WSSA scientists say a significant contributing factor in the evolution of herbicide resistance is the repeated use of a single chemical in the absence of other control methods. To stress the vital importance of a more varied, integrated approach, the society adopted a comprehensive, multiyear initiative focused on education. The first training materials were launched in 2011, beginning with a module on herbicide resistance in agronomic crops. The newest additions to WSSAs online training resources address other environments where herbicide resistance management is imperative. Aquatic: WSSA partnered with the Aquatic Plant Management Society (APMS) to develop educational materials on herbicide resistance in lakes, waterways and other aquatic environments. Three online lessons describe aquatic plant control, herbicide selection and effective ways to manage specific scenarios. A free white paper developed by APMS on herbicide resistance stewardship is also available for download. All of the ...

Environmental factors can alter DNA methylation and epigenetic modifications in the germline [51, 90]. We studied the effects of the widely used herbicide atrazine (ATZ) on meiosis. In many countries, ATZ is the most common contaminant detected in rivers [19, 72, 92]. ATZ residues are even detected in soil and aqueous environments in countries where it has been banned [59, 102, 103]. Low levels of ATZ metabolites in pregnant women are associated with low birth weight [16, 61]. In mammals, ATZ is metabolized by several groups of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. The metabolism of ATZ interferes with oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome P450 function, resulting in decreased oxygen consumption [10, 14, 39, 47]. ATZ is known to alter reproductive processes in rodents [96, 101], reptiles [18], birds [104], goats [81], amphibians [28-30] and fish [63, 69]. ATZ targets many tissues, including the testes [67, 68, 101], ovaries [8, 17, 41, 52], brain [5, 7], liver [25, 36, 38, 78]. The effects of ATZ ...

Predictions based on evolutionary theory suggest that the adaptive value of evolved herbicide resistance alleles may be compromised by the existence of fitness costs. There have been many studies quantifying the fitness costs associated with novel herbicide resistance alleles, reflecting the importance of fitness costs in determining the evolutionary dynamics of resistance. However, many of these studies have incorrectly defined resistance or used inappropriate plant material and methods to measure fitness. This review has two major objectives. First, to propose a methodological framework that establishes experimental criteria to unequivocally evaluate fitness costs. Second, to present a comprehensive analysis of the literature on fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance alleles. This analysis reveals unquestionable evidence that some herbicide resistance alleles are associated with pleiotropic effects that result in plant fitness costs. Observed costs are evident from herbicide ...

It does sound like theres more potential for resistant weeds with this than with roundup ready. However, I would imagine that the greatest risk of herbicide resistance comes from the proliferation of naturally resistant mutants in the face of a strong selective pressure, rather than by vertical transfer. Thus it seems to me that the best tactic for beating herbicide resistance would be to mix herbicide resistance in a variety, i.e. stack resistance genes (e.g. ALS resistance, and glyphosate resistance). Using this technology it would be possible to spray (together or in seperate terms) two or more different herbicides eliminating individuals resistant to one herbicide. Surely the chance of one individual containing mutations conferring resistance to ,1 herbicide is vanishingly small. Another advantage of this is that one could choose to use two particularly environmentally friendly herbicides (e.g. glyphosate), using less of each and thus their individual effects on the environment are reduced ...

The extensive and continual use of herbicides in cropping situations has inevitably led to the phenomenon of herbicide-resistance in weeds and this has become one of the most challenging issues in modern agriculture. Herbicide-tolerant crops (HTC) were introduced to diversify weed management practices, but the lack of integrated weed management strategies, along with the continuous use of the same herbicide mode of action (MOA) demanded by the HTC has continued to impose selection pressure on weeds to evolve with herbicide resistance. Consequently, this thesis has been focused on the introduction of herbicide MOA combinations into HTC systems in an attempt to reduce the rate of herbicide resistance evolution in weeds. Raphanus raphanistrum is the number one broadleaf weed in Australia, and for this case study, the newly released ALS-inhibiting imidazolinone tolerant faba bean cultivar PBA Bendoc with its conventional cultivar, PBA Samira, were selected as the study species. ALS-inhibiting ...

Ontario, OR, 1998 Introduction Weed control in clover seed production is necessary to insure weed-free clover seed and to prevent yield losses from weed competition. Herbicide options are limited in clover-seed production and research is needed to identify additional herbicide options for weed control. Methods Trials were conducted on cooperators fields in Adrian, OR to evaluate herbicides for weed control and crop tolerance in clover-seed production. With the exception of herbicide applications, cooperators managed the plot areas with the rest of their field. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi. Plots were 9- or 10-ft wide by 30-ft long and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Herbicide treatments were evaluated for weed control, clover injury, height, and seed yield. Clover seed-yield was determined by harvesting a 3.75-ft strip from the center of each plot with a small plot combine. Raw ...

To study the physiological and morphological relationships of two clover species affected by herbicides, Pursuit experiment in a factorial based on randomized completely design with 3 replications at the Damavand in 2012. The first factor consisted of two species of Trifolium pretense L. and Trifolium alexandrinum L. and the second factor consisted of three levels of herbicide Pursuit (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 litr per hectares). The traits in the study included chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, flavonoids, ratio chlorophyll a to b, ratio carotenoids to total chlorophyll, dry matter, protein content and weeds destruction. Results showed that maximum response to herbicide on the percentage of protein in the leaves was recorded under 0.5 li/ha herbicide Pursuit treatment. The results showed that the correlation between the Chlorophyll a with chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll b whit total chlorophyll, carotenoids and total chlorophyll with

Downloadable! Social costs and externalities associated with herbicide resistance have not generally been considered by economists. The economics of managing herbicide resistance in weeds has focused on cost-effective responses by growers to the development of resistance at the individual farm and field level. In this paper we argue that the increasing possibility of widespread glyphosate resistance presents a case where social costs associated with glyphosate resistance need to be considered when assessing optimal use of this herbicide resource at the farm level. Social costs associated with the loss of glyphosate efficacy include potential failure of herbicide-resistant crop systems, reduced use of conservation tillage techniques, and a potential greater reliance on herbicides with greater health and environmental risks.

Background: Substituted urea herbicide is widely used in the agricultural industry and is accessible to most people around the globe. Accidental or deliberate poisoning is an anticipated complication of these agrochemical products. Case presentation: We present a 15-year-old girl following deliberate self-ingestion of substituted urea herbicide (Diuron). She was diagnosed with Diuron induced methemoglobinemia and treated with intra venous methylene blue. Later she developed hemolytic anemia and needed 3 units of blood transfusions. Her haemolysis was thought to be due to methylene blue with concomitant Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as no other possible cause was found for haemolysis. But on follow-up visits, G6PD deficiency was excluded by screening test and enzyme level assay. Conclusion: Heamolytic anemia is a possible rare complication that should be anticipated in patients presented with the significant amount of substituted urea herbicide poisoning. Studies have found the

The hazardous potential of the Metosulam herbicide, particularly the cytogenetic and physiological effects on Vicia faba cv Assuit 25 plants has been studied. The results showed that the mitotic index (MI) decreased and chromosomal aberrations frequency increased by increasing of the concentration of herbicide and prolonging the duration of treatment. In the roots treated with highest concentration used (1 9 10-5 %) for 24 h, complete inhibition of cell division was observed. The chromosomal anomalies include chromosomal bridges and breaks that are regarded were indicative of a mutagenic potential of the herbicide. Seedling growth (fresh and dry weight) adversely affected as the duration and concentration of Metosulam herbicide increased. Soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids and photosynthetic pigment content decreased significantly in root, stem and leaves of Vicia faba with increasing both the herbicide concentration and treatment duration. In contrast, proline content was ...

Beyond Pesticides, August 12, 2010) In an effort to convince NStar Electric and Gas Corporation to stop using herbicides on rights-of-way, like-minded environmental activists, citizen groups and business owners formed a coalition on Cape Cod: Cape Cod for a Truly Green NSTAR. Due to the increased pressure from local activists and residents, NStar made an agreement with regionally planning authority, Cape Cod Commission to postpone the use of herbicides on rights-of-way until 2011. The Commission reasoned that with more time, Cape towns could develop maps to identify areas and drinking water supplies more sensitive to herbicide use. Several organizations and business have signed on to the coalition in support of a ban on herbicides along rights-of-way, such as Clean Water Action, Cape Cod Organic Gardeners, the Massachusetts Breast Cancer Coalition, and the Sierra Club (see the full list online).. Ever since NStar started using herbicides in 2004, local residents have worried about potential ...

Youve probably read about media dubbed superweeds like glyphosate-resistant palmer amaranth and giant ragweed. Glyphosate-resistant weeds often earn this distinction because they are viewed as a greater management hardship for producers than weeds resistant to other herbicide mechanisms of actions (MOAs). And maybe rightly so. Farmers dealing with glyphosate resistant weeds elsewhere in the world have been reduced to tillage and hand rouging for weed control in some crops.. But, while glyphosate use dominates the Roundup Ready corn, soybean and/or cotton rotation in the US, group 2 herbicides play an (equally?) important role in our more diversified cropping system. For example, group 2 herbicides are used in crops like alfalfa, corn, dry beans, field pea, potato, soybean, sunflower, and in Clearfield and other group 2-tolerant crops. These herbicides are also a popular choice for group 1-resistant grassy weed control in cereals.. The point of this article isnt to downplay the importance of ...

James L. Griffin. Entomologists for many years have dealt with insect resistance to insecticides. For weed scientists, however, weed resistance to herbicides is relatively new. Herbicide resistance occurs when a weed population is able to survive a herbicide treatment that under normal use conditions would be controlled. The adage of survival of the fittest applies here, and, in fact, weed resistance to a herbicide is an example of accelerated evolution. The process begins with just a few plants with the genetic capacity to survive the herbicide treatment. It is believed that these plants, which occur naturally in the population at a low level, are not a result of genetic mutation caused by the herbicide. These inherently resistant plants when exposed to the same herbicide over several years produce seed, and over time the population slowly shifts such that the resistant weeds become dominant. Since this process is slow, the producer may not notice the problem until large-scale weed control ...

Atrazine, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine, (ATR) is the most heavily used herbicide in the United States with over 70 million pounds of atrazine applied annually and it is the most common herbicidal contaminant of ground water in agricultural areas. It is our goal to characterize the effects of prenatal atrazine exposure on the developing mammalian immune system. We hypothesie th

Youve probably read about media dubbed superweeds like glyphosate-resistant palmer amaranth and giant ragweed. Glyphosate-resistant weeds often earn this distinction because they are viewed as a greater management hardship for producers than weeds resistant to other herbicide mechanisms of actions (MOAs). And maybe rightly so. Farmers dealing with glyphosate resistant weeds elsewhere in the world have been reduced to tillage and hand rouging for weed control in some crops.. But, while glyphosate use dominates the Roundup Ready corn, soybean and/or cotton rotation in the US, group 2 herbicides play an (equally?) important role in our more diversified cropping system. For example, group 2 herbicides are used in crops like alfalfa, corn, dry beans, field pea, potato, soybean, sunflower, and in Clearfield and other group 2-tolerant crops. These herbicides are also a popular choice for group 1-resistant grassy weed control in cereals.. The point of this article isnt to downplay the importance of ...

Acetochlor is pre-emergent chloroacetanilide herbicide used to control annual grasses and small-seeded broadleafweeds. It is the second most abundantly applied herbicide on corn crops in the United States. Acetochlor was widely substituted for alachlor in 1990s. The US EPA has classified acetochlor as likely to be carcinogenic to humans; however, data on human metabolites associated with known e

Acute poisoning with chlorophenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D and MCPA is reported world wide, potentially causing severe toxicity and death. Since there is no antidote for chlorophenoxy herbicides, treatments such as urinary alkalinisation have been used to increase the clearance of these poisons from the body. Although urinary alkalinisation was first trialled over 30 years ago, it is not currently used routinely for the treatment of patients with acute chlorophenoxy poisoning. This review looked for studies where this treatment had been given to poisoned patients. No studies of sufficient quality were identified and therefore routine use of this approach to treatment cannot be recommended. However, due to the poor outcomes in patients who present with severe toxicity it may have a role in addition to standard intensive care support. More research should be conducted.. ...

Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides is a major environmental and health concern worldwide. Atrazine, a synthetic triazine herbicide commonly used to control grassy and broadleaf weeds in...

The development of crops resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and glufosinate may provide new options for the management of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed and other herbicide-resistant weeds. A fallow field study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine the control of GR giant ragweed with 2,4-D and dicamba applied alone and in combination with glufosinate or fomesafen. Dicamba and 2,4-D tank-mixed with glufosinate or fomesafen provided the highest level of control at 10 or 20 days after application (DAA). At 30 DAA, all herbicide treatments provided ,88% control of giant ragweed except glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D alone at 0.56 kg ae ha-1. Glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D alone at 0.56 kg ae ha-1 also had the highest number of giant ragweed plants (,5.8 plants m-2) and highest biomass (,19.2 g m-2). Contrast statements between 2,4-D and dicamba indicated no differences among treatments containing these herbicides. However, contrast analysis indicated that herbicides applied alone ...

The prevalence of herbicide resistance and lack of effective management options for controlling problematic weeds such as barnyardgrass and weedy rice in Arkansas rice production has led to exploration of alternative herbicide sites of action (SOA). Very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides are not currently labeled for use in U.S. rice production but have been used with success in other row crops and in rice production in Asia. Based on preliminary research, rice tolerance and weed control were evaluated following various application timings and rates of acetochlor and pethoxamid, in addition to several other VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides. Rice tolerance to acetochlor was maximized when applied in a microencapsulated (ME) formulation at the 1-leaf growth stage. Rice also demonstrated adequate tolerance to ME acetochlor applied delayed-preemergence (DPRE); however, when activating rainfall was received soon after application, unacceptable rice injury was observed and is therefore not

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Barnyard grass, such as Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis, Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis and Echinochloa colonum, are the main troublesome weeds in rice (Oryza sativa) paddies. This study aimed to investigate the rice yield (quality and quantity) when grown with these common barnyard grass varieties. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using two high-yielding rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (an O. sativa indica hybrid cultivar) and Nanjing 9108 (an O. sativa japonica cultivar) at different develop-mental stages from transplant to maturity. Treatments included a weed-free (control), rice grown with Echinochloa. crus-galli var. mitis (Ecm), rice grown with E. crus-galli var. zelayensis (Ecz), and rice grown with E. colonum (Ec). The results showed that when barnyard grasses were grown with the same rice cultivar, the order of plant height of the three barnyard grass varieties was Ecz , Ecm , Ec, the growth duration was Ecm , Ecz , Ec and the dry matter accumulation of both Ecm and Ecz ...

Barnyard grass, such as Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis, Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis and Echinochloa colonum, are the main troublesome weeds in rice (Oryza sativa) paddies. This study aimed to investigate the rice yield (quality and quantity) when grown with these common barnyard grass varieties. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using two high-yielding rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (an O. sativa indica hybrid cultivar) and Nanjing 9108 (an O. sativa japonica cultivar) at different develop-mental stages from transplant to maturity. Treatments included a weed-free (control), rice grown with Echinochloa. crus-galli var. mitis (Ecm), rice grown with E. crus-galli var. zelayensis (Ecz), and rice grown with E. colonum (Ec). The results showed that when barnyard grasses were grown with the same rice cultivar, the order of plant height of the three barnyard grass varieties was Ecz , Ecm , Ec, the growth duration was Ecm , Ecz , Ec and the dry matter accumulation of both Ecm and Ecz ...

Barnyard grass, such as Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis, Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis and Echinochloa colonum, are the main troublesome weeds in rice (Oryza sativa) paddies. This study aimed to investigate the rice yield (quality and quantity) when grown with these common barnyard grass varieties. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using two high-yielding rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (an O. sativa indica hybrid cultivar) and Nanjing 9108 (an O. sativa japonica cultivar) at different develop-mental stages from transplant to maturity. Treatments included a weed-free (control), rice grown with Echinochloa. crus-galli var. mitis (Ecm), rice grown with E. crus-galli var. zelayensis (Ecz), and rice grown with E. colonum (Ec). The results showed that when barnyard grasses were grown with the same rice cultivar, the order of plant height of the three barnyard grass varieties was Ecz , Ecm , Ec, the growth duration was Ecm , Ecz , Ec and the dry matter accumulation of both Ecm and Ecz ...

Beyond Pesticides, December 15, 2009) Exposure to the endocrine-disrupting herbicide atrazine triggers the release of stress hormones in rats, according to a new study published in the December 2009 issue of the journal Toxicological Sciences. The researchers believe this may explain how the popular weed killer produces some its harmful reproductive effects. The study, Characterization of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Atrazine and Metabolites in the Female Rat, was conducted by the Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory.. According to a December 4 analysis by Environmental Health Sciences, a foundation-funded journalism organization, the researchers discovered that female rats fed atrazine at the time of ovulation released a flow of stress hormones that are known to interfere with hormones essential for reproduction. The findings reveal one way atrazine may impact female reproduction. Elevated stress hormones ...

Keystone Pest Solutions Diuron 4L Herbicide - 2.5 Gallons [81927-44] - Diuron 4L Herbicide - 2.5 Gallon Diuron 4L Herbicide is for use on select crops and for residual bare ground control on parking lots, right of ways, etc. General Information: Diuron 4L is a liquid flowable to be mixed with water and applied as a spray for selective control of weeds in certain crops and for

Keystone Pest Solutions Diuron 4L Herbicide - 2.5 Gallons [81927-44] - Diuron 4L Herbicide - 2.5 Gallon Diuron 4L Herbicide is for use on select crops and for residual bare ground control on parking lots, right of ways, etc. General Information: Diuron 4L is a liquid flowable to be mixed with water and applied as a spray for selective control of weeds in certain crops and for

Herbicide resistance is a growing threat to the sustainability of agricultural systems. This publication describes the scope, mechanisms, types, factors affecting, and prevention and management of herbicide resistance

High yielding and stress tolerant crops are vital for food security needs of a growing population. New approaches are being devised to develop genetically modified (GM) plants suitable for changing climate, resistance to pests and herbicides and enhanced nutrition. Despite having great future promises, the general public and scientific community are concerned about the influence of growing GM plants on the ecosystem and human health. Herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops are among such GM crops which are considered to modify soil milieu by introducing herbicides compounds. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we examined the effect of herbicides, glyphosate, glufosinate ammonium sulphate and imazethapyr ammonium, on soil fungal population in the HT canola fields over two consecutive growing seasons (2010 and 2011) at two different locations in Quebec, Canada. Our data indicate that although slight increase in copy number of fungal population was observed after glyphosate treatments, this ...

The herbicides most commonly found in urban streams, in addition to atrazine and metolachlor, are simazine, prometon, 2,4-D, diuron, and tebuthiuron, all of which are commonly used in nonagricultural settings for maintenance of roadsides, commercial areas, lawns, and gardens. Prometon and 2,4-D have among the highest frequencies of urban use. Of the urban herbicides, 2,4-D, simazine, and diuron also have substantial agricultural use, ranking in the top 25 nationally. Diuron and 2,4-D were not detected as frequently as other compounds with similar use, probably because the analytical method for these two compounds is less sensitive and resulted in fewer detections than for other compounds, even when concentrations were similar. As in streams, the most frequently found herbicides in shallow ground water in urban areas were atrazine, DEA, simazine, and prometon. Unlike streams, however, metolachlor was seldom detected, probably because of its lower urban use and lower persistence in the environment ...

Atrazine is widely used as a selective triazine herbicide for controlling a wide varieties of broad-leaf and grassy weeds [1]. Atrazine herbicide is moderately present in the aquatic environment and has a low rate of biodegradability. Despite the atrazines low water solubility, there is much concern about the contamination of water resources with the highly toxic herbicides [2, 3]. Many studies reported that atrazines half-life in the aqueous phase and groundwater resources ranges from 41 to 237 days and 15 months to 20 years, respectively [4].. The maximum contaminant level for atrazine in drinking water established by the USEPA and WHO is 3.0 and 2.0 \( \mu \)gL−1, respectively [5]. Long-term effects of atrazine include probable human carcinogen, endocrine-disrupter, alteration in vitamins function, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity [6].. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) [7] and photocatalytic oxidation process are efficient methods relying on hydroxyl radicals (OH°) production to ...

Herbicides are frequently released into both rural and urban environments. Commercial herbicide formulations induce adaptive changes in the way bacteria respond to antibiotics. Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium and Escherichia coli were exposed to common co-formulants of formulations, and S. enterica sv. Typhimurium was exposed to active ingredients dicamba, 2,4-D and glyphosate to determine what ingredients of the commercial formulations caused this effect. Co-formulants Tween80 and carboxymethyl cellulose induced changes in response, but the pattern of the responses differed from the active ingredients, and effect sizes were smaller. A commercial wetting agent did not affect antibiotic responses. Active ingredients induced changes in antibiotic responses similar to those caused by complete formulations. This occurred at or below recommended application concentrations. Targeted deletion of efflux pump genes largely neutralized the adaptive response in the cases of increased survival in antibiotics,

Herbicides are vital to a good weed control program for furrow-irrigated rice. Growers should scout regularly for new weed flushes after previous herbicide treatments, since without permanent flooding, weeds will germinate and emerge throughout the growing season. Early season herbicide programs should be planned similarly to those for flooded rice.. A pre-emergence residual herbicide may be more important in furrow-irrigated rice, since less water is used than in flooded rice culture. A couple of weeks free of weeds will aid in good stand establishment and early season crop vigor.. Prowl has provided excellent residual grass control in furrow-irrigated rice studies. Prowl can be applied pre-emergence to the rice or tank-mixed with the early season propanil (Stam) treatment. It should be used especially when sprangletop is a problem, since propanil is weak on sprangletop.. Bolero is effective only if the soil surface is maintained wet, which can be very difficult. Although a furrow-irrigated ...

The emergence of herbicide-tolerant weeds is problematic and is the result of the absence of a good resistance management strategy from the very start. Common sense had predicted that the continuous use of the same herbicide on the same land, in the first place leads to a shift in weed populations (towards weeds with a limited leaf surface), and secondly to the emergence of resistant weeds. The emergence of these resistant weeds has led in some places to the additional application of additional, more harmful herbicides, either in a pre-emergence application, or in a tank mix with glyphosate. The environmental benefits of the glyphosate-tolerant crops are then significantly reduced.. The situation in the USA contrasts with the manner in which herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape is being introduced in Australia. There, herbicide resistance management has been a major priority in the introduction of glyphosate-tolerant oilseed rape. One component of the management strategy is that the GM oilseed rape ...

The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world. As a result, atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground, surface, and drinking water. Atrazine is also a potent endocrine disruptor that is active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations. Previous studies showed that atrazine adversely affects amphibian larval development. The present study demonstrates the reproductive consequences of atrazine exposure in adult amphibians. Atrazine-exposed males were both demasculinized (chemically castrated) and completely feminized as adults. Ten percent of the exposed genetic males developed into functional females that copulated with unexposed males and produced viable eggs. Atrazine-exposed males suffered from depressed testosterone, decreased breeding gland size, demasculinized/feminized laryngeal development, suppressed mating behavior, reduced spermatogenesis, and decreased fertility. These data are consistent with effects of atrazine ...

The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world. As a result, atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground, surface, and drinking water. Atrazine is also a potent endocrine disruptor that is active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations. Previous studies showed that atrazine adversely affects amphibian larval development. The present study demonstrates the reproductive consequences of atrazine exposure in adult amphibians. Atrazine-exposed males were both demasculinized (chemically castrated) and completely feminized as adults. Ten percent of the exposed genetic males developed into functional females that copulated with unexposed males and produced viable eggs. Atrazine-exposed males suffered from depressed testosterone, decreased breeding gland size, demasculinized/feminized laryngeal development, suppressed mating behavior, reduced spermatogenesis, and decreased fertility. These data are consistent with effects of atrazine ...

Herrera, S, Martin-Esteban, A, Fernandez, P, Stevenson, D and Camara, C (1998) Evaluation of a mixed immunosorbent for selective trace enrichment of phenylurea herbicides from plant material ...

Abstract (2004). Although direct contact during mixing/loading, application or repair and clean-up is the major pathway by which individuals living on farms are exposed to herbicides, indirect sources such as contact with contaminated surfaces may also contribute. As part of a biomonitoring study to measure the nature and extent of exposure of farm families to herbicides, we attempted to identify potential indirect sources of exposure in a subset of 32 Ontario farms. Herbicide residues in drinking water samples as well as surface swipes of common surfaces within the home were measured and compared with urinary concentrations of the applicator, spouse and child. Residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were measured on all surfaces that were tested, with the highest levels found on the washing machine knob and wash-up faucet within the home. Drinking water was not a significant source of exposure to 2,4-D for farm families. Urine samples of family members were weakly correlated with ...

XtendFlex® technology from Bayer allows growers to apply glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba POST to cotton. Since the evolution and spread of glyphosate-resistant weed species, early POST applications with several modes of action have become common. However, crop injury potential from these applications warrants further examination. Field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2017 at two locations in Mississippi to evaluate XtendFlex® cotton injury from herbicide application. Herbicide applications were made to XtendFlex® cotton at the three- to six-leaf stage with herbicide combinations composed of two-, three-, and four-way combinations of glyphosate, glufosinate, S-metolachlor, and three formulations of dicamba. Data collection included visual estimations of injury, stand counts, cotton height, total mainstem nodes, and nodes above whiteflower at first bloom. Data collection at the end of the season included cotton height, total mainstem nodes, and nodes above cracked boll. Visual ...

A University of Georgia professor is advocating that farmers rotate the pesticides they apply to cotton crops in order to prevent another outbreak of the herbicide-resistant weed, Palmer amaranth.. In 2004, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth was discovered in Macon County, Georgia. Being resistant to this herbicide allowed Palmer amaranth, commonly known as pigweed, to grow into the $100 million-a-year problem it is today for Georgia cotton farmers.. One of the key things to know about herbicide resistance is that a weed is resistant to that herbicide before you ever spray it, said William Vencill, a professor in the crop and soil sciences department of the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, during the Southern Weed Science Society annual meeting held in Savannah, Jan. 26-28. Once you start spraying that herbicide time and time again without applying other herbicides or other diverse weed management techniques, that one-in-a-billion trait can start to survive and ...

Controversy over the herbicide glyphosate has been raging for years in Europe but the plant protection product has neither been subject to an outright ban or given the all-clear. Katia Merten-Lentz of international law firm Keller and Heckman explains how glyphosate found itself in limbo.

Resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides has been reported in over 90 weedy species, including wild sunflower biotypes, since the herbicides were developed in 1982. The AHAS gene family in sunflower, consisting of three paralogs AHAS1 , AHAS2, and AHAS3, has been targeted for inducing herbicide resistance. A polymorphism identified in an elite sunflower line bred for resistance to the class of AHAS-inhibiting herbicides - sulfonylureas (SU) allowed development of a genotyping assay to be used in marker assisted selection (MAS). The expression level of the AHAS gene family was assayed in eight selected sunflower tissues. Diversity of the AHAS gene family was assessed among wild and domesticated sunflowers. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was discovered in the SU resistant sunflower. Development of a SNP assay, using fluorescently probed acyclo-dNTPs, facilitated genotypic determination. Non-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR ...

The scientists decided to see if these herbicides had the same harmful late-stage application effects on the invasive weed Japanese brome. In greenhouse experiments, they tested dicamba (Banvel/Clarity), 2,4-D, and picloram (Tordon) at typically used rates. They found that picloram reduced seed production nearly 100 percent when applied at the late growth stage of the weed. Dicamba was slightly less effective, but still nearly eliminated all seed production, while 2,4-D was much less effective.. Since annual grass seeds only survive in soil a year or two, it should only take one to three years of herbicide treatment at the right growth stage to greatly reduce the soil seed bank of annual weedy grasses without harming perennial grasses.. Rinella has recently finished field tests that support the greenhouse experiment results. He also tested the herbicide aminopyralid (Milestone) and found it was as effective as picloram. Next he will test much lower doses of the herbicides in an attempt to lower ...

Poa annua is a problematic weed that infests golf courses, sports fields, and home lawns. Mitotic-inhibiting herbicides are often used to control Poa annua in these affected areas. However, resistance to mitotic-inhibiting herbicides has developed due to unaltered herbicide regimes. Suspected resistant populations were collected from across the state of Alabama and screened for resistance to prodiamine. Populations were then sequenced for known target-site mutations located on the alpha-tubulin gene. The mutation Thr239-Ile on the alpha-tubulin gene was discovered in each of the three suspected resistant populations tested. The results from this study indicated that these mutations confer resistance to prodiamine and cross-resistance to dithiopyr. The level of resistance to prodiamine for the R populations were 1.6, 16.5, and 4.6 times more than the susceptible population based on seedling emergence response and 1.8, 59.2, and 1.4 times more than the susceptible population based on biomass ...

THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE. Dear Friends and Colleagues. Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds A Growing Major Problem Worldwide. Glyphosate-resistant soybean was introduced in 1996, the first of several (genetically modified) glyphosate-resistant crops, which allowed the herbicide, glyphosate, to be used as a selective post-emergence herbicide. Glyphosates widespread use has resulted in a situation where glyphosate-resistant weed species are evolving at a steady pace and the more virulent existing glyphosate-resistant weeds are spreading rapidly.. A recent review (Item 1) gives us an overview of the incidence of glyphosate-resistant weeds in the world. Thirty-eight weed species have now evolved resistance to glyphosate, distributed across 37 countries and in 34 different crops and six non-crop situations. Glyphosate-resistant weeds in glyphosate-resistant crop systems account for more than 90% of the area infested and the economic damage caused by glyphosate-resistant weeds ...

Herbicide Resistance Weed explained metaphorically by metaphor and with analogy examples. Herbicide Resistance Weed is like a ...

TY - CONF. T1 - INTRODUCTION AND EXPRESSION OF A GENE CONFERRING TOLERANCE TO THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE IN POPULUS NC5339.. AU - Fillatti, J. J.. AU - McCown, B. H.. AU - Sellmer, James C.. AU - Haissig, B.. PY - 1986/12/1. Y1 - 1986/12/1. N2 - We have developed a plant regeneration and gene transfer system for Populus NC5339, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector. Employing this system we introduced a gene for glyphosate tolerance (aroA) into Populus NC5339 plants. This paper describes the strategy employed to achieve this goal.. AB - We have developed a plant regeneration and gene transfer system for Populus NC5339, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector. Employing this system we introduced a gene for glyphosate tolerance (aroA) into Populus NC5339 plants. This paper describes the strategy employed to achieve this goal.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0022934435&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

Over 200,000 cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed annually; herbicide contaminants in local water sources may contribute to the growth of these cancers. GPR30, a G protein coupled receptor, was identified as a potential orphan receptor that may interact with triazine herbicides such as atrazine, one of the most commonly utilized chlorotriazines in agricultural practices in the United States. Our goal was to identify whether chlorotriazines affected the expression of GPR30. Two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as well as one normal breast cell line, MCF-10A, were treated with a 100-fold range of atrazine, cyanazine, or simazine, with levels flanking the EPA safe level for each compound. Using real-time PCR, we assessed changes in GPR30 mRNA compared to a GAPDH control. Our results indicate that GPR30 expression increased in breast cancer cells at levels lower than the US EPA drinking water contamination limit. During this treatment, the viability of cells was unaltered. In

A new study featured in the most recent issue of the journal Weed Technology shows that cover crops can help to fight glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth - the most difficult of the glyphosate-resistant weeds - to manage and a significant problem for U.S. cotton growers. Cover crop residues create an unfavorable environment for weeds by reducing the light and moisture available to germinating weed seeds. Pre-emergence herbicides are typically used in combination with cover crops, though, to achieve adequate weed control. Researchers at the University of . . .

Bermudagrass and zoysiagrass are two commonly used turfgrass on golf course fairways in the southern and transition zone of the United States. Due to its excellent turf performance and superior cold tolerance compared to bermudagrass, zoysiagrass are the dominant turfgrass used in upper transition zone area, including Missouri. However, bermudagrass still brings encroachment problem on many zoysiagrass fairways. Similar sensitivities of the two species to most commonly used herbicides make it difficult to remove one from the other. Experiments were first conducted in the greenhouse with different herbicides and plant growth regulators applied to Quickstand and Riviera bermudagrass, and El Toro and Meyer zoysiagrass. The most promising chemicals that produced highest discoloration to bermudagrass but minimum impact on zoysiagrass were tested on a golf course where severe bermudagrass encroachment happened on the zoysiagrass fairway. The results show that aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) ...

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) in the porphyrin pathway is the target site of the peroxidizing herbicides such as carfentrazone-ethyl and oxyfluorfen. In an attempt to develop herbicide-resistant plants, transgenic rice plants were generated via expression of herbicide-insensitive Bacillus subtilis Protox gene fused to the transit sequence for targeting to the plastid using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. Homozygous transgenic rice lines of T₃ generation selected by hygromycin resistance test were examined if they are resistant to the herbicides carfentrazone-ethyl and oxyfluorfen. The homozygous transgenic lines had single copy insertion of B. subtilis Protox gene into their genomes and express its mRNA. Compared to wild-type rice, the transgenic lines were less susceptible to the herbicides when examined with respect to growth, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss and lipid peroxidation. The in vitro Protox activities in transgenic lines were about 56 % higher than those in ...

Separation of Atrazine-desethyl; Metoxuron; Hexazinone; Simazine; Cyanazine; Methabenzthiazuron; Atrazine; Monolinuron; Diuron; Isoproturon; Metobromuron; Metazachlor; Sebuthylazin; Linuron; Metolachlor

Each year, approximately 46 million pounds of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) (EPA, 2005) and 4 million pounds of 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionate (2,4-DP) (EPA, 2007) herbicides are applied for commercial or residential usage in the US. Accidental runoff of herbicides such as 2,4-D and 2,4-DP from human applications is toxic to non-target organisms and harmful to the environment. The main mode of removal for most herbicides in nature is biodegradation. In natural environments, herbicides and substrates are non-uniformly distributed, and microorganisms compete to degrade these compounds. The favorability of one microbe over another depends on many factors, including the herbicide and substrate concentrations. The objective of my research is to construct two green-fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmids to tag a specific strain of D. acidovorans (MC1071) for visual distinction from one or more competing microbes in a microfluidic pore structure that contains spatially varying concentrations of 2,4-DP, ...

Roundup Ready hybrid varieties are extremely high yielding and offer a high oil content, in addition to providing a superior weed control system.. Roundup Ready hybrid varieties consistently demonstrate an approximate 200kg/ha yield advantage over triazine tolerant (TT) varieties based on Australian NVT results.. Roundup Ready hybrid varieties also provide very high oil contents, on average providing an approximate 1% advantage over TT varieties.. When yield, oil and the weed control benefits of Roundup Ready are considered, the system is highly profitable and sustainable.. ...

PubMed journal article: The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

ROSO, A.C. and VIDAL, R.A.. A Modified phosphate-carrier protein theory is proposed as a non-target site mechanism For glyphosate resistance in weeds. Planta daninha [online]. 2010, vol.28, n.spe, pp.1175-1185. ISSN 0100-8358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582010000500025.. Glyphosate is an herbicide that inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs) (EC 2.5.1.19). EPSPs is the sixth enzyme of the shikimate pathway, by which plants synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and many compounds used in secondary metabolism pathways. About fifteen years ago it was hypothesized that it was unlikely weeds would evolve resistance to this herbicide because of the limited degree of glyphosate metabolism observed in plants, the low resistance level attained to EPSPs gene overexpression, and because of the lower fitness in plants with an altered EPSPs enzyme. However, today 20 weed species have been described with glyphosate resistant ...

Contribution of Acinetobacter genus in the degradation of atrazine and its analogs is reported here. An interesting bacterial isolate capable of degrading atrazine as high as 250 ppm was isolated from a soil heavily contaminated with atrazine. The permissible level of atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb and hence use of a strain capable of atrazine degradation as high as 250 ppm would be of immense help for rapid environmental cleanup. This isolate was found to be capable of best growth at 37 degrees C and at pH inclined towards the alkaline side. It was found that atrazine was utilized as a carbon and not as a nitrogen source. Acinetobacter species was also active on other triazine pesticides, viz., simazine, terbutryn, cyanazine, and prometon. There are very few reports on the degradation of atrazine by any member of this genus and hence this could lead to new degradation pathways and new metabolites.. ...

For the first time, researchers have discovered that some common herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and lipid-lowering drugs including gemfibrozil can prevent activation of a human taste receptor involved in energy metabolism and glucose regulation (J. Med. Chem., DOI: 10.1021/jm900823s). A team led by Bedrich Mosinger of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, in Philadelphia, tested these two classes of compounds because of their structural similarity to lactisole, a coffee bean component that inhibits the detection of sweet taste by blocking the receptor, which is known as type I taste receptor 3 (T1R3). The researchers recommend that the herbicides be screened for adverse metabolic effects on humans by using human tissues; these effects cant be detected in rodent studies, because neither the herbicides nor the drugs affect the rodent version of the receptor. The teams findings also open up a new pharmacological target for drug developers: Compounds could conceivably be ...

The objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of agronomic practices usually implemented in olive groves (addition of olive mill waste and herbicides) on soil microbial communities and to test whether drought enhanced such effects. For that purpose, mesocosms containing soil cores from olive groves were incubated for 5 months under either of the three treatments: (i) addition of olive mill waste (OMW), (ii) addition of glyphosate-based herbicide (Gly treatment) and (iii) both treatments. Half of the mesocosms were subjected or not (controls) to drying-rewetting cycles (D/Rw) for 1 month (1 D/Rw) or 3 months (3 D/Rw). In the controls, 2 months after the Gly treatment, higher lipase activities were observed compared with no practice treatment as well as a significant change in catabolic profiles of cultivable microbial communities. Three months later, lipase activities significantly decreased under the Gly treatment. Addition of OMW together with Gly treatment counteracted the

Weed Technology publishes on how weeds are managed, including work on herbicides, weed biology, new control technologies, and reports of new weed issues.

Abstract The photodegradation of the herbicides atrazine and ametryn with visible light in aerated neutral aqueous solutions and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (2,6-dichloro-3-sulfophenyl) porphyrin or 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-sulfophenyl) porphyrin as sensitizers are reported for the first time. Our findings show that the degradation percentage reached 30% for atrazine and 63% for ametryn. The final photoproducts were characterized as dealkylated s-triazines. Photolysis of the pesticides in the presence of a singlet oxygen quencher showed only a minor contribution of this type of mechanism, while a bimolecular quenching reaction between the triplet state of the sensitizer and the pesticides is excluded by flash photolysis studies. It is proposed that the mechanism may involve the formation of a superoxide radical anion from the triplet state of the sensitizer and molecular oxygen, followed by a radical decomposition pathway ...

This time last year, we were suffering from a herbicide problem which stunted our Roma paste tomatoes. No, we didnt spray herbicide on them. Someone else sprayed Triclopyr growth regulator herbicide (Ortho Poison Ivy Killer) on poison ivy down the road, behind some trees. He sprayed on 5/23, and made repeat sprays twice, about two weeks apart (approx. June 4th and 18th). As the crow flies, it might be 600 ft or so from the tomatoes.. Some other brand names of Triclopyr include Grandstand, Alligare, Garlon and Horsepower. Other growth regulator herbicides include 2,4-D, Aminopyralid, Dicamba, Diflufenzopyr, Picloram, Quinclorac, as well as Triclopyr.. On June 18 2016, we noticed some of the younger leaves on our plants were curling inwards and buckling an odd way. There were no obvious spots or mottling, but the sick plants were stunted. Most of the damaged plants were in groups in low areas.. I thought it was a virus. We decided not to handle the plants until we had a diagnosis, for fear of ...