully, YouTube will see the error of its ways. If it fails to prevent these situations arising and continues to allow censorship to become a valid form of argument, it will fade into obscurity due to a lack of relevancy.. DJ. ...

ID B7PA36_IXOSC Unreviewed; 1822 AA. AC B7PA36; DT 10-FEB-2009, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 10-FEB-2009, sequence version 1. DT 20-DEC-2017, entry version 53. DE SubName: Full=Ryanodine receptor, putative {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEC03458.1, ECO:0000313,VectorBase:ISCW017057-PA}; GN Name=8026823 {ECO:0000313,VectorBase:ISCW017057-PA}; GN ORFNames=IscW_ISCW017057 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEC03458.1}; OS Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged tick) (Deer tick). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Chelicerata; Arachnida; OC Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Ixodidae; Ixodinae; Ixodes. OX NCBI_TaxID=6945 {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000001555}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEC03458.1, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000001555, ECO:0000313,VectorBase:ISCW017057-PA} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=Wikel {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000001555, RC ECO:0000313,VectorBase:ISCW017057-PA}, and Wikel colony RC {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEC03458.1}; RG Ixodes scapularis Genome Project Consortium; RA ...

Figure 2: Numbers of Ixodes scapularis returned from each of the seven New Brunswick Health Regions. Data presented includes only the 452 Ixodes scapularis ticks which were removed from hosts in New Brunswick that had no recent travel out-of-province. ...

Lyme disease is emerging in Canada due to expansion of the range of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis from the United States. National surveillance for human Lyme disease cases began in Canada in 2009. Reported n......

In this research, QX200 Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCRTM) system protocols for the detection of bacterial (Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia miyamotoi) DNA were developed and tested. Existing Ixodes scapularis samples collected from Cape Cod, Massachusetts and previously determined to be 60% positive for B. burgdorferi were utilized to investigate absolute bacterial genome carriage per tick using the ddPCR assays optimized here. The ddPCR technology proved to be a reliable means for detection and absolute quantification of control bacterial DNA with sensitivity as low as 10 spirochetes per μl input DNA. Application of ddPCR revealed an average B. burgdorferi carriage level of 27,239 copies in infected ticks (range: 231- 118,407 copies), 2,197 copies in infected nymphs (range: 231- 4,983 copies), and 45,620 copies in infected adults (range: 5,647- 118,407 copies). This is the first known and validated application of ddPCR for the detection of Borrelia DNA in Ixodes ticks.

A medical patch that easily removes the entire tick from the body in just minutes, the entire tick, head and all! Can be used to easily remove either Wood Ticks or Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis), formerly known as the Deer Tick. No touch, No tweezers needed. Hypoallergenic latex free adhesive, can be used on pets. 6 patches in each packet

tHRF antiserum interferes with tick feeding and B. burgdorferi transmission.(A) Weights of B. burgdorferi-infected tick after feeding on tHRF antiserum-immunize

Lyme Disease: What Dog Owners Should Know .cms-textAlign-left.cms-textAlign-center.cms-textAlign-right.cms-customHeadings-h2.cms-customHeadings-h2a.cms-customHeadings-healthypet-h2.cms-customHeadings-rimadyl-h2.cms-customHeadings-big-h2 Thinkstock Dogs can contract Lyme disease through the bite of an infected deer tick, either Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus. In the Northeast and upper midwestern parts of United States - the hotbed for Lyme disease - up to 90 percent of dogs may test posit

When your pet is spending much of the day outdoors, youll need to give him regular exams to make sure he hasnt befriended some ticks. Here are some tips to help.. First, its important to be able to identify these tiny parasites. Ticks are arachnids, like spiders, so they have eight legs. Many types of ticks are barely even the size of a pinhead. And its not just their size that makes them difficult to find-these tiny pests can be brown, black, or tan in color, blending in easily with fur. The deer tick, also known as the black-legged tick, is a dangerous species because it is a carrier of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. These ticks are brown to brownish red in color and have a flattened appearance.. Now that you know what to look for, its time to get up close and personal with your pet. Make sure your dog-or cat-is calm and still. Its helpful to have a second person holding your four-legged friend in place. Once you get your pet to stay put, run your hands slowly over the fur ...

The risk of getting Lyme disease from a tick bite is very low. But its important to know about Lyme disease, especially if you live in certain areas.

Additional file 13: of Integration of Ixodes ricinus genome sequencing with transcriptome and proteome annotation of the naĂŻve midgut

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Apr;14(4):245-50. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1475. Epub 2014 Apr 1. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Russias slowdown in growth has policymakers scratching their heads over how to cure a raft of structural problems. David Pollard reports.}

The author is a Reuters Breakingviews columnist. The opinions expressed are his own.. Nigeria isnt the obvious source of sound financial advice. But as part of a post-crisis cleanup, the central bank of Africas most populous nation fired the bosses of flailing financial firms. If only Western officials would talk and act so plainly, financial reformers might take heart.. Many developed-world bank critics would approve of Nigerias approach. Warren Buffett said at the weekend that any companies that needed rescuing by the government - along with their spouses - should end up dead broke. But that hasnt happened in the United States or, say, the UK. But it did, more or less, in Nigeria.. Readers familiar with Nigerias infamous email scams may find the comparison risible. But against expectations Nigerian officials managed to make last months elections the fairest in years, according to observers. That gives some credibility to the central banks efforts to clean up the financial ...

Japans government has approved its second round of stimulus in a little more than a month, as prime minister Yoshihiko Noda tries to pep up a flagging economy in the run-up to Decembers elections.

In April, thousands gathered on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., to march for science, exhorting continued innovation and advocating for support despite growing skepticism.. Confidence has eroded due to flagging enthusiasm as public figures decry overwhelming evidence, using selected studies to repudiate the conclusions of the scientific community. This is exacerbated further by news media that often focus on breakthrough potential and fail to capture the uncertainty inherent in a single study. As a result, there is growing sentiment that biomedical research has failed to the deliver on the promise of new therapies. Many criticize scientists for an inability to translate initial findings into medicine.. It is therefore the responsibility of the scientific community to encourage direct outreach that emphasizes that theres no eureka in science; discovery is a deliberate process toward consensus practiced cooperatively by an entire community of researchers.. Human disease pathology is ...

China, the worlds largest titanium market, is suffering from the double pressure of a flagging global economy and domestic inflation, resulting in a lack of demand, according to the head of the countrys largest producer.

China, the worlds largest titanium market, is suffering from the double pressure of a flagging global economy and domestic inflation, resulting in a lack of demand, according to the head of the countrys largest producer.

Sarah Palin wants a shot at the top. I dont mean Palin for Pres 2008. I mean 2012. Shes been tacking hard to the right, amping up her fiery evangelical credibility factor, paying homage to those that would back a reaction candidate against a first-term Obama administration, and drawing differences between herself and her flagging running mate.

As Ive observed, the former causes the most problems. Sometimes the user is not quite right in making the recommendation (which is understandable if its a gray area area), and sometimes the user is dead wrong. This is why I stress the importance of getting familiar with CRs Help Center, especially before commenting. The OP will almost always take that advice and post on CR right away, even without reading the Help Center. We then have to tell them that their post is off-topic there, which could leave them disappointed. Of course, well have to correct the commenter(s) as well.. Flagging, on the other hand, is safer because the SO mods are the gateway to migration. The other CR mods and I regularly stay in touch with the SO mods, looking over questions that have been flagged for migration. This helps educate the SO mods more, as well as the flaggers.. At this time, it doesnt matter which you choose, as long as youre sure that the post should be migrated. If youre unsure, then you dont ...

Keep Focussed - Try Brainfeed Choline, December is hectic, parties, shopping, deadlines at work as the holidays approach so keep yourself from flagging with Choline, an isolated nutrient and the building block to acetylcholine; a chemical in the brain which is released when conducting cognitive tasks such as memory retention or learning.. To help with Winter Blues - Try Brainfeed Serotonin 5HTP a natural isolated nutrient extracted from the griffonia seed and it is the building block to your feel good chemical messenger serotonin (5-ht). Serotonin plays a vital role in our biochemistry because it regulates mood, anxiety, appetite & sleep.. ...

Early In the pandemic, OSHA drew scathing criticism for a hands-off approach to a crisis that has claimed the lives of hundreds of essential workers. More recently, the agency began ramping up enforcement. Despite the burst of activity, a FairWarning review shows that inspectors are mostly responding to deaths or hospitalizations, as required by law, rather than flagging unsafe conditions before more workers get infected. ...

Barnitz said the biggest benefit of STOCKOSORB® is less labor needed once the roots get established in the growing medium.. We dont have to water as frequently, he said. Therefore, we dont run the risk of overwatering, reducing the risk of root and foliar diseases. The plants run dryer so there is more air in the growing mix so that the root system is stronger.. We dont have to water as often so were not overwatering. Until we start getting into the bright, warm conditions of mid-spring, anything we can do to reduce the amount of pressure on the plants is to our advantage.. Barnitz said another benefit of using STOCKOSORB® occurs when plants arrive at their next stop on the way to consumers.. Whether its at our wholesale facilities or our retail locations or our independent garden center customers, STOCKOSORB® provides us with a longer time between watering before the plants start flagging or wilting, he said. Our growers have found that even with the top of the soil looking ...

MUMBAI: Procter & Gamble has slashed shampoo prices 15-32 per cent in a move aimed at regaining market share it has lost to rivals including Hindustan Unilever. Pantene Pro V (180 ml) now costs 32 per cent less than earlier while the price of Head & Shoulders (170 ml) has dropped 17 per cent. This makes Head & Shoulders 17 per cent cheaper than HULs Clear while Pantene Pro V is now 24 per cent cheaper than HULs Dove, compared to an 11 per cent premium earlier. The price cuts suggest P&G is in the process of reviving its flagging market share, Religare Research said in a report. ...

As another driver, you face the most danger of having a terrible auto collision inside the initial 2 years of breezing through your drivers test. Ideally, you would have gotten many driving tips from loved ones, however a couple of more wont hurt.. Tenderfoot drivers have been prepared to keep every one of the standards while out and about. Great cautious driving directs you ought to anticipate that different drivers should commit errors. This enables you to thoroughly consider your response and make fitting move should the other driver really make a blunder. For example, you should never expect that everybody will stop at a stop sign since they have been instructed to do as such. Additionally, any individual who appears as though theyre probably going to make a turn without flagging first typically will.. Make certain to keep enough space between your vehicle and the one before you. The perfect separation is a 4 second space or 2 vehicle lengths away. This permits you an opportunity to ...

I would suggest that the report feature, at least on the front page, include a flagging threshold similar to Disqus, where each unique user can flag the post even if someone else already did, and if enough people flag it, it automatically gets removed pending moderator review. Set the threshold high enough (say, at least 30-40) without revealing what it actually is, and the potential for abuse is minimized, while genuine crap gets removed very quickly ...

We are so sorry you are about to flag a couse, but we appreciate you doing so. It is very important to us for you to be happy with the content on CGCircuit, So as soon as we receive your reasons for flagging this course, we will look closely into it. We will let the instructor know and take the necessary steps to fix the issues ...

Whether youve had a hub flagged for overly promotional content, whether youre looking to avoid being flagged, or whether youre wondering what Hubs merit flagging, its helpful to know exactly what to look for.

2017: INRA young researcher grant, Cholinergic signaling pathways in the salivary gland of Ixodes ricinus, 10,000 euros, PI -Ladislav Simo ...

The minutes drug by as I struggled not to give in and cry. Sitting alone on the table I felt so very small, cold and helpless. A grown adult I attempted to belittle myself about my pain.You see kids running around with broken arms all the time. Come on...grow up. Quit sniveling! No seriously...STOP. Oh…

Looking for online definition of Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4 in the Medical Dictionary? Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4 explanation free. What is Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4? Meaning of Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4 medical term. What does Plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4 mean?

Deer tick virus is a virus causing tick-borne encephalitis. Deer tick virus is a flavivirus closely resembling Powassan virus (to which it has 94% amino acid sequence identity). Because they are so related, deer tick virus is thought to be a genotype of Powassan virus, and also called Powassan virus lineage II. In 1997, it was isolated from Ixodes scapularis (the deer tick, formerly Ixodes dammini) collected in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Tick-borne encephalitis virus Lyme disease (caused by a deer-tick bacterium) Tavakoli NP, Wang H, Dupuis M, Hull R, Ebel GD, Gilmore EJ, Faust PL (2009). Fatal case of deer tick virus encephalitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (20): 2099-2107. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806326. PMC 2847876 . PMID 19439744. Kuno G, Artsob H, Karabatsos N, Tsuchiya KR, Chang GJ (November 2001). Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of powassan-related viruses of North America. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65 (5): 671-6. PMID 11716135. Beasley DW, Suderman MT, Holbrook MR, Barrett ...

Daniel, M.; Rudenko, N.; Golovchenko, M.; Danielová, V.; Fialová, A.; Kříž, B.; Malý, M., 2017: The occurrence of Ixodes ricinus ticks and important tick-borne pathogens in areas with high tick-borne encephalitis prevalence in different altitudinal levels of the Czech Republic Part II. Ixodes ricinus ticks and genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex

Lyme disease is one of the scariest tick-borne diseases you can develop from tick bites. Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease in dogs that is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Some bugs, though, need to be avoided. In the northeast, Mid-Atlantic and north-central states, deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) or black-legged ticks are the only ticks known to transmit Lyme disease. The phrase deer tick, the name commonly used for the species of ticks that carry Lyme disease, is somewhat of a misnomer. Half of dog owners do not know that ticks can transmit deadly diseases to both humans and other dogs. Although rashes are fairly common, only 30% of Lyme patients report experiencing a rash, and only … The blacklegged tick (or deer tick, Ixodes scapularis) spreads the disease in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and north-central United States. On the West Coast, the spirochete is carried by Ixodes pacificus or western black-legged tick. You will not feel the tick attach to you, so check your ...

Between 1988-1991, a total of 3,141 Ixodes ricinus ticks, 2,740 adults and 401 nymphs, was collected from different localities in 23 of the 25 provinces of Sweden. The ticks were identified, dissected and examined for the presence of Borrelia spirochetes. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed, using an antiserum obtained from rabbits, immunized with sonicated, whole Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes isolated from Swedish Ixodes ricinus ticks. Borrelia-positive I. ricinus were found in all 23 provinces. The prevalence of infection in adults ranged from 3% in Jämtland to 23% in Södermanland. In nymphs, the infection prevalence ranged from 0% in 9 provinces to 15% in Södermanland. A significantly greater proportion of the adult ticks were found to be positive for Borrelia in the southern and central parts of Sweden as compared to the northern part (Norrland). No significant difference in prevalence could be demonstrated between the western and eastern parts of Sweden. On average, 10% of the ...

To estimate the basic reproduction number (R(0)) of Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia afzelii, we formulated a mathematical model considering the interactions among the tick vector, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens in a 500-ha enclosed natural reserve on Le Cerbaie hills, Tuscany, central Italy. In the study area, Ixodes ricinus were abundant and were found infected by B. lusitaniae and B. afzelii. Lizards (Podarcis spp.) and mice (Apodemus spp.), respectively, are the reservoir hosts of these two Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) genospecies and compete for immature ticks. B. lusitaniae R(0) estimation is in agreement with field observations, indicating the maintenance and diffusion of this genospecies in the study area, where lizards are abundant and highly infested by I. ricinus immature stages. In fact, B. lusitaniae shows a focal distribution in areas where the tick vector and the vertebrate reservoir coexist. Mouse population dynamics and their relatively low suitability as hosts for nymphs

a Of 609 samples from I. ricinus ticks collected from dogs and cats in northern Norway, 21.3% were infected with Borrelia and/or Ca. N. mikurensis. b Of 495 samples from I. ricinus ticks collected by flagging in northern Norway, 41.4% were infected with Borrelia and/or Ca. N. mikurensis ...

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (CNM) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen causing severe disease in immunocompromised patients. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus is the primary vector and rodents act as reservoir hosts. New data on the prevalence of CNM in ticks and rodents contribute to the knowledge on the distribution of endemic areas and circulation of the bacterium in natural foci. Questing ticks were collected and rodents were trapped in urban/suburban and natural habitats in South-Western Slovakia from 2011 to 2014. DNA from questing and rodent-attached ticks and rodent tissues were screened for CNM by real-time PCR. Rodent spleen samples positive for CNM were characterised at the groEL gene locus. Spatial and temporal differences in CNM prevalence in ticks and rodents and co-infections of ticks with CNM and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were analysed. The presence of CNM was confirmed in questing and rodent-attached I. ricinus ticks and in rodents. Total prevalence in both

Background: Neoehrlichia mikurensis s an emerging and vector-borne zoonosis: The first human disease cases were reported in 2010. Limited information is available about the prevalence and distribution of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Europe, its natural life cycle and reservoir hosts. An Ehrlichia-like schotti variant has been described in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks, which could be identical to Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Methods: Three genetic markers, 16S rDNA, gltA and GroEL, of Ehrlichia schotti-positive tick lysates were amplified, sequenced and compared to sequences from Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Based on these DNA sequences, a multiplex real-time PCR was developed to specifically detect Neoehrlichia mikurensis in combination with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick lysates. Various tick species from different life-stages, particularly Ixodes ricinus nymphs, were collected from the vegetation or wildlife. Tick lysates and DNA derived from organs of wild rodents were tested by PCR-based methods ...

A TaqMan real-time PCR assay targeting the Anaplasma citrate synthase gene, gltA, was developed and used for detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in 765 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from dogs and cats in northern Norway (n = 669) and Telemark county in southern Norway (n = 96). Among the ticks from northern Norway the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was 3.0 %, while the prevalence in southern Norway was 2.1 % (p = 0.63). The gltA PCR assay showed a high analytical sensitivity (30 genomic units) and efficiency (98.5 %), and its utility in clinical diagnostics should be evaluated in future studies. This is the first report of A. phagocytophilum occurrence in ticks collected north of the Arctic Circle in Norway. The prevalence is comparable to that found in Telemark county in southern Norway.

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing similar to 57\% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host `questing, prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, ...

In the United States, Ixodes scapularis ticks overwinter in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and transmit the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, among other pathogens. We now show that the presence of A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis ticks increases their ability to survive in the cold. We identified an I. scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein, designated IAFGP, and demonstrated via RNAi knockdown studies the importance of IAFGP for the survival of I. scapularis ticks in a cold environment. Transfection studies also show that IAFGP increased the viability of yeast cells subjected to cold temperature. Remarkably, A. phagocytophilum induced the expression of iafgp, thereby increasing the cold tolerance and survival of I. scapularis. These data define a molecular basis for symbiosis between a human pathogenic bacterium and its arthropod vector and delineate what we believe to be a new pathway that may be targeted to alter the life cycle of this microbe and its ...

Due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout Europe. Therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. To accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 Ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from France, Denmark, and the Netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. This advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detection of 25 bacterial, and 12 parasitic species (including; Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Bartonella, Candidatus Neoehrlichia, Coxiella, Francisella, Babesia, and Theileria genus) across 94 samples. We successfully determined the prevalence of expected (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia helvetica, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Babesia divergens, Babesia venatorum), unexpected (Borrelia miyamotoi), and rare (Bartonella henselae) pathogens in the three ...

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis is an emerging tick-borne pathogen causing a systemic inflammatory syndrome mostly in persons with underlying hematologic or autoimmune diseases. As it is neither well-known nor well-recognized, it might be misdiagnosed as recurrence of the underlying disease or as an unrelated arteriosclerotic vascular event. The pathogen is transmitted by hard ticks of the genus Ixodes and is closely associated with rodents in which transplacental transmission occurs. Transovarial transmission in ticks has not yet been shown. Infection rates vary greatly in ticks and rodents, but the causes for its spatiotemporal variations are largely unknown. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the geographical distribution and clinical importance of Ca. N. mikurensis. By elucidating the life history traits of this pathogen and determining more accurately its incidence in the human population, a better assessment of its public health relevance can be made. Most urgent ...

Name(s) of illness: Borrelia miyamotoi infection, Tick-borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF), Borreliosis Caused by: infection with Borrelia miyamotoi, a species of bacteria that can be transmitted through the bite the following hard-bodied ticks: Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), Ixodes pacificus (western blacklegged tick), Ixodes ricinus (castor bean tick), and Ixodes persulcatus (taiga tick). (The first two tick species listed are common in North America, and…

Capsule. Tick infestation increased with temperature and vegetation height, and was negatively correlated with Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria chick survival, but not growth rates.. Aims. To examine the factors associated with tick loads on Golden Plover chicks and whether tick loads correlated with the growth rate or short-term survival probability.. Methods. Twenty-one chicks from eight broods were radio-tagged and recaptured at 4-day intervals to measure tick loads, growth rate and determine survival probability between recaptures.. Results. All broods and 90% of chicks (19/21) had ticks present during at least one recapture, and ticks were present on 81% (70/86) of all recaptures. Mean tick load per capture was 9.2 (range 0-45) which was 13 times higher than the only previous comparable study on wader chicks. Tick loads were highest in warmer weather and when chicks moved through areas with taller average field layer vegetation. Tick loads were also correlated with chick age and date. The ...

Understanding the molecular basis of how ticks adapt to feed on different animal hosts is central to understanding tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) epidemiology. There is evidence that ticks differentially express specific sets of genes when stimulated to start feeding. This study was initiated to investigate if ticks such as Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum that are adapted to feed on multiple hosts utilized the same sets of proteins to prepare for feeding. We exposed I. scapularis and A. americanum to feeding stimuli of different hosts (rabbit, human, and dog) by keeping unfed adult ticks enclosed in a perforated microfuge in close contact with host skin, but not allowing ticks to attach on host. Our data suggest that ticks of the same species differentially express tick saliva proteins (TSPs) when stimulated to start feeding on different hosts. SDS-PAGE and silver staining analysis revealed unique electrophoretic profiles in saliva of I. scapularis and A. americanum that were stimulated to

The ticks and fleas are out in full force so Ive been doing some more research on the best and safest preventive measure against Lyme disease. Ive come to the conclusion that homeopathic Ledum is the best defense against Lyme disease (for dogs and humans alike). If you have tried many topicals to get rid of fleas but havent had any luck then try SENTRY CapGuard Nitenpyram, its a oral capsule that smells and test like beef so your pet will just think its a treat.. Heres a FAQ sheet on Lyme prevention.. What is Lyme Disease? Lyme disease is caused by infection with a bacterium called a spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and is transmitted to humans by infected ticks (Ixodes scapularis and I. Pacificus).. Will Frontline prevent Lyme? No. Frontline will not prevent Lyme. It doesnt repel ticks at all and the tick still delivers the spirochete before it dies.. But why does my vet tell me that Frontline prevents Lyme? In laboratory tests the tick takes 48 hours to infect the dog. The premise is ...

To assess the potential risk for other tick-borne diseases, we collected 100 adult Ixodes scapularis in Hunterdon County, a rapidly developing rural county in Lyme disease endemic western New Jersey. We tested the ticks by polymerase chain reaction for Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and the rickettsial agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Fifty-five ticks were infected with at least one of the three pathogens: 43 with B. burgdorferi, five with B. microti, and 17 with the HGE agent. Ten ticks were coinfected with two of the pathogens. The results suggest that county residents are at considerable risk for infection by a tick-borne pathogen after an I. scapularis bite ...

I read Branda and Rosenbergs (1) editorial with great interest. Readers may be interested to know that my colleagues and I discovered Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes scapularis ticks more than 10 years ago and were able to show transmission by infected ticks to mice with subsequent antibody response and persistent infection (2). We also showed that this organism was widespread in I. scapularis, with a mean prevalence of about 2%. We then applied 5 unsuccessful times to the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for funding to determine whether this organism infects humans and causes disease. The agencies cited lack of evidence for human infection as their reasoning for not funding our study, which was the objective of the proposal ...

On a hike this spring, we walked through a clear-cut area with tall grass and brambles. Afterwards, our pant legs were crawling with black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), also known as deer ticks, the kind that carry Lyme disease. Scientists with the Vermont Department of Health recently examined over 2,000 ticks and found that 53% of black-legged ticks tested positive for Lyme disease. A small percentage of the ticks carried pathogens that cause anaplasmosis or babesiosis, two other tick-borne diseases that can make people gravely ill.. Understanding the two-year life cycle of the black-legged tick can help prevent Lyme disease. In the spring of the first year, tick larvae hatch from honey-colored eggs in the leaf litter. The six-legged larvae, about the size of a poppy seed, soon seek their first blood meal. The larvae may become infected with the bacterium that causes Lyme disease through this blood meal; it all depends on what kind of animal they find as a host. If its a white-footed ...

The difference is that deer tick virus is carried by the Ixodes scapularis tick -- the black-legged tick -- that also spreads Lyme disease and at least two other tick-borne illnesses in the state. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the virus can cause encephalitis, inflammation of the brain, and meningitis, inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. [...] the CDC says those who do become ill can suffer headaches, fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, loss of coordination, speech difficulties, and seizures. Studies by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven have found the virus in the two places where researchers collected ticks in Bridgeport and North Branford. Schleiter of Western Connecticut Health Network said Connecticut is in a similar position with eastern equine encephalitis.

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A 37-year-old man living in eastern France seroconverted to Rickettsia helvetica in August 1997, 4 weeks after the onset of an unexplained febrile illness. Results of a serosurvey of forest workers from the area where the patient lived showed a 9.2% seroprevalence against R. helvetica. This organism may pose a threat for populations exposed to Ixodes ricinus ticks.

Impact Factor: 2,450 2015. Markowicz M, Kivaranovic D, Stanek G. Testing patients with non-specific symptoms for antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato does not provide useful clinical information about their aetiology. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Aug 29. pii: S1198-743X(15)00791-0. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.08.005. [Epub ahead of print] Markowicz M, Ladstatter S, Schötta AM, Reiter M, Pomberger G, Stanek G. Oligoarthritis caused by Borrelia bavariensis, Austria, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;21(6):1052-4. doi: 10.3201/eid2106.141516. Reiter, M., A. Schötta, A. Müller, H. Stockinger, and G. Stanek. A newly established real-time PCR for detection of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 6:303 (2015) 2014. Tobudic S., K. Nedomansky, W. Poeppl, M. Müller, A. Faas, G. Mooseder, F. Allerberger, G. Stanek, H. Burgmann. Seroprevalence for Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Austrian adults: a ...

The effects of bird feeders on Lyme disease prevalence and density of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a residential area of Dutchess County, New ...

Recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. Kunitz/BPTI proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. However, Kunitz/BPTI proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. How these differences emerged and whether they are associated with the evolution of long-term blood feeding in hard ticks remain unknown. In this study, the evolution, expansion and expression of Kunitz/BPTI family in Ixodes scapularis were investigated. Single- and multi-domain Kunitz/BPTI proteins have similar gene structures. Single-domain proteins were classified into three groups (groups I, II and III) based on their cysteine patterns. Group I represents the ancestral branch of the Kunitz/BPTI family, and members of this group function as serine protease inhibitors.

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne transmitted infection. Its clinical expression include fever, cytopenia and hepatitis.This infection was initially described in United States. In Europe, its epidemiology is not well known. Some isolated cases have been diagnosed in several country, were the tick Ixodes ricinus is known to transmitted another infection :the Lyme borreliosis.The purpose of our study is to look systematically for Anaplasmosis, in patient living in Eastern France, and presenting with compatible clinical symptoms using a new diagnosis tool : PCR in blood samples. So we will have new data about epidemiology in our country and the clinical symptoms that are associated with Anaplasmosis ...

During the study, there were 17,230 blacklegged tick samples submitted from humans and 4375 from companion animals. Tick submission rates from companion animals were higher than expected in several public health units (PHUs) lacking established tick populations, potentially indicating newly emerging populations. Pathogen prevalence in ticks was higher in PHUs where established blacklegged tick populations exist. Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence was higher in ticks collected from humans (maximum likelihood estimate, MLE = 17.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI 16.97-18.09%) than from companion animals (9.9%, 95% CI 9.15-10.78%). There was no difference in pathogen prevalence in ticks by host type for the remaining pathogens, which were found in less than 1% of tested ticks. The most common co-infection B. burgdorferi + B. miyamotoi occurred in 0.11% of blacklegged ticks from humans and animals combined. Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence was higher in unengorged (21.9%, 95% CI 21.12-22.65%) than engorged ...

Each dose of LYMErix (TM) contains 30 ug of lipidated recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of LD in North America, adsorbed onto aluminum adjuvant (1). It is indicated for use in persons aged 15-70 years (1). Three doses of the vaccine are administered by intramuscular injection. The initial dose is followed by a second dose 1 month later and a third dose 12 months after the first. Vaccine administration should be timed so the second dose and the third dose are given several weeks before the beginning of the B. burgdorferi transmission season (1), which usually begins in April. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial involving 10,936 participants living in areas of the northeastern and upper north central United States where LD is endemic, the vaccine efficacy in preventing LD was 50% (95% confidence interval {CI}=14%-71%) after the first two doses and 78% (95% CI=59%-88%) after three doses (1). Efficacy against ...

The National Park Service One Health Coordinator, Dr. Danielle Buttke, who is based in Ft. Collins Colorado, invited the Mason team to participate in this fieldwork as part of ongoing efforts to foster collaboration with local universities. According to Buttke, Surveillance for vector-borne disease risk is currently lacking for most National Parks. This research will help us determine the prevalence of infected Ixodes scapularis ticks in recreational areas and to determine the relationship between deer density (adult ticks often feed on deer and amplify tick populations) and prevalence of infected nymphs. Dr. von Fricken understands the urgency of this work because, from a public health perspective, surveillance of vector-borne diseases is incredibly important, especially when you consider that cases of reported Lyme disease are increasing at a rapid rate in this region. Susan Howard, who has been an NPS volunteer at Great Falls National Park since 2013, has been working on developing a ...

Lyme disease is caused by a type of bacteria found in animals like mice and deer. Ixodes ticks (also called black-legged or deer ticks) that feed on these animals can then spread the bacteria to people through tick bites.. You probably wont see it happening. Deer ticks are tiny, so its very hard to see them. Immature ticks (called nymphs) are about the size of a poppy seed. Adult ticks are about the size of a sesame seed.. Its easy to overlook a tick bite. Many people who get Lyme disease dont remember being bitten. The good news is that most tick bites dont lead to Lyme disease. But it still helps to know what to watch for.. ...

Have you ever gone for a walk in the woods or played in the tall grass and found a little insect embedded in your skin? If so, you may have been the host to a parasitic insect called Ixodes scapularis. The species Ixodes scapularis goes by many common names you might be more familiar with such as; deer tick, bear tick, and blacklegged tick. The deer tick is the primary vector of Lyme disease in the United States. Their life cycle consists of four stages-- egg, larval, nymph, and adult. Within the four stages the deer tick feeds three times and considered to be a three host parasite. The variety of hosts for the deer tick ranges from mice, birds, reptiles, to larger mammals such as deer and humans ...

Penyakit Lyme (Lyme disease) ya iku salah sawijining lelara nular tumrap manungsa lan kéwan lumantar tuma.[1] Penyakit iki dijenengi Lyme saka tembung Old Lyme, sawijining kutha ing Connecticut amarga lelara iki wiwitan saka kéné.[1] Penyakit iki disebabaké déning Borrelia burgdoferi, baktèri saka golongan Spirochetes, lan disebaraké déning tuma Ixodes scapularis.[1] Tuma iki lumrahé ngisep getih manuk, kéwan ingon-ingonan, kéwan alasan, lan uga manungsa.[1] Ing Amérika, lelara Lyme ora mung ditularaké déning tuma kutu Ixodes scapularis, nanging uga déning tikus lan tuma Ixodes paficius.[1] ing Éropah, spésies Borrelia liyané ya iku B. garinii uga bisa nyebabaké lelara kanthi gejala kang mèmper karo lelara Lyme.[2] Panularan penyait iki ing tlatah Éropah ditindakaké déning vèktor arupa tuma.[1] ricinus.[2] ing tlatah Asia, lelara Lyme disebabaké déning B. afzelii lumantar I. persulcatus.[3] Lumrahé bisa diarani manawa distribusi lelara iki jembar lan ditransmisikan ing ...

Methodology for sampling questing nymphs of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Lyme disease in Europe.: To assess the Lyme borreliosis ve

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Utpal Pal, Xin Li, Tian Wang, Ruth R. Montgomery, Nandhini Ramamoorthi, Aravinda M. DeSilva, Fukai Bao, Xiaofeng Yang, Marc Pypaert, Deepti Pradhan, Fred S. Kantor, Sam Telford, John F. Anderson, Erol Fikrig ...

The Black-legged Tick that hitched a ride on my clothing was one that I missed in spite of my usually vigilant checks for ticks which I do after knowingly hiking in their territory. Not all Black-legged Ticks carry LD, fortunately, as I expect I have been bitten in the past but did not end up getting LD. This time, however, I was not so lucky and its bite on my lower leg resulted in the usual first stage symptoms that are very similar to feeling like one is coming down with the flu (e.g. joint and muscle aches, tiredness, fever). After a few days this bulls-eye rash appeared. A rash resulting from a LD carrying tick is not itchy, but may feel slightly warm, which this one did. All of these are classic characteristics of a recent encounter with a tick passing along LD ...

We live in a time of intense change for biological diversity. Its scientific study flowers as in no other era. New results pour into the scientific literature, documenting ever more intricate and wondrous strands in the web of life, demonstrating a myriad of ways in which the quality of human life as we know it is supported and advanced by the web of life in which we live.. Thus, for example, new results now show that a common, brown, small altogether plain lizard species, the Western Fence Lizard, is a crucial piece of armor in our defenses against Lymes Disease. In Northeastern states, where the lizard is absent, black-legged ticks are infested heavily with the parasitic organism which causes Lymes Disease in people. Hence when a black-legged tick in Connecticut bites a person, it is highly likely that the person will become infected. Along the west coast of the US, however, where the lizard is present, a much smaller proportion of ticks carries the parasite, and thus the likelihood of ...

Ticks are out. Not just the presumably harmless Wood Tick (a.k.a. Dog Tick) but the really nasty Deer Tick (a.k.a. Black-legged Tick), which is the prime vector for transmitting Lyme Disease. Wood Ticks are the larger of the two; in fact they are several times larger than the Deer Tick ...

Ticks can be tough to see because they can be tiny, such as the Asian longhorned tick, which typically ranges in size from a poppy seed to a sesame seed, depending on which stage of growth its in and whether it has been feeding. Besides being small, ticks often go unnoticed because you might not feel when they bite. Tick saliva is well-evolved. It contains substances that help the tick feed off of you: analgesics, which are numbing, and also agents that stop clotting so that the ticks can easily suck out blood. As a result, ticks can stay on their hosts for days, up to a week. They can go undetected for a long period of time.. The good news is most of the germs that ticks can pass on are not immediately transmitted. The pathogens have to move from the ticks gut to its saliva before it can pass on those pathogens. So, if you remove the tick within the first 24 to 48 hours, theres a good chance you or your animal wont get a disease.. What should I do if Im bitten by a tick? ...

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Do you really think that only the dogs that spend their time in the woods get ticks? Or do you believe that ticks are not a big problem for cats since she gets rid of them when she grooms herself? All these things are incorrect. Let us now put the facts right. Some of these facts might even surprise you:. Ticks do not only affect pets that spend their time in the woods. Ticks tend to live where the animals they feed on live. It is not contingent on the area. It can be an urban, suburban or rural locale. These ticks are generally found in areas of tall grass, brush and other plant material. Ticks never fall from trees. But they can climb it. In fact, adult black-legged ticks can be found up to 3 feet off the ground to wait for the host. Adult ticks crawl up grass blades, bushes or tall weeds while waiting for an animal or a person to walk by.. When you or a pet brushes against them or the plants they are resting they climb aboard, attach to the skin and feed on the blood for hours or even several ...

Do you really think that only the dogs that spend their time in the woods get ticks? Or do you believe that ticks are not a big problem for cats since she gets rid of them when she grooms herself? All these things are incorrect. Let us now put the facts right. Some of these facts might even surprise you:. Ticks do not only affect pets that spend their time in the woods. Ticks tend to live where the animals they feed on live. It is not contingent on the area. It can be an urban, suburban or rural locale. These ticks are generally found in areas of tall grass, brush and other plant material. Ticks never fall from trees. But they can climb it. In fact, adult black-legged ticks can be found up to 3 feet off the ground to wait for the host. Adult ticks crawl up grass blades, bushes or tall weeds while waiting for an animal or a person to walk by.. When you or a pet brushes against them or the plants they are resting they climb aboard, attach to the skin and feed on the blood for hours or even several ...

I updated Firefox to version 10 this evening, only to find that the font Helvetica no longer seems to display where it should on 90% of web sites. It displays as Arial instead. It displays fine on other browsers, and even on limited sites in Firefox, however even setting up a test page with just one line of text and the font set to Helvetica via CSS, the font continues to display as Arial. Ive tried the following: - Changing Helvetica to other fonts; they display correctly - Tried Helvetica in different sizes; large or small, it doesnt work Any ideas? Whilst this is a minor issue, as a web designer its very annoying! Thanks. :) ...

Ticks are little indicators on an axis to mark special positions on that axis. In JSXGraph they come in mainly three flavors: Equidistant, functional and special ticks. Equidistant ticks are those with the same distance between each marker, the distance between two functional ticks is determined by a function taking the number i of the tick ([math]i \in \mathbb{Z}[/math]) and returning the distance between the (i-1)-th and the i-th tick. Equidistant and functional ticks are created all over the axis against what special ticks are only created once. ...

How can Facebook promote meaningful interaction between users? By letting them downvote inappropriate comments to hide them. Facebook is now testing a downvote button on a limited set of public Page post comment reels, the company confirms to TechCrunch. But what Facebook does with signals about problematic comments could raise new questions about censorship, and […]

Faced with ever-worsening drug cartel violence, Mexican President Felipe Calderon is turning to elite navy troops to help reignite his floundering army-led drug war. The navy scored the biggest...

For some countries (like Poland or the Czech Republic) after left-clicking on the region you will see more detailed map with the higher spatial resolution.. After right-clicking on the region, its possible to add your observations. You need to write only your name and information of when you were in contact with the vector. Information from users is available in the right window on the main page (see the image above).. You may also check the more detailed data from Sentinel 2 images. By marking Toggle Sentinel Data (just above the Legend) you may choose view of the new vector layer. This layer is available only for Ixodes Ricinus Tick and areas of Poland at this time.. ...