The overall prevalence of hypomagnesaemia (70.2%) in our data, which consisted only of severely hypokalaemic samples, is significantly higher than published rates (39-42%) in hypokalaemia per se,5 6 implying a relatively greater need to measure serum magnesium concentration in severe hypokalaemia. However, prior to reflective testing, we only diagnosed hypomagnesaemia in 7.7% cases of severe hypokalaemia, reflecting the fact that serum magnesium concentration was rarely measured in this situation.. Reflective testing significantly increased our diagnosis of hypomagnesaemia compared to the previous system. Interestingly, requesting of serum magnesium concentration increased from clinicians as well as laboratory staff, perhaps reflecting greater awareness among clinicians of the association after a number of cases had been diagnosed by the laboratory.. However, implementing reflex testing led to further increases in diagnosis of hypomagnesaemia. As both reflex and reflective had similar NNDs, they ...

Hypokalemic nephropathy Hypokalemic nephropathy is a kind of nephropathy that caused by Chronic hypokalemia, a disease mainly due to the exceed potassium passing in urine. Patients will also suffer metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis. H

Potassium (K+) balance is achieved by the control of urinary K+ excretion and by the control of K+ absorption from the digestive tract. While it is well established that colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA is expressed in the kidney, distal colon, and uterus, little is known about the cellular localization and expression levels of this gene in chronic hypokalemia. Accordingly, Northern analysis and in situ hybridization (ISH) were carried out to analyze the expression of mRNA encoding the colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit in normal and potassium-restricted (2 weeks) rats. Northern analysis demonstrated that colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA was abundantly expressed in normal and potassium-restricted rat uterus. Abundance of colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA in potassium-restricted rat uterus was increased but, not statistically significant compared to that of controls. By ISH, mRNA for colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit was detected in the endometrial epithelial cells and the uterine glands. Both groups ...

Severe life threatening hypokalaemia in a patient with an eating disorder.. 1. Describe and Interpret:. Hyperchloraemic non anion gap metabolic acidosis. HCO3 16. AG 16. CL high. Severe hypokalaemia. Rhabdomyolysis. Interpretation -. RTA with severe hypokalaemia causing Rhabdomyolysis (look for other causes of Rhabdo). Potassium plays a major role in regulating the skeletal muscle blood flow; an increased potassium concentration in the muscle during muscle activity causes vasodilatation, which increases the regional blood flow. In state of hypokalemia, this increase is hampered causing relative ischemia in the active muscle consecutively leading to muscle cramps, and in a severely depleted state may cause muscle necrosis and rhabdomyolysis. In addition to hypoperfusion, hypokalemia-induced impairment in muscle metabolism also may contribute to muscle dysfunction.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109789/?report=printable. 2. Treatment. HDU/ICU admission. ivi fluids. replace ...

Do You Have Normokalemic Periodic Paralysis? Join friendly people sharing true stories in the I Have Normokalemic Periodic Paralysis group. Find support forums, advice and chat with groups who share this life experience. A Normokalemic Periodic Paral...

In the September issue of the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Asmar et al summarize a physiologic approach to the treatment of hypokalemia. The following questions will test your knowledge of hypokalemia. 1. Liddle syndrome is characterized by each of the following except: A. Chronic hypokalemia B. Hypotension C. Suppressed serum aldosterone D. Suppressed plasma renin activity…

Our patient, a 31-year old, previously healthy Caucasian Swiss man, had a case of impressive symptomatic hypokalemia. His neurological symptoms (cramping and muscle weakness) resolved rapidly after correction of hypokalemia.. Hypokalemic paresis (paralysis) may be acquired in patients with thyrotoxicosis [1]. Our patient showed neither clinical nor biochemical signs of this disease, which is mainly found in Asians but still is more common as a cause of severe neurological symptoms in a patient presenting with hypokalemia in our hospital than Gitelmans syndrome, with the latter being more commonly found by chance on the basis of a laboratory finding of low potassium. Our patient had no history suggestive of familial periodic paralysis. This rare, hereditary defect of calcium or magnesium channels in skeletal muscles enhances the likelihood that insulin secreted after the intake of carbohydrate-rich food or catecholamine bursts (in response to stress or exertion) will result in increased ...

Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion is responsible for 12% to 17% of all cases of the Cushing syndrome. One of the most commonly described causes of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion is small cell carcinoma of the lung. A rare c

Intravenous patient controlled analgesia(IV-PCA) has been widely used to control postoperative pain. The increase in stress hormone level and hyperventilation caused by the postoperative pain may contribute to the development of hypokalemia during postoperative period. Hypokalemia is a risk factor for postoperative arrhythmia. Therefore, if the postoperative pain is well controlled by the IV-PCA, the plasma potassium level during the postoperative period may be not affected by stress response, and the incidence of hypokalemia may be reduced. The researchers tried to investigate the effect of IV-PCA on potassium regulation during the postoperative period.. The researchers divided the patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy into two groups of IV-PCA group and control group. The researchers compared the plasma potassium concentration from the preoperative to postoperative period. ...

Hypokalemia, also spelled hypokalaemia, is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum. Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels below 3.5 mmol/L defined as hypokalemia. Mildly low levels do not typically cause symptoms. Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation. It increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which are often too slow, and can cause cardiac arrest. Causes of hypokalemia include diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, and not enough intake in the diet. It is classified as severe when levels are less than 2.5 mmol/L. Low levels can also be detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Hyperkalemia refers to a high level of potassium in the blood serum. The speed at which potassium should be replaced depends on whether or not there are symptoms or ECG changes. Mildly low levels can be managed with changes in the diet. ...

Low potassium intake or a low potassium diet is one of the major causes for a condition medically known as Hypokalemia. Hypokalemia literally means a paucity of potassium in the blood. However, in contrast to what might seem obvious, Hypokalemia is not caused only by a poor dietary intake of potassium. Hypokalemia is a condition that is caused by loss through the integuments in your digestive system and also through your kidneys.. The two major causes for the loss of potassium from the digestive system can be vomiting and diarrhea. In addition to this, excessive laxative use and intestinal surgeries can also cause this.. Hyperaldosteronism Can Lead To Hypokalemia. Hyperaldosteronism is a medical condition that may lead to the increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This hormone can cause potassium to decrease in your blood, which can translate to Hypokalemia.. Symptoms of Hypokalemia. In addition to common symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, constipations, hypotension and a ...

Do You Have Hypokalemia? Join friendly people sharing true stories in the I Have Hypokalemia group. Find support forums, advice and chat with groups who share this life experience. A Hypokalemia anonymous support group with information on diagnosis, ...

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A 70-year-old man was admitted from the gastroenterology clinic for evaluation of chronic weight loss, malnutrition, and progressive dysphagia for 1 year. He was recently admitted to a local hospital after sustaining a fall. Blood tests at that time showed profound electrolyte disturbances with severe hypokalemia (potassium level of 1.7 mEq/L) and hypomagnesemia (magnesium level 0.3 mg/dL). Since the time of that admission, the patient reported feeling weak and with loss of taste for food. Altogether, he had lost 40 lbs over the previous 12 months. He denied abdominal pain, nausea, or ...

Preoperative Evaluation. I. Cardiac evaluation. 1. What do her symptoms signify to you?. 2. Why is she cyanotic?. 3. Does she require pulmonary function tests?. 4. Does she require cardiac catheterization?. 5. What would you expect each to show?. II. Drug therapy decisions. 1. Why is she on coumadin?. 2. Would you reverse coumadins effects? Why or why not?. 3. How would you reverse coumadins effects?. 4. How is coumadins effect measured?. III. Hypokalemia. 1. Why is her potassium low?. The most likely cause is secondary to diuretic therapy.. 2. Is this a special problem for this patient?. Hypokalemia can lead to the serious cardiac arrhythmias, and this patient is at increased risk of this, secondary to her preexisting fibrillation, and to her digitalis therapy. This is a mild, probably chronic hypokalemia, which is less serious than acute hypokalemia, and the serum concentration of potassium does not reflect total body deficit of this ion well, for it is an intracellular cation.. 3. What is ...

Hypokalemia or Hypokalaemia,Normal potassium levels,Causes of hypokalemia,Investigations to diagnose and Treatment with potassium administration

View messages from patients providing insights into their medical experiences with Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - Diagnosis. Share in the message dialogue to help others and address questions on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, from MedicineNets doctors.

It is indicated for the treatment of patients with hypokalemia, with or without metabolic alkalosis, in digitalis intoxications and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. Lupins US subsidiary, Gavis Pharmaceuticals (collectively Lupin) has received final approval for its potassium chloride extended-release capsules USP, 8 mEq (600 mg) and 10 mEq (750 mg) from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market a generic equivalent of Actavis Labs FL, Incs potassium chloride extended-release capsules USP, 8 mEq and 10 mEq.. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with hypokalemia, with or without metabolic alkalosis, in digitalis intoxications and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. It is also indicated for the prevention of hypokalemia in patients who would be at a particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop, e.g., digitalised patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias.. Potassium Chloride extended-release capsules ...

Supplementing diets with high potassium helps reduce hypertension in humans. Inwardly rectifying K+ channels Kir4.1 (Kcnj10) and Kir5.1 (Kcnj16) are highly expressed in the basolateral membrane of distal renal tubules and contribute to Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion through the direct control of transepithelial voltage. To define the importance of Kir5.1 in blood pressure control under conditions of salt-induced hypertension, we generated a Kcnj16 knockout in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats (SSKcnj16-/-). SSKcnj16-/- rats exhibited hypokalemia and reduced blood pressure, and when fed a high-salt diet (4% NaCl), experienced 100% mortality within a few days triggered by salt wasting and severe hypokalemia. Electrophysiological recordings of basolateral K+ channels in the collecting ducts isolated from SSKcnj16-/- rats revealed activity of only homomeric Kir4.1 channels. Kir4.1 expression was upregulated in SSKcnj16-/- rats, but the protein was predominantly localized in the cytosol in SSKcnj16-/- rats.

The prevention of clinically significant hypokalemia and hyperkalemia is essential. In the absence of early detection and treatment, hypokalemia can cause serious complications and even death. Because potassium imbalance can appear in a wide range of patients, the information provided in this course will be helpful for the majority of healthcare professionals. First, the terms and clinical criteria for each condition will be thoroughly reviewed. Next, a clear overview of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and useful tests to determine etiology will be given. Finally, the course will end with a discussion of treatment options and management techniques, including patient education points.

Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypokalemia #Diagnosis #EM #IM #Nephro #Hypokalemia #Acidosis #Alkalosis #Algorithm #Differential #Ddxof

(1) Concept Hypokalemia indicates the [K+] in plasma is < 3.5 mmol/L. If the hypokalemia is caused by the movement of K+ from ECF to ICF, reduced [K+] ≠ K deficiency in the body.

Question - Losing calcium. Diagnosed with hypokalemia. What to do?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for Hypokalemia, Ask a General & Family Physician

Aldosterone/renin ratio. ,2000 Conns likely if renin ,0.3 pmol/mL/h. 800 - 2000 Possibly Conns, investigate further. ,800 Conns unlikely. For diagnosis of Conns: low renin expected. Plasma renin ≤0.3 pmol/ml/hr (ref. 0.5-3.1). Aldosterone usually , 350 pmol/L (ref. 100-800) ie. may be normal or high. SECOND LINE INVESTIGATION: CONFIRMATION OF PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Saline infusion test:. Stop spironolactone and epelerone for 6 weeks before the test. Stop beta blockers, calcium channel antagonists, ACE inhibitors and AT2 blockers for 2 weeks before the test.. Can continue to use alpha blockers to manage hypertension eg doxazosin. Ensure plasma K in normal range (ideally ,4) prior to performing test. Examine patient for signs of cardiac failure. This test should not be performed in patients with severe uncontrolled hypertension, renal insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmia, or severe hypokalemia.. Patients stay in the recumbent position for at least 1 hour before test ...

Persons with anorexia nervosa eventually become visibly recognizable because of their severely underweight status. In contrast, those affected by bulimia are typically of normal weight and are not as easily detected. This disorder is characterized by binge eating and purging. Mehler reviews the diagnosis and treatment of bulimia, using a hypothetical case of a 20-year-old woman noted to have severe hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.. Bulimia is most common in late adolescent females. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is typical, and patients with a concomitant personality disorder (e.g., borderline, narcissistic, and antisocial disorders) have a worse prognosis. Although most bulimics purge by vomiting, abuse of laxatives or diuretics also occurs. The number of times a bulimic patient purges can vary widely, from as seldom as once or twice weekly to as often as 10 times per day.. The medical complications of bulimia relate to the method and frequency of purging. Repeatedly induced ...

We read with great interest the article by MacDonald and Struthers (1) in a recent issue of the Journal.The article reports that potassium depletion is important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. The authors suggest that avoiding hypokalemia is beneficial in several cardiovascular disease states, including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and hypertension. The data linking hypokalemia with arrhythmia and cardiac arrest in acute myocardial infarction are fairly strong (2-4).. We want to add atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery to the list of cardiovascular diseases where electrolyte imbalance may play an important pathogenetic role. Although the etiology of AF after heart surgery is incompletely understood, stimuli and triggers such as pre-existing structural changes of the atria related to hypertension, mechanical damage, volume overload, age, intraoperative atrial ischemia, and pericardial lesions are thought to play a role in the ...

Hypolalemic periodic paralysis is an uncommon complication of thyrotoxicosis. It usually affects men of Oriental origin and presents with acute and profound muscle weakness especially of the lower extremities. We report a 46 year old man from Kuwait with sudden paralysis of both legs. Physical examination showed signs of thyrotoxicosis and laboratory tests revealed severe hypokalemia, very low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and very high free thyroxin. The motor deficit regressed within 8 hours of 80 mmol ofKCI infusion. Awareness of such a problem is essential to avoid life threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Once recognized the treatment is simple and the prognosis is excellent.

We describe severe hypokalaemia and hypertension due to a mineralocorticoid effect in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome taking posaconazole as antifungal prophylaxis. Two distinct mechanisms due to posaconazole are identified: inhibition of 11β hydroxylase leading to the accumulation of the mineralocorticoid hormone 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and secondly, inhibition of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2), as demonstrated by an elevated serum cortisol-to-cortisone ratio. The effects were ameliorated by spironolactone. We also suggest that posaconazole may cause cortisol insufficiency. Patients taking posaconazole should therefore be monitored for hypokalaemia, hypertension and symptoms of hypocortisolaemia, at the onset of treatment and on a monthly basis. Treatment with mineralocorticoid antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone), supplementation of glucocorticoids (e.g. hydrocortisone) or dose reduction or cessation of posaconazole should all be considered as ...

Diuretics (i.e. Thiazides block NaCl transporter in DCT, increased distal delivery of Na + Cl. Na taken up by principal cell ENaC channel, causing K+ to be lost. The intercalated cell is in the vicinity, takes up K+, secretes H+, which prevents severe hypokalemia ...

We describe severe hypokalaemia and hypertension due to a mineralocorticoid effect in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome taking posaconazole as antifungal prophylaxis. Two distinct mechanisms due to posaconazole are identified: inhibition of 11β hydroxylase leading to the accumulation of the mineralocorticoid hormone 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and secondly, inhibition of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2), as demonstrated by an elevated serum cortisol-to-cortisone ratio. The effects were ameliorated by spironolactone. We also suggest that posaconazole may cause cortisol insufficiency. Patients taking posaconazole should therefore be monitored for hypokalaemia, hypertension and symptoms of hypocortisolaemia, at the onset of treatment and on a monthly basis. Treatment with mineralocorticoid antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone), supplementation of glucocorticoids (e.g. hydrocortisone) or dose reduction or cessation of posaconazole should all be considered as ...

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Potassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium ...

Potassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium ...

Hypokalemia disease refers to low concentration of potassium level in blood. Potassium is one of the crucial primary Electrolytes for functioning of heart.

4. PotassiumPotassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma ...

all relevent test has been done and patient is in ICU and IV potassium is given to him but of no use.one day value is 4 mmol/L other day it is 2.4 mmol/L.all relevent test has been done.{aldestrone,cortisol,renin,uric chloride,thyroid,magnesium,phophorus,calcium,abdominal ct scan,abdominal X ray,ultrasound,urinary potassium test].dcotors are saying that this is a resistant case of hypokalemia and they are not able to identify the medical cause of hypokalemaia and they are now saying that patient has to be shifted to another hospital other wise he will die.his heart beat is 115/minute and cardiologist told us we cant fly patient ...

1) Inadequate intake of potassium. This one is not so likely because potassium is found in ALL foods, even junk food. The only people who dont have enough potassium are because they are anorexic (somebody who doesnt eat) or bulimic (somebody who eats and then throws it up).. 2) The use of diuretics. Diuretics are commonly referred to as water pills. They make you pee. The fancy word for make you pee is that diuretics increase urine output. Diuretics cause you to secrete water and salt and thats fine. Thats usually the reason why one takes it. But they also cause the kidneys to excrete potassium and they develop hypokalemia. Who takes diuretics? People with edema (a build up of fluid) and there are many, many reasons why that would happen such as injury to the body. The most common reason for edema is high blood pressure, known as hypertension. Everybody with high blood pressure has edema. The high blood pressure is causing fluid to squirt out of their capillaries. Its usually noticed in ...

A common treatment modality for hypokalemia is intravenous potassium replacement; especially in the setting of critically low values (|2.

This patient had a K of 2.8. Difficult case because she does not have prominent U waves (though they are there). I just finished a study of patients with proven hypokalemia compared to a control group. The QTc was the single best differentiator, with 450 ms the best cutoff. ST depression had good specificity but very poor sensitivity. Prominent U-waves were specific but not sensitive, and presence of any U-wave was sensitive but not specific. The best combination of factors was: Subjective diagnosis + QTc , 450 + Prominent U-waves, vs. none of the 3, with sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 92%. This held true when the subjective interpretation was done by residents who had had a short tutorial by me ...

List of causes of Abdominal pain and Diarrhea and Fainting and Hypokalemia and Stomach symptoms, alternative diagnoses, rare causes, misdiagnoses, patient stories, and much more.

Reviews and ratings for kaon when used in the treatment of prevention of hypokalemia. Share your experience with this medication by writing a review.

Care guide for Hypokalemia (Inpatient Care). Includes: possible causes, signs and symptoms, standard treatment options and means of care and support.

An overview of low potassium levels, its effects on the body and the common causes of hyokalemia in senior citizens. Kidney, diet and medication that causes hyopkalemia.

Burmese Hypokalemia, also known as Familial Episodic Hypokalaemic Polymyopathy, is a recessive genetic defect characterized by episodes of low serum potassium levels and high CPK (creatine phosphate kinase, an enzyme that indicates muscle damage). Clinical signs include episodes of skeletal muscle weakness which can affect the whole animal or may be restricted to certain muscles. This is most obvious in the neck muscles, but sometimes occurs in just the limbs. As a result affected cats may show problems with walking and holding their head correctly. The disease is not typically fatal and affected cats usually can be managed by adding potassium supplements to their diet. For specifics on management of this condition, owners are urged to consult with their veterinarian. ...

Litfl.com DA: 9 PA: 26 MOZ Rank: 35. Hypokalaemia creates the illusion that the T wave is pushed down, with resultant T-wave flattening/inversion, ST depression, and prominent U waves In hyperkalaemia, the T wave is pulled upwards, creating tall tented T waves, and stretching the remainder of the ECG to cause P wave flattening, PR prolongation, and QRS widening ...

The diagnosis is made by measuring the potassium level in the blood. Doctors then try to identify what is causing the decrease. The cause may be clear based on the persons symptoms (such as vomiting) or use of drugs or other substances. If the cause is not clear, doctors measure how much potassium is excreted in urine to determine whether excess excretion is the cause. Because low potassium levels can cause abnormal heart rhythms, doctors usually do electrocardiography (ECG) to check for abnormal rhythms ...

Hypokalemia Hypokalemia is a american english word Hypokalaemia in British english.It is also known as also hypopotassemia or hypopotassaemia… Read More ». ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Accuracy of adrenal computed tomography in predicting the unilateral subtype in young patients with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone in primary aldosteronism. AU - JPAS Study Group. AU - Umakoshi, Hironobu. AU - Ogasawara, Tatsuki. AU - Takeda, Yoshiyu. AU - Kurihara, Isao. AU - Itoh, Hiroshi. AU - Katabami, Takuyuki. AU - Ichijo, Takamasa. AU - Wada, Norio. AU - Shibayama, Yui. AU - Yoshimoto, Takanobu. AU - Ogawa, Yoshihiro. AU - Kawashima, Junji. AU - Sone, Masakatsu. AU - Inagaki, Nobuya. AU - Takahashi, Katsutoshi. AU - Watanabe, Minemori. AU - Matsuda, Yuichi. AU - Kobayashi, Hiroki. AU - Shibata, Hirotaka. AU - Kamemura, Kohei. AU - Otsuki, Michio. AU - Fujii, Yuichi. AU - Yamamto, Koichi. AU - Ogo, Atsushi. AU - Yanase, Toshihiko. AU - Okamura, Shintaro. AU - Miyauchi, Shozo. AU - Suzuki, Tomoko. AU - Tsuiki, Mika. AU - Naruse, Mitsuhide. PY - 2018/5. Y1 - 2018/5. N2 - Context: The current Endocrine Society Guideline suggests that patients aged ,35 years with ...

Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment of Electrolyte Disorders from the Professional Version of the Merck Manuals.

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