In leech therapy, medicinal leeches of species 'Hirudo Medicinalis' are used to suck-out impure blood and speeds up healing of skin diseases, chronic headaches, arthritis, sinusitis, knee joint pain, tennis elbow, frozen shoulder, gangrene, chronic wounds, alopecia, sprains etc.

Areas of application for hirudo therapy. Treatment with medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis / verbana / orientalis) is a traditional therapeutic method that has been known in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. In the meantime, leech therapy has become the subject of modern research, which has long shown that the healing effects of this therapy are not based on medieval superstition. The treatment with culture and breeding gels for human therapeutic use has also become an integral part of Western naturopathic treatment.. The active substances in the leeches are polypeptides and enzymes, the main substance is hirudin, which promotes blood circulation. In the saliva of the leeches (salvia) there are other anticoagulant substances such as caline. The hyaluronidases contained cause tissue loosening. Egline and Bdelline have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The leech saliva contains no pathogens!. With the biting and aspirating device there is the ability to release the active ...

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Leech therapy in plastic/reconstructive microsurgery significantly improves a successful outcome of flap salvage but the drawback is a risk of severe infection that results in a drop of the salvage rates from 70-80% to below 30%. We report the results of a national survey conducted in all the French university hospitals to assess the current extent of use of leech for medical practices in the hospital and to investigate maintenance, delivery practices and prevention of the risk of infection. Data concerning conditions of storage, leech external decontamination, microbiological controls, mode of delivery and antibiotic prophylaxis were collected from all the French university hospitals in practicing leech therapy, on the basis of a standardized questionnaire. Twenty-eight of the 32 centers contacted filled the questionnaire, among which 23 practiced leech therapy, mostly with a centralized storage in the pharmacy; 39.1% of the centers declared to perform leech external decontamination and only 2 centers

Nyholm, S and J. Graf, 2012. Knowing Your Friends: How invertebrate Innate Immunity Fosters Beneficial Symbiosis. Nat, Rev. Microbiol. 10:815-827.. Nelson, M.C. and J.Graf. 2012. Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Gut Microbes 4(3):dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20227.. Graf, J. 2009. Die Bakterienflora des medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo medicinalis, In: Michalsen A, Roth M (Eds.): Blutegeltherapie, Stuttgart: Haug. 111-118. (2nd Edition in German).. Graf, J. 2006. Molecular requirements for the colonization of Hirudo medicinalis by Aeromonas veronii. In: Overmann, J. (Ed) Molecular mechanisms of symbiosis. Series: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 291-303.. Graf, J., Y. Kikuchi and R.M. V. Rio, 2006. Leeches and their Microbiota: Naturally Simple Symbiosis Models. Trends in Microbiol. 14:365-371.. Graf, J. 2000. Symbiosis of Aeromonas and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech. ASM News 66: 147-153.. Research Articles: Bomar, L. and J. ...

Hirudo Medicinalis application in medicine has long been a matter of investigation since Hippocrates. The analgesic and anti-coagulant substances in the leeches' saliva are used in treatment of venous thrombosis and varicose veins, arthralgia, rheumatologic diseases, low back and cervical pains. Aeromonas infections, excessive bleeding, anemia, and allergic reactions are among the most common complications reported with leech therapy. The present study, reports leech therapy in two patients: one for sciatalgia and the other for deep venous thrombosis. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the literature on different aspects of leech therapy with special focus on its neurosurgical applications and related dysfunctions is presented ...

PubMed journal article: Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma As a Rare Adverse Effect of Medicinal Leech Therapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

TY - JOUR. T1 - Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin. T2 - Potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays. AU - Choi, Qute. AU - Kim, Ji Eun. AU - Hyun, Jungwon. AU - Han, Kyou Sup. AU - Kim, Hyun Kyung. PY - 2013/7. Y1 - 2013/7. N2 - Background The effects of warfarin are measured with the international normalized ratio (INR). However, the thrombin generation assay (TGA) may offer more information about global coagulation. We analyzed the monitoring performance of the TGA and INR and investigated the impact of procoagulants (fibrinogen, factor (F)II, FVII, FIX, and FX) and anticoagulants (proteins C, S, and Z) on them. Methods The TGA was performed on a calibrated automated thrombogram, producing lag time, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), and peak thrombin in 239 patients treated with warfarin. Pro- and anticoagulant levels were also measured. ...

Jun 03, 2021 (The Expresswire) -- In 2021 ,, Hirudin Market "Size, Trend, Analysis, growth, Status and Forecast 2026 This report studies the Hirudin market. Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands of medicinal leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that has a blood anticoagulant property. Hirudin is the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin. Hirudin (hirudin) is a Leech (Leech) and salivary glands have been extracted from a variety of active ingredients in the activity of the most significant and most studied ingredients, which is 65-66 amino acids from the small molecules of protein (peptide) . Hirudin have strong inhibitory effect on thrombin is the strongest so far found in the natural specific inhibitor of thrombin. Animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that hirudin can be effective anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and prevent thrombin-catalyzed activation of coagulation factors and platelet reactions and blood stasis phenomenon further. In addition, it ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A Double-Chambered Protein Nanocage Loaded with Thrombin Receptor Agonist Peptide (TRAP) and γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid of Protein C (PC-Gla) for Sepsis Treatment. AU - Lee, Wonhwa. AU - Seo, Junyoung. AU - Kwak, Soyoung. AU - Park, Eun Ji. AU - Na, Dong Hee. AU - Kim, Soyoun. AU - Lee, You Mie. AU - Kim, In-San. AU - Bae, Jong Sup. PY - 2015/11/1. Y1 - 2015/11/1. N2 - New protein nanocages are designed bearing two functional proteins, γ-carboxyglutamic acid of protein C (PC-Gla) and thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP), and have an anti-septic response. These nanoparticles reduce sepsis-induced organ injury and septic mortality in vivo. Noting that there are currently no medications for severe sepsis, these results show that novel nanoparticles can be used to treat sepsis.. AB - New protein nanocages are designed bearing two functional proteins, γ-carboxyglutamic acid of protein C (PC-Gla) and thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP), and have an anti-septic response. These ...

Ultrasound guided percutaneous thrombin injection has recently been described for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms. Patient selection and technical aspects of this technique are still evolving and safety data, particularly after coronary intervention, remains limited. The percutaneous thrombin injection of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms in 13 consecutive patients, most of whom were receiving antiplatelet/anticoagulant treatment (aspirin 11, heparin 4, clopidogrel 6), is reported. Thrombin (1000 U/ml) was injected over several seconds until Doppler colour flow within the cavity ceased. The median dose of thrombin injected was 800 U (range 200-1000 U) and the treatment was successful in all cases without complication. In one case, thrombus was visualised within the arterial lumen immediately after thrombin injection, but this dissolved spontaneously within five minutes without evidence of embolisation. In contrast to ultrasound guided compression, percutaneous thrombin injection ...

Thrombin signaling of platelets is mediated by a G protein-coupled protease-activated receptor (PAR). The PAR is activated after thrombin binding and subsequent cleavage of the amino terminal end of the receptor. This new amino terminus acts as a tethered ligand and binds intramolecularly to the body of the PAR, resulting in a transmembrane signal. Synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptides (TRAP) of 6 residues (SFLLRN) and 14 residues (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF), respectively corresponding to aa42-47 and aa42-55 of the human thrombin receptor were found to be as effective as thrombin for Ca2+ mobilization. It was also shown that these peptides are far less active on pig and guinea pig platelets, whereas completely inactive on rat and rabbit platelets.. ...

A method for the differential determination of plasma antithrombins, antithrombin III and alpha2 macroglobulin, is described. The method is based on the selective inactivation of plasma alpha2 macroglobulin by treatment with 0-1 M methylamine for 10 minutes at 37 degrees C and on the observation that antithrombin III and alpha2 macroglobulin inhibited in defibrinated plasma low concentrations of thrombin without mutual interference and according to pseudo-first order reaction. In healthy subjects antithrombin III was shown to account for about 70% of the total antithrombin activity. But in patients with liver cirrhosis, where low levels of total antithrombin activity were observed, the relative contribution of antithrombin III was found to be noticeably lower.. ...

Background: Antithrombin as thrombin inhibitor inhibits also activated coagulation factors IX, X, XI, XII, kalikrein and plasmin. Deficiency of antithrombin confers 3-7-fold increased risk of the venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the comparison with other thrombophilic states. Antithrombin deficiency may be inherited or acquired. Inherited form is rare thrombophilic state inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.. Aims: To present a case of patient with demanding management of repeated thrombotic complications and antithrombin deficiency.. Methods: The authors present the study of the patient with mild antithrombin deficiency. Despite this non-severe form of antithrombin activity, repeated thrombotic events were developed. Therefore, the authors discuss risk factors, diagnosis and treatment possibilities of this thrombophilia.. Results: During the last year, antithrombotic management improved the quality of life of the patient who has been the last year without further thrombotic ...

The REPLACE-2 trial validated bivalirudin plus provisional GP IIb/IIIa blockade as an alternative anticoagulant regimen to heparin plus planned GP IIb/IIIa blockade during urgent or elective PCI. This substudy of the REPLACE-2 trial focused on the role of clopidogrel pretreatment with both these treatment strategies. Although administration of clopidogrel before PCI was associated with a trend toward lower rates of periprocedural ischemic events for patients who received either bivalirudin or heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa blockade, bivalirudin with provisional GP IIb/IIIa blockade was noninferior to heparin plus planned GP IIb/IIIa blockade in all subgroups irrespective of pretreatment or the duration of pretreatment. Moreover, there was no evidence that clopidogrel pretreatment attenuated the reduction in bleeding complications by bivalirudin. Therefore, clopidogrel pretreatment appears to improve clinical outcomes without compromising safety, but is not required for bivalirudin to achieve efficacy ...

BACKGROUND: Heparin is of limited value as an antithrombotic drug in the presence of platelet activation and residual thrombus. Greater anticoagulant activity can be achieved in vivo with more specific thrombin inhibitors. Heparin may also increase the risk of bleeding by an effect on platelets that is independent of its thrombin inhibitory activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of a novel thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, were examined alone and in combination with aspirin in normal male volunteers. Argatroban induced a dose-dependent prolongation of the thrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). aPTT had returned to its pretreatment value 1 hour after stopping the infusion of argatroban. Six male subjects received an infusion of 1 micrograms/kg/min argatroban after the administration of two doses of 162.5 mg aspirin or a matching placebo. At this dose, aspirin decreased serum thromboxane B2 by a mean of 99% and prolonged the bleeding time

Title: Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor. VOLUME: 11 ISSUE: 17. Author(s):Pauline F. Marx. Affiliation:Dept. Vascular Medicine, G1-114, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.. Keywords:tafi, cpu, cpr, cpb, carboxypeptidase, coagulation, fibrinolysis. Abstract: The coagulation system is a potent mechanism that prevents blood loss after vascular injury. It consists of a number of linked enzymatic reactions resulting in thrombin generation. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into a fibrin clot. The clot is subsequently removed by the fibrinolytic system upon wound healing. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), which is identical to the previously identified proteins procarboxypeptidase B, R, and U, forms a link between blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. TAFI circulates as an inactive proenzyme in the bloodstream, and becomes activated during blood clotting. The active form, TAFIa, inhibits fibrinolysis by cleaving off C-terminal ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Plasma-diluted thrombin time to measure dabigatran concentrations during dabigatran etexilate therapy. AU - Avecilla, Scott T.. AU - Ferrell, Chris. AU - Chandler, Wayne L.. AU - Reyes Gil, Morayma. PY - 2012/4. Y1 - 2012/4. N2 - New anticoagulants, like the orally available direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) dabigatran etexilate, have recently been introduced into the market for venous thromboembolic prophylaxis and for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. While dabigatran has been approved for use without the need for routine therapeutic monitoring, there are clinical scenarios in which monitoring can help guide clinical management. We report herein the application of a recently described plasma-diluted thrombin time (DTI assay) used to monitor intravenous DTI as a useful and easily implemented method to monitor oral DTIs. Copyright. AB - New anticoagulants, like the orally available direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) dabigatran etexilate, have recently been introduced into the ...

Background: Dabigatran etexilate is one of the few direct thrombin inhibitors with anti-coagulant activities and the following distinctive features: taken orally, no need to closely monitor for complications, and no need for regular dose adjustments. Relying on the above mentioned valuable advantages, dabigatran etexilate can be considered as a premier choice ...

Although molecular analyses have contributed to a better resolution of the animal tree of life, the phylogenetic position of tardigrades (water bears) is still controversial, as they have been united alternatively with nematodes, arthropods, onychophorans (velvet worms), or onychophorans plus arthropods. Depending on the hypothesis favoured, segmental ganglia in tardigrades and arthropods might either have evolved independently, or they might well be homologous, suggesting that they were either lost in onychophorans or are a synapomorphy of tardigrades and arthropods. To evaluate these alternatives, we analysed the organisation of the nervous system in three tardigrade species using antisera directed against tyrosinated and acetylated tubulin, the amine transmitter serotonin, and the invertebrate neuropeptides FMRFamide, allatostatin and perisulfakinin. In addition, we performed retrograde staining of nerves in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli in order to compare the serial locations of motor

TY - JOUR. T1 - Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery in a pediatric patient. AU - Knoderer, Chad A.. AU - Knoderer, Holly M.. AU - Turrentine, Mark. AU - Kumar, Manjusha. PY - 2006/5. Y1 - 2006/5. N2 - A 21-month-old boy received anticoagulation with lepirudin for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) after undergoing cardiac surgery and receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This report illustrates the significance of HIT in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery and the successful administration of lepirudin in this setting. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of lepirudin administered to treat HIT in a child after cardiac surgery and ECMO. Although guidelines exist that suggest the potential administration of lepirudin as treatment for children with HIT, further studies are needed to determine the safest yet most effective dosage for this population.. AB - A 21-month-old boy received anticoagulation with ...

Effects of the leaf extract Ginkgo biloba, ginkgolides A and B, and the amino acid taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid) on platelet aggregation was studied. All potential anitcoagulants were incubated in day one platelet-rich plasma and subjected to various agonist-induced clotting and tests and other measures of platelet viability. G. biloba extract and its respective ginkgolides had no effect on platelet aggregation in response to ADP and thrombin, while taurine exhibited prolongation of thrombin time (TT) and reduced thrombin-induced aggregation by 10%. Taurine prolonged time of initial clot formation on thrombolestographic tests, but overall clot viability remained unaffected. These data suggest that G. biloba and its active ginkgolides do not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin, while taurine mildly inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. These findings correlate with taurine's osmoregulatory and cryoprotective properties and indicate a role as a hemostasis stabilizer

Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, was developed as an antithrombin agent for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with the hypothesis that it would reduce bleeding complications without compromising the rate of ischemic events compared to heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Although the cumulative evidence makes a strong argument for the use of bivalirudin rather than heparin plus systematic GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors for the great majority of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing PCI, the benefit observed with bivalirudin was achieved because of the major bleeding complications with the use of heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. When bivalirudin was compared with unfractionated heparin alone there was no benefit in ischemic complications with a decrease in major bleeding. However, in a recent large randomized controlled trial comparing bivalirudin with unfractionated heparin alone in AMI patients undergoing primary PCI, bivalirudin did not ...

Maddie Leach is an artist from New Zealand, currently based in Sweden. Her sculptural projects include building an ice rink in a public gallery (2002) and a 16-foot sailboat for the roof of New Zealand's national museum (2006). She has shipped a Eucalyptus tree across the Pacific Ocean from New Zealand to Chile, and back again (2006-07); sent 325 litres of water from the Te Waihou 'Blue Spring' to Jakarta, where it vanished (2015); and coaxed a community of writers, businessmen, council officials and a newspaper editor to imagine a 'whale' made from 70 litres of used mineral oil and one-tonne of cement (2012-14). In 2017 she produced The Grief Prophesy album, working with two Swedish musicians and visual artist 'Necrolord' to reinterpret an unremarkable black metal track into a powerful lament.. Her work is recognised for its conceptual agility as elements of uncertainty and risk emerge in her process, and for the varied material resolution of her artworks - having fabricated objects or had them ...

Dr. Dangas noted, "Technologies to enable heart valve replacement or repair without cracking open a patient's chest are emerging rapidly. Last week's US approval of the SapienTM valve is the most recent example." Anticoagulants are needed peri-procedurally to prevent clotting on the treated area and clotting in other organs such as the brain, which can result in a stroke; however, anticoagulants carry a risk of vascular and bleeding complications. Dr. Dangas said, "Advances in procedures such as PCI, valvuloplasty and TAVI may require improvements in anticoagulation to yield improved patient outcomes.". Clive Meanwell, MD, PhD, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Medicines Company said, "These results validate the commitment we made to study Angiomax once our patent rights were supported. I look forward to seeing the BRAVO program move ahead with a planned study in more patients next year. With continued certainty, we will be positioned to explore the potential of Angiomax to deliver ...

Developing neurons extend long processes to specific distal targets using extracellular molecules as guidance cues to navigate through the embryo. Growth cones, specialized structures at the tip of the extending processes, are thought to accomplish this navigation through receptors that recognize guidance cues and modulate growth accordingly. In Drosophila, several receptor tyrosine phosphatases (rPTPs), including DLAR, have been shown to participate in directing neurite outgrowth. As yet, however, it is not known how rPTPs act to affect navigation. To gain insight into the mechanisms of rPTP-mediated outgrowth guidance, we have investigated the role of HmLAR2, a Hirudo medicinalis homologue of DLAR, in process outgrowth. HmLAR2 is expressed by, among other cells, a transient neuron-like template cell, the Comb cell. Here we present evidence that HmLAR2 protein becomes concentrated within their growth cones at a stage when C cell processes undergo rapid outgrowth. When antibodies raised against ...

Botulinum toxin injections may significantly improve lower limb kinematics in gait of children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Here we aimed to analyze the effect of lower limb botulinum toxin injections on trunk postural control and lower limb intralimb (intersegmental) coordination in children with spastic diplegia or spastic hemiplegia (GMFCS I or II). We recorded tridimensional trunk kinematics and thigh, shank and foot elevation angles in fourteen 3-12 year-old children with spastic diplegia and 14 with spastic hemiplegia while walking either barefoot or with ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) before and after botulinum toxin infiltration according to a management protocol. We found significantly greater trunk excursions in the transverse plane (barefoot condition) and in the frontal plane (AFO condition). Intralimb coordination showed significant differences only in the barefoot condition, suggesting that reducing the degrees of freedom may limit the emergence of selective coordination. Minimal

We deserve no credit for the muddied waters of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia terminology. The concept of early, mild, nonimmune, clinically inconsequential heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was advanced years ago as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type 1 (1). In fact, low platelet counts in some hospitalized patients may often be unrelated to heparin and may be due instead to infection, surgery, other drugs, and stresses. The recommendation to designate this as heparin-associated thrombocytopenia to distinguish it from serious heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (2) has not gained wide favor. Furthermore, separating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis syndrome is artificial and misleading, since isolated heparin-induced ...

The primary role of platelets in arterial thrombotic occlusion has been documented in patients with coronary artery disease1 as well as in animal models.2 3 Besides its central role in the coagulation cascade,4 thrombin is a potent platelet agonist and thus constitutes an interesting target for drugs that would prevent the formation of fibrin- and platelet-rich thrombi induced by thrombin.. Recently, new specific thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin and hirulog, which are derived from Hirudo medicinalis,5 were shown to be promising new antithrombotics in various animal models and tested in clinical situations associated with coronary thrombosis.6 7 8 9 Their superiority over heparin has been predicated on the fact that for a similar prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), the specific thrombin inhibitors were more antithrombotic than heparin.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Today, the aPTT has wide acceptance in clinical use and is used to monitor heparin therapy for the prevention ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Review of new oral anticoagulants. AU - Frye, Lindsay. AU - Katz, Heather. AU - Bray, Natasha. AU - Berman, Barry. PY - 2015/5/1. Y1 - 2015/5/1. N2 - New oral anticoagulants have been developed over the past several years. These include the factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors. These anticoagulants have been tested for safety and efficacy against standard therapies including subcutaneous enoxaparin or oral warfarin. The following is a review of pertinent trials comparing the new oral anticoagulants to standard therapy.. AB - New oral anticoagulants have been developed over the past several years. These include the factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors. These anticoagulants have been tested for safety and efficacy against standard therapies including subcutaneous enoxaparin or oral warfarin. The following is a review of pertinent trials comparing the new oral anticoagulants to standard therapy.. KW - Anticoagulation. KW - Atrial fibrillation. KW - Deep ...

Oral direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837 for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized dose-guiding, safety, and tolerability study of four doses of AZD0837 vs. vitamin K antagonists. - Gregory Y H Lip, Lars H Rasmussen, S Bertil Olsson, Eva C Jensen, Anders L Persson, Ulf Eriksson, Karin F C Wåhlander,

TY - JOUR. T1 - Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. AU - Rice, Lawrence. AU - Attisha, Walid K.. AU - Drexler, Alane. AU - Francis, John L.. PY - 2002/2/5. Y1 - 2002/2/5. N2 - Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia presents 5 to 12 days after heparin exposure, with or without arterial or venous thromboemboli. Delayed recognition and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia contribute to poor patient outcomes. Objective: To describe and increase awareness of a clinical scenario in which the onset or manifestations of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia are delayed. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Three large urban hospitals (with active cardiovascular surgery programs). Patients: 14 patients seen over a 3-year period in whom heparin-induced thrombocytopenia became apparent on delayed presentation with thromboembolic complications. Measurements: Platelet counts, onset of objectively determined thromboembolism, results of heparin-induced platelet factor 4 antibody ...

A process is provided for separation of at least one metal sulfide from a mixed sulfide concentrate. The process may comprise: subjecting the mixed sulfide concentrate to flotation in which at least one sulfide comprising antimony, arsenic and a first metal is floated and at least one sulfide comprising a second metal is depressed. The flotation yields a first metal concentrate having the at least one sulfide comprising antimony, arsenic and the first metal and a second metal concentrate having the at least one sulfide comprising the second metal. The first metal concentrate is leached to yield a further concentrate and a leach solution. The further concentrate comprises the first metal and the leach solution comprises soluble antimony and soluble arsenic. The process may further comprise oxidizing the leach solution to yield an antimony precipitate and an arsenic solution, and forming a stable arsenic compound from the arsenic solution.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Warfarin prevents stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF); however, concerns regarding international normalized ratio control and hemorrhage limit its use in the elderly. The oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are potential alternatives to warfarin, offering fixed dosing without drug and dietary interactions and the need for international normalized ratio monitoring. Although ximelagatran, a DTI studied in the Stroke Prevention using an ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in atrial Fibrillation trials, has been withdrawn, development of other DTIs continues. We report our experience in elderly high-risk AF patients on ximelagatran compared with warfarin therapy. METHODS: Data from patients with AF and stroke risk factors randomized in Stroke Prevention using an ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in atrial Fibrillation III and V trials to ximelagatran or warfarin were analyzed for stroke/systemic emboli, bleeding, and raised alanine aminotransferase levels in those |or=75 (n=2804) and |75 (n=4525) years.

The wounds have subsequently healed well with no further breakdown of the flap.. Discussion. The clinical case highlights the challenges faced when dealing with open tibia fractures. In this case there are two main management principles to note: first, the empiric choice of antimicrobials where water exposure has occurred and secondly, the use of acute limb shortening in the management of a fracture.. Management of water-contaminated wounds. Aeromonas hydrophilia is a Gram-negative bacillus found in fresh water masses. It was first described as a cause of gastroenteritis. Subsequently, it has been associated with infection in burns patients and secondary infection following treatment with therapeutic leech therapy.4. Fresh water. Fresh-water contamination is typically associated with Aeromonas species (spp.), Pseudomonas spp. Plesiomonas spp. and Ewardsiella tarda2,3 infections. Corynebacteria and Bacillus spp. are Gram-positive organisms also found in fresh water collections, and Gram-positive ...

Influence of Direct Thrombin Inhibitor and Low Molecular Weight Heparin on Platelet Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Interventional Trial

In this study, we show that the platelet surface expression of glycoprotein (GP) V is regulated by two independent mechanisms. While confirming that both thrombin and neutrophil elastase proteolyse GPV, we show that neutrophil cathepsin G, thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP), and a combination of ADP and epinephrine can each result in a decrease in the platelet surface expression of GPV by a nonproteolytic mechanism: a cytoskeletal-mediated redistribution of platelet surface GPV to the surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS). Four independent lines of evidence documented the nonproteolytic nature of this decrease in the platelet surface expression of GPV. First, flow cytometric studies showed that cathepsin G, TRAP, and ADP/epinephrine decreased the platelet surface expression of GPV without changing the total platelet content of GPV. Second, immunoelectron microscopy directly demonstrated translocation of GPV from the platelet surface to the SCCS. Third, the cathepsin G-, TRAP-, and ADP

Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) represented by dabigatran were expected to be available for therapeutic use without the need for routine monitoring, in contrast to warfarin. However, clinical concerns regarding impacts of plasma dabigatran concentrations on the rate of major bleeding have been raised.1 Clinical and basic aspects of DTIs aid in studying how best to address concerns regarding bleeding risk in therapeutic use. Based on enzymatic examinations with a synthetic substrate, S-2238, it has been well recognised that dabigatran and another DTI argatroban reversibly and competitively inhibit thrombin reaction.2 ,3 However, it still remains unclear whether the type of inhibition by DTIs of thrombin reaction with S-2238 can be applied to the anticoagulant effects.. The Clauss assay is classical but most popular even now for quantification of plasma fibrinogen concentrations.4 This is based on the quantitative relationship between fibrinogen concentrations and time for fibrin clot formation ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of ATP on ligand recognition of platelet fibrinogen receptor on GPIIb-IIIa. AU - Gawaz, M. P.. AU - Mayinger, P.. AU - Neumann, F. J.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. N2 - The recent discovery of 8-azido-ATP binding sites on the platelet fibrinogen receptor glycoprotein complex GPIIb-IIIa suggests that extracellular ATP may directly modulate function of GPIIb-IIIa. In this study we investigated the effect of ATP on ligand binding to GPIIb-IIIa. Fibrinogen-mediated aggregation of washed platelets was inhibited by ATP and 8-azido-ATP in a dose-dependent manner, independent of the agonist (thrombin, collagen, epinephrine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) used to induce platelet activation. In addition, 8-azido-ATP and ATP inhibited binding of 125I-labeled fibrinogen to thrombin- and phorbol ester-activated platelets. Interaction of nonstimulated platelets with solid-phase fibrinogen was also reduced by 8-azido-ATP and ATP. Moreover, fibrinogen mimetic peptide-induced conformational ...

Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae). Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis. Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy. Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women's healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother ...

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Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae). Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis. Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy. Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women's healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother ...

Introduction: Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein, produced mainly in the liver; Protein S circulates in the blood at a concentration of 450 nM. Protein S is an anticoagulant, serving as a cofactor for APC and TFPI, and as an inhibitor of Factor IX (FIXa). Protein S deficiency causes deep vein thrombosis (DVT), increased risk of inflammation and, because DVT is a complication commonly observed in obese individuals, Protein S deficiency might be associated with obesity.. Aim: To identify a correlation between Protein S deficiency and obesity, and identify the probable molecular mechanism behind the Protein S deficiency in the obese subjects.. Methods: Immunoblots, ELISA, EMSA, CHIP, aPTT assay, and thrombin generation assay.. Results: By ELISA, we measured a decrease in Protein S level in obese mice compared with wild type mice. In obesity, the liver becomes hypoxic, thus, we hypothesized that hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) may regulate Protein S expression in ...

Current Research: Neural Plasticity Related to Pain Nociception (the perception of pain) is a critical function carried out by the nervous system that protects us from additional injury or death. My laboratory is interested in the cellular mechanisms of how nociceptive signaling is modulated. We are specifically interested in a class of lipid neurotransmitters referred to as endocannabinoids. These transmitters act on a variety of receptors including a class called the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid or TRPV channels. We are especially interested in how endocannabinoids can have both anti-nociceptive and pro-nociceptive effects. Our research to date suggests that these transmitters differentially modulated nociceptive and non-nociceptive synapses, depressing the nociceptive synapses (an anti-nociceptive effect) and potentiating the non-nociceptive synapses (a potentially pro-nociceptive effect). These studies utilize the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbena, as a model system because the ...

Looking for island flap? Find out information about island flap. 1. Aviation a movable surface fixed to the trailing edge of an aircraft wing that increases lift during takeoff and drag during landing 2. Surgery a piece... Explanation of island flap

The beneficial effect of cleansing the blood by leeches is formed from several factors: reflex, mechanical and biological.. A reflex action of leech therapy: leech bites through the skin in biologically active points (acupuncture point). A similar effect can be obtained with acupuncture. The principle of operation is manifested in the discharge of regional blood flow. Biological effects provided by the leech saliva, which contains a lot of biologically active substances.. Hirudin slows down blood clotting, not only in the site of the bite, and throughout the circulatory system. This reduces thrombus formation and blood viscosity, increases the current in the entire body, with the lymph flow also increases, it exerts its effects on metabolism and burning fat. In addition, leeches also affect hormonal processes, forcing the endocrine system to work and correcting her "flaws", and this is particularly important in elementary obesity.. Leeches have, taste, smell and touch, most of these senses are ...

My friend bought a Nature's Gate shampoo which I used at her house and it was great and left my hair so soft but this doesn't seem to be it. I then found out later that it was a Tea Tree one and not from this Herbal series so maybe I will get that instead next time. I am not fond of the smell for this chamomile and lemon verbana one. It didn't do much for my hair as well. ...

Billy Roy Leach died unexpectedly in Mainland Medical Center on Nov. 26, 2017 in Texas City, Texas at the age of 71.. Billy Leach is survived by his wife, Dona Leach of Texas City; his sons, Marty, Shane, and Yancy Leach of Arkansas; stepchildren, Bryan Goodwill of Texas City, Tracy Cook of Katy, Texas and Devlin Neal of Spring, Texas; mother-in-law Shirley Schoonover of Machesney Park, Illinois; 20 grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren, and his dogs, Brownie and Bailey.. He was preceded in death by his parents; one brother, Tommy Leach; and his beloved dogs, Fletch, Chloe, and Patches.. Billy was born on June 11, 1946 in Smackover, to Thomas Clarence Leach and Sadie Braswell Leach. He graduated from Smackover High School in 1964 and Arkansas School of Business in 1966 with a business degree. He married Dona Neal, in 2016. He retired after many years at Amoco Chemical and continued his business Leach HVAC and continued his passion for custom bow making as Leach Custom Bows. His children ...

Established in 1981, the Elizabeth Leach Gallery offers Portland's most comprehensive selection of contemporary art. The Gallery has just relocated in a beautiful new space designed by Randy Higgins, in Portland's Pearl District. Elizabeth Leach represents prominent Northwest and internationally established artists working in a variety of contemporary fine art media. The Elizabeth Leach Gallery has over twenty years of experience in advising corporate, private and institutional collectors in t

Red 65 contains an extract of the hirudin molecule from the salivary gland of Hirudo Orientalis, the Asian medicinal leech. Hirudin has long been recognized as one of the most effective ANTICOAGULANT AGENTS ever found. Structurally Hirudin is made of 65 amino acids, and has been hailed as the promising molecule in the fight against cardiovascular and blood-related disease. If already taking blood thinners like Coumadin, please be advised that Red 65 will act as an additional blood thinner ...