A gas chromatographic method was applied to the determination of the urinary glycine conjugates, hippuric, o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids. These were extracted with ethyl acetate from urine after acidification with hydrochloric acid. The internal standard solution (heptadecanoic acid methanol solution) was added before extraction and a diazomethane-ether-ethanol solution was subsequently added to the dried extracts. The methylated residues were dissolved in methanol and injected into a gas chromatograph as described by Buchet and Lauwerys (1973). By the combined use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry the methyl esters of hippuric acid and m-methylhippuric acid were identified in the urine of a volunteer who had been exposed to toluene and m-xylene vapours. When the urine specimen contained salicyluric acid (a urinary metabolite of salicylic acid) two sharp peaks were observed. The faster peak coincided with m- or p-methylhippuric acid. The upper limit of urinary hippuric acid ...

Its saturday night and I cant sleep. Im going over my notes for medical microbiology, and Ive noticed that one of the tests for distinguishing group B from others is the test for the presence of hippurate. I am loving it. But, my courious mind asks, WHAT IS HIPPURATE? (thats not me screaming at you, thats me screaming at me) I have looked through my med micro book, my med micro lab book, my micro book, my four biochem books, my cell bio book, my histology book, and every other book I own except those dusty trig books and NO HIPPURATE!! Im going to go postal!! Now I know that Ill pass the test if I just cough up the name hippurate when my prof asks what are the ways you can distinguish between strep groups, but Id like to know more, and its saturday night, and everything but this white screen is closed till monday, and I need to get some sleep before monday, and its not fair to my wife if I am dreaming of hippurate instead of her. Please have pitty :( Thanks -Mark ...

2-{[(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}acetic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hippuric acids. Hippuric acids are compounds containing hippuric acid, which consists of a of a benzoyl group linked to the N-terminal of a glycine. 2-{amino}acetic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. 2-{[(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}acetic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). This glycination-of-aryl-acid occurs in humans. It is generated by Glycine N-acyltransferase (Q6IB77) enzyme via a glycination-of-aryl-acid reaction ...

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In enzymology, a hippurate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.32) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction hippurate + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } benzoate + glycine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are hippurate and H2O, whereas its two products are benzoate and glycine. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-benzoylamino-acid amidohydrolase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism. Tsoi E, Akmal S, Geerts L, Jeffery B, Nicolaides KH (2006). Sonographic measurement of cervical length and fetal fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol. 27 (4): 368-72. doi:10.1002/uog.2723. PMID 16526097. Tsoi E, Akmal S, Geerts L, Jeffery B, Nicolaides KH (2006). Sonographic measurement of cervical length and fetal fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol. 27 ...

Miscellaneous Databases and IDs: Sigma-Aldrich 112003_ALDRICH ChEBI CHEBI:18089 BioCyc CPD-425 ChemIDplus 000495692 ChemSpider 10658403 EINECS 207-806-3 NMRShiftDB 10008879 Beilstein Handbook Reference 4-09-00-00778 ChemDB 4263626 NIST Chemistry WebBook ...

Subtopic 1 Summary. The beta-hemolytic streptococci are all pathogenic and must be carefully identified. Lancefield testing is a key to precise identification. Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most common streptococcal organisms seen in the clinical laboratory. Bacitracin susceptibility is one of the most important differential tests to perform. Streptococcus pyogenes is sensitive to Bacitracin whereas Streptococcus agalactiae is resistant.. Briefly discuss some pathogenic streptococci from each of the hemolytic groups. (species, hemolysis, and lab tests). What component of the streptococcal cell is used to place the beta-hemolytic streptococci into serologic groups?. Explain the theory of sodium hippurate hydrolysis.. ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Angiotensin-converting enzyme in developing lung and kidney.. AU - Wallace, K. B.. AU - Bailie, M. D.. AU - Hook, J. B.. PY - 1978/3. Y1 - 1978/3. N2 - Angiontensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes rapid conversion of angiotensin II (AII). This enzyme has been identified in the vascular endothelium of nearly every tissue. Inasmuch as AII is the biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin system, and since age-related differences exist in the renin-angiotensin system, it was of interest to determine converting enzyme activity during development. ACE activity was quantified by measuring the optical density of hippuric acid liberated from hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine (HHL) following incubation with the 20,000 X g supernatant of tissue homogenates. Pulmonary ACE activity of near-term fetal rats was not different than 1-day-old animals. Therafter, ACE activity increased during the first 6 wk postpartum in a biphasic manner. A similar age-dependent increase in converting ...

During a professional career spanning more than 50 years, the American physician, biochemist, and teacher Armand J. Quick made numerous important contributions to medicine, particularly in the field of hemostasis. His hippuric acid test (1933) was the first quantitative test of liver function. In 1935 he reported the technique most closely associated with his name, the prothrombin time test, which was used by other investigators in the isolation of vitamin K and the identification of the coumarin anticoagulants. Later the test came into wide use for the control of anticoagulant therapy. Quick studied hereditary bleeding disorders and devised tests for their identification. He also uncovered several basic principles of normal hemostasis. He was among the first to draw attention to the anticoagulant properties of aspirin, and at the end of his career postulated the existence of a vitamin besides C and K that is essential for hemostasis. ...

You may also wish to search for items by Zhang, Z. and Zhang. Only one matching reference was found. An, X.-W.; Zhang, Z.-L.; Wang, S.-N.; Yan, J.-Q.; Hu, R.-H., Investigation on bond energies: the heat of combustion of hippuric acid, piperazine and azacycloheptane, Acta Chim. Sin., 1981, 39, 485-492. [all data] ...

Homosalate can be well absorbed via the oral route of exposure (100% absorption assumed), but not well via the dermal route (less than 10% assumed). Due to the low vapor pressure for this liquid (Intertek ASG, 2011), the inhalation route is not considered to be a relevant exposure route to human for this substance. Following absorption homosalate is metabolized to salicylic acid and trimethylcyclohexanol rapidly. Salicylic acid is mainly excreted by renal excretion as an unchanged chemical entity or after conjugation with glycine as salicyluric acid. Trimethylcyclohexanol is mainly excreted as glucuronic acid conjugates. Glucuronides and degradation products are mainly eliminated via urine, minor quantities via the faeces. Hence, bioaccumulation in the human body is not expected, as outlined in attached toxicokinetic assessment. ...

Salicylic acid (SAL)-induced nephrotoxicity has been reported to be greater in older rats. To examine age- and dose-related changes in disposition and metabolism, male Fischer 344 rats aged 3, 12, and 25 months were administered single doses of 14C-SAL at 5,50, and 500 mg/kg po. At 5 mg 14C-SAL/kg, urinary excretion of 14C-SAL derived radioactivity (RA) followed first-order kinetics and was complete by 24 hr in 3- and 25-month-old rats, but not until 48 hr in 12-month-old rats. The percentage of administered 14C-SAL excreted as the oxidative metabolites 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3- and 2,5-diOH), unmetabolized SAL, or salicyl ester glucuronide (SA-AG) was unchanged with age. The percentage excreted as the ether glucuronide (SA-PC) was significantly decreased in 25-month-old rats, while the percentage excreted as the glycine conjugate, salicyluric acid (SUA) was significantly increased in 12- and 25-month-old rats. At 50 mg SAL/kg, urinary elimination shifted toward zero-order ...

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An organic lab text I used as a TA in the last century had an expt that asked the student drink a PhCOOH soln, then isolate the hippurate conjugate from urine. Students not up for that, so I opted out.. ReplyDelete ...

The invention provides a method of chemically-mechanically polishing a substrate comprising tungsten through use of a composition comprising a tungsten etchant, an inhibitor of tungsten etching, and water, wherein the inhibitor of tungsten polishing is a polymer, copolymer, or polymer blend comprising at least one repeating group comprising at least one nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring or a tertiary or quaternary nitrogen atom. The invention further provides a chemical-mechanical polishing composition particularly useful in polishing tungsten-containing substrates.

Ong, C.N.,Foo, S.C.,Lee, B.L. (1994). Effect of fasting on toluene metabolism: A study of hippuric acid and O- cresol excretion. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9 (9) : 622-625. ScholarBank@NUS Repository ...

The study of blood-tissue exchange by the multiple indicator dilution technique often needs frequent sampling in the blood of the indicator dilution curves (IDC). Usually, this requires the use of a catheter supported by a pump. This causes a distortion in the IDC, which must be removed for proper interpretation of the data. A deconvolution-based methodology to remove IDC distortion is presented. First, the catheter impulse response is modelled by means of data obtained from a suitable experiment. Then the reconstruction of the blood IDC is tackled by a new nonparametric deconvolution algorithm, which provides (quasi) time-continuous signals and exploits statistically based criteria for the choice of the regularisation parameter. The methodology is applied to the removal of cathether distortion in studies of glucose blood-tissue exchange in the human forearm and myocardium.. ...

Abstract Several parameters related to mono-oxygenase activity were followed in a population of chemical workers and controls. Workers exposed to toluene and xylene had a significant increase of urinary glucaric acid, that was correlated with hippuric acid excretion. On the other hand, workers exposed to pigments showed a marked increase of antipyrine half-life. A dose-related decrease of liver N-demethylase was induced in rats by the administration of a mixture of three of the pigments in use in the plant. Serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was decreased in the workers exposed to pigments, but this variation was not statistically significant. The exposure to different chemicals in the workplace seemed to induce a complicated variation of mono-oxygenase levels, some enzyme being inhibited and others induced in the same group of workers. The sensitivity of these workers to toxic effects of chemicals, carcinogenic compounds and drugs seems to differ markedly from the control population. © 1982 ...

It has long been accepted that the liver undergoes pathologic changes in hyperthyroidism. A clinical manifestation of this liver damage is the occasional presence of jaundice of the hepatic type. Cameron and Karunaratne1 in a recent review of the subject (1935) gave Paul the credit for reporting the first case showing the association of liver injury with hyperthyroidism. He (Paul, 1865) described the case of a woman of 33 years with Graves disease of four years duration, who showed cirrhosis of the liver at postmortem examination. Other early observers of this relationship were Habershon (1874)2 who noted in a patient ...

Rapid methods of identifying Lancefield group B streptococci were compared to the standard Fullers extraction method. Such tests as sodium hippurate hydrolysis, bile tolerance, aesculin hydrolysis, pyruvate fermentation, Camp factor, pigmentation, and bacitracin haemolysis were tested on both routine clinical specimens and National Collection of Type Culture strains. The results show that pigmentation on Islamss medium was the most definitive test available rapidly to identify group B streptococci.. ...

Metabolism Information for Isodecyl Benzoate Isodecyl Benzoate (IDB) is an alkyl benzyl ester, also referred to as a carboxylic ester (R-C(O)-OR) produced by reaction with benzoic acid and isodecyl (C10) alcohol. An important feature is that such esters are poorly soluble in water. Esters are reactive with water and can hydrolyze under either acidic or basic conditions. The expected hydrolysis of IDB would be a reverse of the esterification process (generally catalyzed with esterase) and would produce benzoic acid and primary C10 alcohol. Benzoic acid can be further metabolised to hippuric acid and benzoyl glucuronide and excreted in the urine. Some benzoic acid may also be excreted in the urine. The primary C10 alcoholcan be further metabolised by mitochondrial beta-oxidation or by cytochrome P450 mediated omega and omega-minus-one oxidation (may be followed by beta-oxidation). The C10 alcohol can undergo various oxidative steps to yield other smaller alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, or ...

Metabolism Information for Isodecyl Benzoate Isodecyl Benzoate (IDB) is an alkyl benzyl ester, also referred to as a carboxylic ester (R-C(O)-OR) produced by reaction with benzoic acid and isodecyl (C10) alcohol. An important feature is that such esters are poorly soluble in water. Esters are reactive with water and can hydrolyze under either acidic or basic conditions. The expected hydrolysis of IDB would be a reverse of the esterification process (generally catalyzed with esterase) and would produce benzoic acid and primary C10 alcohol. Benzoic acid can be further metabolised to hippuric acid and benzoyl glucuronide and excreted in the urine. Some benzoic acid may also be excreted in the urine. The primary C10 alcoholcan be further metabolised by mitochondrial beta-oxidation or by cytochrome P450 mediated omega and omega-minus-one oxidation (may be followed by beta-oxidation). The C10 alcohol can undergo various oxidative steps to yield other smaller alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, or ...

There is increasing evidence that renal impairment modifies nonrenal drug clearance through drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In this study, the direct inhibitory effect of serum from chronic renal failure (CRF) patients receiving dialysis was evaluated in CYP3A4 (testosterone) and CYP2B6 (bupropion) metabolism assays. Human liver microsomes were incubated with ultrafiltered serum collected pre- and post-hemodialysis from ten CRF patients. Additionally, several uremic toxins were evaluated in the CYP3A4 assay. In only three patients was there a significant decrease or increase in testosterone or bupropion metabolism post-dialysis. Urea, mannitol, guanidine, homocysteine, uridine and creatinine had no effect on CYP3A4 metabolism. CMPF, hippuric acid and p-cresol had IC50 values that fell within CRF patient plasma concentrations. The IC50 values for indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid were greater than CRF plasma concentrations. The lack of a consistent effect on CYP3A4 or ...

Cyanobacteria are able to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, including toxins and protease inhibitors, with diverse biological activities. Microginins are small linear peptides biosynthesized by cyanobacteria species that act against proteases. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify microginins produced by the LTPNA08 strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, as well as to verify their potential to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC. 3.4.15.1) using in vitro and in silico methods. The fractionation of cyanobacterial extracts was performed by liquid chromatography and the presence of microginins was monitored by both LC-MS and an ACE inhibition assay. Enzyme inhibition was assayed by ACE with hippuryl-histidyl-leucine as the substrate; monitoring of hippuric acid was performed by HPLC-DAD. Isolated microginins were confirmed by mass spectrometry and were used to carry out the enzymatic assay. Molecular docking was used to evaluate microginin 770 (MG 770) and captopril (positive

Spanish scientists did an experiment using obese rats and found that the consumption of probiotics over 30 days (equivalent to almost four years in human terms) helped diminish the accumulation of fat in the liver.

The prevalence of and the risk factors for fatty liver have not undergone a formal evaluation in a representative sample of the general population. We therefore performed a cross-sectional study in the town of Campogalliano (Modena, Italy), within the context of the Dionysos Project. Of 5,780 eligib …

Biomega manufactures three high quality pet-food ingredient products: Salmeal® Active, Salmigo® Protect and Salmoil® Pet.. Salmeal® Active. Salmeal® Active contains a wide range of essential dietary components like minerals, trace elements and omega-3 fatty acids.. Salmeal® Active is manufactured from food grade salmon tissues, using a patented continuous enzymatic hydrolysis method with natural industrial non-GMO enzymes.. This bio-refining process secures a unique blend of proteins and peptides, optimal for pet digestion and absorption.. Pet digestive systems and its enzymes, split proteins into smaller fragments, so that the pre-digested peptides with a range of potential bioactive functions, can be absorbed with full effect.. The optimal balanced protein fraction of molecular distribution and amino acid composition, contains a whole range of essential dietary components like minerals, trace elements and omega-3 fatty acids.. Salmigo® Protect Salmigo® Protect is processed without use ...

Environmental and biological monitoring were conducted to investigate exposure to xylene (1330207) in technologists in a histology laboratory. Xylene exposure was determined by breathing zone environmental sampling. An estimate of xylene uptake by inhalation was then made by multiplying breathing rate by environmental concentration, length of exposure, and a retention factor. M-methylhippuric-acid

In a randomised, double blind, long term, crossover study 1 g twice daily of methenamine hippurate was compared with placebo for its preventive effect on recurrent attacks of acute cystitis. Methenamine hippurate and placebo were interchanged every six months for two years. During one of the years patients took 250 ml extra fluid every morning and evening. Out of 21 enrolled patients, 14 completed the first year and 13 both years of treatment, which permitted the evaluation of 27 patient years. There were 52 episodes of acute cystitis caused by reinfection: 41 occurred during placebo treatment and only 11 during the methenamine hippurate regimen (p less than 0.01). Extra fluid intake did not reduce the incidence of acute cystitis, nor did it reduce the effect of methenamine hippurate. Methenamine hippurate is an effective prophylactic agent against recurrent acute cystitis and has the advantage of not inducing cross resistance to conventional antibiotics. ...

Detection of chemical signals is critical for cells in nature as well as in synthetic biology, where they serve as inputs for designer circuits. Important progress has been made in the design of signal processing circuits triggering complex biological behaviors, but the range of small molecules recognized by sensors as inputs is limited. The ability to detect new molecules will increase the number of synthetic biology applications, but direct engineering of tailor-made sensors takes time.. Here we describe a way to immediately expand the range of biologically detectable molecules by systematically designing metabolic pathways that transform nondetectable molecules into molecules for which sensors already exist. We leveraged computer-aided design to predict such sensing-enabling metabolic pathways, and we built several new whole-cell biosensors for molecules such as cocaine, parathion, hippuric acid, and nitroglycerin.. Libis, V., Delépine, B., Faulon, J.L. Expanding biosensing abilities ...

Phenols are among the highest-volume chemicals in production [ 3]. International organizations such as Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [ 1] have documented phenol toxicity and recommend the monitoring of phenol exposure for groups at risk. The toxicity includes CNS depression and other symptoms such as skin burns, nausea, profuse sweating [ 1]. In exposure- and risk- evaluation, the monitoring of phenol by peripheral biomarker has several advantages over technical assessment of exposure. The urine methyl hippuric level is an acceptable peripheral biomarker for phenol exposure [ 1]. It was concluded that the phenol can be used for crude phenol exposure categorizations. Phenol is an important contamination in traffic fume [ 3]. High phenol exposure among the population living in the urban area of big city can be expected. Here, the author studied the urine phenol level among healthy subjects in urban area in Bangkok. We recommend that annual check up and monitoring for ...

Subject: Mycobacterium Leprae >>To: [email protected] >>X-MailScanner: Found to be clean >> >>Does anyone have tissue containing Mycobaterium Leprae that can be shared >for a control slide or know of a reference lab that can perform staining on >a paraffin block for this agent. >> >>Thanks, >>Claye >> >>Claye Clyatt >>Chief Histotechnologist >>Department of Pathology >>Room #BF119 >>Medical College of Georgia >>Augusta, Ga 30912 >>office (706) 721-3630 >>pager (706) 721-7243-1132 >>e-mail: [email protected] >> >> >> >> >Alex Knisely, MD >Consultant Histopathologist > >[email protected] > >Institute of Liver Studies >Kings College Hospital >Denmark Hill >London SE5 9RS UK > >+44 (0)20 - 7346 - 3125 telefax >+44 (0)20 - 7346 - 4627 office > Alex Knisely, MD Consultant Histopathologist [email protected] Institute of Liver Studies Kings College Hospital Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK +44 (0)20 - 7346 - 3125 telefax +44 (0)20 - 7346 - 4627 office ...

There is delayed but increased FA oxidation in 6-week apoB ASO-treated livers. Lipolysis of lipids within autolysosomes, with delivery of their FAs to mitochondria, could lead to oxidation that would compensate for the lack of secretion of VLDL, but our studies of FA oxidation in primary hepatocytes had not demonstrated differences between cells from control ASO- and apoB ASO-treated mice (Figure 2G). We considered the possibility that the 2-hour labeling-collection protocol used for those studies was too short to observe the oxidation of 14C OA which, after incorporation into lipids in the ER membrane, would have to move to the lumen, then be incorporated into autophagosomes that would have to fuse to lysosomes before the lipids could be hydrolyzed to allow released 14C OA to finally be oxidized by mitochondria. This schema is supported by published data demonstrating that the peak fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes can occur as late as 16 hours after stimulation of autophagy (23, ...

West Chester Hospital offers the newest technology in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The state-of-the-art Vantage Titan™ MRI improves diagnostic capabilities and provides a more comfortable experience for patients. The ultra short-bore closed MRI features a redesigned magnet - the large ring in which a patient lies for the scan - with a wider opening and a shorter ring that doesnt completely enclose the patient. This makes testing more manageable for claustrophobic and larger size patients, while providing sharper images than an open MRI.We offer vascular, brain, neurological, musculoskeletal, spine, pancreatic, breast, cardiac, non-contrast runoffs, and dynamic renal and liver studies through our MRI department. Read More about MRI. ...

International Trade Fair and Congress for the topics: Safety, Security and Health at work, 5 - 8 November 2019, Düsseldorf, Germany

Part of MICS2, an international survey initiative to monitor the situation of children and women, covering health, education, child protection and HIV/AIDS; it includes vaccination, contraceptive use and symptoms like diarrhea, cough and fever. The sample for this survey consisted of 4584 households. A full report for this survey is not available; however, UNICEF has tabulations and microdata available for download.. ...

Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest ...

Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest ...

Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest ...

Download the questionnaires, technical documents and reports that describe the survey process and the key results for this study ...

Geeks Note: What I call a Whipsaw Trap is basically a breakdown in a broad range of market internals, followed by an advance in more volatile, high-frequency components that isnt enough to survive moving averages and other low-pass filters. Its difficult to draw a true signal from noisy data unless you have a lot it, and unfortunately, the more data you need to use to infer a signal, the greater the lag there is in recognizing that signal. Think again of a moving average - the longer-term the moving average, the more it lags behind recent action. The better you want a microphone to cancel noise, the longer the delay you have to endure between the input and the output. Generally speaking, we get better and more rapid information about the true, underlying signal if we can draw that signal out of multiple indicators, each which carries part of that information. Methods to distinguish signal from noise run through much of my financial, economic, and scientific work, for example Market ...

An index case is presented to introduce the subject of the acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities resulting from toluene abuse. These include metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap and excessive loss of sodium and potassium in the urine. The major question addressed is, what is the basis for the metabolic acidosis? Overproduction of hippuric acid resulting from the metabolism of toluene plays a more important role in the genesis of the metabolic acidosis than was previously believed. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the rate of excretion of ammonium was not low during metabolic acidosis in six of eight patients, suggesting that distal renal tubular acidosis was not an important acid-base abnormality in most cases where ammonium was measured. The excretion of hippurate in the urine unmatched by ammonium also mandates an enhanced rate of excretion of the cations, sodium and potassium. The loss of sodium causes extracellular fluid volume contraction and a fall in ...

Publication date: 2014. MICS VIET NAM VIET NAM Cluster Survey 2014 Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 Website: www.mics.gso.gov.vn United Nations Childrenâ s Fund M IC S General Statistics O�ce of Viet Nam Monitoring the situation of children and women VIET NAM M ULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY 2014 General Statistics office Viet Nam The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried out during 2013-2014 by the Viet Nam General Statistics Office (GSO) in collaboration with the United Nations Childrenâ s Fund (UNICEF), as part of the global MICS programme. Technical and financial support was provided by UNICEF. The global MICS programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international household survey programme to collect internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in policies and ...

Several polyphenolic compounds and their conjugated metabolites were detected and quantified in plasma samples of older adults consuming freeze-dried strawberry powder for 90 days. Parent anthocyanins, including the primary glucuronide conjugate of pelargonidin, three urolithin derivatives and fifteen phenolic acid metabolites were quantified. Important findings included: evidence for persistence of anthocyanins and some phenolic acid metabolites in circulation with chronic strawberry intake, enhancement in 2 h anthocyanin/metabolite and phenolic acids (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, hippuric acid and p-coumaric acid) concentrations after a strawberry drink supplementation, and urolithin metabolites were observed only in 68% of subjects with large inter individual variability. In acute pharmacokinetic studies conducted by our group22,23 and others,15 strawberry anthocyanins peaked within 1-3 hours and were back to baseline concentrations by 8-10 hours after consumption.22 However, ...

N,N-Dimethyldopamine (DMDA) is an organic compound belonging to the phenethylamine family. It is related structurally to the alkaloid epinine (N-methyldopamine) and to the major neurotransmitter dopamine (of which it is the N,N-dimethylated analog). Because of its structural relationship to dopamine, DMDA has been the subject of a number of pharmacological investigations. DMDA has been detected in Acacia rigidula. DMDA has been reported from the plant Acacia rigidula Benth. (Fabaceae), in which it has been detected at levels of ~ 11-45 ppm. Since N,N-dimethyldopamine is chemically an amine, it is basic (a weak base, technically), but it is also a catechol (a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene), which gives it weakly acidic properties, so that the compound is amphoteric. Several different methods have been reported for the preparation of DMDA. An early synthesis by Buck and co-workers began with 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (veratraldehyde), which was condensed with hippuric acid to give the azlactone; this was ...

The chemical acetyl-salicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, is a synthetic form of salicylic acid, a compound which is formed when salicin, a bitter compound naturally found within plants like white willow bark, is broken down within the human body. Salicylic acid can also be synthesized endogenously from benzoic acid, and its urinary metabolite, salicyluric acid, has been found to overlap levels in patients on low-dose aspirin regimens. Cell research indicates that salicylic acid compounds (known as salicyclates) actually compare surprisingly well to aspirin in reducing inflammatory activity.[2] ...

Gluconeogenesis plays an integral role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in humans, contributing about one-third of glucose produced in the postabsorptive state and all glucose produced when hepatic glycogen is depleted by starvation (6, 23-25). Because the results of in vivo experiments in humans and animals (12-15, 20) and in vitro perfused rat liver studies (11, 27) have demonstrated a close correlation between the rate of glucose production and the flux of gluconeogenic substrates, it is believed that gluconeogenic precursor supply plays a major role in the regulation of glucose production (12,13,20). Several studies in vivo support this concept. For example, we and others have demonstrated that the hyperglycemic response to severe burn injury and sepsis is a direct result of an increased rate of glucose production, which is associated with a concomitant increase in the fluxes of alanine and lactate, major gluconeogenic substrates (15, 39). The proposed regulatory role of precursor ...

Introduction This presentation contains the main results of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS3) of Algeria, which was conducted in 2006 by the National Office of Statistics and the Ministry of Public Health. This investigation is an international initiative launched by Unicef to support countries to fill gaps in information on human development and the situation of children and women. This is the third survey conducted in Algeria (previously undertaken in 1995 and 2000). ...

Abstract: TiO2/ AC (activated carbon) composite photocatalysts were prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolysis method followed by calcinations in N2 atmosphere. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/wAC (w: the mass fraction of AC, %) was investigated through the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, methyl orange, and Cr6+ in the present of TiO2/wAC. The separability of TiO2/AC was determined by gravity-sedimentation. XRD, DRS, FTIR, SEM, and N2 adsorption isotherm were used to characterize the crystal structure, spectra characteristics, and surface properties of the obtained catalysts. The results showed that TiO2/wAC catalysts with optimal AC content 5%(w) exhibited more higher activity than P-25 and TiO2, as well as good decantability, less activity lost after several runs and less sensitive to pH change.Result of DRS revealed no electronic change when AC was added. Better TiO2 distribution and less agglomeration can be achieved when optimal AC content adopted. Result of FTIR suggests that a ...

The renewability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have made them an attractive material for numerous composite, biomedical, and rheological applications. However, for CNCs to shift from a laboratory curiosity to commercial applications, researchers must transition from CNCs extracted on the bench scale to material produced on an industrial scale. There are a number of companies currently producing kilogram to ton per day quantities of sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNCs as well as other nanocelluloses, as described herein. With the recent intensification of industrially produced CNCs and the variety of cellulose sources, hydrolysis methods, and purification procedures, the characterization of these materials becomes critical. This has further been justified by the past two decades of research that demonstrate that the CNC stability and behavior are highly dependent on the surface chemistry, surface charge density, and particle size. This work outlines key ...

Tacrolimus, [3S-[3R*[E(1S*,3S*,4S*)]4S*,5R*,8S*,9E,12R*, 14R*,15S*,16R*,18S*,19S*,26aR*]]-5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethylenyl]-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-propenyl)-15,19-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c] [1,4]oxaazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone, monohydrate (FK506; Prograf), is a potent immunosuppressive agent developed by Fujisawa, Japan. Tacrolimus is a macrolide obtained from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, which has been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent allograft rejection (Yoshimura and Oka, 1990; European FK506 Multicentre Liver Study Group, 1994; European Tacrolimus Multicentre Renal Study Group, 1997). After binding to the intracellular immunophilin FK506-binding protein, tacrolimus blocks intermediate steps in the pathway that links early membrane-associated events with gene expression and inhibits T and B cell proliferation. Its selective effect on the immune ...

The Oman Multiple Cluster Indicator Survey (MICS) 2014 is part of MICS5, an international survey initiative to monitor the situation of children and women. Topics commonly covered in MICS include immunization, education, child and maternal health, family planning and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. MICS also provides data for tracking progress toward Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly those related to health, education and mortality. For the 2014 Oman MICS, 10,659 women ages 15-49 were successfully interviewed from 5,941 households. Additionally, 4,616 questionnaires for children under 5 were completed.. ...

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