Influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes against which little or no pre-existing immunity exists in humans represent a serious threat to global public health. Monitoring of IAV in animal hosts is essential for early and rapid detection of potential pandemic IAV strains to prevent their spread. Recently, the increased pandemic potential of the avian-like swine H1N1 IAV A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 has been suggested. The virus is infectious in humans and the general population seems to lack neutralizing antibodies against this virus. Here we present an in silico analysis that shows a strong human propensity of this swine virus further confirming its pandemic potential. We suggest mutations which would further enhance its human propensity. We also propose conserved antigenic determinants which could serve as a component of a prepandemic vaccine. The bioinformatics tool, which can be used to further monitor the evolution of swine influenza viruses towards a pandemic virus, are described here and ar...e made ...

Triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses circulating in North American pigs contain the internal genes derived from swine (matrix, non-structural and nucleoprotein), human [polymerase basic 1 (PB1)] and avian (polymerase acidic and PB2) influenza viruses forming a constellation of genes that is well conserved and is called the triple-reassortant internal gene (TRIG) cassette. In contrast, the external genes [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)] are less conserved, reflecting multiple reassortant events that have produced viruses with different combinations of HA and NA genes. This study hypothesized that maintenance of the TRIG cassette confers a selective advantage to the virus. To test this hypothesis, pigs were co-infected with the triple-reassortant H3N2 A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (Tx/98) and the classical H1N1 A/Swine/Iowa/15/1930 viruses and co-housed with a group of sentinel animals. This direct contact group was subsequently moved into contact with a second group of naïve animals. Four

The pandemic H1N1 virus of 2009 (2009 H1N1) continues to cause illness worldwide, primarily in younger age groups. To better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses in mammals, we used a mouse model to evaluate the relative virulence of selected 2009 H1N1 viruses and compared them to a representative human triple-reassortant swine influenza virus that has circulated in pigs in the United Stat ...

Findings could lead to improved vaccines for zoonotic diseases A collaborative study led by The Pirbright Institute has provided insights that could lead to the design of better vaccinations for animals and humans.. Swine flu, such as the H1N1 strain that was one of the strains that caused a pandemic in 2009, is an important pathogen in pig herds and can also be dangerous for humans.. Current vaccines are designed to protect against viruses of similar ancestry, so the control of infections where the virus may originate in a different species (i.e. birds) remains a challenge.. Previous research shows that pigs infected with avian-like H1N1 influenza lineage are able to induce complete protection against both the strain and the 2009 pandemic lineage. It also found that protection was conferred, despite the absence of cross-reactive antibodies - suggesting the involvement of cross-reactive T-cells.. To investigate this further, a team led by Dr Maria Montoya, a specialist in porcine immunology at ...

Swine influenza A virus (SwIV) infection has considerable economic and animal welfare consequences and, because of the zoonotic potential, can also have public health implications. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin infection is now endemic in both pigs and humans. In Europe, avian-like H1avN1, human-like H1huN2, human-like swine H3N2 and, since 2009, pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) lineage viruses and reassortants, constitute the dominant subtypes. In this study, we used a swine pH1N1 challenge virus to investigate the efficacy of whole inactivated virus vaccines homologous or heterologous to the challenge virus as well as a commercial vaccine. We found that vaccine-mediated protection was most effective when vaccine antigen and challenge virus were homologous and correlated with the specific production of neutralising antibodies and a cellular response to the challenge virus. We conclude that a conventional whole inactivated SwIV vaccine must be antigenically matched to the challenge strain to be an

Description: FluMist is prepared as a live, attenuated trivalent vaccine for administration by intranasal spray. The influenza virus strains in FluMist are cold-adapted which means that they grow efficiently at 25°C and restricted growth at temperatures of 37°-39°C. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs are inoculated with each of the reassortant strains and incubated to allow vaccine virus replication. The allantoic fluid of these eggs is harvested, pooled and then clarified by filtration. Each pre-filled refrigerated FluMist sprayer contains a single 0.2 mL dose. Each 0.2 mL dose contains 10^6.5-7.5 FFU of live attenuated influenza virus reassortants of each of the three strains: A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008. Each 0.2 mL dose also contains 0.188 mg/dose monosodium glutamate, 2.00 mg/dose hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, 2.42 mg/dose arginine, 13.68 mg/dose sucrose, 2.26 mg/dose dibasic potassium phosphate, 0.96 mg/dose monobasic potassium phosphate, and ...

Swine influenza virus was found to be regularly present in the turbinates, tracheal exudate and lungs of infected swine but not in the spleens, livers, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon mucosae, brains or blood. It was present in low concentration in the bronchial lymph nodes of 2 out of 8 animals. This localization of the virus in swine accords with its classification as a pneumotropic virus.. ...

The objective of this paper is to propose a delayed susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model for the transmission of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) among a swine population, including the latent period delay of the virus and the time delay due to the period the infectious swines need to recover. By taking different combinations of the two delays as the bifurcation parameter, local stability of the disease-present equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are analyzed. Sufficient conditions for global stability of the disease-present equilibrium are derived by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Directly afterwards, properties of the Hopf bifurcation such as direction and stability are studied with the aid of the normal form theory and center manifold theorem. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to justify the validity of the derived theoretical results.

(211) Swine influenza is caused by a number of closely related influenza A viruses that are noted for their ability to change their antigenic structure and create new strains....

PLOS 26/12/14 European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs: Surveillance Programs, Diagnostic Tools and Swine Influenza Virus Subtypes Identified in 14

Precision-cut lung slices of pigs were infected with five swine influenza A viruses of different subtypes (A/sw/Potsdam/15/1981 H1N1, A/sw/Bad Griesbach/IDT5604/2006 H1N1, A/sw/Bakum/1832/2000 H1N2, A/sw/Damme/IDT5673/2006 H3N2, A/sw/Herford/IDT5932/2007 H3N2). The viruses were able to infect ciliated and mucus-producing cells. The infection of well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells by swine influenza A viruses was analyzed with respect to the kinetics of virus release into the supernatant. The highest titres were determined for H3N2/2006 and H3N2/2007 viruses. H1N1/1981 and H1N2/2000 viruses replicated somewhat slower than the H3N2 viruses whereas a H1N1 strain from 2006 multiplied at significantly lower titres than the other strains. Regarding their ability to induce a ciliostatic effect, the two H3N2 strains were found to be most virulent. H1N1/1981 and H1N2/2000 were somewhat less virulent with respect to their effect on ciliary activity. The lowest ciliostatic effect was observed with

Swine influenza virus (SIV) is a respiratory disease that affects pigs of all ages. The clinical signs include a deep-chested barking cough, sneezing, labored breathing, anorexia, lethargy, fever, a serous nasal discharge, and conjuctivitis.1 Recovery is rapid. Reproductive problems, such as higher return-to-estrus rates, have been reported during severe outbreaks of SIV, especially when the clinical signs are at their most severe in the adult population.1 Individual pigs that have secondary infections will show more severe signs.1,2-5 It may take several days to weeks for the syndrome to spread and then resolve within a swine unit.. Because the period during which the virus can be isolated is quite short, SIV can be difficult to diagnose. Swine influenza virus is seldom detected on nasal swabs beyond 10 days postinfection, and can be isolated from lung tissue for an even more limited period. The best time to isolate SIV is when the animal is febrile, although this period is also short. ...

NGIO has previously developed Ii-Key-H1 peptides for vaccines against epitopes to 2009 Swine Flu and 2004 Bird Flu with positive Phase I clinical safety and immunologic data for Ii-Key-H1 peptide vaccineIi-Key-H1 peptide sequence is 100% homologous ...

What are the symptoms of the swine influenza? Can you catch swine flu from eating pork? Get the answers to these and more at EverydayHealth.com.

Swine influenza, or swine flu, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs. It is a notifiable disease under legislation and all suspect cases must be reported.

The highest seropositivity rates across all age groups were detected with the A/Sw/Minnesota virus as antigen. Although this strain was isolated from American pigs, the HA, NA, and PB1 genes are of human origin (6). Taking into consideration the cutoff values of this study, seropositivity to the swine H1 virus was only detected in 2 samples, from persons 43 and 59 years of age. However, lower titers were detected in 4 more persons 33-55 years of age. The weak reactivity to this virus could suggest a past exposure of adult persons to viruses of swine origin, a situation that has not occurred in persons ,30 years of age.. The animal population owned by persons in this study consisted of pigs (68.7%), chickens (73%), and ducks (17.3%). Any combination of 2 or 3 species was kept by 54.7%. The range of the number of animals owned was 0-12 (mean 2.9) pigs, 0-60 (mean 7) chickens, and 0-23 (mean 0.93) ducks. Since we did not have avian antigens available, serum samples collected from humans, pigs, ...

If you have a question about this talk, please contact Olivier Restif.. Abstract not available. This talk is part of the Worms and Bugs series.. ...

Ingatlah firman Allah Taala:يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا بِطَانَةً مِنْ دُونِكُمْ لَا يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالًا وَدُّوا مَا عَنِتُّمْ قَدْ بَدَتِ الْبَغْضَاءُ مِنْ أَفْوَاهِهِمْ وَمَا تُخْفِي صُدُورُهُمْ أَكْبَرُ قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الْآيَاتِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (118) هَا أَنْتُمْ أُولَاءِ تُحِبُّونَهُمْ وَلَا يُحِبُّونَكُمْ وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَابِ كُلِّهِ وَإِذَا لَقُوكُمْ قَالُوا آمَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَوْا عَضُّوا عَلَيْكُمُ الْأَنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ قُلْ مُوتُوا بِغَيْظِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ (119) ...

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Case A person presented with: fever (temp > 100) for last 3 days running nose, sore throat Headache Malaise decreased appetite H/o travel to Rajasthan Provisional Diagnosis?

Dicari 4 orang partner bisnis...simak baik2 kutipannya di video singkat Proposal Bisnis berikut ini, info lengkap WA/Telp/SMS ke 08122572265 atau Line ID @doknasir. Serious only ...

Their hair becomes darker and coarser; their tusks, often filed down on the farm, begin to grow out; they begin to forage and attack small animals, even so much as fawns, Feaser said. They will out-compete wildlife for available food sources, they are able and capable of disrupting ground-nesting birds and eating their eggs ...

In January 2019, a human seasonal reassortant influenza A(H1N2) virus with a novel 7:1 genetic constellation was identified in a 68-year-old female patient with suspected pneumonia. The virus harboured A(H3N2) neuraminidase and remaining genes from A(H1N1)pdm09. The patient recovered after severe illness. No additional cases have been detected. This is the second identified A(H1N2) seasonal reassortant in a human in Europe within 1 year; a previous case was detected in the Netherlands in March 2018.

As of April 27, 2009, the Government of Mexico has reported 18 laboratory confirmed human cases of swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. Investigation is continuing to clarify the spread and severity of the disease in Mexico. Suspect clinical cases have been reported in 19 of the countrys 32 states. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Alert and Response Network (GOARN), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have sent experts to Mexico to work with health authorities. CDC has confirmed that seven of 14 respiratory specimens sent to CDC by the Mexican National Influenza Center are positive for swine influenza virus and are similar to the swine influenza viruses recently identified in the United States.. On April 25, the WHO Director-General declared this event a Public Health Emergency of International Concern under the rules of the International Health Regulations. CDC and state public and animal health authorities are currently investigating 20 cases of swine flu in ...

This study has, for the first time in recent years, provided insight into the seroepidemiology of swine influenza in the UK using a large sample set. Over half (52%) of the farms had evidence of ongoing virus circulation or recent virus introduction, with seropositivity in growing pigs to the H1N2 subtype most commonly identified (45% of all farms). No farms showed evidence of antibody to H3N2 in young pigs, which is consistent with passive surveillance, which has not identified this strain in the UK since 1998. There was strong evidence that farms visited in the summer months had a lower likelihood of seropositivity than those visited at other times. Regarding pig management characteristics, farms with large numbers of finishers per water space had a higher likelihood of positivity than those with fewer pigs per water space; farms containing pigs kept indoors had a higher likelihood of seropositivity than those which did not; and farms containing pigs in straw yards had a lower likelihood of ...

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics resulting in significant levels of mortality and socio-economic costs worldwide. PB1-F2 is a small non-structural protein encoded by an alternate +1 open reading frame in the PB1 gene. PB1-F2 is considered to play important roles in primary influenza virus infection and post-influenza secondary bacterial pneumonia in mice. It is a multifunctional and enigmatic protein with diverse functions attributed to it and the precise contribution of PB1-F2 to the IAV life cycle in avian and mammalian hosts remains largely unknown. In the triple-reassortant H3N2 (TR H3N2) swine influenza virus (SIV) background, we found that PB1-F2 expression did not affect nasal shedding, lung viral load, immunophenotypes, and lung pathology in pigs. On the other hand, in turkeys, deletion of PB1-F2 resulted in early induction of clinical disease and effective transmission among the turkey poults. Interestingly, the virulence associated 66S ...

If patients could recognise themselves, or anyone else could recognise a patient from your description, please obtain the patients written consent to publication and send them to the editorial office before submitting your response [Patient consent forms] ...

According to USDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, no. Swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food so you cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills all viruses ...

GLOBAL - A free on-demand webinar explores the importance of finding an optimal set of diagnostic tools for the ongoing identification, surveillance and characterization of swine influenza virus (SIV).

New strain of swine influenza identified in two workers on a pig farm in Canada. Swine influenza (SI) is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract in pigs. Subclinical infections are also common. The mortality is low and recovery usually occurs within 7-10 days. ...

Swine flu is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally only infects pigs. They have on rare occasions, crossed the species barrier to infect humans.

Swine flu is an infection of a host animal by any one of several specific types of microscopic organisms called swine influenza virus.Basically Swine flu is a respiratory disease that infects pigs . This new killer swine flu virus is a never-before-seen virus in human beings that can cause a serious situation with pandemic potential. The symptoms of Swine Flu are similar to that of a regular seasonal flu that includes fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue.. The preventive measures are as follows:. 1. Cover your mouth and nose with tissues when you sneeze or cough and dispose them properly. Practice good personal hygiene and make sure you use surgical masks and gloves and other sanitary products when you are stepping out of your home.. 2. Those who travel abroad have to be alert about the epidemic situation. Especially those who travel to California, Kansas, New York, Ohio and Texas have to be very cautions avoiding crowded groups because confirmed human cases of ...

Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1,[8] H1N2,[8] H2N3,[9] H3N1,[10] and H3N2.[8] In pigs, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are the most common strains worldwide.[11] In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages ...

Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs (swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV).. Swine flu is common in swine and rare in humans. People who work with swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of catching swine influenza if the swine carry a strain able to infect humans. However, these strains rarely are able to pass from human to human. Rarely, SIV mutates into a form able to pass easily from human to human. The strain responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak is believed to have undergone such a mutation.This virus is named swine flu because one of its surface proteins is similar to viruses that usually infect pigs however this strain is spreading in people and it is unknown if it infects pigs.. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe ...

Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs (swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV).. Swine flu is common in swine and rare in humans. People who work with swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of catching swine influenza if the swine carry a strain able to infect humans. However, these strains rarely are able to pass from human to human. Rarely, SIV mutates into a form able to pass easily from human to human. The strain responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak is believed to have undergone such a mutation.This virus is named swine flu because one of its surface proteins is similar to viruses that usually infect pigs however this strain is spreading in people and it is unknown if it infects pigs.. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe ...

PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.

What is swine flu? Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs.

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health, two more children in Pennsylvania have become infected with a novel swine influenza A/H3N2 virus that includes a gene from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus.

The new cases involved 21 male and seven female, aged between nine and 53 years old.. Meanwhile, Po Leung Kuk Celine Ho Yam Tong College in Wong Tai Sin has been advised to suspend classes for 14 days in relation to a 16-year-old Form Two male student who was confirmed to have been infected with human swine influenza today.. Investigations into the cases are ongoing.. The spokesman called on parents to pay attention to the health condition of their children, and to remind them to observe good personal and environmental hygiene.. ...

Cultivated for more than 1,000 years, these meaty, tender Chinese mushrooms have long served as both food and medicine. They owe their reputation as immunity boosters to a type of carbohydrate called beta-glucans. Unlike other immunity nutrients, beta-glucans dont create or regulate cells within your immune system. Instead, they act as a kind of decoy, boosting your bodys immune response. When you eat shiitakes, your immune system reacts as if a harmful substance is present and kicks into high gear to protect you. In a 2004 animal study of swine influenza virus, the group given beta-glucans before infection developed a much milder case of the flu than those untreated. While the swine flu virus study was not the same strain as the human H1N1 virus, the results show promise for beta-glucans ability to prevent and treat the flu ...

I have received several questions about my assertion that the northern hemisphere is safe, at least until the fall, from an epidemic of A/California/09/200

Influenza A(H1N1) viruses circulate in swine populations in many regions of the world. Depending on geographic location, the genetic characteristics of these viruses differ. Most human cases are exposed to the A(H1N1) virus through contact with infected swine or contaminated environments. Human infection tends to result in mild clinical illness. Since these viruses continue to be detected in swine populations, further human cases can be expected ...

Some cases of swine influenza, notably in Mexico, are being transmitted between people; about twenty people have died. This is important because flu from other animals tends to make people sicker. If its easy to catch and hard on people, it might spread around the world with travellers. Some people in the U.S. have become…

It is great to see that the whole world is discussing case reports! Led by the World Health Organisation we are constantly being kept up to date with a growing case series of swine influenza. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html The BBC news this morning reported that they are awaiting the outcome of tests on relatives and friends of […]. Read More…. ...

One PCR test on an oral fluids sample (or nasal swabs or tissues) will now be able to indicate the presence or absence of either virus.

Precision-cut lung slices of pigs were infected with five swine influenza A viruses of different subtypes (A/sw/Potsdam/15/1981 H1N1, A/sw/Bad Griesbach/IDT5604/2006 H1N1, A/sw/Bakum/1832/2000 H1N2, A/sw/Damme/IDT5673/2006 H3N2, A/sw/Herford/IDT5932/2007 H3N2). The viruses were able to infect ciliated and mucus-producing cells. The infection of well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells by swine influenza A viruses was analyzed with respect to the kinetics of virus release into the supernatant. The highest titres were determined for H3N2/2006 and H3N2/2007 viruses. H1N1/1981 and H1N2/2000 viruses replicated somewhat slower than the H3N2 viruses whereas a H1N1 strain from 2006 multiplied at significantly lower titres than the other strains. Regarding their ability to induce a ciliostatic effect, the two H3N2 strains were found to be most virulent. H1N1/1981 and H1N2/2000 were somewhat less virulent with respect to their effect on ciliary activity. The lowest ciliostatic effect was observed with

To assess herd immunity to swine influenza viruses, we determined antibodies in 28 paired serum samples from participants in a prospective serologic cohort study in Hong Kong who had seroconverted to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Results indicated that infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 broadens cross-reactive immunity to other recent subtype H1 swine viruses ...

In response to cases of swine influenza A(H1N1), reported in Mexico and the United States of America, the Director-General convened a meeting of the Emergency Committee to assess the situation and advise her on appropriate responses. The establishment of the Committee, which is composed of international experts in a variety of disciplines, is in compliance with the International Health Regulations (2005). The first meeting of the Emergency Committee was held on Saturday 25 April 2009.. After reviewing available data on the current situation, Committee members identified a number of gaps in knowledge about the clinical features, epidemiology, and virology of reported cases and the appropriate responses. The Committee advised that answers to several specific questions were needed to facilitate its work. The Committee nevertheless agreed that the current situation constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Based on this advice, the Director-General has determined that the ...

In response to cases of swine influenza A(H1N1), reported in Mexico and the United States of America, the Director-General convened a meeting of the Emergency Committee to assess the situation and advise her on appropriate responses. The establishment of the Committee, which is composed of international experts in a variety of disciplines, is in compliance with the International Health Regulations (2005). The first meeting of the Emergency Committee was held on Saturday 25 April 2009.. After reviewing available data on the current situation, Committee members identified a number of gaps in knowledge about the clinical features, epidemiology, and virology of reported cases and the appropriate responses. The Committee advised that answers to several specific questions were needed to facilitate its work. The Committee nevertheless agreed that the current situation constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Based on this advice, the Director-General has determined that the ...

This sample letter can be used by fairs or exhibitions who had hogs test positive for swine influenza as a means of updating exhibitors and their families about the situation, importance of biosecurity and the human symptoms of which to be aware.. ...

Swine Influenza (H1N1) ...CDC, in collaboration with public health officials in California and Texas, is investigating cases of febrile respiratory illness caused by swine influenza (H1N1) viruses. As of 11 AM (EDT) April 25, 2009, 8 laboratory confirmed cases of Swine Influenza infection have been confirmed in the United States. Four cases have been reported…

Swine Influenza (H1N1) ...CDC, in collaboration with public health officials in California and Texas, is investigating cases of febrile respiratory illness caused by swine influenza (H1N1) viruses. As of 11 AM (EDT) April 25, 2009, 8 laboratory confirmed cases of Swine Influenza infection have been confirmed in the United States. Four cases have been reported…

A new strain of swine influenza virus (SIV) has hit herds in North Carolina, Iowa and Minnesota. The strain, H3N2, has previously been identified in European herds. It is only the second known strain of SIV in the U.S., the other being H1N1, still the dominant strain of SIV.First Case In North Carolina The first case of H3N2 was isolated by Gene Erickson, DVM, of the North Carolina Microbiology Testing

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