Sandra Gollnick, PhD - PI I earned my BA from the University of California, Santa Barbara and my doctorate from Iowa State University in Biochemistry. My doctorate work was focused on the role of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in pregnancy. I went on to do post-doctoral work at DNAX Research Institute in Palo Alto, CA where I learned to become a molecular immunologist.

1KTL: HLA-E allelic variants: Correlating differential expression, peptide affinities, crystal structures and thermal stabilities

For the Trinkle family, baby boy Parker is a miracle. Expectant mom Jessica Trinkle received shocking news at her routine OB exam and ultrasound check-up last fall - her baby, Parker, was diagnosed with myelomeningocele (MMC), the most common and most severe form of spina bifida, after a sac was found on his spinal cord. […]

Noninherited maternal antigens identify acceptable HLA mismatches: Benefit to patients and cost-effectiveness for cord blood banks. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2014 ...

Qa-1 is a non-classical Major Histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecule that generally presents hydrophobic peptides including Qdm derived from the leader sequence of classical MHC I molecules for immune surveillance by NK cells. Qa-1 bound peptides derived from the TCR Vβ8.2 of activated T cells also activates CD8+ regulatory T cells to control autoimmunity and maintain self-tolerance. Four allotypes of Qa-1 (Qa-1a-d) are expressed that are highly conserved in sequence but have several variations that could affect peptide binding to Qa-1 or TCR recognition. Here, we determined the structure of Qa-1a with bound Qdm peptide. While the overall structure is very similar to that of Qa-1b, there are several amino acid differences around the peptide binding platform that could affect TCR recognition. Most notably, two amino acid substitutions are found in the pocket P2, which binds the anchor residue Met2 of the Qdm peptide. These residues affect both the size and shape of the binding pocket, as well as

Researchers at UC Davis have published a study that illustrates how maternal immune activation could affect neurodevelopment in offspring.

HLA-G was described originally as a tolerogenic molecule that allows the semiallogeneic fetus to escape from recognition by the maternal immune response. This review will discuss different steps in the study of HLA-G expression and functions in vivo, starting with analyses of expression of the HLA-G gene and its receptors in transgenic mice, and continuing with applications of HLA-G and its receptors in prevention of allograft rejection, transplantation tolerance, and controlling the development of infection. Humanized mouse models have been discussed for developing in vivo studies of HLA-G in physiological and pathological conditions. Collectively, animal models provide an opportunity to evaluate the importance of the interaction between HLA-G and its receptors in terms of its ability to regulate immune responses during maternal-fetal tolerance, survival of allografts, tumor-escape mechanisms, and development of infections when both HLA-G and its receptors are expressed. In addition, in vivo studies on

Tocolytics are generally given to prevent labor;[2] however, these should be given if the risk is higher for the fetus inside the womb than if delivered, such as may be the case in intrauterine infection, unexplained vaginal bleeding and fetal distress.[2] An H2 antagonist is usually given for anaesthesia the evening before and the morning of the operation, and an antacid is usually given before induction to reduce the risk of acid aspiration.[2] Rapid sequence induction is often used for sedation and intubation.[2]. Open fetal surgery is similar in many respects to a normal cesarean section performed under general anesthesia, except that the fetus remains dependent on the placenta and is returned to the uterus. A hysterotomy is performed on the pregnant woman, and once the uterus is open and the fetus is exposed, the fetal surgery begins. Typically, this surgery consists of an interim procedure intended to allow the fetus to remain in utero until it has matured enough to survive delivery and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Childhood Serum Anti-Fetal Brain Antibodies Do Not Predict Autism. AU - Morris, Christina M.. AU - Zimmerman, Andrew W.. AU - Singer, Harvey S.. PY - 2009/10/1. Y1 - 2009/10/1. N2 - Autoimmune hypotheses for autism include in utero transplacental exposure to maternal antibodies and acquired postnatal insults. Previous work demonstrated that some mothers of children with autistic disorder have specific antibodies against human fetal brain that differentiate them from mothers with typical children. In the present study, Western immunoblotting was used to determine whether children with autistic spectrum disorders (n = 29) have serum reactivity against human fetal brain that differs from that of controls (n = 14). There was no significant difference in reactivity, corrected for serum immunoglobulin G content and brain actin content and with special attention to reactive bands at 36, 39, 61, and 73 kDa, between autistic children and normal control subjects. Thus, in contrast to ...

Effective therapy of T1D requires elimination and/or regulation of the T cell clones that initiate and perpetuate the damage of the pancreatic β-cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the regulatory effects of gal-1 on the immune system can be used to prevent diabetes in NOD mice and, importantly, to reverse ongoing β-cell autoimmunity at later stages of the disease in subclinical and overt T1D.. Previous studies have shown that gal-1 down-regulates T cell survival, activation, and proliferation (36, 37), suppresses Th1-responses (14, 17, 18, 26, 27), and triggers apoptosis of thymocytes and activated T cells in humans (5, 6, 38) and mice (26, 27). Gal-1 is expressed by Treg (39) and immune-privileged sites (40, 41, 42), is used as a mechanism of immunoescape by neoplasms (43), and plays an important role in fetomaternal tolerance (44). Due to its regulatory effects on T cells, gal-1 has been used to treat T cell-mediated diseases in murine models (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26). Although ...

Shimoto, A and Ito, Y, Presence of antibody against mouse fetal antigen in the sera from c57bl/6 mice immunized with rauscher leukemia. (1972). Subject Strain Bibliography 1972. 2416 ...

Non-cytotoxic levels of propofol inhibit LPS-induced Akt activation, which Akt signaling is required for LPS-induced NF-κB activation as well as NO generation.

He Calls Me Ma.. My firstborn.. Inquisitive from the start Not afraid to make his mark Never often out of place One step ahead in any race Humble in every possible way Yet.. Not afraid to have his say I watched with pride as he took his first steps Even more so when he eased…

Fetal interventions to diagnose and treat congenital anomalies are growing in popularity but often lead to preterm labor. The possible contribution of the maternal adaptive immune system to postsurgical pregnancy complications has not been explored. We recently showed that fetal intervention in mice increases maternal T cell trafficking into the fetus and hypothesized that this process also may lead to increased maternal T cell recognition of the foreign conceptus and subsequent breakdown in maternal-fetal tolerance. In this study, we show that fetal intervention in mice results in accumulation of maternal T cells in the uterus and that these activated cells can produce effector cytokines. In adoptive transfer experiments, maternal T cells specific for a fetal alloantigen proliferate after fetal intervention, escape apoptosis, and become enriched compared with endogenous T cells in the uterus and uterine-draining lymph nodes. Finally, we demonstrate that such activation and accumulation can have ...

Fetal surgery is any of a broad range of surgical techniques that are used to treat birth defects in fetuses who are still in the pregnant uterus. There are three main types: open fetal surgery, which involves completely opening the uterus to operate on the fetus; minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery, which uses small incisions and is guided by fetoscopy and sonography; and percutaneous fetal therapy, which involves placing a catheter under continuous ultrasound guidance. Fetal intervention is relatively new. Advancing technologies allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of diseases and congenital problems in a fetus. Most problems do not require or are not treatable through fetal intervention. The exceptions are anatomical problems for which correction in utero is feasible and may be of significant benefit in the future development and survival of the fetus. Early correction (prior to birth) of these problems will likely increase the odds of a healthy and relatively normal baby. The pregnant ...

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has traditionally been associated with very high mortality rates. Most infants died of pulmonary hypoplasia and severe pulmonary hypertension. This led to correction of CDH and pulmonary hypoplasia before birth. Unfortunately, maternal morbidity of open fetal surgery was significant and fetal mortality was very high (,60%). Moreover, the results of postnatal therapy for CDH improved dramatically, from less than 20% survival several decades ago to more than 70% today.. Fetal intervention has evolved as well, to a minimally invasive approach that involves a single endoscopic port and occlusion of the fetal trachea. While this has considerably decreased the morbidity and fetal mortality of the in utero procedure, its results do not exceed the overall (i.e., non-stratified) results of contemporary postnatal treatment. Most recently, a multicentric cooperative study under (Eurofoetus) has conducted a clinical trial comparing postnatal treatment with endoscopic ...

The fantasy novel Split Heirs involves a royal set of boy/girl triplets, where the girl, and younger boy triplet were supposed to be secretly sent off to be raised by the queens brother, while the firstborn boy was to be raised to be the heir to a warrior kingdom. A mix up occurs, and the girl is raised as a prince, and becomes a fearsome warrior, while one boy becomes a shepherd, and the other a wizards apprentice. The culture of the story thought that multiple births meant the queen had been unfaithful, which would have meant her execution. Also, a girl would not have been able to inherit the throne, so the queen kept the girls sex a secret even to the girl herself. ...

Introduction: Despite the unrecognized nature of fetal antigens for maternal immune system, the fetus is usually not rejected and is rather sustained by maternal imm...

கருத்தரிப்பில் உருவாகியிருக்கும் முளையம் அல்லது முதிர்கருவானது தாயின் மரபியல் கூறுகளிலிருந்து வேறுபட்டிருப்பதனால், இந்த கருத்தரிப்பானது, மரபுக் கூறுகள் வேறுபட்ட இருவரிடையே வெற்றிகரமாகச் செய்யப்படும், உயிரணு, இழைய அல்லது உறுப்பு மாற்றல் (cell, tissue or organ transplantation) போன்று கருதப்படும்[44]. இத்தகைய வெற்றிக்குக் காரணம், கருத்தரிப்பின்போது, தாய்வழி நோயெதிர்ப்புத் தாங்குதிறன் (Maternal immune ...

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One of the long term goals of our research is to determine why the maternal immune system does not reject the genetically disparate fetus during pregnancy. Our studies are focused primarily on the immunoregulatory properties of trophoblast cells, which are the first cells to differentiate from the embryo, and ultimately form the fetal component of the placenta. Trophoblast cells are the only cells derived from the blastocyst that are in direct contact with maternal blood, and therefore play an essential role in protecting the fetus from attack from the maternal immune system. Trophoblast cells are relatively unique in that they do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, either constitutively, or after exposure to IFN-gamma. The absence of MHC class II antigen expression on trophoblast cells is thought to be critical for prevention of deleterious maternal immune responses against the fetus. Thus, successful reproduction of mammals may require that MHC class II gene ...

Ashwood P, Kwong C, Hansen R, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen L, Krakowiak P, Walker W, Pessah IN, Van de Water J.Brief report: plasma leptin levels are elevated in autism: association with early onset phenotype? J Autism Dev Disord. 2008 Jan;38(1):169-75.. Ashwood P, et al. Spontaneous mucosal lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: mucosal immune activation and reduced counter regulatory interleukin-10. J Clin Immunol. 2004 Nov;24(6):664-73.. Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev. 2004 Nov;3(7-8):557-62.. Ashwood P, et al. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leuk Biol. 2006 Jul:80;1-15.. Atladóttir HO, et al. Association of Family History of Autoimmune Diseases and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics. 2009 Jul 5.. Boris M, et al. Improvement in children treated with intravenous gamma globulin. J Nutr Environmental Med. Dec 2006; 15(4):1-8.. Boris M, et al. Effect of Pioglitazone ...

Ashwood P, Kwong C, Hansen R, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen L, Krakowiak P, Walker W, Pessah IN, Van de Water J.Brief report: plasma leptin levels are elevated in autism: association with early onset phenotype? J Autism Dev Disord. 2008 Jan;38(1):169-75.. Ashwood P, et al. Spontaneous mucosal lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: mucosal immune activation and reduced counter regulatory interleukin-10. J Clin Immunol. 2004 Nov;24(6):664-73.. Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev. 2004 Nov;3(7-8):557-62.. Ashwood P, et al. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leuk Biol. 2006 Jul:80;1-15.. Atladóttir HO, et al. Association of Family History of Autoimmune Diseases and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics. 2009 Jul 5.. Boris M, et al. Improvement in children treated with intravenous gamma globulin. J Nutr Environmental Med. Dec 2006; 15(4):1-8.. Boris M, et al. Effect of Pioglitazone ...

Research published in the online journal mBio® provides new insights into how this may happen and suggests potential strategies for reducing this risk.. Infection during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of damage to the developing nervous system. Given that many agents have been implicated, we decided to focus on mechanisms by which the maternal immune response, rather than direct infection of the fetus, might contribute to behavioral disturbances in the offspring of mothers who suffer infection during pregnancy, says W. Ian Lipkin of Columbia University, senior author on the study.. To better understand how the immune response causes these neurological changes, the researchers exposed pregnant mice to a synthetic molecular mimic of a replicating virus. Offspring of the exposed mice had impaired locomotor activity compared to controls. Further testing determined that the exposure inhibited embryonic neuronal stem cell replication, affecting brain development.. They also looked at ...

Maternal Immune Activation Leads to Activated Inflammatory Macrophages in Offspring. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566386 Several epidemiological studies have shown an association between infection or inflammation during pregnancy and increased risk of autism in the child. In addition, animal models have illustrated that maternal inflammation during gestation can cause autism-relevant behaviors in the offspring; so called maternal immune activation…

Affected parents know the drill: No sooner have their children gone back to kindergarten or in primary school after recovering from illness, they are already ill again after a short time. In contact with the environment, whether in the subway, in kindergarten or at the playground, the immature immune system is constantly faced with unknown pathogens. Therefore, children aged 1 to 8 years old suffer from an average of 5-8 common cold episodes per year, significantly more common colds than adults (2 - 3 episodes per year)1, 2). At birth, the human immune system is not yet fully developed. In the first months of life, antibodies from the maternal immune system transmitted during pregnancy and through breastfeeding protect the new-borns body against many diseases. This so-called passive immunity is lost again. During the first years of life, a childs body comes into contact with a variety of germs. In addition to the innate immune response, the adaptive immune response must now be trained. ...

The Center for Maternal-Fetal Precision Medicine is proud to announce the launch of our new website. Weve designed it to clearly and simply describe the Centers vision and mission, display important news items, and keep viewers apprised of our weekly meeting topics. Take a look by going to mfprecision.ucsf.edu.. ...

Thirty-five years she has walked this earth, which is hard to believe when you look at her, overwhelmingly stunning, her spontaneous smiles so youthful, so nineteen! Its the celebration of Tara, its her birthday! Her arrival changed everything! The entire course of my existence was altered right there on the spot. This is a bit of her story, her glorious entry, as I recall it.. When Id arrived at the hospital, just 30 minutes before she was born, I was {quite unknowingly} in deep, transitional labor, my entire focus on cooperating, breathing, bringing my baby forth. I asked the ER attendant to wait before wheeling me upstairs.. Oh honey. Youre never gonna make it, the sassy girl said. Youre going to be in labor for at least 20 hours and if youre acting like this now, youre never going to make it.. I had never wanted to hit some one so badly in my life (transition!), but I was on a mission to birth a baby. I closed my eyes to shut her pointless babble out and breathed, {inhale} in ...

When you lose a child, its like your heart has been torn from your chest, thrown to the ground and trampled. I know; I lost my first-born, Hunter Garner.

I swear on my firstborn that Main Course can do no wrong, first releasing solid EPs from the likes of Bot and Astronomar, both of which you can downlo

After the steroid, I finally begin the IVIg infusions. Yesterday it was six bottles and that is what takes so long. They start it slowly to make sure I dont have any reactions to it and then after an hour or so it gets bumped up to normal speed, but still slow. IVIg is a human blood product. Also called intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous gamma globulin, it is treatment in which blood proteins or antibodies, taken from many donors, temporarily replaces the antibodies (immunoglobulins) that my own body has lost due to my disease. This keeps me from getting constant infections like I was getting last year before I started this therapy. Repeat infusions are required to maintain adequate levels. I am on a four to six week cycle and it depends on my monthly blood test results as to when I actually get it. I was scheduled for last week, but this time my levels held pretty well and I was able to delay it for one week. It is a very costly treatment because it can take up to 10,000 blood donors to ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Silent memory induction in maternal immune young animals. AU - Boersma, W.J.A.. AU - van Rooij, E.M.A.. AU - Scholten, J.W.. AU - Zwart, R.J.. AU - Kimman, T.G.. AU - Bianchi, A.. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. N2 - Maternal immunity was shown to be an effector mechanism which does not include transfer of memory. Boosting of maternal immunity by vaccination was not effective. Transferred maternal immunity negatively interfered with the induction of optimal protection by vaccination. Antibody formation was not observed after vaccination of maternally immune piglets. In contrast, induction of memory had occurred in animals under maternal immune suppression. Vaccination in young animals negatively interfered with or abrogated, effective maternal immune protection. There was no correlation between specific serum antibody titres in piglets and protection to PRV. Thus apart from protection provided by antibodies contributions of other soluble factors and the cellular immune compartment as ...

Kyiv Meternity Hospital No 5, Ukraine Purpose - to summarize literature data of the last 30 years on the current understanding of the immune aspects of the mother-placenta-fetus system formation and function; focus on the development of fetal immune system (Immunculus), depending on the mothers immune load. Materials and methods. Cord blood and peripheral blood were sampled from 19 pregnant women and their newborns, depending on the term of gestation, to measure the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies. Humans HSP60 was used as an antigen. Obtained results provide information about formation of the fetal immune status during pregnancy under the influence of maternal antigens, including IgG. Due to the latter, the fetus produces IgM autoantibody for fast presentation and recognition of foreign antigens. Conclusions. The assumption on the possible mechanisms of preterm birth was made by the authors. Key words: Immunculus, IgG, IgM, autoantibody, epigenetic immune imprinting, HSP60. References 1. ...

A study from the Illinois College of Optometry suggests that, because of the routine performance of activities that require eye movement skills, first-born children have better vision.

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Two independent lines of evidence indicate that the maternal immune system and a functional genetic variant contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk.

Hi there.. Im new to the club after my precious Cooper came out of me sleeping on 10/2/15. I was 26 weeks pregnant.I had really bad contractions...

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BACKGROUND: Post-transplant malignancy (PTM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following heart transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is an immune checkpoint molecule which functions to dampen the immune response. HLA-G expression was initially thought to be restricted to cytotrophoblast cells, where it was shown to confer protection to the semi-allograft fetus from the maternal immune system. Since its discovery, HLA-G has been implicated as an important mediator in a variety of pathological situations, such as transplantation and cancer. Literature suggests high HLA-G expression is beneficial in reducing acute rejection by dampening the host immune response against the allograft. However, this same level of expression may be detrimental in the context of cancer; post-transplant HLA-G expression may be utilized by malignant cells as an escape mechanism to evade the host immune system and promote cancer development. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests HLA-G expression ...

While much of the focus on this phenomenon in the past 15 years has been on the possible pathological role that these fetal cells play in contributing to autoimmune diseases in the mother, i.e. the bad microchimerism proposed by Nelson JL in 1996,[2] a more positive perspective is beginning to emerge, also known as the good microchimerism hypothesis, which …suggests that persistent fetal cells, instead of inducing a maternal immune response, provide a rejuvenating source of fetal progenitor cells that may have the capacity to participate in maternal tissue repair processes.[3]. Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2004 and titled Transfer of fetal cells with multilineage potential to maternal tissue, researchers discussed the role that fetal microchimerism may play in responding to maternal injury by developing multilineage capacity in maternal organs. They found evidence that male fetal microchimeric cells had differentiated into maternal epithelial tissues ...

The role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in thymic development is uncertain. Not surprisingly, IL-2 knockout (KO) mice have been used to address this question. However, as we report here, such mice are chimeric, containing both IL-2 KO cells and IL-2-expressing cells transferred in utero from their heterozygous mothers. These cells produce IL-2 in amounts detectable by conventional means, and their presence in lymphoid tissues confounds efforts to define the true IL-2 KO phenotype. To minimize the amount of IL-2 available to the thymus, we subjected recombinase activating gene-1 KO mice to bone marrow transplantation using IL-2 KO donors, and then followed the reconstitution of the thymus. The thymuses of these mice became increasingly aberrant over time, including abnormalities in both stromal cells and thymocytes. These results demonstrate that IL-2 is critical to several aspects of thymic function, a finding previously obscured by the presence of IL-2 in IL-2 KO mice.

Mast cells (MCs) are largely known as primary responders in allergic reactions and important cells of the innate immune system. However, recent studies reveal that MCs in fact also play a critical role in the Treg-dependent allograft tolerance by secreting interleukin-9 (IL)-9. In the light of this breaking role for MCs we embarked on a series of studies aiming to analyze whether MCs may be implicated in tolerance towards the semiallogenic fetus growing within the maternal uterus. We confirmed the presence of MCs at the fetal-maternal interface preferentially in maternal decidua (Fig. 1). Their peak is observed around implantation. Fetal rescue by means of antigen-specific Treg was associated with an augmented number of MCs as well as with enhanced expression of MC-related molecules (Tph-1, Mcpt-1 and Mcpt-5) at the fetal-maternal interface and in other organs. Treg treatment was further associated with an increase in the levels of well-known MC growth factors mSCF and IL-3, while IL-9 remained ...

Despite inheriting half of its genetic material from its father, the fetoplacental unit is not rejected by the maternal immune system because of a unique immunological relationship with the mother

Hi ladies, just going through my 4th MC. Its heart breaking but I have been referred to St Georges recurrent miscarriage clinic in Tooting. Has anyone had any experience of this clinic and any advice they would like to share? Im considering Dr Shehata but thought I would give my NHS clinic a go, especially as I can get an appt this Thursday. Many thanks

Learn how recurrent miscarriages may have a variety of causes, ranging from anatomical/uterine problems to autoimmune disorders to hormonal imbalance.

Hamoudi, Amar and Jenna Nobles Working paper no. 2014-02 Abstract Provocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings …

So after a pretty good run of things mediafire decided to suspend my account. This is why the site is now riddled with dead links. I do not plan on re-upping them so dont bother asking. If a link dies, so be it. However, I will gladly try to fill requests assuming I have the album. Just leave a comment or send me an e-mail. It might just take some time though. And if any readers actually want to help out and provide links to replace the dead ones that would be great. As far as the content goes theres no logic behind the selections. These are simply albums I enjoy and figure theres other weirdos out there somewhere who might as well. Basically, the site is here for me to complain about mundane things and ridicule my lame existence ...

So, 22 years ago today I was marveling over those big eyes and sweet cheeks and how right he felt in my arms... and, apparently I wrote a poem about it. A sestina, no less! I found a copy in a folder recently when cleaning out my studio. Im sure it could benefit from some editing, but Ive decided to share it with you just as I found it. Thanks so much for reading ...

DC-3 is added beginning with the third month of your cleansing program. Because DC-1 and DC-2 have already opened a sufficient channel through the large intestine, DC-3 can now begin the cleansing of your small intestine. The small intestine is covered with a large number of small, hairlike villi which are crucial for

I fully endorse naming your firstborn St. John Swansburg, John. Or perhaps, St. John of the Swansburg. But youll only place a distant second to Jermai ...