Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play an important role in the control of membrane excitability. We previously reported that the excitability of nociceptor was increased by hypotonic stimulation. The present study tested the effect of hypotonicity on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (TTX-S current) in cultured trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. Our data show that after hypotonic treatment, TTX-S current was increased. In the presence of hypotonicity, voltage-dependent activation curve shifted to the hyperpolarizing direction, while the voltage-dependent inactivation curve was not affected. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 receptor (TRPV4) activator increased TTX-S current and hypotonicity-induced increase was markedly attenuated by TRPV4 receptor blockers. We also demonstrate that inhibition of PKC attenuated hypotonicity-induced inhibition, whereas PKA system was not involved in hypotonic-response. We conclude that hypotonic stimulation enhances TTX-S current, which contributes to
TY - CHAP. T1 - TRPV4 and hypotonic stress. AU - Cohen, David. PY - 2007. Y1 - 2007. N2 - TRPV4 was identified as the mammalian homologue of the C. elegans osmosensory channel protein, OSM-9. This nonselective cation channel is activated in vitro by even modest degrees of hypotonic cell swelling. Its expression in the mammalian central nervous system and kidney suggests a role in systemic osmoregulation-a view borne out by detailed balance studies in TRPV4-null mice. Two distinct mechanisms have been described through which TRPV4 may be activated by hypotonicity: one involves the SRC family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases, while the other is mediated via arachidonic acid metabolites.. AB - TRPV4 was identified as the mammalian homologue of the C. elegans osmosensory channel protein, OSM-9. This nonselective cation channel is activated in vitro by even modest degrees of hypotonic cell swelling. Its expression in the mammalian central nervous system and kidney suggests a role in systemic ...
Author(s): Chen, Qi; Peng, Hongying; Lei, Li; Zhang, Ying; Kuang, Haibin; Cao, Yujing; Shi, Qi-Xian; Ma, Tonghui; Duan, Enkui | Abstract: In the journey from the male to female reproductive tract, mammalian sperm experience a natural osmotic decrease (e.g., in mouse, from ~415 mOsm in the cauda epididymis to ~310 mOsm in the uterine cavity). Sperm have evolved to utilize this hypotonic exposure for motility activation, meanwhile efficiently silence the negative impact of hypotonic cell swelling. Previous physiological and pharmacological studies have shown that ion channel-controlled water influx/efflux is actively involved in the process of sperm volume regulation; however, no specific sperm proteins have been found responsible for this rapid osmoadaptation. Here, we report that aquaporin3 (AQP3) is a sperm water channel in mice and humans. Aqp3-deficient sperm show normal motility activation in response to hypotonicity but display increased vulnerability to hypotonic cell swelling, characterized by
to the editor: I was surprised to see the unqualified recommendation to use 25 percent normal saline for intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalized infants and children. Research has called into question the safety of hypotonic maintenance fluids in hospitalized children.1-3 Death and neurologic damage have been associated with hospital-acquired hyponatremia in children receiving hypotonic maintenance solutions, and a meta-analysis finds a significantly higher rate of the development of acute hyponatremia (odds ratio, 17.22; 95% confidence interval, 8.67 to 34.2).1 The authors of this meta-analysis question the safety of hypotonic maintenance fluids in children because of the risk of iatrogenic hyponatremia and hyponatremic encephalopathy. The literature has not established that isotonic maintenance fluids are safer than hypotonic maintenance solution, but it is important to acknowledge research that questions the longstanding practice of using hypotonic maintenance fluids in children. ...
Hypotonic-activated current is driven by Cl− ions, in microglia cells. (a) Representative whole-cell currents recorded under acute application of the hypotonic extracellular solution (8-10% dilution), at the indicated membrane potentials, with a standard ([Cl−]i = 144 mM; upper traces) or a low chloride ([Cl−]i = 4 mM; lower traces) pipette solution. As indicated, the left traces were recorded in normotonic condition, just before applying the hypotonic medium; the right traces were recorded 21 minutes after hypotonic stimulation. (b) Current-voltage relationships of the currents recorded in control condition ([Cl−]i = 144 mM; black squares; n = 3) and with a low chloride pipette solution ([Cl−]i = 4 mM; green circles; n = 4; HP = −70 mV) during acute application of hypotonic medium. Note the shift of the current reversal potential to more negative values. (c) Current-voltage relationships recorded in BV-2 cells, exposed acutely to a hypotonic medium (205 mOsm), in control condition ...
In most mammalian cells, regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is mediated by swelling-activated Cl(-) and K(+) channels. Previous studies in the human neuroblastoma cell line CHP-100 have demonstrated that exposure to hypoosmotic solutions activates Cl(-) channels which are sensitive to Ca(2+). Whether a Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) conductance is activated after cell swelling was investigated in the present studies. Reducing the extracellular osmolarity from 290 to 190 mOsm/kg H(2)O rapidly activated 86Rb effluxes. Hypoosmotic stress also increased cytosolic Ca(2+) in fura-2 loaded cells.
Purpose: We sought to identify the molecular determinants of retinal cell volume regulation, volume sensing and cell survival by characterizing the biophysical, electrophysiological and cellular properties of osmoregulation in retinal neurons and glia. We identified the osmosensor, TRPV4, and characterized the signaling cascades through which osmotic stress differentially regulates the amplitude and kinetics of calcium signals in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Müller glia.. Methods: Retinal cells from C57 mice were bathed in isotonic (300 mOsm) and hypotonic saline. Volume and Ca2+ changes were measured in cells loaded with calcein and fura-2. Apoptosis and cell survival were measured with TUNEL and Live/Dead assays. Force transduction was examined with a high-resolution mechanoclamp technique.. Results: Antibody labeling localized the cation channel TRPV4 to RGCs and Müller glia. During agonist or hypotonic stimulation (HTS), TRPV4 response properties in RGCs and Müller glia exhibited ...
Read Monitoring Cl− Movement in Single Cells Exposed to Hypotonic Solution, The Journal of Membrane Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
TRPV4 was originally identified as a plasma membrane channel activated by hypotonic cell swelling (Liedtke et al., 2000; Strotmann et al., 2000; Watanabe et al., 2002; Vriens et al., 2004; Loukin et al., 2010a). A decrease in extracellular osmolarity induces Ca2+ influx through TRPV4 channels (Güler et al., 2002; Liedtke and Friedman, 2003; Raoux et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2009). To determine whether hypotonicity modulates [Ca2+]RGCs, cells were exposed to saline solutions with osmolarity reduced from 280 to 190 mOsm. As illustrated in Figure 6A for an RGC loaded with the Ca2+-insensitive cell-volume indicator dye calcein AM, a reduction in osmolarity of the superfusing saline from 280 to 192 mOsm saline evoked sustained swelling of the cell. The resulting increase in cell volume was detected as a decrease in the intensity of calcein fluorescence (Fig. 6A, green trace). In contrast to hypotonic stimuli, no change in intracellular volume was observed during exposure to 100 μm glutamate.. Cell ...
A hypotonic solution, is a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (dissolved particles) than the liquid inside the cell. Since the cell membrane is only semi-permeable, the solutes cannot move across the membrane, but the water can! So, when a cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, water will rush into the cell causing it to bloat and swell. If the solution is very hypotonic, the cell can burst open! OUCH ...
osmosis occurs in any cells , donest matter if the cell is dead or not, ur fingers wrinkle when u put ur hands in water because some of the water moves in by osmosis, and ur skin are being glued to ur tissues by soem sort of glue. that way, ur skin doenst slip off ur tissues, u know when tarzan grabs a branch or anything , the skin wont slip..blahbllah. not sure if i am making any sense ...
Swelling-activated pathways for myo-inositol, one of the most abundant organic osmolytes in mammalian cells, have not yet been identified. The present study explores the SLC5A3 protein as a possible transporter of myo-inositol in hyponically swollen HEK293 cells. To address this issue, we examined the relationship between the hypotonicity-induced changes in plasma membrane permeability to myo-inositol Pino [m/s] and expression/localization of SLC5A3. Pino values were determined by cell volumetry over a wide tonicity range (100-275 mOsm) in myo-inositol-substituted solutions. While being negligible under mild hypotonicity (200-275 mOsm), Pino grew rapidly at osmolalities below 200 mOsm to reach a maximum of ∼3 nm/s at 100-125 mOsm, as indicated by fast cell swelling due to myo-inositol influx. The increase in Pino resulted most likely from the hypotonicity-mediated incorporation of cytosolic SLC5A3 into the plasma membrane, as revealed by confocal fluorescence microscopy of cells expressing ...
Question - Pain in lower back, treated for water infection. Swelling on both the sides. Hurting. Recommendations?. Ask a Doctor about uses, dosages and side-effects of Paracetamol, Ask an Orthopaedic Surgeon
Question - Injury due to heavy lifting, consistent swelling on lower back, knee pain, muscle tightening in legs causing limp walk. Treatment advise?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for Knee pain, Ask an Orthopaedic Surgeon
Helpful, trusted answers from doctors: Dr. Fowler on swelling on right side of stomach: A few things. Some of which are not good. See oral surgeon for evaluation/diagnosis/treatment recommendations.
I have tooth ache. And because of that there is swelling on my face. The teeth is in effect of cavity. Please guide me what to do?-Dear user, you may need to...
Osmotic pressure changes red blood cells shape in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: Mariana Ruiz Villareal) Tonicity describes how an extracellular solution can change a cells volume by affecting osmosis. A solutions tonicity often directly correlates with the solutions osmolarity. Osmolarity describes the solutions total solute concentration. A solution with low osmolarity has a greater number … Continue reading Tonicity. ...
27 Isotonic solution . . . . . 33 Compound . . . . . . . 21 Isotopes . . . . . . . . 21 Semipermeable membrane . . . . . . 31 Covalent bond . . . . . 22 Lipids . . . . . . . . . 26 Solute . . . . . . . . . 32 Deoxyribonucleic acid . . 28 Messenger RNA . . . . . 28 Solvent . . . . . . . . 24 Deoxyribose . . . . . . 25 Mineral salts . . . . . . 25 Tertiary structure . . . . 28 Diffusion . . . . . . . . 31 Molecular oxygen . 23 Quaternary structure . . . 28 Brownian movement . . . 31 Hydroxyl group . . . . . 26 Ribonucleic acid . . . . . 28 Buffers . . . . . . . . 35 Hypertonic solution . . . 33 Ribose . . . . . . . . . 25 Carbohydrates . . . . . 25 Hypotonic solution . . . . 33 RNA . . . . . . . . . . 28 Carbon dioxide . . . . . 24 Ionic bond . . . . . . . 21 Saturated . . . . . . . 26 Carboxyl group . . . . . 26 Ions . . . . . . . . There are 92 elements that occur naturally. Other elements have been created artificially in the laboratory. the hydrogen nucleus, which contains only one proton ...
The effects produced by prefixation treatments on cells in metaphase from 10-day mouse fetuses and from several embryonic stages of the frog were investigated. The technical value of some of these pretreatments is noted. Pretreatment with isotonic solutions (both ionic and non-ionic in the case of the mouse, ionic only in the frog) generally produced a similar effect, viz., chromosomal swelling with little effect on the spindle. A notable exception is provided by frog embryos preceding the neurula stage; spindle disorganization without chromosomal swelling was produced by pretreatment in isotonic modified Niu-Twitty solution, containing no divalent cations. Pretreatment with hypotonic solutions (both ionic and non-ionic in the case of the mouse, ionic only in the frog) generally produced several major effects, viz., despiralization of chromosomes, chromatid separation, and spindle disorganization. The conclusion is drawn from the mouse data that, in order to produce these effects, pretreating ...
Aim: This study was performed to examine the role of Na+,K+-ATPase activity for the adaptive response to cell swelling induced by hypoosmoticity, i.e. the regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Methods: The studies were performed on COS-7 cells transfected with rat Na+,K+-ATPase. To study changes in cell volume, cells were loaded with the fluorescent dye calcein and the intensity of the dye, following exposure to a hypoosmotic medium, was recorded with confocal microscopy. Results: Ouabain-mediated inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase resulted in a dose dependent decrease in the rate of RVD. Total Rb-86(+) uptake as well as ouabain dependent Rb-86(+) uptake, used as an index of Na+,K+-ATPase dependent K+ uptake, was significantly increased during the first 2 min following exposure to hypoosmoticity. Since protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the modulation of RVD, a study was carried out on COS-7 cells expressing rat Na+,K+-ATPase, where Ser23 in the catalytic alpha1 subunit of rat Na+,K+-ATPase ...
Branches of Biology There are quite a few subdivisions in biology. Without photosynthesis and respiration, living things wouldnt be in a position to find energy thats necessary to survive. Once you look closely at any organism youre qualified to watch that its manufactured from structures termed tissue.. Because, in case you have a really artificial situation, you own a zoo. Americas sudden kick off of airstrikes has resulted in the alterations within the countrys scenario with particular nations. Review and learn something new regarding the living world in these types of games and activities!. They have the exact same osmotic pressure within the body as outside H20. This is done no matter the quantity of water on each side and could result in 1 side of the membrane having larger volume of plain water. The egg is all about precisely the same concentration as sea water.. A hypotonic solution is where theres a greater concentration of salt dissolved in the cell and a greater concentration ...
Sweating is the primary way in which the body loses heat and keeps body temperature regulated. If the fluid lost in sweat is not replaced workers become dehydrated, reducing the bodies ability to lose heat through sweating and body temperature will rise.. Workers can sweat an average of 600ml of fluid per hour (see the research), thus performing 10-12 hour shifts may require the replacement of 6-7 litres of fluid per day. Aqualyte is palatable and its intermittent use makes consumption of this large volume of fluid more achievable.. As a hypotonic solution, Aqualytes rapid absorption into the body helps prevent the feeling of fullness or bloating in the gut. This contributes to workers being able to consume greater volumes and thus replace fluid loss though sweating.. ...
apparently a dounce homogenizer is the end all be all...it has worked 4 out of ten without douncing and im still a month into this not sure when it works and when it doesnt. The company says its because i dont have cell lysis prior to centrifugation and recommended the dounce. I just dont believe there is not a more elegant solution with just hypotonic solution and detergents ...
In fact, an oil droplet is a sphere in water. Red blood cell in a hypotonic solution shows its shape change to a spherical balloon. However multicellular organisms have their shape different from a sphere except Marimo. Of course, other algae do not show spherical shape, they live on a surface of stone. It is quite intriguing how Marimo remains its spherical shape in a lake! Our team focuses understanding how such spherical structure can be sustained even when it Is multicellular organisms ...
Stretch- and swelling-activated cation (SSAC) channels play essential roles not only in sensing and transducing external mechanical stresses but also in regulating cell volume in living cells. However, the molecular nature of the SSAC channel has not been clarified. In human epithelial HeLa cells, s …
RVD in ZR-75-1 cells, epithelial-derived human breast cancer cells, is HCO3- dependent and involves the parallel activation of the K+ and volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC; Nicholl et al. 2001). Preliminary data indicated that the mechanisms of RVD were calcium (Ca2+) dependent, although the exact nature is unknown. This study investigated the Ca2+ dependency of RVD in ZR-75-1 cells using the video imaging technique. ...
Aquaporin-B, AqpB of 294 aas and 6 TMSs. Tyr216 in loop D is a key residue in gating, possibly involving phosphorylation. Mutation of Tyr216 to aspartate or glutamate initiated water permeability. The truncated, permanently open AqpB yielded cells with reduced capability to cope with hypotonic stress (von Bülow et al. 2015 ...
September 24th, 2015 - presented by the Bayliss lab. Furlow PW, Zhang S, Soong TD, Halberg N, Goodarzi H, Mangrum C, Wu YG, Elemento O, Tavazoie SF. 2015. Mechanosensitive pannexin-1 channels mediate microvascular metastatic cell survival. Nat Cell Biol. 17(7):943-52. (PMID: 26098574). April 30th, 2015 - presented by the Desai lab. Qiu Z, Dubin AE, Mathur J, Tu B, Reddy K, Miraglia LJ, Reinhardt J, Orth AP, Patapoutian A. 2014. SWELL1, a plasma membrane protein, is an essential component of volume-regulated anion channel. Cell. 157(2):447-58. (PMCID: PMC4023864). March 26th, 2015 - presented by the Leitinger lab. Multiple paper review. January 29th, 2015 - presented by the Isakson lab. Negoro H, Urban-Maidonado M, Liou LS, Spray DC, Thi MM, Suadicani SO. 2014. Pannexin 1 channels play essential roles in urothelial mechanotransduction and intercellular signaling. PLoS One. 9(8):e106269. (PMCID: PMC4149561). October 30th, 2014 - presented by the Ravichandran lab. Yamaguchi H, Maruyama T, Urade Y, ...
This unique formula contains patented ingredients to: • reduce pain and swelling • increase mobility • modulate immune function
Dr. James McClurg answered: Your : Your condition is likely surgical. You may require a tibiotalar fusion to complete the pantal...
i had traumatic birth expierence the baby had swelling on her brain and convulsions she is currently on Epilum medication to treat the convulsions i notices that she has a lazy eye for the past 2 weeks now can this be due to the swelling on the brain at birth can you also supply a good eye docters details for ...
You can use the wbadmin start recovery command or the Recovery Wizard in Windows Server Backup to restore a volume. When you restore a full volume, all contents of the volume are restored-you cannot selectively restore individual files or folders.. In addition, you can use a Windows Setup disc or a separate installation of the Windows Recovery Environment to perform a full server (all volumes) recovery.. ...
Sintetica SA - Noradrenaline Sintetica® - Noradrenaline Bitartrate - Noradrenaline Sintetica® is the natural transmitter of postganglionic adrenergic nerves and, by means of general vasoconstriction, increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure (with the exception of the coronary arteries). It is particularly used as an emergency (life-saving) drug against hypotonicity and in intensive care unit. Patented premixed ready to use formulations of Noradrenaline Sintetica are under development.
Hi I developed a swelling on the inside of my forearm (about 1.5 inches up from wrist) a couple of weeks ago, i woke up and it was painful, the pain has subsided unless i press on it and it is a dul...
Beta blockers like Suprax and metaprolol reduce metabolic rate rate management and slow utilization of nutrients, thus the resulting contrasts in redness of the skin. Now on a proper inhaler to loosen up always the large, hive - like swelling on shocking the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs alive and pres
hello again went to see another dr and yet again he says stress.sent me on my way with ammatripline.some other info which may be usefull the is a swelling on my forhead which i think is a vein when i put pressure on it a part of my head feels tight like its ripping. Reply Follow This Thread Stop Following This Thread Flag this Discussion ...
I was always a thin boy . Suddenly I started gaining weight . I started feeling lazy , wanted to sleep all time , change in voice, swelling on face and hands , feel cold, I went to the doctor he told...
What Partner Community ? The Partner Community is the online home of the ISV Partner Program. Foremost, its a meeting place a community where ISV partners and Salesforce experts gather to share knowledge. Its also a resource a place where you can go to get training, support, and manage your ISV ...
The effects of hypotonic solutions on intracellular Ca2+ were determined on primary cultures of human detrusor smooth muscle cells. In the presence of external Ca2+, changing from a solution containing 290 mosmol l-1 to one containing 240 mosmol l-1 (80% normal tonicity) activated a rise in intracellular Ca2+. If the exposure to 240 mosmol l-1 was followed by exposure to 150 mosmol l-1 (50% normal tonicity) a further increase in Ca2+ was noted. Exposure to hypotonic solutions which contained nominally zero Ca2+ also resulted in a rise in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting that mechanical perturbation of the surface membrane can mobilize Ca2+ directly from intracellular stores. Stimulation of cells with a brief exposure to agonist (histamine, 5 microM) in the nominal absence of external Ca2+ produced a release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Under these conditions the response to a subsequent hypotonic stimulation was small or absent. These observations suggest that hypotonic stress induces a mobilization
Background: Hypotonic fluids are widely used in pediatrics and are the standard of care when giving maintenance fluids. However, there are several reports of risk of iatrogenic hyponatremia attributed to this practice in the literature. There is therefore uncertainty as to whether isotonic fluids would be the more appropriate fluid. Objectives: The primary objective was to compare effects of hypotonic and isotonic maintenance fluids on plasma sodium levels in children between the ages of 2 months and 15 years admitted at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH). The secondary objective was to compare effects of hypotonic and isotonic maintenance fluids on other plasma electrolytes and need for additional fluid boluses in the same population of patients. Study design: Double blind randomized controlled trial of isotonic vs hypotonic maintenance intravenous fluids in children. Methods: One hundred and fifty two children with serum sodium levels between 130-150 mEq/L who required intravenous maintenance fluids
A decrease in intracellular ionic strength appears involved in the activation of swelling-elicited 3H-taurine efflux in cortical cultured astrocytes. Hyposmotic (50%) or isosmotic urea-induced swelling leading to a decrease of intracellular ionic strength, activated 3H-taurine efflux from a rate constant of about 0.008 min(-1) to 0.33 min(-1) (hyposmotic) and 0.59 min(-1) (urea). This efflux rate was markedly lower (maximal 0.03 min(-1)) in isosmotic swelling caused by K+ accumulation, where there is no decrease in ionic strength, or in cold (10 degrees C) hyposmotic medium (maximal 0.18 min(-1)), where swelling is reduced and consequently intracellular ionic strength is less affected. Also, astrocytes pretreated with hyperosmotic medium, which recover cell volume by ion accumulation, did not release 3H-taurine when they swelled by switching to isosmotic medium, but when volume was recovered by accumulation of urea, taurine release was restored. These results point to a key role of ionic ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Ca2+- and volume-sensitive chloride currents are differentially regulated by agonists and store-operated Ca2+ entry.. AU - Zholos, Alexander. AU - Prevarskaya, N.. AU - Beck, B.. AU - Sydorenko, V.. AU - Lemonnier, L.. AU - Bordat, P.. AU - Skryma, R.. PY - 2005/2. Y1 - 2005/2. N2 - Using patch-clamp and calcium imaging techniques, we characterized the effects of ATP and histamine on human keratinocytes. In the HaCaT cell line, both receptor agonists induced a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i in a Ca2+-free medium followed by a secondary [Ca2+]i rise upon Ca2+ readmission due to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In voltage-clamped cells, agonists activated two kinetically distinct currents, which showed differing voltage dependences and were identified as Ca2+-activated (ICl(Ca)) and volume-regulated (ICl, swell) chloride currents. NPPB and DIDS more efficiently inhibited ICl(Ca) and ICl, swell, respectively. Cell swelling caused by hypotonic solution invariably activated ICl, ...
AbstractThe dependence of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) activity on potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC) isoform expression was characterized in corneal epithelial cells (CEC). During exposure to a 50% hypotonic challenge, the RVD response was larger in SV40-immortalized human CEC (HCEC) than i
TY - JOUR. T1 - Characterization of a native swelling-induced chloride current, ICl.swell, and its regulatory protein, pICln, in Xenopus oocytes.. AU - Ackerman, Michael John. AU - Krapivinsky, G. B.. AU - Gordon, E.. AU - Krapivinsky, L.. AU - Clapham, D. C.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. N2 - The ability to precisely regulate cell volume is a fundamental property of most cells. Although the phenomenon of regulatory volume decrease (RVD), whereby a swollen cell loses salt and water to restore its original volume, has been appreciated for decades, the molecular identities of the proteins responsible for the volume control machinery and their regulation are essentially unknown. It appears that the rate-determining step in gaining volume control involves the activation of potassium and chloride conductance pathways. We have identified a native chloride current (ICl.swell) responsive to cell swelling in Xenopus oocytes [Ackerman et al. (1994) J Gen Physiol 103: 153-179]. Moreover, we have demonstrated that ...
The nature of the signal transducing the change in cell volume to the activation of osmolyte efflux pathways for RVD in osmotically swollen cells is not clear. Two major models have been proposed, one involving Ca2+ as an intracellular second messenger and the other in which RVD is mediated through Ca2+-independent mechanisms. According to the first model, cell swelling causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ that activates volume regulatory mechanisms. The increase in [Ca2+]i may result from Ca2+ influx, via plasma membrane channels (Christensen, 1987), or Ca2+ release from intracellular stores (McCarty and ONeil, 1992; Wu et al., 1997). The proposed effectors are mostly Ca2+-activated cation and anion channels and carriers. This model has been widely accepted as a paradigm for the involvement of Ca2+ as a transducing signal for RVD. Nevertheless, the existing evidence backing up this model is often weak and fragmentary, and the comprehensive analysis necessary to establish an active role of ...
In the present study, we first characterized the biophysical and pharmacological properties of a volume-regulated inwardly rectifying Cl− current, ICl.ir, in mammalian heart. In both atrial and ventricular myocytes of mouse and guinea pig heart, ICl.ir activated slowly on hyperpolarization with a biexponential time course. The current was very sensitive to changes in cell volume. Whereas hypertonic cell shrinkage diminished the current, hypotonic cell swelling increased the current and accelerated the activation kinetics. ICl.ir exhibited strong inward rectification with a reversal potential close to the estimated ECl in symmetrical Cl− and physiological asymmetrical Cl− conditions. The anion selectivity sequence of ICl.ir was Cl−,I−≫Asp−. Although ICl.ir was strongly blocked by Cd2+ and the carboxylic acid derivative, 9-AC, it was not sensitive to inhibition by effective blockers of ICl.vol such as TMX and the disulfonic stilbene derivative, SITS. All these properties clearly ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A simple, rapid, high-resolution chromosome technic for lymphocytes. AU - Kao, Y. S.. AU - Whang-Peng, J.. AU - Lee, E.. PY - 1983/1/1. Y1 - 1983/1/1. N2 - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes were exposed to a hypotonic solution consisting of equal parts of 0.075 M 2-Mercaptoethanol and 0.075 M KCl, followed by addition of colcemid. The cells were fixed and washed in the usual manner. The slides then were subjected to trypsin-Giemsa banding. This method yields a high percentage of mitotic figures in prophase and prometaphase, ideal for high-resolution chromosome analysis.. AB - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes were exposed to a hypotonic solution consisting of equal parts of 0.075 M 2-Mercaptoethanol and 0.075 M KCl, followed by addition of colcemid. The cells were fixed and washed in the usual manner. The slides then were subjected to trypsin-Giemsa banding. This method yields a high percentage of mitotic figures in prophase and prometaphase, ideal for ...
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The physiological function of epithelia is transport of ions, nutrients and fluid either in secretory or absorptive direction. All of these processes are closely related to cell volume changes, which are thus an integrated part of epithelial function. Transepithelial transport and cell volume regulation both rely on the spatially and temporally coordinated function of ion channels and transporters. In healthy epithelia, specific ion channels/transporters localize to the luminal and basolateral membranes, contributing to functional epithelial polarity. In pathophysiological processes such as cancer, transepithelial and cell volume regulatory ion transport are dys-regulated. Furthermore, epithelial architecture and coordinated ion transport function are lost, cell survival/death balance is altered, and new interactions with the stroma arise, all contributing to drug resistance. Since altered expression of ion transporters and channels is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer, it is timely to
Many Stage 3 CKD patients with high creatinine suffer edema, especially swelling on foot which not only cause the mobility problems, but also can lead to the insufficient nutrition on foot, causing damage to foot tissues. Although tradition
The biological phenomena of exosmosis when a cell or tissue is placed into a strong hypertonic solution, is termed as plasmolysis, whereas the reverse process is cytolysis, which occurs if the cell is placed in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell ...
Shift in the cellular homeostasis of the organic osmolyte taurine has been associated with dysregulation of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) complex, which comprises leucine-rich repeat-containing family 8 members (LRRC8A-E). Using SDS-PAGE, western blotting, qRT-PCR, and tracer technique ([3 H]taurine) we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cell growth-associated kinases Akt/mTOR, play a role in the regulation of VRAC in human alveolar cancer (A549) cells. LRRC8A is indispensable for VRAC activity and long-term exposure to hypoosmotic challenges and/or ROS impairs VRAC activity, not through reduction in total LRRC8A expression or LRRC8A availability in the plasma membrane, but through oxidation/inactivation of kinases/phosphatases that control VRAC activity once it has been instigated ...
Actin reorganization following hypoosmotic stress is essential for the FAK-mediated activation of the PI-3-K/PKB/AP-1 proliferative cascade. These data delineate a possible mechanism by which the cell swelling-induced cytoskeletal changes can initiate proliferative signal transduction in human liver …
The erythrocytes of some species are much damaged when handled in salt solutions, as in washing with the centrifuge after the ordinary method. The injury is mechanical in character. It may express itself in hemolysis only after the cells have been kept for some days. It is greatest in the case of dog corpuscles, and well marked with sheep and rabbit cells. The fragility of the red cells, as indicated by washing or shaking them in salt solution is different, not only for different species, but for different individuals. It varies independently of the resistance to hypotonic solutions.. The protection of fragile erythrocytes during washing is essential if they are to be preserved in vitro for any considerable time. The addition of a little gelatin (⅛ per cent) to the wash fluid suffices for this purpose, and by its use the period of survival in salt solutions of washed rabbit, sheep, and dog cells is greatly prolonged. Plasma, like gelatin, has marked protective properties.. Though gelatin acts ...
This test is based on the exploration of the tubular response to an acute fluid load. After overnight fast, all participants received twenty cc/Kg of mineralized water per os and two liters of intravenous hypotonic solution (0.66%) infused in two hours. Three blood samples are drawn (at 0, 60 and 120 minutes) and also urine samples are collected from each person at baseline and at 30 (±5) minutes intervals during the whole test. From the obtained blood and urine samples creatinine and osmolarity are measured, and then from the data corresponding to the most hypotonic urine sample (maximum dilution) and its corresponding blood sample three renal physiological parameters (proximal sodium clearance, free water clearance, sodium TALH reabsorption) are analyzed. Since patient inclusion follow up period is one ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Subunit composition of VRAC channels determines substrate specificity and cellular resistance to Pt-based anti-cancer drugs. AU - Planells-Cases, Rosa. AU - Lutter, Darius. AU - Guyader, Charlotte. AU - Gerhards, Nora M.. AU - Ullrich, Florian. AU - Elger, Deborah A.. AU - Kucukosmanoglu, Asli. AU - Xu, Guotai. AU - Voss, Felizia K.. AU - Reincke, S. Momsen. AU - Stauber, Tobias. AU - Blomen, Vincent A.. AU - Vis, Daniel J.. AU - Wessels, Lodewyk F.. AU - Brummelkamp, Thijn R.. AU - Borst, Piet. AU - Rottenberg, Sven. AU - Jentsch, Thomas J.. PY - 2015/12/14. Y1 - 2015/12/14. N2 - Although platinum-based drugs are widely used chemotherapeutics for cancer treatment, the determinants of tumor cell responsiveness remain poorly understood. We show that the loss of subunits LRRC8A and LRRC8D of the heteromeric LRRC8 volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) increased resistance to clinically relevant cisplatin/carboplatin concentrations. Under isotonic conditions, about 50% of cisplatin ...
Nicholl, A.J., Killey, Jennifer, Leonard, M.N. and Garner, C. (2002) The role of bicarbonate in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in the epithelial-derived human breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1. Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 443 (5-6). pp. 875-881. ISSN 0031-6768 ...
Potassium channel, KCN11. The UniProt entry included here is not complete. The correct gene ID is Cre06.g278111 in the Chlamydomonas genome database Phytozome. The complete sequence and description of its function are published by Xu et al. (2016). KCN11 is a 6 TMS organelle K+ channel found exclusively in the contractile vacuole. It is required for osmoregulation under hypotonic conditions (Xu et al. 2016 ...
the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of a constant cell volume under resting conditions and for the cells capability of counteracting volume perturbation by volume recovery processes have been described in a wide variety of cells and have been studied in detail for many years (23, 26, 36). Increasing evidence now supports the conclusion that signaling in cell volume control cooperates with signaling in cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis. However, we still know little as to the function of a change in cell volume as a direct signal in the regulation of these cellular parameters. As discussed by Hoffmann and Ussing (27), the term volume regulation may lead to the misconception that cells have one preferred volume, which is not the case since the preferred volume may highly depend on the differential and functional state of the cell, such as in secreting epithelia (21, 27) and in cells during growth and proliferation per se. Thus, cell proliferation is often ...
The primary cause of swelling on the head after a fall is the leaking of fluids or blood underneath the scalp from the veins in the scalp, according to KidsHealth. The bump that forms at the sight of...
We put Rabon blocks in for fly control as we run a small herd of Dexter cattle with our Haflingers. Starting with swellings on the belly, small areas...
my son has a severe cough , he coughs so hard he throws up , it starts as a tickle especially in stores ,after a bad cough he noticed swelling on his neck , and a little bump, dr did x ray said he saw something up high lungs are fine , said it could be lymphoma or something not serious ct scan not back yet ,what is the something not serious? he is a casual smoker. Reply Follow This Thread Stop Following This Thread Flag this Discussion ...
I am a physician myself. I took a week off. Unrelated to that, I had an infection of one of the surgical sites, minor but it involved some inflammation/swelling on one side. Still, the riding had not only any affect on it, but it did not cause any discomfort. I would say, as your doctor did, stay of exercise for a week. Then, play it by ear starting without massive intervals or efforts for at least another week. Your mileage WILL vary ...
Primary interosseous meningeomas are rare. They account for less than 1% of the total number of meningeomas seen today. We present a case of a swelling on the scalp as a ..
A lipoma is a benign, fatty lump that grows under the skin.. Theyre harmless and can usually be left alone if theyre small and painless.. They are non-cancerous and are caused by an overgrowth of fat cells.. Lipomas can grow anywhere on the body, but are most common on the shoulders, neck, chest, arms, back, bum and thighs.. They grow very slowly and dont usually cause any problems.. Lipomas dont usually need to be removed unless theyre causing problems, such as pain, or if theres uncertainty about whether its a lipoma.. However it can be removed if it is large or is in an obvious place and is affecting your self-esteem.. You should always see your GP if you develop a growth or swelling on your body.. ...
The pain your son is experiencing at night certainly fits the description of growing pains, and if he isnt troubled by pain during the day and has no abnormal bumps or swellings on his legs, it is very unlikely that there is any other underlying cause for his pain ...
Among the reasons often cited for enterprises not adopting Grid computing is a lack of Grid-enabled applications coming from the ISV community. This is not the case with Callidus, who offers a Grid-enabled Enterprise Incentive Management solution, TrueComp, as well as an on-demand version of the application hosted on the Sun Grid.
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