Binds to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induce an irreversible conformational change in HEF2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore. Displays a receptor-destroying activity which is a neuraminidate-O-acetyl esterase. This activity cleaves off any receptor on the cell surface, which would otherwise prevent virions release. These cleavages prevent self-aggregation and ensure the efficient spread of the progeny virus from cell to cell (By similarity).

The influenza C virus (ICV) is a human-pathogenic agent, and the infections are frequently identified in children. Compared to influenza A and B viruses, the nucleoprotein of ICV (NPC) has an extended C-terminal region of which the functional significance is ill defined. We observed that the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) found on the nucleoproteins of influenza A and B virus subtypes are absent at corresponding positions on ICV. Instead, we found that a long bipartite nuclear localization signal resides at the extended C-terminal region, spanning from R513 to K549. Our experimental data determined that the KKMK motif within this region plays important roles in both nuclear import and polymerase activity. Similar to the influenza A viruses, NPC also binds to multiple human importin α isoforms. Taken together, our results enhance the understanding of the virus-host interaction of the influenza C virus.. IMPORTANCE As a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, the polymerase complex of the ...

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Opens the Highlight Feature Bar and highlights feature annotations from the FEATURES table of the record. The Highlight Feature Bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. Links in the FEATURES table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. More... ...

In molecular biology, haemagglutinin-esterase fusion glycoprotein (HEF) is a multi-functional protein embedded in the viral envelope of several viruses, including influenza C virus, coronaviruses and toroviruses. HEF is required for infectivity, and functions to recognise the host cell surface receptor, to fuse the viral and host cell membranes, and to destroy the receptor upon host cell infection. The haemagglutinin region of HEF is responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion, and bears a strong resemblance to the sialic acid-binding haemagglutinin found in influenza A and B viruses, except that it binds 9-O-acetylsialic acid. The esterase region of HEF is responsible for the destruction of the receptor, an action that is carried out by neuraminidase in influenza A and B viruses. The esterase domain is similar in structure to Streptomyces scabies esterase, and to acetylhydrolase, thioesterase I and rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase. The haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein HEF must ...

Structural protein that makes short spikes at the surface of the virus. Contains receptor binding and receptor-destroying activities. Mediates de-O-acetylation of N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid, which is probably the receptor determinant recognized by the virus on the surface of erythrocytes and susceptible cells. This receptor-destroying activity is important for virus release as it probably helps preventing self-aggregation and ensures the efficient spread of the progeny virus from cell to cell. May serve as a secondary viral attachment protein for initiating infection, the spike protein being the major one. May become a target for both the humoral and the cellular branches of the immune system.

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

Please note: Wiley Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. ...

This was an atypical viral discovery project, says Lipkin, John Snow professor of epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University in New York City. His teams usual approach to tracking down which virus is causing a particular disease is to pursue a genetic sequence analysis of blood, feces or tissues from a diseased animal, remove all the known genetic sequences found in normal animals, and then compare what is left to known sequences in databases. But, in this instance, what my colleague, Nischay Mishra found didnt look like any previously entered sequences, says Lipkin.. In this case, the team found 10 short RNA gene sequences. The more we studied them, the more convinced we became that what we had represented an entirely new virus, says Lipkin.. While nine of the gene segments shared no similarities with any other known viral proteins, one segment looked weakly similar to a influenza C virus protein. The 10 segments also had similar starting ...

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The importance of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) as a receptor determinant for bovine coronavirus (BCV) on cultured cells was analysed. Pretreatment of MDCK I (Madin Darby canine kidney) cells with neuraminidase or acetylesterase rendered the cells resistant to infection by BCV. The receptors on a human (CaCo-2) and a porcine (LLC-PK1) epithelial cell line were also found to be sensitive to neuraminidase treatment. The susceptibility to infection by BCV was restored after resialylation of asialo-MDCK I cells with Neu5,9Ac2. Transfer of sialic acid lacking a 9-O-acetyl group was ineffective in this respect. These results demonstrate that 9-O-acetylated sialic acid is used as a receptor determinant by BCV to infect cultured cells. The possibility is discussed that the initiation of a BCV infection involves the recognition of different types of receptors, a first receptor for primary attachment and a second receptor to mediate the fusion between the viral envelope and the cellular membrane.

Pathogenicity and virulence are multifactorial traits, depending on interaction of viruses with susceptible cells and organisms. The ion channels coded by viruses, viroporins, represent only one factor taking part in the cascade of interactions between virus and cell, leading to the entry of virus, replication and to profound changes in membrane permeability. The M2 protein from influenza A virus forms proton-selective, pH-regulated channel involved in regulating vesicular pH, a function important for the correct maturation of HA glycoprotein. The NB glycoprotein of influenza B viruses is an integral membrane protein with an ion channel activity. The CM2 protein of influenza C virus is an integral membrane glycoprotein structurally analogous to influenza A virus M2 and influenza B virus NB proteins. The picornavirus 3A protein is involved in cell lysis and shows homology with other lytic proteins. Vpu is an oligomeric integral membrane protein encoded by HIV-1, which forms ion channels. The ...

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Meola, Annalisa et al Structural Flexibility of a Conserved Antigenic Region in Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2 Recognized by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Journal of Virology 89.4 (2015): 2170-2181. Web. 08 Dec. 2019. ...

6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X is the common receptor determinant recognized by H5, H6, H7 and H9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry. (2008 ...

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Od niedawna zaczęto dostrzegać problem związany z narażeniem członków zespołu operacyjnego na substancje powstające podczas cięcia tkanek nożem wytwarzającym wysoką temperaturę. Problem ten jest szczególnie ważny dla zespołów operujących osoby z rozległymi oparzeniami, ponieważ optymalny sposób postępowania chirurgicznego w leczeniu rozległych i głębokich oparzeń polega na szybkim usunięciu tkanek martwych. W tym celu używa się między innymi noży elektrycznych. Stosowanie tych narzędzi wiąże się z wytwarzaniem wysokiej temperatury podczas zabiegu oraz zwiększeniem ekspozycji na lotne czynniki szkodliwe zawarte w dymie z usuwanych tkanek. Celem badania była analiza jakościowa oraz półilościowa niepolarnych związków lotnych wydzielających się podczas resekcji oparzonej tkanki z użyciem diatermii. Materiały i metody Badanie zostało przeprowadzone podczas operacji resekcji oparzonej tkanki pacjenta w pierwszej dobie po oparzeniu (ponad 30% TBS A, o

View deals for Nara Suite Residence Bangkok, including fully refundable rates with free cancellation. Central Rama 3 Mall is minutes away. WiFi and parking are free, and this hotel also features a spa. All rooms have LCD TVs and DVD players.

The extra income Nara and Chek now earn as a result of selling excess rice from their three harvests has enabled them to buy a bicycle for their children, giving them a more reliable and much safer way to get to school. For Nara, its not so much the bicycle itself, but rather, the fact that he and Chek can now afford to improve the lives of their children. Being able to get to school means that the children will have a chance at a much better life than Nara and Chek experienced when they were children ...

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Influenza C contributes to economic damage caused by working days lost through absence or inefficiency and may occasionally cause an acute respiratory illness in a paediatric setting. All Influenza C sequences from the NCBI Influenza Virus Resource were examined to determine the date of the most recent common ancestor (t-MRCA), the average nucleotide substitution rate, and the location of residues under positive selection, for each of the seven genome segments of this virus. The segment with the deepest phylogeny was found to be segment 4, encoding the haemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE) with mean t-MRCA at 1890 of the common era (AD), at a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 1857-1924 AD. Other genome segments have slightly more recent common ancestors, ranging from mean t-MRCAs of 1916 AD (HPD 1891-1937) for segment 7, encoding the two non-structural proteins (NS) to 1944 AD (HPD 1940-1948) for segment 2 encoding the type 1 basic polymerase (PB1). On the basis of the Bayesian analysis a ...

Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus that is endemic in pigs (swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV). Of the three genera of Orthomyxoviridae that are endemic in humans, two are endemic also in swine: Influenzavirus A (common) or Influenzavirus C (rare). Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine. Within Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus C, the strains endemic to swine and humans are largely distinct ...

Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. In addition, influenza C viruses may also cause illness in swine. Current strateg... more

casSAR Dugability of P17003 | HE | Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein - Also known as HEMA_INCHY, HE. Binds to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induce an irreversible conformational change in HEF2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore. Displays a receptor-destroying activity which is a neuraminidate-O-acetyl esterase. This activity cleaves off any receptor on the cell surface, which would otherwise prevent virions release. These cleavages prevent self-aggregation and ensure the efficient spread of the progeny virus from cell to cell (By

Stereo figure showing the active-site His195-Asp192/His195-Asn192 and His193-Glu140 interactions in wild-type RGAE and RGAE D192N in lighter and darker shades, respectively. ...

2010/5/13 Sylvain Le Gall ,[email protected], , On 13-05-2010, Yoriyuki Yamagata ,[email protected], wrote: , , 2010/5/13 Sylvain Le Gall ,[email protected],By the way (and for your , boss), I consider camomile as a first class , OCaml library. Your work on this is really important. , , What do you need to prove what I said? Other OSS products using camomile? , , - successful projects which use Camomile. Big bonus If they are backed by industry. Whether they are OSS or not does not matter much. - download statistics. Is there a way to see download statistics of Debian package? - the number of OS to which Camomile is ported. I know there are Debian, FreeBSD and ALTLinux package. Any other? -- Yoriyuki Yamagata [email protected] ...

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KASHIHARA, Nara Pref. (Kyodo) - Remains apparently of the oldest structure used for an Imperial accession ceremony have been excavated at the Fujiwara Palace dig in the ancient capital of Fujiwara-kyo in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, the Nara National Institute for Cultural Properties said Thursday. Traces of buildings and gates of the palaces Daijokyu, a set of structures…

This was our first trip to Japan. We embraced the culture, spirituality, food, and efficiency. We limited our visit to Tokyo (3 days), Nikko (1 day), Kyoto (2 days), Nara (1 day) and Hakone (2 days). Initially, we seemed to be part of a well organized ant colony: well regulated, timely, and uniform, until we left Tokyo, where life was more artistic and spiritual.

Get the Sotsukishincho overnight weather forecast for today, tomorrow and 15 days including the overnight low temperature, RealFeel and chance of precipitation for Sotsukishincho, Japan from AccuWeather.com

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Wprowadzenie. Promieniowanie jonizujące i ksenoestrogeny występują powszechnie w środowisku człowieka. Bisfenol A (BPA) używany jest podczas produkcji poliwęglanów oraz żywic epoksydowych, stanowiących składnik m.in. soczewek do okularów, wypełnień dentystycznych, płyt CD, szyb okienn

Jōmon (a.12,000BC-a.300BC) , Yayoi (a.300BC-a.400AD) , Kofun (a.400-592) , Asuka (592-710) , Nara (710-794) , Heian (794-1185) , Kamakura (1185-1333) , Muromachi (1336-1573) , Azuchi-Momoyama (1573-1603) , Edo (1603-1868) , Modern (1868- ) ...

The hepatitis C virus glycoproteins E1 and 2 have been expressed using recombinant baculoviruses following fusion to the carrier protein glutathione S-transferase (GST). Proteins were expressed singly and as an E1E2 polyprotein with and without an N-terminal affinity tag. Expression of the E1E2 polyprotein, even when preceded by GST, led to processing in insect cells and detection of an E1E2 complex that could be specifically purified by glutathione affinity chromatography. Baculovirus expressed E2 and a purified GST-E1E2 protein bound to the second extracellular loop of CD81 (EC2), a reported ligand for the molecule, but not to a truncated derivative of CD81 consisting of only the central domain of the loop. Purified GST-E2, however, failed to bind to CD81 suggesting a requirement for a free E2 amino terminus for biological activity. The binding to CD81 by baculovirus expressed E2 protein was comparable to that observed for E2 derived from mammalian cells when detected by a monoclonal antibody

Fedry J, Forcina J, Legrand P, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Haouz A, Johnson M*, Rey FA*, Krey T*. 2018. Evolutionary diversification of the HAP2 membrane insertion motifs to drive gamete fusion across eukaryotes. PLoS biology 16:e2006357. (M.J., F.A.R. and T.K. contributed equally to this work) Ströh LJ, Nagarathinam K, Krey T. 2018. Conformational Flexibility in the CD81-Binding Site of the Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2. Frontiers in immunology 9:1396. Vasiliauskaite I, Owsianka AM, England P, Khan AG, Cole S, Bankwitz D, Foung SKH, Pietschmann T, Marcotrigiano J, Rey FA, Patel AH*, Krey T*. 2017. Conformational Flexibility in the Immunoglobulin-Like Domain of the Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2. mBio 8:e00382-00317. (A.H.P. and T.K. contributed equally to this work) Fedry J, Liu Y, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Pei J, Li W, Tortorici MA, Traincard F, Meola A, Bricogne G, Grishin NV, Snell WJ*, Rey FA*, Krey T*. 2017. The Ancient Gamete Fusogen HAP2 Is a Eukaryotic Class II Fusion Protein. Cell ...

All cells are decorated on their surfaces with a complex array of oligosaccharides (glycans) that are attached to membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids or which make up the different components of soluble extracellular materials such as mucus and which are involved in the initial interactions of viruses or other pathogens with cells or mucosal surfaces (1). The chemical diversity of these glycans contributes to their complex functional roles in controlling cell-cell, cell-pathogen, and cell-environment interactions. Linear and branched glycoconjugates of vertebrate cells are often terminated in sialic acids (Sias). Sias have critical roles in maintaining a variety of cell functions due to their abundance as exposed terminal sugars, where they are involved in highly specific and regulated cellular lectin interactions (2, 3). They have also been exploited by many different pathogens as well as by nonpathogenic microbes for host recognition and attachment, including playing a role as receptors for ...

The primary structure of AtPAEs revealed that they are unlikely to be membrane proteins and that most isoforms have a basic pI, as suggested in the early literature [17]. However, the predicted GPI anchor for AtPAE10 and AtPAE12, both from clade 2, could indicate a putative role in plant signaling and some interaction with the plasma membrane. The presence of such a predicted GPI anchor has been observed in other pectin-related genes, including PMEI [55]. The absence of a predicted signaling sequence for three AtPAEs, AtPAE2, AtPAE4 and AtPAE5, indicates that some Arabidopsis PAEs without a signal peptide could have a functional activity. Similar results have been observed with several PMEs from distinct plant species and particularly for AtPME31, which has no signaling sequence but is active and cannot be inhibited by the kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor, a strong PME inhibitor [56]. 3D homology modeling of AtPME31 revealed an external loop. The function and the mechanism by which AtPME31 ...

Yamagata, S; Miwa, M; Tanaka, K; and Yamagata, T, Fbj virus-induced osteosarcoma has type v collagen consisting of a, b and c-like chains in addition to type i collagen. (1982). Subject Strain Bibliography 1982. 2868 ...

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Based on current estimates, for every ton of forest slash used to make bio-jet fuel, 1450 pounds of lignin-rich solids that left over as a byproduct. The most common strategy for using these lignin-rich solids is to burn them for heating and electrical needs.. While this strategy remains a potentially valid one, NARA researchers have developed products made from the lignin-rich solids.. NARA estimates that these lignin-rich products could contribute up to 42% of the revenue generated by a biorefinery that converts forest harvest residuals in biojet fuel.. NARAs work has resulted in:. ...

CI = Confidence Interval.. a Trial 1: NCT01196975.. b According-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity included all evaluable subjects for whom assay results were available after vaccination for at least one trial vaccine antigen.. c Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage).. d Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage).. e Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage).. f Non‑inferior to both TIVs based on adjusted GMTs [upper limit of the 2‑sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (TIV/FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) ≤1.5]; superior to TIV-1 (B Victoria) with respect to the B strain of Yamagata lineage and to TIV-2 (B Yamagata) with respect to the B strain of Victoria lineage based on adjusted GMTs [lower limit of the 2‑sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (FLULAVAL ...

Tsurusaki Y, Okamoto N, Ohashi H, Kosho T, Imai Y, Hibi-Ko Y, Kaname T, Naritomi K, Kawame H, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Homma T, Kato M, Hiraki Y, Yamagata T, Yano S, Mizuno S, Sakazume S, Ishii T, Nagai T, Shiina M, Ogata K, Ohta T, Niikawa N, Miyatake S, Okada I, Mizuguchi T, Doi H, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Matsumoto ...

Japanese Buddhism found its finest expression in the arts and architecture of the Nara period. The establishment of the new capital allowed the development of more complex and permanent forms of architecture. Outstanding are the Toshodaiji Temple...

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Diseminirani plazmacitom se v zahodnem svetu uvršča na drugo mesto med najpogostejšimi hematološkimi malignimi obolenji, takoj za ne-Hodgkinovim limfomom,[9] vendar sodi v primerjavi z drugimi malignimi obolenji med razmeroma redka obolenja.[10][11] Ocenjujejo, da se po celem svetu letno pojavi okoli 86.000 novih primerov bolezni (tj. 0,8 % vseh novih primerov rakov), okoli 63.000 ljudi pa umre (tj. 0,9 % vseh smrti zaradi raka). Najpogosteje se pojavlja v razvitih industrializiranih območjih Avstralije, Evrope, Severne Amerike in Nove Zelandije.[10] V zahodnih državah naj bi se pojavnost (incidenca) skozi desetletja višala, medtem ko je v azijskih državah stabilna.[10] Petletna razširjenost oz. prevalenca na Kitajskem je zelo nizka, tj. 1,3 na 100.000 prebivalcev.[12] Nekatere študije sicer kažejo naraščanje incidence v azijskih državah; na Japonskem je od leta 1975 do 2010 starostno standardizirana incidenca pri moških porasla od 0,92 do 5,2, pri ženskah pa od 0,81 do 4,8 na ...

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