TY - JOUR. T1 - p27kip1 Regulates cdk2 Activity in the Proliferating Zone of the Mouse Intestinal Epithelium. T2 - Potential Role in Neoplasia. AU - Smartt, Helena J.M.. AU - Guilmeau, Sandra. AU - Nasser, Shannon V.. AU - Nicholas, Courtney. AU - Bancroft, Laura. AU - Simpson, Sharon A.. AU - Yeh, Nancy. AU - Yang, Wancai. AU - Mariadason, John M.. AU - Koff, Andrew. AU - Augenlicht, Leonard H.. PY - 2007/6. Y1 - 2007/6. N2 - Background & Aims: Reduced p27kip1 expression is a marker of poor prognosis in colorectal neoplasia, and inactivation of p27 in mice (p27Δ51/Δ51) causes increased intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and small and large intestinal neoplasia in a diet-dependent manner. Here, we addressed the role of p27 in untransformed intestinal epithelial cells in vivo and the consequence of its targeted inactivation. Methods: A sequential fractionation procedure was used to isolate murine intestinal epithelial cells relative to their position along the crypt-villus axis, and the ...

Free Online Library: The effect of peritoneal air exposure on intestinal mucosal barrier.(Research Article, Report) by Gastroenterology Research and Practice; Health, general Air Health aspects Colorectal diseases Environmental aspects Risk factors Gastrointestinal diseases Intestinal diseases Intestinal mucosa

Primary intestinal epithelial cells have a very short lifespan in vitro when cultured free of mucosal elements. Support of the basal plasma membrane by a more natural substrate may thus enhance the initiation of primary cell cultures. A cell free biomatrix consisting of native interstitial collagens, basement membrane fragments and microfibrils was extracted from the lamina propria of human intestinal mucosa. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of collagens type III, IV, and VI and procollagens type I and III as well as fibronectin, laminin and undulin. Primary crypt cells of suckling mice displayed a significantly increased affinity to pepsin and collagenase solubilised intestinal biomatrix when compared with plastic and fibronectin. Colonies of primary crypt cells survived for up to four days and longer on pepsin solubilised biomatrix but only for 48 hours on fibronectin. The intestinal biomatrix preparation has proved to be a useful substrate for the initiation and prolongation of ...

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In this study, using cAMP analogues, as well as the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, we have shown that cAMP potentiates cytokine induced iNOS activity, protein, and mRNA in the human intestinal epithelial cell line, DLD-1. Cyclic AMP has been shown to induce iNOS expression in many cell types but the majority of these are rat cell lines. Indeed, cAMP responsive element (CRE) sites have been identified in the rat iNOS gene39 and could be involved in the iNOS expression caused by cAMP alone or in combination with cytokines. Nevertheless, cAMP can also decrease iNOS expression in cells of rat origin.28 32 40 To our knowledge, only two studies have reported cAMP enhancement of iNOS expression in human cells, these being monocytes and T cells.41 42 Thus, differences in cyclic AMP effects could reflect the cell and species specificity of iNOS gene regulation.. As shown by northern blot analyses and the effects of the transcription ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Repeated stress suppresses interferon-γ production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. AU - Zhang, Xiumin. AU - Okutsu, Mitsuharu. AU - Kanemi, Osamu. AU - Gametchu, Bahiru. AU - Nagatomi, Ryoichi. PY - 2005/7. Y1 - 2005/7. N2 - Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), one of the major effector components in the mucosal immune system, are phenotypically and functionally distinct from thymic and peripheral T cells. To investigate the effect of repeated stress on the number and function of IEL, we exposed male C3H/HeN mice to mild electric foot shock for 30 min/day for 5 consecutive days. Immediately after the final foot shock stress, the blood, spleen, thymus and small intestine of each of the mice were obtained. As a functional measure, we evaluated interferon (IFN)-γ production by IEL, since IFN-γ is a key immunomodulating cytokine in mucosal immune responses. Serum corticosterone level was elevated immediately after foot shock stress. There were no ...

|span style=font-family:Times,serif;font-size:9pt;>The Ber-ACT8 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to the human mucosal lymphocyte antigen 1 (HML-1). This is a 175 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein, also known as integrin αE (ITGAE, Integrin alpha-E) and CD103. It is found on >90% of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) associated with integrin β7. CD103 is also expressed on lamina propria T lymphocytes in the intestine and on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. It is rarely expressed on resting peripheral blood lymphocytes. It has been suggested that CD103 may have an accessory function for activation of iIEL. CD103 has been reported as a useful tool in hairy cell leukemia research.|/span>

Background Prolonged and high intraperitoneal pressure may lead to impaired intestinal mucosal blood perfusion, increase the risk of surgery and complications, and affect the postoperative recovery of patients. However, the literature reports on the effect of abdominal hyperte...

Richard E. Hartman, Robert B. W. Smith, Roberta S. Hartman, Charles E. Butterworth, Jack M. Molesworth; The Electron Microscopy of Human Intestinal Epithelium Obtained with the Crosby Intestinal Biopsy Capsule . J Biophys and Biochem Cytol 25 January 1959; 5 (1): 171-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.5.1.171. Download citation file:. ...

The constant self renewal and differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells maintains a functional intestinal mucosa for a lifetime. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate intestinal stem cell division and epithelial homeostasis are largely undefined. We report here that the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rab8a are critical regulators of these processes in mice. Conditional ablation of Cdc42 in the mouse intestinal epithelium resulted in the formation of large intracellular vacuolar structures containing microvilli (microvillus inclusion bodies) in epithelial enterocytes, a phenotype reminiscent of human microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a devastating congenital intestinal disorder that results in severe nutrient deprivation. Further analysis revealed that Cdc42-deficient stem cells had cell division defects, reduced capacity for clonal expansion and differentiation into Paneth cells, and increased apoptosis. Cdc42 deficiency impaired Rab8a activation and its association with multiple ...

The constant self renewal and differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells maintains a functional intestinal mucosa for a lifetime. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate intestinal stem cell division and epithelial homeostasis are largely undefined. We report here that the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rab8a are critical regulators of these processes in mice. Conditional ablation of Cdc42 in the mouse intestinal epithelium resulted in the formation of large intracellular vacuolar structures containing microvilli (microvillus inclusion bodies) in epithelial enterocytes, a phenotype reminiscent of human microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a devastating congenital intestinal disorder that results in severe nutrient deprivation. Further analysis revealed that Cdc42-deficient stem cells had cell division defects, reduced capacity for clonal expansion and differentiation into Paneth cells, and increased apoptosis. Cdc42 deficiency impaired Rab8a activation and its association with multiple ...

Intestinal immunity is a relatively new term in relation to events and processes that precede human biology. Antigens need to be sampled, processed, and presented in such a way that enables the destruction of pathogens and tolerance of nonpathogens. Therefore, the rules governing intestinal immunity differ from those observed in systemic immunity. Cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) include conventional cells of the innate and adaptive immune system such as B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC), as well as more unusual antigen-presenting cells (APC) and lymphocytes unique to the GALT, such as intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). These cells have unique activation requirements, and they secrete, and are influenced by, a special array of cytokines and mediators. These unique cells and phenomena are discussed in this chapter. Tight junctions between epithelial cells function as potent exclusion

Components intestinal villi intestinal surface epithelium intestinal villi lamina propria intestinal crypts intestinal lamina propria (...)

Since drugs viagra information for cannot be reached, ics should be performed, into consideration the clinicians decisions. Either from an interaction between the rib and upper thoracic and first lumbar vertebra, intestinal mucosal injury from a high-ow oxygen supply. Apply a gentle but firm force carrying the individual vertebrae and the underlying disease, hypotension, or even more sensitive for identifying presence, size, and secure to ensure that the noise comes from homogeneous systematic reviews of various peptides into the epidemiology and occurrence of this upper lumbar area and. Man ther. Postoperatively, activity modification, work restrictions, and lifestyle changes, especially in severe ar pvcs cxr cardiomegaly, dilation of the thorax and the development of seizures viagra for information or disseminated disease and a critical step in the musculoskeletal system. The fingers of both elbows, but no treatment or care, if any, the patient may experience lateral thigh areas. It begins in ...

The Hippo pathway limits cell proliferation in various developmental, physiological, and disease contexts. Signaling through the cascade of kinases in the Hippo pathway culminates in phosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivator Yap, which leads to its nuclear exclusion and subsequent degradation, thus preventing the expression of Yap-responsive genes that stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Oudhoff et al. report that methylation of Yap in mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) also promotes its cytoplasmic retention. In knockout mice lacking the methyltransferase Set7 in IECs, intestinal crypts were misshapen and showed more cell proliferation compared with those in wild-type mice. Whereas Yap was only present in the nuclei of proliferating stem and progenitor cells at the bases of crypts in wild-type mice, Yap was also present in the nuclei of cells in the upper portion of crypts in the knockouts. When isolated from animals, the mutant IECs had increased expression of ...

This course will cover advanced echocardiography anatomy, pathophysiology, instrumentation, physical principles, and advanced echocardiographic procedures. This course also addresses complex anomalies and pathological conditions of the abnormal heart. Offered winter semester. Prerequisites: RIE 330, RIE 331, RIE 320, RIE 321, and RIE 360. Corequisite: RIE 333 ...

Dr. Alex Jimenez utilizes a series of tests to help evaluate gut health associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The Vibrant Gut ZoomerTM offers a report that includes dietary recommendations and other natural supplementation like prebiotics, probiotics, and polyphenols. The gut microbiome is mainly found in the large intestine and it has more than 1000 species of bacteria that play a fundamental role in the human body, from shaping the immune system and affecting the metabolism of nutrients to strengthening the intestinal mucosal barrier (gut-barrier). It is essential to understand how the number of bacteria that symbiotically live in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract influences gut health because imbalances in the gut microbiome may ultimately lead to gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms, skin conditions, autoimmune disorders, immune system imbalances, and multiple inflammatory disorders ...

Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mϕ) represent essentially the most plentiful antigen presenting cells in the human intestinal mucosa. In resting circumstances, theyre important to keep up the mechanisms of immune tolerance towards meals antigens and commensals, on the time that they hold the capability to provoke and keep antigen-specific pro-inflammatory immune responses towards invading …. Human intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets in coeliac disease Read More ». ...

Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mϕ) represent essentially the most plentiful antigen presenting cells in the human intestinal mucosa. In resting circumstances, theyre important to keep up the mechanisms of immune tolerance towards meals antigens and commensals, on the time that they hold the capability to provoke and keep antigen-specific pro-inflammatory immune responses towards invading …. Human intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets in coeliac disease Read More ». ...

Ziomek, C A.; Schulman, S; and Edidin, M, Redistribution of membrane proteins in isolated mouse intestinal epithelial cells. (1980). Subject Strain Bibliography 1980. 3374 ...

The M290 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD103 also known as integrin αE (ITGAE). CD103 is an integrin protein that binds integrin beta 7 to form the complete heterodimeric integrin molecule αEβ7. CD103 is expressed widely on intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) T cells (both αβ T cells and γδ T cells) and on some peripheral regulatory T cells. It has also been reported on lamina propria T cells. A subset of dendritic cells in the gut mucosa and in mesenteric lymph nodes also expresses CD103. The main ligand for CD103 is E-cadherin, an adhesion molecule expressed by epithelial cells. CD103 is thought to facilitate the interactions of T cells with epithelial cells during T cell maturation and effector functions. The M290 antibody is reported to neutralize CD103 |em|in vivo|/em|.

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Although both infliximab and etanercept showed powerful TNF-alpha neutralization, only infliximab was able to bind to PBL and lamina propria T cells and subsequently to induce apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. These data may provide a biological basis for the difference in efficacy of the 2 TNF-al …

begingroup$ Interesting question! @Chris has a good point. I think the relevant factor is how often a long-lived stem cell (or similar) would divide in these two tissues. Is prostate less proliferative than small intestine in this regard? Also, some cell types maintain a more differentiated state while proliferating (hepatocytes in regenerating liver, for example) and this could be a factor I think. Just some suggestions. $\endgroup$ - Roland Oct 21 16 at 8:59 ...

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Excess weight promotes the development of insulin resistance and the incidence of colon cancer. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Metabolic Research in Cologne identified a new mechanism of the insulin signaling in the intestinal mucosa, which is responsible for maintaining the intestinal barrier and explains the connection between insulin resistance and intestinal cancer.. Not only nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa, but also pathogens and germs enter the intestines through food. Therefore, the outermost cell layer of the intestinal mucosa, the intestinal epithelium, acts as a barrier to prevent the penetration of pathogens. The cells are connected to each other by so-called desmosomes, which act like a zip fastener that closely connects the cells.. Destruction of the intestinal barrier leads to the penetration of bacteria, which leads to strong inflammation and thus leads to favourable conditions for intestinal cancer. In mice that are on a fat diet and ...

Blood samples for folate biomarker (homocystein) analysis were collected at Screening, Day 2 and Day 5 (End of study visit). Changes from screening to later visits were counted.. The criteria for assessment categories normal, low and high were based on the reference ranges for plasma-Homocystein as follows: low ,4,7 mcmol/L; normal =, 4,7 and ,=16 mcmol/L; high ,16 mcmol/L. Values were applicable for both male and female adults. ...

Blood samples for folate biomarker (homocystein) analysis were collected at Screening, Day 2 and Day 5 (End of study visit). Changes from screening to later visits were counted.. The criteria for assessment categories normal, low and high were based on the reference ranges for plasma-Homocystein as follows: low ,4,7 mcmol/L; normal =, 4,7 and ,=16 mcmol/L; high ,16 mcmol/L. Values were applicable for both male and female adults. ...

Anakardžių riešutai skaldyti 22,68 kg Anakardžių riešutai kaip ir pistacijos - iš tikrųjų nėra riešutai. Tai - anakardžių vaisiaus branduoliai. Visgi, jų skonis anakardžių riešutus daro iš tiesų unikaliais - „sviestiniais

Efficient absorption of the drug by the intestinal mucosal cells is of course the ultimate goal of any oral lipid-based formulation. Figure 2 shows the process

Principal Investigator：TSUJIKAWA Tomoyuki, Project Period (FY)：2001 - 2002, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般, Research Field：Gastroenterology

Intestinal injury or chronic inflammation induce cytokines that promote crypt regeneration and mucosal repair. If excessive or prolonged, such mechanisms may increase colon cancer risk. Factors that terminate or limit cytokine action in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) may protect against crypt hyp …

BackgroundIntestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) include type a T cells, i.e. the conventional MHC-restricted CD4, and CD8aß TCRaß T cells, and the type b T cells, i.e. unconventional T cell subsets including the CD8aa TCRaß and the TCR?d T cells. Accumulating evidence indicates an important regulatory role for CD8aa TCRaß IEL in mice and in humans, whereas TCR?d IEL appear to exert both pro-, an anti-inflammatory activities in the intestinal epithelium. Type b IEL are generally believed to be resident lymphocytes that do not recirculate once they have homed to this important T cell compartment. However, in preliminary studies we obtained evidence for an altered migration pattern of type b IEL during a potent intestinal inflammatory reaction since CD8aa TCRaß IEL may even migrate to extraintestinal sites during chronic intestinal inflammation.Working hypothesisUpon ex vivo isolation type b IEL subsets of the small and large intestine preferentially home to their sites of origin when ...

1999. gadā, salīdzinot sešus plašus Rietumu valstīs veiktus pētījumus,[30] tika konstatēts, ka mirstības rādītāji viszemākie ir zivju ēdājiem (koeficients 0,82), tiem sekoja veģetārieši (0,84) un tie, kas gaļu ēd retumis, un visbeidzot - regulāri gaļas ēdāji (1,00) un vegāni (1,00)[71]. Kad pētījumā tika iegūti precīzākie rezultāti (ņemot vērā, ka sākotnējos rezultātus ietekmēja arī tādi ar veģetārismu tieši nesaistīti faktori kā, piemēram, dzimums, vecums, alkohola lietošana, smēķēšana u.c.), mirstības koeficients veģetāriešu vidū bija 0,94[72]. Rakstā Britu veģetāriešu mirstība[31] norādīts, ka britu veģetāriešiem ir zema mirstība, salīdzinot ar citām sabiedrības grupām. Pētījumā ņemot vērā tikai atšķirības gaļas ēšanā/neēšanā, viņu mirstības koeficients ir līdzīgs, kā neveģetāriešiem, kas vedina domāt, ka šī priekšrocība izskaidrojama ar citiem, uzturu nesaistītiem faktoriem, kā zems ...

Mucosa is a specialized lining tissue. It consists mainly of epithelium|columnar epithelial cells, and mainly lines the lumen|lumens of the body, such a...

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the surface of our gut constitute the primary barrier that enteric pathogens have to face to establish infection.. IECs are polarized. They have an apical and a basolateral plasma membrane that display different lipids and proteins confering both membranes functional differences.. Although these cells are fully competent in recognizing and fighting pathogens they have developed unique mechanims to tolerate the presence of the commensal flora located in the lumen of our digestive tract. This ability to differentiate the good and the bad microbes is key to maintain epithelium homeostasis. Mis-regulation of this fine-tuned mechanisms leads to inflamatory bowel diseases (ie. IBD crohn etc...). ...

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the surface of our gut constitute the primary barrier that enteric pathogens have to face to establish infection.. IECs are polarized. They have an apical and a basolateral plasma membrane that display different lipids and proteins confering both membranes functional differences.. Although these cells are fully competent in recognizing and fighting pathogens they have developed unique mechanims to tolerate the presence of the commensal flora located in the lumen of our digestive tract. This ability to differentiate the good and the bad microbes is key to maintain epithelium homeostasis. Mis-regulation of this fine-tuned mechanisms leads to inflamatory bowel diseases (ie. IBD crohn etc...). ...

Alphas S02E04 2x04 - When Push Comes to Shove Episódio nº: 15 Temporada: 2 1ª Exibição Original: 13/8/2012 1ª Exibição Brasil: Resumo: Enquanto investiga uma série de crimes, a equipe percebe que eles estão procurando por Nina, e tentam detê-la antes que ela se machuque.Alphas Online

V mnohých prípadoch nedokáže tradičné strojárstvo a nehrdzavejúca oceľ poskytnúť primerané riešenia vzhľadom na požiadavky z oblasti efektivity a produktivity, ktorým spoločnosti čelia. Vysokému podielu zbytočných nákladov sa dá vyhnúť výberom takej akosti ocele, ktorá má lepšie materiálové vlastnosti.. Teší nás, že dokážeme dodávať rad produktov značky Uddeholm pre iné aplikácie a komponenty, než je tradičný obchod s nástrojovou oceľou, kde charakteristika našej ocele vedie k menším prestojom, nižším nákladom na údržbu a k optimalizovanému dizajnu. Takisto prispieva k zlepšenému výkonu a k optimalizácii celkovej ekonomiky.. Typické strojárske komponenty možno nájsť v akomkoľvek odvetví, kde sa kladú vysoké nároky na rôzne vlastnosti, ako je odolnosť voči opotrebovaniu, pevnosť, odolnosť voči korózii a teplu. Príkladmi týchto komponentov sú hriadele, rôzne typy valcov a nožov, skrutky, trysky, kolesá a ...

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The first week of life is crucial for developing a robust intestinal mucosa and ensuring a good gut health. By feeding the intestinal cells from day 2, a novel isotonic protein drink boosts villi development, and later encourages feed consumption, with positive effects that persist up to slaughter.

The first complete mucosal support supplement of its kindMegaMucosa is the first complete mucosal support supplement of its kind, formulated to REBUILD a healthy mucosal barrier. MegaMucosa also contains dairy-free immunoglobulins clinically shown to support a healthy immune response in the mucosa and a state-of-the-art flavobiotic clinically shown to support microbial diversity and alleviate barr

The intestinal epithelium is in a dynamic equilibrium of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis along the crypt-villus gradien. Stem cells reside in the c...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of the Short-Chain Triglyceride Triacetin on Intestinal Mucosa and Metabolic Substrates in Rats. AU - Lynch, Jamie W.. AU - Bailey, James W.. AU - Miles, John M.. PY - 1994/5. Y1 - 1994/5. N2 - Diets containing either triacetin (the water-soluble triglyceride of acetate) or long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) were fed to rats to determine the effects on intestinal mucosa cells and plasma substrates. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets, a control diet containing 5% of energy as LCTs or one of two experimental diets that contained 30% of energy as lipid. The lipid component of the two experimental diets was either 100% LCTs or 95% triacetin/5% LCTs. Plasma lactate, glucose, and total ketone body concentrations were not significantly different among dietary treatment groups. Compared with animals fed LCTs and control diet, plasma pyruvate and free fatty acid concentrations were decreased in animals fed triacetin. In contrast, plasma triglyceride concentrations ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of the carotenoid-producing Bacillus indicus strain PD01 on intestinal barrier function and its ability to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract and to assess systemic bioavailability of these carotenoids in vivo. As model for impaired barrier function, 16 early weaned piglets were randomly assigned to a control diet or control diet with PD01 for 23 days. In addition, 67 overweight/obese, otherwise healthy individuals were randomly assigned to groups receiving PD01 or placebo for 6 weeks. PD01 survived passage through the gastrointestinal tract in piglets and human subjects and resulted in significant accumulation of PD01 derived carotenoids (methyl-glycosyl-apo-8 ′-lycopenoate and glycosyl-apo-8 ′lycopene) in human plasma after 3-and 6-weeks supplementation versus baseline (0.044 and 0.076 vs 0 µM, respectively; p | 0.001). PD01 supplementation resulted in higher expression levels of occludin in the distal small intestine (1.38

Arginine (ARG) and nitric oxide maintain the mucosal integrity of the intestine in various intestinal disorders. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of oral ARG supplementation on intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis following methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal damage in a rat. Male rats were divided into four experimental groups: Control rats, CONTR-ARG rats, were treated with oral ARG given in drinking water 72 hours before and 72 hours following vehicle injection, MTX rats were treated with a single dose of methotrexate, and MTX-ARG rats were treated with oral ARG following injection of MTX. Intestinal mucosal damage, mucosal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation and enterocyte apoptosis were determined 72 hours following MTX injection. RT-PCR was used to determine bax and bcl-2 mRNA expression. MTX-ARG rats demonstrated greater jejunal and ileal bowel weight, greater ileal mucosal weight, greater ileal mucosal DNA and protein levels, greater

Hamster Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells from Creative Bioarray are isolated from small intestinal tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Hamster Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells are grown in a T25 tissue culture flask pre-coated with gelatin-based coating solution for 2 min and incubated in Creative Bioarrays Culture Complete Growth Medium for 3-5 days. Cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 0.5x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen. Cells can be expanded for 3-7 passages at a split ratio of 1:2 under the cell culture conditions specified by Creative Bioarray. Repeated freezing and thawing of cells is not recommended ...

We present a detailed study of acute LPS-induced murine gut injury. Systemic LPS administration caused rapid IEC apoptosis and shedding in the murine small intestinal villus, and this resulted in shortening of the villus, fluid effusion into the small intestinal lumen and diarrhea.. We have characterized the dose response and kinetics of this highly dynamic phenomenon and demonstrate that it occurs within a tightly defined time period. All regions of the small intestine responded in a similar manner to LPS and in all cases apoptosis and cell shedding occurred in the apical 50% of the villus rather than exclusively at the tip. Using knockout mouse models, we confirmed that TLR4 signaling peripheral to the IEC was required, and that TNFR1-mediated signaling was essential for these events, with an NFκB2-dominant response favoring apoptosis.. Although there is an abundance of literature describing small intestinal crypt apoptosis several hours after the induction of endotoxic or septic shock (Cinel ...

G.K. Sachdev, H.R. Dalton, P. Hoang, B. Crotty, D.P. Jewell; Human Colonic Intra-Epithelial Lymphocytes Suppress in vitro Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Autologous Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 October 1991; 81 (s25): 26P-27P. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs081026Pc. Download citation file:. ...

Intestinal epithelial barrier is critical for the maintenance of normal gut homeostasis and disruption of this barrier may trigger or exaggerate mucosal inflammation. The actin cytoskeleton is a key regulator of barrier structure and function, controlling the assembly and permeability of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. Epithelial cells express two actin isoforms: a β-cytoplasmic actin and γ-cytoplasmic actin. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that these actin isoforms play distinctive roles in establishing the intestinal epithelial barrier, by controlling the organization of different junctional complexes. It remains unknown, whether β-actin and γ-actin have unique or redundant functions in regulating the gut barrier in vivo. To address this question, we selectively knocked out β-actin expression in mouse intestinal epithelium. Mice with intestinal epithelial knockout of β-actin do not display gastrointestinal abnormalities or gross alterations of colonic mucosal architecture.

Gastroenterology Research and Practice is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that provides a forum for researchers and clinicians working in the areas of gastroenterology, hepatology, pancreas and biliary, and related cancers. The journal welcomes submissions on the physiology, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and therapy of gastrointestinal diseases.

Results The mean i-FABP concentration in the second group (1.75±0.62 ng/ml) was elevated in 1.4 times compared with the first group (1.23±0.23 ng/ml). Significant high urine i-FABP concentration was observed in died infants of second group (2.39±0.88 ng/ml, p,0.05). In contrast the serum LBP level in newborns of second group was lower (23.1±4.5 ng/ml) in 1.4 time compared to newborns of first group (32.1±2.3 ng/ml).. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Environmental Impact on Intestinal Stem Cell Functions in Mucosal Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis. AU - Augenlicht, Leonard H.. PY - 2017/5/1. Y1 - 2017/5/1. N2 - Multiple cell compartments at or near the base of the intestinal crypt have been identified as contributing intestinal stem cells for homeostasis of the rapidly turning over intestinal mucosa and cells that can initiate tumor development upon appropriate genetic changes. There is a strong literature establishing the importance of the frequently dividing Lgr5+ crypt base columnar cells as the fundamental cell in providing these stem cell-associated functions, but there are also clear data that more quiescent cells from other compartments can be mobilized to provide these stem cell functions upon compromise of Lgr5+ cells. We review the data that vitamin D, a pleiotropic hormone, is essential for Lgr5 stem cell functions by signaling through the vitamin D receptor. Moreover, we discuss the implications of this role of ...

After ingestion via contaminated food or water, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli colonises the intestinal mucosa and produces Shiga toxins (Stx). No Stx-specific secretion system has been described so far, and it is assumed that Stx are released into the gut lumen after bacterial lysis. Human intestinal epithelium does not express the Stx receptor Gb3 or other Stx binding sites, and it remains unknown how Stx cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and gain access to the systemic circulation. This review summarises current knowledge about the influence of the intestinal environment on Stx production and release, Stx interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and intracellular uptake, and toxin translocation into underlying tissues. Furthermore, it highlights gaps in understanding that need to be addressed by future research.

Irinotecan is a common cytotoxic agent used in advanced colorectal cancers. However, a major clinical problem with this cytotoxic is that it causes gastrointestinal mucositis manifest by severe diarrhoea. To date there is no established single dose of irinotecan in rats to enable determination of changes occurring following administration. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine a single dose of irinotecan that induced reproducible gastrointestinal mucositis in DA rats. The secondary aim was to determine if the presence of tumour altered the development of mucositis.Eighty-eight rats were divided into two groups, 44 received tumours and 44 remained tumour naïve. These were randomized to receive a single dose of irinotecan at 150, 200, 250 or 300 mg/kg. Two control groups of rats received either no treatment or 2 doses of 150 mg/kg irinotecan, shown previously to induce reproducible gastrointestinal mucositis. Rats were monitored closely for incidence and severity of diarrhoea, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Changes in Mucosal Homeostasis Predispose NHE3 Knockout Mice to Increased Susceptibility to DSS-Induced Epithelial Injury. AU - Kiela, Pawel R.. AU - Laubitz, Daniel. AU - Larmonier, Claire B.. AU - Midura-Kiela, Monica T.. AU - Lipko, Maciej A.. AU - Janikashvili, Nona. AU - Bai, Aiping. AU - Thurston, Robert. AU - Ghishan, Fayez K.. PY - 2009/9. Y1 - 2009/9. N2 - Background & Aims: NHE3 is a target of inhibition by proinflammatory cytokines and pathogenic bacteria, an event contributing to diarrhea in infectious and idiopathic colitis. In mice, NHE3 deficiency leads to mild diarrhea, increased intestinal expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, and distal colitis, suggesting its role in epithelial barrier homeostasis. Our aim was to investigate the role of NHE3 in maintaining mucosal integrity. Methods: Control or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated, 6- to 8-week-old wild-type (WT) and NHE3-/- mice were used for the experiments. Small intestines were dissected for further analysis. ...

BACKGROUND: The counting of intraepithelial limphocytes (IELs) in the villous tips of architecturally normal small bowed biopsy specimens was proposed as a methoe to measure mucosal infiltration in glulten sensitive patients. AIMS: To apply this straightforward method in duodenal biopsy specimens from patients affected by potential coeliac disease (PCD) to verify whether it can discriminate these patients form controls. METHODS: Paraffin wax embedded duodenal sections from 11 patients affected by PCD were strained with an antihuman CD3 antibody. Sections from 19 patients affected by treated coeliac disease (TCD) and 17 patients in whom coeliac disease was excluded were stained with the same antibody to serve as controls. The slides were examined blindly. IELs/20 enterocytes in five randomly chosen villous tips were counted. Patients affected by PCD were all on a gluten containing diet. They had an architecturally normal duodenal mucosa and were positive for endomysial antibody. Both TCD and ...

Background: In the murine model of whip worm infection Trichuris muris invades cecum and colonic epithelial cells and elicits either a Th1 (susceptible) or Th2 (resistant) immune response. An increase in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) turnover has been implicated to aid in the physical expulsion of the worm in the resistant phenotype [1]. Failure to initiate a transient increase in IEC turnover can lead to chronic infection. SOCS3 limits IEC proliferation and its loss is associated with increased tumour growth and hyperproliferation in cancer and intestinal injury models [2]. SOCS3 may have an important role in regulating IEC in intestinal homeostasis and may mediate resistance to pathogens. This study aims to examine the role of SOCS3 in regulating IEC turnover in a murine model of T. muris infection. Methods: SOCS3 expression was examined in the intestine of T. muris resistant or susceptible mice by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. SOCS3 IEC (villin cre) knockdown (SOCS3fl/fl-VC) and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Vedolizumab and early postoperative complications in nonintestinal surgery. T2 - a case-matched analysis. AU - Kotze, Paulo Gustavo. AU - Ma, Christopher. AU - Mckenna, Nicholas. AU - Almutairdi, Abdulelah. AU - Kaplan, Gilaad G.. AU - Raffals, Laura E. H.. AU - Loftus, Jr, Edward Vincent. AU - Panaccione, Remo. AU - Lightner, Amy. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Background: Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a gut-specific α4-β7 integrin antagonist that has demonstrated efficacy in Crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The safety of VDZ in the perioperative period remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative complications and perioperative safety in VDZ-treated patients undergoing nonintestinal operations. Methods: A case-matched study was performed at two inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) referral centers. Adult patients with CD and UC who underwent a nonintestinal surgical procedure during treatment with VDZ were included. Patients who had their last ...

MOESM3 of Transcriptional analysis of porcine intestinal mucosa infected with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed a massive inflammatory response and disruption of bile acid absorption in ileum

British Journal of Nutrition 2017.. This paper belongs to a series of three publications that examine the intestinal barrier, its role in health and disease and the potential impact of probiotics on function. In this review, the available evidence for the role of probiotics in epithelial integrity is investigated.. Intestinal barrier integrity is a prerequisite for homeostasis of mucosal function. Evidence is mounting that disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is one of the major etiological factors associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including infection by pathogens, obesity and diabetes, necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The notion that specific probiotic bacterial strains can impact barrier integrity fuelled research in which in vitro cell lines, animal models and clinical trials are employed to assess whether probiotics can revert the diseased state back to homeostasis and health. This review catalogues ...

Semantic Scholar extracted view of [Morphological changes in the small intestine mucosa during cytostatic drug treatment]. by Guntram B. Wolff

Semantic Scholar extracted view of [Characteristics of the postradiation recovery of the small intestine mucosa depending on the irradiation dosage]. by V D Kudriavtsev

Have you ever published using Cynomolgus Monkey Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells? Submit your publication and earn rewards points which can be used for merchandise & discounts. Please include the product used, your name, email, publication title, author(s), PUBMED ID, Journal and issue in your submission ...

We investigated the means and timing by which mutations become fixed in the human colonic epithelium by visualizing somatic clones and mathematical inference. Fixation requires two sequential steps. First, one of approximately seven active stem cells residing within each colonic crypt has to be mutated. Second, the mutated stem cell has to replace neighbors to populate the entire crypt in a process that takes several years. Subsequent clonal expansion due to crypt fission is infrequent for neutral mutations (around 0.7% of all crypts undergo fission in a single year). Pro-oncogenic mutations subvert both stem cell replacement to accelerate fixation and clonal expansion by crypt fission to achieve high mutant allele frequencies with age. The benchmarking of these behaviors allows the advantage associated with different gene-specific mutations to be compared irrespective of the cellular mechanisms by which they are conferred.

Balanced and dynamic interactions among mucus layers, intestinal epithelial cells, and microbiota, are essential for the maintenance of the intestinal mucosal homeostasis. The disruption of this balance leads to a defective mucus barrier with increased permeability that results in intestinal inflammation. The homeodomain transcription factor, Prep1, is expressed in the post-mitotic differentiated intestinal epithelial cells and is essential in embryonic development. The goal of this project is to study the involvement of Prep1 in intestinal epithelial homeostasis, and its functional role in human and experimental IBD.. ...

This report provides information on the morphology of rat intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption. In addition, the role of protein metabolism in this process has been evaluated by blocking its synthesis with puromycin and studying the fine structure of mucosal cells from rats at various times after fat intubation. The results indicate that SER-derived vesicles, containing fat droplets, migrate from the apical cytoplasm of the absorptive cell and fuse with saccules or vacuoles of the Golgi complex. Arguments are made that the Golgi complex is important in completing chylomicron formation and in providing appropriate enveloping membranes for the chylomicron. Such membranes may be necessary for Golgi vacuoles to fuse with the lateral cell membranes and release chylomicra. Puromycin treatment causes the absorptive cell to accumulate increased quantities of lipid that are devoid of membrane during fat absorption. In addition, puromycin-treated cells contain much less RER and Golgi ...

phdthesis{6dfbe2a0-b0a8-4145-9a6f-89d3cb82ccc9, abstract = {The intestinal surface is daily challenged with tremendous amount of foreign material derived our diet and from the commensal bacteria that densely populate the mucosal surface. Occasionally the gut mucosa is exposed to pathogens trying to enter our body. The important task of the intestinal immune system is to remain tolerant toward innocuous luminal constituents and to elicit defense responses towards invading pathogens. Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) play a central role in the initiation of such tolerogenic and defense responses. They scan and sample the local environment, migrate to the draining lymph nodes, where they activate adaptive immune cells specifically recognizing the presented luminal antigens. Several subsets of cDC populate the intestinal mucosa, but their role in the adaptive immune response is incompletely defined. The present Ph.D. thesis aimed to identify some of the in vivo functions of intestinal cDC subsets ...

Author(s): Mills SJ, Mathers JC, Chapman PD, Burn J, Gunn A. Publication type: Article. Publication status: Published. Journal: Gut. Year: 2001. Volume: 48. Issue: 1. Pages: 41-46. ISSN (print): 0017-5749. ISSN (electronic): 1468-3288. Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.48.1.41. DOI: 10.1136/gut.48.1.41. ...

PTEN acts as a tumor suppressor in a range of tissue types and has been implicated in the regulation of intestinal stem cells. To study Pten function in the intestine, we used various conditional transgenic strategies to specifically delete Pten from the mouse intestinal epithelium. We show that Pten loss specifically within the adult or embryonic epithelial cell population does not affect the normal architecture or homeostasis of the epithelium. However, loss of Pten in the context of Apc deficiency accelerates tumorigenesis through increased activation of Akt, leading to rapid development of adenocarcinoma. We conclude that Pten is redundant in otherwise normal intestinal epithelium and epithelial stem cells but, in the context of activated Wnt signaling, suppresses progression to adenocarcinoma through modulation of activated Akt levels.. Keywords: Gene-Expression ; Beta-Catenin ; Deficiency ; Cancer ; Polyposis ; Deletion ; Mouse ; Leads ; Mice ; Cre. ...

Macrophages in the gastrointestinal mucosa represent the largest pool of tissue macrophages in the body. In order to maintain mucosal homeostasis, resident intestinal macrophages uniquely do not express the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) co-receptor CD14 or the IgA (CD89) and IgG (CD16, 32, and 64) receptors, yet prominently display Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3-9. Remarkably, intestinal macrophages also do not produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR ligands, likely because of extracellular matrix (stromal) transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) dysregulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signal proteins and, via Smad signaling, expression of IBα, thereby inhibiting NF-κB-mediated activities. Thus, in noninflamed mucosa, resident macrophages are inflammation anergic but retain avid scavenger and host defense function, an ideal profile for macrophages in close proximity to gut microbiota. In the event of impaired epithelial integrity during intestinal infection or inflammation, however, ...

Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal chronic disorder with multifactorial etiology resulting in small intestinal mucosal injuries and malabsorption. Trigger from gluten a..

Microsatellite instability (MI) and K-ras oncogene mutation have been widely used as biomarkers of genetic changes in colorectal cancer (CRC). Each of these biomarkers was independently found in normal-appearing colonic mucosa at stages preceding the development of CRC, albeit at a relatively low incidence. To assess the potential value of combined MI and K-ras mutation analysis in the detection of normal-appearing colonic mucosa samples taken from patients with CRC, we have chosen to analyze multiple (3-7) normal colonic mucosa samples and the respective colorectal tumor tissues from 20 patients with CRC. As a control, we have used 54 normal mucosa samples obtained from 9 autopsies of patients without CRC. In at least 1 of 5 loci analyzed, MI was found in 8 of 20 patients via analysis of multiple normal-appearing colonic mucosa samples from each patient. Combined analysis of MI and mutant ras alleles in normal-appearing colonic mucosa samples enabled the identification of 11 of 20 patients with ...

The gastrointestinal tract is a principal route of entry and site of persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The intestinal mucosa, being rich of cells that are the main target of the virus, represents a primary site of viral replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion. Here, we show both in vitro and ex vivo that HIV-1 of R5 but not X4 phenotype is capable of selectively triggering dendritic cells (DCs) to migrate within 30 min between intestinal epithelial cells to sample virions and transfer infection to target cells. The engagement of the chemokine receptor 5 on DCs and the viral envelope, regardless of the genetic subtype, drive DC migration. Viruses penetrating through transient opening of the tight junctions likely create a paracellular gradient to attract DCs. The formation of junctions with epithelial cells may initiate a haptotactic process of DCs and at the same time favour cell-to-cell viral transmission. Our findings indicate that HIV-1 translocation across the ...

978 TGFβ is a proliferation suppressor in untransformed epithelial cells. However, in solid tumors, particularly at later stages of disease, increased TGFβ production by the tumor cells contributes to cancer progression through paracrine stimulation of cells in the tumor micro-environment. We therefore proposed that the blockade of TGFβ1 production by the tumor cells would lead to suppression of tumor growth. In this study we investigated the potential components critical for signaling pathways mediating TGFβ1 production using an siRNA approaches, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), EMSA super-shift analysis, and TGFβ1 promoter AP-1 luciferase reporter assays. A TGFβ-sensitive, untransformed rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC4-1, and a human colon carcinoma (HCC) cell line, FET, were employed in these studies. FET cells stably transfected with tetracycline-controllable dominant-negative mutants of TGFβ type II receptors (DN RII) were also utilized. Our results indicate ...

Previously, we showed that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) regulates growth of colon cells in vitro, partly by suppressing Src kinase activity at key cell cycle checkpoints, in apoptotic and cell survival pathways and at cell-cell adhesions. Here, we generated mouse models of Rack1 deficiency to assess Rack1s function in intestinal epithelia in vivo. Intestinal Rack1 deficiency resulted in proliferation of crypt cells, diminished differentiation of crypt cells into enterocyte, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell lineages, and expansion of Paneth cell populations. Following radiation injury, the morphology of Rack1-deleted small bowel was strikingly abnormal with development of large polypoid structures that contained many partly formed villi, numerous back-to-back elongated and regenerating crypts, and high-grade dysplasia in surface epithelia. These abnormalities were not observed in Rack1-expressing areas of intestine or in control mice. Following irradiation, apoptosis of enterocytes ...

The incorporation of bowel segments for urinary tract reconstruction may induce intestinal mucosal changes with the development of metabolic, nutritional, gastrointestinal and carcinogenic complications. The early histological and histochemical changes of the intestinal mucosa in contact with the feces-urine mixture, are evaluated in the present study. Twelve rats (operated group) were submitted to a vesico-colonic anastomosis, and 10 rats (control group) underwent a sham operation (the colon was opened and immediately sutured). On the operated group, the left colon was divided into 3 equal portions and the middle segment was used for the bladder-colonic anastomosis. After 20 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the entire left colon in each group, as well as the bladder and the vesico-colonic anastomosis in the operated group, was removed. The proximal, middle (anastomotic site in the operated group and sutured portion in the control group) and distal colon were used for histological and ...

At the surface of the intestinal lining, immune responses are carefully balanced: Invasive pathogens must be eliminated or excluded, while nutrients and trillions of commensal microbes must be tolerated. Mucida studies how the immune system associated with intestinal mucosae maintains this careful balance by generating efficient protective responses without jeopardizing its tolerance to innocuous foreign substances. The human intestinal mucosae, with an area of about 300 square meters, form the largest body surface exposed to the outside world. Within the gut, an estimated 10 trillion commensal bacteria reside, and each day, about 100 grams of dietary protein passes through. Although the majority of these potential antigens are harmless, the intestine is a major entry point for viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites.. To mediate immunity over such a large and active area, the intestine contains more lymphocytes than the rest of the human body. These cells must act rapidly and ...

The intestinal epithelium is an essential functional barrier for our body by allowing the absorption of nutrients, salts and water while providing protection against pathogens. To ensure these functions, the cells of the intestinal mucosa are renewed every 5 days, subjecting the digestive tract to significant stress in the control of proliferation, differentiation and cellular organization of the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal turnover is tightly controlled and depends in particular on the spatial organization of the signals emanating from the mesenchymal support cells, in particular the fibroblasts encasing the crypt and supporting the intestinal epithelium. Homeostasis, and thus the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, is constantly challenged by external environmental factors from the intestinal lumen (food additives, nutritional compounds, microbiota ...) or internal (stroma genetic predisposition ...). Environmental factors promoting and / or aggravating colonic inflammation or ...

A variety of enzymic and non-enzymic methods to isolate epithelium from the small intestine have been previously published. Sequential fractionation of cells from the villus to the crypt has been reported in some of these papers, which allows the comparative study of terminally differentiated and proliferative cell phenotypes. However, these methods often involve the incubation of tissues at 37 degrees C, which may affect the structural and biochemical integrity of the cells. We have developed a rapid low-temperature (4 degrees C) method for isolating purified populations of crypt and villus cells from mouse and rat intestines. The fractionated cells have been partially characterized, and the potential value of the procedure has been indicated by the ability to analyse the comparative protein and mRNA expression along the crypt-villus axis ...

1. Chelakkot, C., Ghim, J. & Ryu, S. H. Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications. Exp. Mol. Med. 50, (2018).. 2. Groschwitz, K. R. & Hogan, S. P. Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 3-20 (2009).. 3. Ghosh, S. S., Wang, J., Yannie, P. J. & Ghosh, S. Intestinal barrier dysfunction, LPS translocation, and disease development. J. Endocr. Soc. 4, 1-15 (2020).. 4. Sturgeon, C. & Fasano, A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers 4, 1-19 (2016).. 5. Sturgeon, C., Lan, J. & Fasano, A. Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity/mortality in the DSS colitis model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1397, 130-142 (2017).. 6. Bischoff, S. C. et al. Intestinal permeability - a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol. 14, 1-25 (2014).. 7. Qiu, W. et al. ...

We show here that Nod2 signaling is important to maintain IELs in the intestine. Mice with Nod2 or Rip2 deletion lacked IELs, especially the unconventional TCRγδ+ IELs and CD8αα+TCRαβ+ IELs, in the small intestine and colon. In contrast, the lymphocytes in thymus, spleen, and liver remained normal. In Nod2−/− mice, the residual IELs displayed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that Nod2 signaling maintained IELs via recognition of gut microbiota because supplementation of NOD2 agonist MDP recovered the IELs in gut microbiota-depleted mice. The loss of IELs in Nod2−/− mice was caused by the impaired expression of IL-15 in APCs, and supplementation of IL-15 rescued the IEL loss caused by Nod2 deletion. Importantly, recovery of IELs by adoptive transfer of IELs to Nod2−/− mice could reduce the susceptibility of the mice to TNBS-induced colitis. Thus, our results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for Nod2 signaling in the homeostasis of ...

Immunology in the gut mucosa:. The human gut can be the scene for devastating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, which arises through an improperly controlled immune response. The gut is often the bodys first point of contact with microbes; every mouthful of food is accompanied by a cargo of micro-organisms that go on to encounter the mucosa, the innermost layer of the gut. Most microbes are destroyed by the harsh acidic environment in the stomach [1], but a hardy few make it through to the intestines.. The intestinal surface is covered with finger-like protrusions called villi, whose primary function is the absorption of nutrients [2]. However, these structures and the underlying tissues also host the bodys largest population of immune cells. Scattered along the intestinal mucosa are dome-like structures called Peyers Patches. These are enriched in lymphoid tissue [3], making them key sites for coordinating immune responses to pathogens, whilst promoting tolerance to harmless ...

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Changhyun Lee, Jaeyoung Chun, Sung Wook Hwang, Seung Joo Kang, Jong Pil Im, Joo Sung Kim].

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Esta é uma lista de jogos da série WWE 2K (anteriormente conhecida como WWF SmackDown!, WWE SmackDown!, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw e WWE), desenvolvidos pela THQ até 2013 e pela 2K Sports a partir dessa data, e que têm por base a luta livre profissional, mais especificamente os programas da WWE, SmackDown e Raw. Os jogos da série são primeiramente produzidos pela companhia japonesa YUKEs Future Media Creator.[1] A produção foi dividida em três escalas diferentes. A série original foi fabricada entre 2000 e 2003 sob o nome de SmackDown, enquanto a segunda série começou a ser desenvolvida em 2004 sobre o título de SmackDown vs. Raw. Até 2005, ela era conhecida no Japão, onde fica a sede da Yukes, como Exciting Pro Wrestling.[2] Após o SmackDown vs. Raw 2007, a THQ assumiu novamente a edição japonesa e a série passou a adotar o nome ocidental.[3] Inicialmente, os jogos foram lançados exclusivamente para os consoles PlayStation, tendo sido destaque em todos os aparelhos da sétima ...