In leech therapy, medicinal leeches of species 'Hirudo Medicinalis' are used to suck-out impure blood and speeds up healing of skin diseases, chronic headaches, arthritis, sinusitis, knee joint pain, tennis elbow, frozen shoulder, gangrene, chronic wounds, alopecia, sprains etc.

Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, N,N-dimethylserotonin, bufotenine) is a naturally occurring substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic drug. Bufotenin is a structural derivative of tryptamine and serotonin. Bufotenin is found in a wide array of flora and fauna, including several species of psychoactive toads, most notably the Colorado River toad. The overall effects of bufotenin are generally described as less pleasant than those of other psychedelics such as LSD.

Areas of application for hirudo therapy. Treatment with medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis / verbana / orientalis) is a traditional therapeutic method that has been known in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. In the meantime, leech therapy has become the subject of modern research, which has long shown that the healing effects of this therapy are not based on medieval superstition. The treatment with culture and breeding gels for human therapeutic use has also become an integral part of Western naturopathic treatment.. The active substances in the leeches are polypeptides and enzymes, the main substance is hirudin, which promotes blood circulation. In the saliva of the leeches (salvia) there are other anticoagulant substances such as caline. The hyaluronidases contained cause tissue loosening. Egline and Bdelline have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The leech saliva contains no pathogens!. With the biting and aspirating device there is the ability to release the active ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of Y-organ ecdysteroidogenesis by molt-inhibiting hormone in crabs. T2 - Involvement of cyclic AMP-mediated protein synthesis. AU - Mattson, Mark P.. AU - Spaziani, Eugene. PY - 1986. Y1 - 1986. N2 - The crustacean neuropeptide, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), directly inhibits Y-organ ecdysteroidogenesis, an effect mediated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and antagonized by calcium-calmodulin. We investigated regulation of Y-organ protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses by MIH, cAMP, and calcium in relation to steroidogenesis in vitro. Ecdysteroid production and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein were inhibited 50-60 and 80-90%, respectively, by MIH activity in eyestalk extracts (4 eyestalk equivalents), 10-6 M forskolin, or a combination of 10-2 M dibutyryl cAMP and 10-4 M 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (dbcAMP-IBMX). Calcium ionophore A23187 (10-4 M) stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis two-fold, did not affect the relatively high basal (control) rate of protein synthesis, and reduced the ...

Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a very popular aquaculture species in the Philippines at present and considered as an "aquatic chicken" offering economical and social benefits mainly for rural communities. It also play vital role in terms of worldwide employment, however there were reported cases of high mortality rates in different species of Tilapia cause by Aeromonas species (Badillo, 2010). One of the most common bacteria that infect the wild and cultured Tilapia is Aeromonas sobria. Aeromonas sobria is water borne pathogen that are common in almost all aquatic environments including fresh, brackish and marine water. They cause fin rot or skin rot disease and may lead to heavy mortality in cultured tilapia (El-Sayed, 2006). Aeromonas sobria veronii also causes a similar disease in fish including Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Tilapia (Janda and Abbott, 2010). Bacterial infections, caused by motile members of the genus Aeromonas are among the most common and troublesome diseases of ...

Leech therapy in plastic/reconstructive microsurgery significantly improves a successful outcome of flap salvage but the drawback is a risk of severe infection that results in a drop of the salvage rates from 70-80% to below 30%. We report the results of a national survey conducted in all the French university hospitals to assess the current extent of use of leech for medical practices in the hospital and to investigate maintenance, delivery practices and prevention of the risk of infection. Data concerning conditions of storage, leech external decontamination, microbiological controls, mode of delivery and antibiotic prophylaxis were collected from all the French university hospitals in practicing leech therapy, on the basis of a standardized questionnaire. Twenty-eight of the 32 centers contacted filled the questionnaire, among which 23 practiced leech therapy, mostly with a centralized storage in the pharmacy; 39.1% of the centers declared to perform leech external decontamination and only 2 centers

Nyholm, S and J. Graf, 2012. Knowing Your Friends: How invertebrate Innate Immunity Fosters Beneficial Symbiosis. Nat, Rev. Microbiol. 10:815-827.. Nelson, M.C. and J.Graf. 2012. Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Gut Microbes 4(3):dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20227.. Graf, J. 2009. Die Bakterienflora des medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo medicinalis, In: Michalsen A, Roth M (Eds.): Blutegeltherapie, Stuttgart: Haug. 111-118. (2nd Edition in German).. Graf, J. 2006. Molecular requirements for the colonization of Hirudo medicinalis by Aeromonas veronii. In: Overmann, J. (Ed) Molecular mechanisms of symbiosis. Series: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 291-303.. Graf, J., Y. Kikuchi and R.M. V. Rio, 2006. Leeches and their Microbiota: Naturally Simple Symbiosis Models. Trends in Microbiol. 14:365-371.. Graf, J. 2000. Symbiosis of Aeromonas and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech. ASM News 66: 147-153.. Research Articles: Bomar, L. and J. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Draft genome sequences of the alga-degrading bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila strain AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain AD6. AU - Lenneman, Eric M.. AU - Barney, Brett M.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2014 Lenneman and Barney. Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Aeromonas hydrophila AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes AD6 have been linked to algal cell degradation. Here we report the draft genomes of A. hydrophila AD9 and P. pseudoalcaligenes AD6 for the investigation of causative agents for algal cell degradation.. AB - Aeromonas hydrophila AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes AD6 have been linked to algal cell degradation. Here we report the draft genomes of A. hydrophila AD9 and P. pseudoalcaligenes AD6 for the investigation of causative agents for algal cell degradation.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85003671312&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Changes in crustacean hyperglycemic hormones in Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to air-exposure and low-salinity stresses. AU - Shinji, Junpei. AU - Kang, Bong Jung. AU - Okutsu, Tomoyuki. AU - Banzai, Kota. AU - Ohira, Tsuyoshi. AU - Tsutsui, Naoaki. AU - Wilder, Marcy N.. PY - 2012/7/1. Y1 - 2012/7/1. N2 - Changes in crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-family peptides in response to stress were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei. Stress treatments consisted of air exposure and low salinity. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify CHH-family peptides in the X-organ-sinus gland complex (XO-SG) in the eyestalks. Among the CHH-family peptides analyzed, only the level of sinus gland peptide-G (SGP-G) in the XO-SG was decreased. SGP-G was also detectable by Western blotting analysis in the hemolymph of animals subjected to stress. These results suggest that SGP-G was secreted from the XO-SG into the hemolymph during stress. Glucose ...

Hirudo Medicinalis application in medicine has long been a matter of investigation since Hippocrates. The analgesic and anti-coagulant substances in the leeches' saliva are used in treatment of venous thrombosis and varicose veins, arthralgia, rheumatologic diseases, low back and cervical pains. Aeromonas infections, excessive bleeding, anemia, and allergic reactions are among the most common complications reported with leech therapy. The present study, reports leech therapy in two patients: one for sciatalgia and the other for deep venous thrombosis. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the literature on different aspects of leech therapy with special focus on its neurosurgical applications and related dysfunctions is presented ...

PubMed journal article: Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma As a Rare Adverse Effect of Medicinal Leech Therapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

Aeromonas hydrophila. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of thin-sectioned cells of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. It is a Gram- negative, rod-shaped bacillus. Aeromonas hydrophila is associated with septicaemia, pneumonia and gastroenteritis in humans. In particular it causes opportunistic infections in patients with lowered immunity, such as in cancer and liver disease. Aeromonas hydrophila has been isolated from urine, sputum, faeces and bile. It is resistant to many types of antibiotic including penicillin, but can be controlled with tetracyclins and gentamicin. Magnification: x28,800 at 6x4.5cm size. - Stock Image B220/0809

Bufotoxins are a family of toxic steroid lactones. They occur in the parotoid glands, skin and poison of many toads (genus Bufo) and other amphibians, and in some plants and mushrooms. The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. It can contain: 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufalin, bufotalin, bufotenin, bufothionine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The term bufotoxin can also be used specifically to describe the conjugate of a bufagin with suberylargine. The toxic substances found in toads can be divided by chemical structure in two groups: bufadienolides which are cardiac glycosides (e.g. bufotalin, bufogenin) tryptamine related substances (e.g. bufotenin) Toads known to secrete bufotoxin are:[citation needed] Bufo alvarius Bufo americanus Bufo arenarum Bufo asper Bufo blombergi Bufo boreas Bufo bufo Bufo bufo gargarizans Bufo Gutturalis Bufo formosus Bufo fowleri Rhinella marina (formerly Bufo marinus) Bufo melanostictus Bufo peltocephalus Bufo quercicus ...

Background: Vibrio and Aeromonas species, which can cause necrotizing fasciitis and primary septicemia, are members of the Vibrionaceae family and thrive in aquatic environments. Because the clinical symptoms and signs of necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis caused by these two bacteria are similar, the purposes of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas infections, to analyze the risk factors for death, and to compare the effects of surgical treatment on the outcome. Methods: The cases of thirty-two patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infections and sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus (seventeen patients) and Aeromonas species (fifteen patients) were retrospectively reviewed over a four-year period. Surgical débridement or immediate limb amputation was initially performed in all patients. Demographic data, underlying diseases, laboratory results, and clinical outcome were analyzed for each patient in both groups. Results: Six patients in the ...

This review summarizes the results of studies on atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAS) -infection among farmed Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) (later referred as charr and grayling, respectively). Specifically, I aimed to characterize the causative agent of aAS -infection, to describe putative virulence factors of the bacteria and cross pathology of the infection in charr and grayling. I also aimed to describe some of the immune defense functions in charr. I also described a concomitant presence of a common fresh water fish parasite, Diplostomum spathaceum, and aAS -bacteria in manifestation of the bacterial infection. The experimental juvenile charr and grayling, originated from Vuoksi, Kymijoki and Inari watercourses in Finland. Several (n=66) aAS isolates from 7 watercourses in Finland and from the Baltic sea were characterized in the study. These were compared to 11 Swedish, 1 Icelandic aAS isolates, to 3 A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ASS) ...

The anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, has been shown previously to exhibit a broad spectrum of activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi. Herein, the recombinant ALFPm3 (rALFPm3) protein was examined for its role in the defence against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in haematopoietic (Hpt) cell cultures of the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, as well as in live P. monodon shrimps. Incubation of Hpt cell cultures with a mixture of WSSV and rALFPm3 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in VP28 gene expression levels, compared with those incubated with WSSV alone, with an rALFPm3 IC50 value lower than 2.5 μM. However, pre-treatment of Hpt cells with 5 μM rALFPm3 showed no induced protection against subsequent WSSV infection, whereas the synthetic crayfish ALF peptide could protect cells at a higher concentration (10 μM). The in vivo role of ALFPm3 was examined by injection of P. monodon with WSSV pre-treated with

Because of bufotenine's low lipid solubility, bufotenine was once believed to be unable to cross the blood brain barrier in amounts sufficient to illicit hallucinogenic effects. This logic has been proven wrong. Bufotenine's XLogP3 is 1.2, while mescaline's XLogP3 is a mere 0.7. Mescaline has far less lipid solubility, and is still able to produce strong hallucinogenic effects. Modern tests have shown that bufotenine is a more potent hallucinogen requiring smaller doses for hallucinogenic activity.[7]. Bufotenine is active orally, sublingually, intrarectally, intranasally, by inhalation and injection.[7]. Doses as small as 8 mg injected intravenously were shown to produce hallucinogenic activity in human test subjects.[15]. Doses as small as 2 mg of the freebase inhaled as vapor have shown psychoactivity.[7] Doses as small as 8 mg of the freebase inhaled as vapor produced very clear hallucinogenic effects.[7]. Hallucinogenic drugs such as DMT and LSD bind and activate 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor ...

Amphetamines like MDMA, MDEA, MDA, and MBDB, among other relatives (see MDxx), are recreational drugs termed entactogens. They act as serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRAs) and also agonize serotonin receptors such as those in the 5-HT2 subfamily. Fenfluramine, chlorphentermine, and aminorex, which are also amphetamines and relatives, were formerly used as appetite suppressants but were discontinued due to concerns of cardiac valvulopathy. This side effect has been attributed to their additional action of potent agonism of the 5-HT2B receptor. The designer drug 4-methylaminorex, which is an SNDRA and 5-HT2B agonist, has been reported to cause this effect as well. Many tryptamines, such as DMT, DET, DPT, DiPT, psilocin, and bufotenin, are SRAs as well as non-selective serotonin receptor agonists.[3] These drugs are serotonergic psychedelics, which is a consequence of their ability to activate the 5-HT2A receptor. αET and αMT, also tryptamines, are SNDRAs and non-selective ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Characterization of distinct ovarian isoform of crustacean female sex hormone in the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus. AU - Tsutsui, Naoaki. AU - Kotaka, Sayaka. AU - Ohira, Tsuyoshi. AU - Sakamoto, Tatsuya. PY - 2018/3/1. Y1 - 2018/3/1. N2 - The eyestalk hormone, crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH), regulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. After its discovery, several CFSH gene orthologs have been identified in some species of the suborder Pleocyemata as well. Similarly, in species of another suborder (Dendrobranchiata), an ortholog (Maj-CFSH) has been characterized as an eyestalk factor expressed in both females and males of the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus. In this study, another novel CFSH isoform was identified in the same species using cDNA cloning, expression analysis, and recombinant protein production. The isoform has "CFSH-family" structural characteristics but is dominantly expressed in the ...

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The freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, mounts a strong innate immune response against microbes such as viruses and bacteria. In this thesis, a novel RNA interference (RNAi) method mediated with histone H2A was developed and applied in crayfish hematopoietic tissue cell cultures for gene functional studies. Further, the interactions between host (crayfish) and pathogens (white spot syndrome virus and Aeromonas hydrophila, respectively) were studied using RNAi technology in live animals. An antilipopolysaccharide factor isolated from viral challenged crayfish by suppression subtractive hybridization was shown to interfere with the propagation of white spot syndrome virus both in vivo and in vitro in crayfish, suggesting an important role of this factor in antiviral defense. Besides, RNAi of phenoloxidase, a critical immune effector involved in melanization, revealed that phenoloxidase activity is necessary for crayfish immune defense against a highly pathogenic bacterial infection in ...

Although molecular analyses have contributed to a better resolution of the animal tree of life, the phylogenetic position of tardigrades (water bears) is still controversial, as they have been united alternatively with nematodes, arthropods, onychophorans (velvet worms), or onychophorans plus arthropods. Depending on the hypothesis favoured, segmental ganglia in tardigrades and arthropods might either have evolved independently, or they might well be homologous, suggesting that they were either lost in onychophorans or are a synapomorphy of tardigrades and arthropods. To evaluate these alternatives, we analysed the organisation of the nervous system in three tardigrade species using antisera directed against tyrosinated and acetylated tubulin, the amine transmitter serotonin, and the invertebrate neuropeptides FMRFamide, allatostatin and perisulfakinin. In addition, we performed retrograde staining of nerves in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli in order to compare the serial locations of motor

Maddie Leach is an artist from New Zealand, currently based in Sweden. Her sculptural projects include building an ice rink in a public gallery (2002) and a 16-foot sailboat for the roof of New Zealand's national museum (2006). She has shipped a Eucalyptus tree across the Pacific Ocean from New Zealand to Chile, and back again (2006-07); sent 325 litres of water from the Te Waihou 'Blue Spring' to Jakarta, where it vanished (2015); and coaxed a community of writers, businessmen, council officials and a newspaper editor to imagine a 'whale' made from 70 litres of used mineral oil and one-tonne of cement (2012-14). In 2017 she produced The Grief Prophesy album, working with two Swedish musicians and visual artist 'Necrolord' to reinterpret an unremarkable black metal track into a powerful lament.. Her work is recognised for its conceptual agility as elements of uncertainty and risk emerge in her process, and for the varied material resolution of her artworks - having fabricated objects or had them ...

Developing neurons extend long processes to specific distal targets using extracellular molecules as guidance cues to navigate through the embryo. Growth cones, specialized structures at the tip of the extending processes, are thought to accomplish this navigation through receptors that recognize guidance cues and modulate growth accordingly. In Drosophila, several receptor tyrosine phosphatases (rPTPs), including DLAR, have been shown to participate in directing neurite outgrowth. As yet, however, it is not known how rPTPs act to affect navigation. To gain insight into the mechanisms of rPTP-mediated outgrowth guidance, we have investigated the role of HmLAR2, a Hirudo medicinalis homologue of DLAR, in process outgrowth. HmLAR2 is expressed by, among other cells, a transient neuron-like template cell, the Comb cell. Here we present evidence that HmLAR2 protein becomes concentrated within their growth cones at a stage when C cell processes undergo rapid outgrowth. When antibodies raised against ...

Botulinum toxin injections may significantly improve lower limb kinematics in gait of children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Here we aimed to analyze the effect of lower limb botulinum toxin injections on trunk postural control and lower limb intralimb (intersegmental) coordination in children with spastic diplegia or spastic hemiplegia (GMFCS I or II). We recorded tridimensional trunk kinematics and thigh, shank and foot elevation angles in fourteen 3-12 year-old children with spastic diplegia and 14 with spastic hemiplegia while walking either barefoot or with ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) before and after botulinum toxin infiltration according to a management protocol. We found significantly greater trunk excursions in the transverse plane (barefoot condition) and in the frontal plane (AFO condition). Intralimb coordination showed significant differences only in the barefoot condition, suggesting that reducing the degrees of freedom may limit the emergence of selective coordination. Minimal

The primary role of platelets in arterial thrombotic occlusion has been documented in patients with coronary artery disease1 as well as in animal models.2 3 Besides its central role in the coagulation cascade,4 thrombin is a potent platelet agonist and thus constitutes an interesting target for drugs that would prevent the formation of fibrin- and platelet-rich thrombi induced by thrombin.. Recently, new specific thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin and hirulog, which are derived from Hirudo medicinalis,5 were shown to be promising new antithrombotics in various animal models and tested in clinical situations associated with coronary thrombosis.6 7 8 9 Their superiority over heparin has been predicated on the fact that for a similar prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), the specific thrombin inhibitors were more antithrombotic than heparin.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Today, the aPTT has wide acceptance in clinical use and is used to monitor heparin therapy for the prevention ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative and evolutionary aspects of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and FMRFamide-like peptide systems. AU - Ubuka, Takayoshi. AU - Tsutsui, Kazuyoshi. PY - 2018/10/18. Y1 - 2018/10/18. N2 - Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that was found in the brain of Japanese quail when investigating the existence of RFamide peptides in birds. GnIH was named because it decreased gonadotropin release from cultured anterior pituitary, which was located in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. GnIH and GnIH precursor gene related peptides have a characteristic C-terminal LPXRFamide (X = L or Q) motif that is conserved in jawed vertebrates. Orthologous peptides to GnIH are also named RFamide related peptide or LPXRFamide peptide from their structure. A G-protein coupled receptor GPR147 is the primary receptor for GnIH. Similarity-based clustering of neuropeptide precursors in metazoan species indicates that GnIH precursor of vertebrates is evolutionarily ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Organotin-induced hyperglycemia in the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex fabricius. AU - Nagaraju, G. Purna Chandra. AU - Basha, Md Riyaz. AU - Reddy, P. Sreenivasula. PY - 2001/1/1. Y1 - 2001/1/1. N2 - Injection of three different organotin compounds such as tripalmitin, fentin and fenbutatin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crabs at Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by stimulating release of the hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).. AB - Injection of three different organotin compounds such as tripalmitin, fentin and fenbutatin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crabs at Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by stimulating release of the hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).. KW - Hyperglycemia. KW - Organotins. KW - Oziotelphusa senex senex. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0035022585&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1515/znc-2001-3-425. DO - 10.1515/znc-2001-3-425. M3 - Article. C2 - 11371028. AN - ...

A process is provided for separation of at least one metal sulfide from a mixed sulfide concentrate. The process may comprise: subjecting the mixed sulfide concentrate to flotation in which at least one sulfide comprising antimony, arsenic and a first metal is floated and at least one sulfide comprising a second metal is depressed. The flotation yields a first metal concentrate having the at least one sulfide comprising antimony, arsenic and the first metal and a second metal concentrate having the at least one sulfide comprising the second metal. The first metal concentrate is leached to yield a further concentrate and a leach solution. The further concentrate comprises the first metal and the leach solution comprises soluble antimony and soluble arsenic. The process may further comprise oxidizing the leach solution to yield an antimony precipitate and an arsenic solution, and forming a stable arsenic compound from the arsenic solution.

The wounds have subsequently healed well with no further breakdown of the flap.. Discussion. The clinical case highlights the challenges faced when dealing with open tibia fractures. In this case there are two main management principles to note: first, the empiric choice of antimicrobials where water exposure has occurred and secondly, the use of acute limb shortening in the management of a fracture.. Management of water-contaminated wounds. Aeromonas hydrophilia is a Gram-negative bacillus found in fresh water masses. It was first described as a cause of gastroenteritis. Subsequently, it has been associated with infection in burns patients and secondary infection following treatment with therapeutic leech therapy.4. Fresh water. Fresh-water contamination is typically associated with Aeromonas species (spp.), Pseudomonas spp. Plesiomonas spp. and Ewardsiella tarda2,3 infections. Corynebacteria and Bacillus spp. are Gram-positive organisms also found in fresh water collections, and Gram-positive ...

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Two SEAFDEC/AQD scientists attended the "9th Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture (DAA9)" from 24 to 28 November 2014 held at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.. During the conference, Dr. Rolando Pakingking Jr talked about his study on the "Load and composition of the bacterial microbiota of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in earthen ponds in the Philippines." He reported that a total of 20 bacterial genera and 31 species were identified, majority of which were gram-negative bacteria constituting 84% of the overall bacterial isolates examined. Dominant bacteria identified in the gills and intestine of tilapia were Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Shewanella putrefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus spp., and Vibrio cholerae. These bacteria were also dominant in the pond sediment and rearing water, except S. putrefaciens and V. cholerae which are not present in the water samples examined. According to Dr. Pakingking, this only indicates that ...

Definition of vibrio salmonicida in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of vibrio salmonicida. What does vibrio salmonicida mean? Information and translations of vibrio salmonicida in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.

Chapter 3 appears to be the equivalent of a postprint finally published as: Gurney, R. H.; Nowak, B. F.; Dykova, I.; Kuris, A. M., 2004, Histopathological effects of trypanorhynch metacestodes in the digestive gland of a novel host, Carcinus maenas (Decapoda), Diseases of aquatic organisms, 58(1), 63-69. Chapter 4 appears to be the equivalent of a preprint finally published as: Gurney, R. H.; Johnston, D. J.; Nowak, B. F., 2006, The Effect of parasitism by Trypanorhynch Plerocercoids (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) on the digestive enzyme activity of Carcinus Maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Portunidae), 79(6), 663-675 ...

Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae). Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis. Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy. Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women's healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother ...

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Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae). Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis. Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy. Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women's healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother ...

Current Research: Neural Plasticity Related to Pain Nociception (the perception of pain) is a critical function carried out by the nervous system that protects us from additional injury or death. My laboratory is interested in the cellular mechanisms of how nociceptive signaling is modulated. We are specifically interested in a class of lipid neurotransmitters referred to as endocannabinoids. These transmitters act on a variety of receptors including a class called the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid or TRPV channels. We are especially interested in how endocannabinoids can have both anti-nociceptive and pro-nociceptive effects. Our research to date suggests that these transmitters differentially modulated nociceptive and non-nociceptive synapses, depressing the nociceptive synapses (an anti-nociceptive effect) and potentiating the non-nociceptive synapses (a potentially pro-nociceptive effect). These studies utilize the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbena, as a model system because the ...

With the issuance of this final rule, the Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) places the substance 5- methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible, into schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). This action by the DEA Deputy Administrator is based on a scheduling recommendation from the Assistant Secretary for Health of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and a DEA review indicating that 5-MeO-DMT meets the criteria for placement in schedule I of the CSA. This final rule will impose the criminal sanctions and regulatory controls of schedule I substances under the CSA on the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, importation, exportation, and possession of 5-MeO-DMT ...

Looking for island flap? Find out information about island flap. 1. Aviation a movable surface fixed to the trailing edge of an aircraft wing that increases lift during takeoff and drag during landing 2. Surgery a piece... Explanation of island flap

There exists a rather colorful and winding history of interconnected pathways regarding the taxonomy and nomenclature associated with a group of enteric organisms now known as Plesiomonas shigelloides, the only recognized species in the genus. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates that members of the genera Serratia and Proteus are the closest phylogenetic neighbors to Plesiomonas. This chapter provides a list of the major disease categories associated with P. shigelloides infection and these categories include (i) septicemia; (ii) meningitis; (iii) intra-abdominal infections including peritonitis, abscesses, and hepatobiliary disease; (iv) ocular infections; and (v) a variety of miscellaneous illnesses involving infections of soft tissues and the urogenital tract. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data supporting the role of plesiomonads in bacterial gastroenteritis are discussed. The chapter also talks about complications that include cirrhosis, pernicious anemia, renal impairment, and diabetes mellitus

The beneficial effect of cleansing the blood by leeches is formed from several factors: reflex, mechanical and biological.. A reflex action of leech therapy: leech bites through the skin in biologically active points (acupuncture point). A similar effect can be obtained with acupuncture. The principle of operation is manifested in the discharge of regional blood flow. Biological effects provided by the leech saliva, which contains a lot of biologically active substances.. Hirudin slows down blood clotting, not only in the site of the bite, and throughout the circulatory system. This reduces thrombus formation and blood viscosity, increases the current in the entire body, with the lymph flow also increases, it exerts its effects on metabolism and burning fat. In addition, leeches also affect hormonal processes, forcing the endocrine system to work and correcting her "flaws", and this is particularly important in elementary obesity.. Leeches have, taste, smell and touch, most of these senses are ...

Binding of [125I]α-bungarotoxin to acetylcholine receptors of ganglionic homogenate of the marine mollusc Aplysia is blocked by the anticholinesterases eserine (I50 = 4 µM) and neostigmine (I50 = 0.2 mM). The classical acetylcholine antagonist d-tubocurarine blocks with an I50 of 2 µM. Eserine (I50 = 3.2 µM) and neostigmine (I50 , 1 mM) also block toxin binding to a solubilized receptor preparation. In contrast to their relative potency in blocking toxin binding, neostigmine is a more potent inhibitor of Aplysia acetylcholinesterase (I50 = 14 nM) than is eserine (I50 = 250 nM). α-Bungarotoxin does not affect esterase activity or interfere with the ability of eserine to block the esterase. The response to acetylcholine recorded through intracellular microelectrodes is blocked by α-bungarotoxin. Neither eserine nor neostigmine blocks the acetylcholine response; rather, they prolong and increase it, as expected from their effects on the esterase. Eserine (0.1 mM) blocks the α-bungarotoxin ...

Definition of tobacco hornworm in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of tobacco hornworm. What does tobacco hornworm mean? Information and translations of tobacco hornworm in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.

A muscle food, including meat, poultry, and seafood, is described as spoiled when it is considered unacceptable by consumers based on its sensory characteristics. Economic losses as well as the food wasted and loss of consumer confidence due to spoilage, however, are of major significance. Among bacteria, genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Shewanella (Alteromonas) putrefaciens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and lactic acid bacteria have been found to be major contributors to muscle food spoilage, depending on the product type and the conditions surrounding the product. Chemical (chlorine, organic acids, inorganic phosphates, proteins, oxidizers, etc.) or physical (knife-trimming, cold or hot water, vacuum, and/or steam) agents and combinations of two or more agents simultaneously or in sequence are applied as carcass decontamination/sanitization treatments in the United States. Acidic decontamination of meat may lead to changes in the

Jun 03, 2021 (The Expresswire) -- In 2021 ,, Hirudin Market "Size, Trend, Analysis, growth, Status and Forecast 2026 This report studies the Hirudin market. Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands of medicinal leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that has a blood anticoagulant property. Hirudin is the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin. Hirudin (hirudin) is a Leech (Leech) and salivary glands have been extracted from a variety of active ingredients in the activity of the most significant and most studied ingredients, which is 65-66 amino acids from the small molecules of protein (peptide) . Hirudin have strong inhibitory effect on thrombin is the strongest so far found in the natural specific inhibitor of thrombin. Animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that hirudin can be effective anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and prevent thrombin-catalyzed activation of coagulation factors and platelet reactions and blood stasis phenomenon further. In addition, it ...

My friend bought a Nature's Gate shampoo which I used at her house and it was great and left my hair so soft but this doesn't seem to be it. I then found out later that it was a Tea Tree one and not from this Herbal series so maybe I will get that instead next time. I am not fond of the smell for this chamomile and lemon verbana one. It didn't do much for my hair as well. ...

Billy Roy Leach died unexpectedly in Mainland Medical Center on Nov. 26, 2017 in Texas City, Texas at the age of 71.. Billy Leach is survived by his wife, Dona Leach of Texas City; his sons, Marty, Shane, and Yancy Leach of Arkansas; stepchildren, Bryan Goodwill of Texas City, Tracy Cook of Katy, Texas and Devlin Neal of Spring, Texas; mother-in-law Shirley Schoonover of Machesney Park, Illinois; 20 grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren, and his dogs, Brownie and Bailey.. He was preceded in death by his parents; one brother, Tommy Leach; and his beloved dogs, Fletch, Chloe, and Patches.. Billy was born on June 11, 1946 in Smackover, to Thomas Clarence Leach and Sadie Braswell Leach. He graduated from Smackover High School in 1964 and Arkansas School of Business in 1966 with a business degree. He married Dona Neal, in 2016. He retired after many years at Amoco Chemical and continued his business Leach HVAC and continued his passion for custom bow making as Leach Custom Bows. His children ...

Established in 1981, the Elizabeth Leach Gallery offers Portland's most comprehensive selection of contemporary art. The Gallery has just relocated in a beautiful new space designed by Randy Higgins, in Portland's Pearl District. Elizabeth Leach represents prominent Northwest and internationally established artists working in a variety of contemporary fine art media. The Elizabeth Leach Gallery has over twenty years of experience in advising corporate, private and institutional collectors in t

Red 65 contains an extract of the hirudin molecule from the salivary gland of Hirudo Orientalis, the Asian medicinal leech. Hirudin has long been recognized as one of the most effective ANTICOAGULANT AGENTS ever found. Structurally Hirudin is made of 65 amino acids, and has been hailed as the promising molecule in the fight against cardiovascular and blood-related disease. If already taking blood thinners like Coumadin, please be advised that Red 65 will act as an additional blood thinner ...