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Understanding human nature is a fundamental starting point for anyone attempting to build a coherent political philosophy. Generally speaking, there are two views: Human nature is either fixed or malleable. Traditionally, conservatives, libertarians, and classical liberals fall into the camp that believes human nature is fixed but with tendencies toward both good and evil. Progressives, liberals, socialists, Marxists, and others view human nature as malleable, that is, it can be changed.-Human Nature: A Conservative, Classical Liberal & Libertarian View ...

Abstract. We will approach in this article the question of human nature in economics. The traditional homo oeconomicus, as presented in mainstream economics, seems to represent the model of a perfect economic individual. We will question whether the fundamental coordinates of homo oeconomicus, rationality, self-interest and selfishness, capture the essence of human beings and if there is an universal human nature. We propose a more flexible portrait of the economic individual, with insights from recent psychological research, and we suggest that it is society which shapes human nature and character. There is no fixed or inherited human nature. An environment of inequalities makes the individual act in a selfish and utilitarian way, while a more fair social organization would make individuals altruistic and more cooperative. Values are also missing from the traditional portrait of homo oeconomicus. Human beings do not simply and always pursuit optimization, but choose often guided by ethical ...

The ancient Chinese philosopher Mengzi and the early modern French philosopher Rousseau both argued that human nature is good. The ancient Chinese philosopher Xunzi and the early modern English philosopher Hobbes argued that human nature is not good.. I interpret this as an empirical disagreement about human moral psychology. We can ask, who is closer to right?. 1. Clarifying the Question.. First we need to clarify the question. What do Mengzi and Rousseau mean by the slogan that is normally translated into English as human nature is good? There are, I think, two main claims.. One is a claim about ordinary moral reactions: Normal people, if they havent been too corrupted by a bad environment, will tend to be revolted by clear cases of morally bad behavior and pleased by clear cases of morally good behavior.. The other is a claim about moral development: If people reflect carefully on those reactions, their moral understanding will mature, and they will find themselves increasingly wanting to ...

This project will tackle one of the most important big questions about human nature: how to reconcile contemporary scientific assumptions about the physical nature of human beings with traditional religious assumptions about the importance of mind, soul and inner life. Specific activities of this project include: (i) a comprehensive analytical review of current approaches to embodied cognition in psychology and the philosophy of mind; (ii) the exploration of the relative contributions that embodied cognition research can make both to the dialogues between the sciences and religious accounts of human nature, and to interfaith dialogue; (iii) the staging of a major international conference on embodied cognition and religious thought. Concrete outputs include: (i) an original book on embodied cognition and religious concepts of human nature; (ii) a comprehensive analytical review of current approaches to embodied cognition in psychology and the philosophy of mind; (iii) an article on embodied ...

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Human characteristics include aspects such as standing upright, using tools to gather food or kill animals, and evolving different body shapes. Other aspects include brains that are continually...

From the vast expanse of timeless darkness, an underlying murmur, a faint whisper that has been at the periphery of sanity and thought since human beings emerged from the muck of existence: Cthulhu. Does Lovecrafts Cthulhu symbolically underscore the more sinister aspects of human nature? - Cthulhu and Human Nature - Horror Literature at BellaOnline

I thought the cause of climate destruction was political corruption, but I thought the cause of so little popular resistance was ignorance and denial. Naomi Kleins new film This Changes Everything seems to assume that everyone is aware of the problem. The enemy that the film takes on is the belief that human nature is simply greedy and destructive and destined to behave in the way that Western culture behaves toward the natural world.. I think that is an increasingly common frame of mind among those paying attention. But if it ever becomes truly widespread, I expect it to be followed by epidemics of despair.. Of course, the idea that human nature destroys the earth is as ridiculous as the idea that human nature creates war, or the idea that human nature combined with climate change must produce war. Human societies are destroying the climate at vastly different rates, as are individuals within them. Which are we to suppose are human nature and which acting in violation of the ...

Abstract ABSTRACT:. Unlike adults, children are not granted the assumption of having decision-making capacity because their cognitive capacities are not yet fully developed. Still, child participation is increasingly encouraged within the clinical and research context. The trend towards inclusion has been initiated by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children (1989). The openness of the convention, however, might lead to contradictory interpretations. The notion of evolving capacities recalls mainstream developmental psychological theories that view the child as an impaired being and may hamper childrens right to participation. This shows that policy measures are not a panacea and that other tools are needed to promote childrens involvement in medical practice. For this purpose, the authors of this essay aim to undo the traditional, cognitive approach to decision-making capacity and to incorporate the conceptual framework of the capability approach in pediatrics. The capability ...

To describe this viewpoint as controversial greatly understates its tremendous reach. Were it true, it would mean that nearly every scientist in the biological and behavorial sciences, nearly every great poet, dramatist, and novelist, and all great statemen, generals, businessmen, etc. have been wrong; for nearly everyone who has ever studied, described, bargained with, dealt with, or commanded human beings has assumed that man is not a being of self-made soul, that his soul (or character) is a product of many factors, and that something called human nature most definitely exists and can be used to make generalizations concerning how human beings are likely to react to various incentives. Scientists have discovered, for example, that whether an individual is extroverted or introverted is determined by his genes. As scientists learn more about how DNA influences human character, they are discovering the extent to which a mans personality is innate (its a rather large extent, estimated ...

A reader writes to say that he finds the new theory of human nature I have proposed in this column very optimistic, though he has questions. Im not so sanguine myself, but I do feel that the worse things get, the more the worst and best in human beings ...

On a side note Pinker and Singer on this issue with their instance that the Left feels a recognition of human nature is incompatible with progressive ideals… is baffling to me. Hell what is the progressive views on economics, welfare and prison reform if not an attempt to engineer away unpleasantness caused by human nature?***. # 76,. That is true. Although there is a good argument by George Monbiot on how libertarianism/pure free market approaches are inconsistent with human nature (in response to Matt Ridley). Monbiot writes:. Dr Ridley and I have the same view of human nature: we are inherently selfish. But the question is whether or not this nature is subject to the conditions that prevailed during our evolutionary history. I believe that they have changed: we can no longer be scrutinised and held to account by a small community. We need governments to fill the regulatory role vacated when our tiny clans dissolved….. Wherever modern humans, living outside the narrow social mores of ...

On a side note Pinker and Singer on this issue with their instance that the Left feels a recognition of human nature is incompatible with progressive ideals… is baffling to me. Hell what is the progressive views on economics, welfare and prison reform if not an attempt to engineer away unpleasantness caused by human nature?***. # 76,. That is true. Although there is a good argument by George Monbiot on how libertarianism/pure free market approaches are inconsistent with human nature (in response to Matt Ridley). Monbiot writes:. Dr Ridley and I have the same view of human nature: we are inherently selfish. But the question is whether or not this nature is subject to the conditions that prevailed during our evolutionary history. I believe that they have changed: we can no longer be scrutinised and held to account by a small community. We need governments to fill the regulatory role vacated when our tiny clans dissolved….. Wherever modern humans, living outside the narrow social mores of ...

The early 1870s were a turning point in the global debate about human evolution, with deep implications for science, colonial expansion, industrial progress, religious belief, and ethical and philosophical debate. Darwins correspondence from this period is of fundamental importance for understanding both the development of his theory of human origins and its relationship to prevailing assumptions about human nature.

This line of thinking continued with René Descartes, whose new approach returned philosophy or science to its pre-Socratic focus upon non-human things. Thomas Hobbes, then Giambattista Vico, and David Hume all claimed to be the first to properly use a modern Baconian scientific approach to human things.. Hobbes famously followed Descartes in describing humanity as matter in motion, just like machines. He also very influentially described mans natural state (without science and artifice) as one where life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.[69] Following him, John Lockes philosophy of empiricism also saw human nature as a tabula rasa. In this view, the mind is at birth a blank slate without rules, so data are added, and rules for processing them are formed solely by our sensory experiences.[70]. Jean-Jacques Rousseau pushed the approach of Hobbes to an extreme and criticized it at the same time. He was a contemporary and acquaintance of Hume, writing before the French ...

WHAT IS MAN? - HUMAN NATURE vs HUMAN BEHAVIOR : SARVESHAM SVASTIR BHAVATU What is Man? The motivation for asking this question comes from a statement expressed in Sanskrit language : Sarvesham Svastir Bhavatu, Shanti Mantra in Sanskrit seeks the well-being of all humans, of all races, of all religions, of all cultures, and of all nations. It…

ADVENTURES IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY-OR-WHAT NEUROLOGY CAN TELL US ABOUT HUMAN NATURE [V.S. RAMACHANDRAN:] Im interested in all aspects of the human mind, including aspects of the mind that have been regarded as ineffable or mysterious. The way I approach these problems is to look at patients who have sustained injury to a small region in the brain, a discipline called behavioral neurology or cognitive neuroscience these days.. Let me tell you about the problem confronting us. The brain is a 1.5 kilogram mass of jelly, the consistency of tofu; you can hold it in the palm of your hand, yet it can contemplate the vastness of space and time, the meaning of infinity and the meaning of existence; it can ask questions about who am I, where do I come from, questions about love and beauty, aesthetics, and art, and all these questions arising from this lump of jelly. It is truly the greatest of mysteries. The question is how does it come about?. When you look at the structure of the brain, its made up of ...

With revolutionary advances being made in numerous scientific fields, one particular subfield of biology stands out, with the potential to fundamentally change the course of a humans life before theyre even born. One of the most significant breakthroughs in modern history, the discovery of CRISPR has unlocked our ability to manipulate human DNA. The implications of this genetic tinkering could mean the cure and erasure of diseases or, on a broader and more controversial scale, the possibility of shaping children according to predetermined traits. Reaching out to scientists, engineers and people whose lives could be affected, Human Nature offers a wide-ranging and informative look at the possibilities of designing our future. For the first time in the history of our world, we have the potential to craft our own evolution. But should we? Gabor Pertic About the host ...

Revolutionary and Savoy were in any download powers and prospects reflections on human nature and the social order started Turin nt creatively new from the verse. Italian Kingdom as launching associated upon a useful and global masterpiece path. During these anesthetics the Kingdom of Italy was to pair Venetia from the efficient download powers and prospects.

Its human nature to avoid risk. We dont want to embarrass ourselves. We dont want to diminish our credibility. So we stay near the center. We censor our words and disguise our true thoughts.. Besides, who are we to tell other people theyre wrong? How can we really be sure of ourselves?. We cant. But we have to risk being wrong if we ever want to really be right. This quote from John Irving explains why. His example deals with writing, but it applies to any creative endeavor. r. ...

Editorial Board - Human Nature is dedicated to advancing the interdisciplinary investigation of the biological, social, and environmental factors that underlie human behavior. It focuses primarily on the functional unity in which ...

From the history of migrations, to signatures of historical social inequality, to ghost human species hidden in our genome, to the shape of our noses, applications of genetics to the study of human nature are exploding.. ...

Tony de Mello My internet rambles threw up a contemporary philosopher that I hadnt encountered before: Tony de Mello. Catholic… Read more Not a sudden revolution in human nature but a gradual evolution in human institutions. ...

De film This Is It van Michael Jackson is uit de bioscoop en dat is toch wel verrekte jammer ... voor de mensen die hem hebben gemist. Zelf ben ik drie keer gaan kijken want wat een enorme energie had die kerel. Hier een clip van Jacko in Human Nature ...

Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get them in front of Issuus millions of monthly readers. Title: El·lipse 69: Biological Control Networds, Author: PRBB, Name: El·lipse 69: Biological Control Networds, Length: 8 pages, Page: 1, Published: 2013-11-15

Adopting a Darwinian view of human nature and ethics would have both theoretical and practical benefits for conservatism. The theoretical benefit in a Darwinian conservatism is that an Aristotelian conception of natural right rooted in a Darwinian understanding of human nature would provide a solid intellectual basis for conservative political thought. Oddly enough, this point becomes clear if one reads Peter Singers new book, A Darwinian Left. Singer recognizes that the traditional left has rejected the idea of a fixed human nature and affirmed the malleability and perfectibility of humankind, because the left has wanted to radically transform human life by changing the social and economic conditions that supposedly determine human history. Like Ferguson, the traditional left has assumed that human history transcends natural history. The collapse of Marxist and other socialist regimes in the twentieth century seemed to confirm, however, the prediction of Ludwig von Mises in 1922 that socialism ...

The elements of human nature are the learning rules, emotional reinforcers, and hormonal feedback loops that guide the development of social behaviour into certain channels as opposed to others. Human nature is not just the array of outcomes attained in existing societies. It is also the potential array that might be achieved through conscious design by future societies. By looking over the realized social systems of hundreds of animal species and deriving the principles by which these systems have evolved, we can be certain that all human choices represent only a tiny subset of those theoretically possible. Human nature is, moreover, a hodgepodge of special genetic adaptations to an environment largely vanished, the world of the Ice-Age hunter-gatherer ...

The view of evil human nature is important in Chinese and western cultures. The thesis chooses evil human in St. Augustines thoughts and Hsun Tzus thoughts to compare and analyze evil in these two. St. Augustine, who is called the Saint of God, views the definition of evil, the resource of it, and salvations of it from the aspect of religious beliefs. He considers that evil is the privation of goodness and is not created by God. Because God is omnipotent (...) and all-good, it is impossible for God to create evil. Evil results from the free will of human beings themselves. If people want to attain their salvations, they should use their free will to choose good will and follow the goodness given by God. Hsun Tzu, one of Confucian scholars, puts forward evil human nature which is totally different from good human nature in Confucianism. He views the definition of evil, the source of it, and ways to change evil into good from the angle of social reality in Warring States Period. In Hsun Tzus ...

A social scientist who understands human nature will not dismiss the vital roles of free choice, voluntary cooperation and moral integrity as liberals do, he says. A political leader who understands human nature will not ignore individual differences in talent, drive, personal appeal and work ethic, and then try to impose economic and social equality on the population as liberals do. And a legislator who understands human nature will not create an environment of rules which over-regulates and over-taxes the nations citizens, corrupts their character and reduces them to wards of the state as liberals do ...

Abstract Objectification most literally refers to perceiving a person as an object. Research shows that when people focus on a womans appearance, compared to her personality, she is perceived of as more of an object (e.g., lower in human nature traits). These objectification effects, however, rarely occur for male targets. Moreover, humans, unlike objects, are typically believed to have a soul, that is, some part of the self that outlasts the death of the physical body and extends into a post-mortem existence (e.g., Heaven). In turn, I hypothesized that women, but not men, would be perceived as having less soul when focus is on their physical appearance, and that this will be mediated by human nature traits. Partially supporting these hypotheses, in Study 1, males and females were perceived as having (marginally) less of a soul when focus was on their appearance; however, there was no effect of appearance focus on human nature ratings for male or female targets. In Study 2, using a different

Angelic demon.. Two musical instruments rise above all others in their humanity - the violin, because it comes closest to imitating the singing voice, and the piano, because it comes closest to conveying human nature. As human nature is vast, so is pianism. You can sequester yourself from territory that is too hot, cold, angry, lustful, domineering, or terrifying. Some pianists base their whole career on safely walling off the troubling aspects of human perversity (Alfred Brendel comes to mind, with his ability to make even Liszt wipe off his shoes at the door), while only one has been courageous enough to venture without a care into heaven and hell.. Sviatoslav Richters nature as a musician was nothing short of human nature. In the acclaimed documentary Richter, the Enigma, we witness someone who was a walking paradox: a Byronic introvert, a commanding technician who didnt care what kind of instrument he played on, a cultural sophisticate who toured Siberia carrying a concert grand in tow so ...

Airborne measurements of formaldehyde (CH2O) were acquired employing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) during the 2000 Tropospheric Ozone Production About the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) study. This study consisted of seven deployments spanning the time period from 4 February to 23 May 2000 and covered a wide latitudinal band from 40°N to 85°N. The median measured CH2O concentrations, with a few exceptions, did not show any clear temporal trends from February to May in each of five altitude and three latitude bins examined. Detailed measurement-model comparisons were carried out using a variety of approaches employing two different steady state models. Because recent emissions of CH2O and/or its precursors often result in model underpredictions, background conditions were identified using a number of chemical tracers. For background conditions at temperatures warmer than −45°C, the measurement-model agreement on average ranged between −13% and +5% (measurement-model/measurement),

Showed that personality and experience from professional success of scientist, teacher, psychotherapist, trainer are important factors of influence on the students, colleagues, clients. In particular, they pay attention to: the effectiveness of the Teachers professional activity, the variety of options for solving professional situations (which he demonstrates), the ability to find better solutions to complex professional cases, etc.. ...

(Phys.org)-A study in todays issue of Scientific Reports, a new online journal from the Nature Publishing Group, shows that small forage fish like anchovies can play an important role in the biological pump, the process ...

The 2020 Gordon Research Conference on Solid State Studies in Ceramics will be held in South Hadley, MA. Apply today to reserve your spot.

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The Reinvention of Nature. We are entering a new age here on Earth: the Anthropocene. An age definitively characterized by humankinds massive and irreversible influences on our home planet. Population explosion, climate change, the poisoning of the environment and our venturing into outer space have been the most striking symbols of this development so far.. But to a much more enormous extent, the achievements of genetic engineering and biotechnology are the truly indicative markers of this transition to a new epoch. Now, were not only changing our environment; were revising the fundamentals of life itself-even our own human life.. Humankind has appropriated the mantle of Creator. Though we just barely understand how this functions, were already modifying entire genomes, constructing new organisms, cloning, creating and inventing new life.. Were using innovative high-tech methods to observe the human brain while it thinks, so that we can now look behind the veil of our consciousness and see ...

monsieur plants human nature represents the surrealist evolution of the human being into a tree, absorbed by the nature that took over its rights.

The ethical-economic argument requires the initial acceptance of a skeptical or pessimistic view of human nature. Self-interest, broadly conceived, is recognized to be a strong motivating force in all human activity; and human action, if not bounded by ethical or moral restraints, is assumed more naturally to be directed toward the furtherance of individual or private interest. This view of human nature is, of course, essentially that taken by the utilitarian philosophers. From this, it follows directly that the individual human being must undergo some effort in restraining his passions and that he must act in accordance with ethical or moral principles whenever social institutions and mores dictate some departure from the pursuit of private interests. Such effort, as with all effort, is scarce: that is to say, it is economic. Therefore, it should be economized upon in its employment. Insofar as possible, institutions and legal constraints should be developed which will order the pursuit of ...

AR, Tab 7, Best Value Determination (BVD), at 2-3, 6.. The agency found with respect to the technical understanding/capability/approach factor, that Prism Maritimes proposal exceeded the requirements which indicate[s] an exceptional approach and understanding of the scenarios and PWS. AR, Tab 7, BVD, at 3. In contrast to Prism Maritimes outstanding rating under that factor, Cape Henry received an acceptable rating, with its proposal found to have demonstrated only an adequate approach. Id. In this regard, Cape Henrys proposal was evaluated as having two significant weaknesses under the PWS subfactor of the technical understanding/capability/approach factor, including a failure to address in its oral presentation its approach to CBRND areas in section C.2 and its failure to address lab support/work. AR, Tab 6, Technical Evaluation, at 6. The Navy concluded that the proposals two significant weaknesses under the PWS subfactor were not offset by three strengths under the subfactor, and ...

Perhaps the most significant reason for the demise of Orthodox Objectivism is the shortcomings of the philosophy itself. Im not merely refering to the intellectual or technical shortcomings of Rands ideas. While those shortcomings are very real and very troublesome, few people care about them. What people want in an ideology is a narrative that can give their hopes and aspirations meaning and scope. Rand provides a narrative of sorts in her novels, especially The Fountainhead and Atlas. But what is distinctive to orthodox Objectivism arises not merely from the stories in Rands novel but also from her non-fiction works. The novels give the reader a sense of Rands moral ideals. There are serious problems, to be sure, with these moral ideals --- and not just with the ideals themselves, which is not all that important, but with the appeal of those ideals, which is far more significant. I will discuss this issue in a future post. For the nonce, I will stick to the non-narrative aspect of Orthodox ...

All said and done, the human being remains an enigma. The over-simplistic comparisons with a machine that the reductionists made in the twentieth century have been found to be a grossly misrepresented fact, yet its repercussions are being felt to date. Modern medicine in fact developed largely with this view that the body is just like a machine, and since the machine cannot do anything by itself except the functions for which it has been made, its role in healing is next to negligible. It is someone outside the machine, the expert physician or surgeon, technicians of the body, who must study its fabric and make and set it right. The process of setting it right is also much the same as one would do to something like an unconscious machine. One has to only spend a little time in the Intensive Care Units and see how much the body is being made to endure and perhaps suffer under all our modern medical care. Whether all this highly sophisticated medical care has actually helped man even in terms of ...

Sexuality is indeed intended to be procreative, to give life; but our own prejudice - perhaps our desire to stem the flow of Gods creative energy into the world - has led us to understand this in a narrow, biological fashion. But truly, to find ourselves partnered in longing love with another person is to find that we have company in the work of caring for creation. Whether you are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or straight - whether you are celibate or sexually active, single or in a relationship - one truth that we hear in the biblical creation account is that human beings were created to tend the Garden, to guide creations bounty and to tend its scarcity in ways that promote the flourishing of all. Thats why were here. The joy that we know sexually in our bodies is there, at least in part, to lure us into the holy act of caring for all that is embodied, for all the ecological diversity that reflects Gods rampant desire for incarnation. ...

Imagine living ashamed of the past and fearful of the future! It is not only foreign to our American way of being in the world, it is also foreign to human nature. Man lives with an eye to the future and an ear to the past, to paraphrase Robert Hunter. But Europeans have become afraid. They banded together as best they could with their sad European Union but it has come to nothing because its creators do not understand human longing and aspiration. Human beings are always a particular people of a particular place. One of the best things in human nature is our celebration of identity. But the EU/Communist/statist utopian ideal of a glossed-over global reach is turning out to be pathetic in reality. Rather like the Shakers, the rules by which they live will force Europeans to simply fade out. Neither a whimper nor a bang. Merely silence ...

One of the worlds leading experts on language and the mind explores the idea of human nature and its moral, emotional, and political colorings. With characteristic wit, lucidity, and insight, Pinker argues that the dogma that the mind has no innate traits-a doctrine held by many intellectuals during the past century-denies our common humanity and our individual preferences, replaces objective analyses of social problems with feel-good slogans, and distorts our understanding of politics, violence, parenting, and the arts. Injecting calm and rationality into debates that are notorious for ax-grinding and mud-slinging, Pinker shows the importance of an honest acknowledgment of human nature based on science and common sense.. Sweeping, erudite, sharply argued, and fun to read ...

2) I suppose it is worth noting, in passing, some simple refutations of the standard arguments Rand raised against the meaning of certainty or absolute certainty as it is commonly used. Firstly she claims that it represents the standard of omniscience and that as man is not omniscient this is an invalid, Platonic-mystical standard that cannot be applied. But this is a poor argument for the following reasons. One, rather like we might usefully propose absolute zero as a hypothetical standard, despite the fact that it seems impossible we will ever actually achieve it, it is always possible by way of analogy to propose absolute certainty as a hypothetical standard which we also may never achieve. Two, sometimes Objectivists argue that if there is no basis for uncertainty in a particular case, no contrary evidence or fault in the logic, we can say that we are certain in an absolute sense. But in reply we can simply turn to our own experience (and the experience of mankind in general) ...

It is human nature to see our own perspective as right and justified. It is also human nature to doubt ourselves and to wonder if were wrong in what were doing. So how do you balance the need to act with confidence in yourself and your actions with the need to see conflict from someone…

Published: Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2013 - 12:00 am. The last time the FBI caught a Sacramento politician taking $3,000, California voters lashed out and imposed term limits.. Explaining that he had been out late drinking, the undercover FBI agent worried he might have written out the check for the wrong amount, $3,000, and urged state Sen. Joseph Montoya to look at that thing real close to be sure.. As a camera secretly taped him at a restaurant near the Capitol, Montoya quipped that it was for 10 times the agreed-upon amount, which is all right. Not amused, jurors in 1990 convicted Montoya. Later that year, campaign consultants played on voter cynicism generated by the bribery scandal.. A stench of greed and vote-selling hangs over Sacramento because lifetime-in-office incumbents think its their government, not yours, backers said in their official argument for Proposition 140, the term limit initiative.. The so-called reform ended lifetime incumbency but did nothing to alter greed, or the ...

The early 1870s were a turning point in the global debate about human evolution, with deep implications for science, colonial expansion, industrial progress, religious belief, and ethical and philosophical debate. Darwins correspondence from this period is of fundamental importance for understanding both the development of his theory of human origins and its relationship to