The aim of the study was to assess the association between glycemic control understanding as a glycated haemoglobin level and indices of diabetic neuropathy.. METHODS: We evaluated 204 patients with diabetes (type 1 - 29; type 2 - 175). Glycated haemoglobin was determined using The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/ National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program method. Evaluation of complaints from the lower extremities was based on the Neuropathy Syndrome Total Score questionnaire. We used a mono lament for evaluation of touch sensation (Semmes-Weinstein 5.07-10 g), a 128 Hz calibrated tune-fork for the vibration perception test, Tip-Therm to assess temperature sensation.. RESULTS: The mean glycated haemoglobin level was assessed on 8.53±1.87%. The mean Neuropathy Syndrome Total Score: 11.45±6.37. Decreased sensation of touch on both sides was determined in 30% of cases, decreased sensation of temperature in 59% and decreased sensation of vibration in 30%. For Neuropathy Syndrome ...

Anyone whos had diabetes for any length of time knows that A1C tests havent been reliable until recently. In the past, many different types of A1C tests gave different results depending on the lab that analyzed them.. However, the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program has helped improve the accuracy of these tests. Manufacturers of A1C tests now have to prove that their tests are consistent with those used in a major diabetes study. Accurate home test kits are also now available for purchase.. Accuracy is relative when it comes to A1C or even blood glucose tests, though. The A1C test result can be up to half a percent higher or lower than the actual percentage. That means if your A1C is 6, it might indicate a range from 5.5 to 6.5.. Some people may have a blood glucose test that indicates diabetes but their A1C is normal, or vice versa. Before confirming a diagnosis of diabetes, your doctor should repeat the test that was abnormal on a different day This is not necessary in the ...

On This Site Tests: Glucose Tests; Urine Albumin; Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio; Fructosamine Conditions: Diabetes In the News: Screening, Diet and Exercise Key Factors in Task Forces New Diabetes Guidelines (2015), Task Force Updates Recommendations for Screening for Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes in Adults (2014), New Report Finds that Diabetes is on the Rise (2014) Elsewhere On The Web American Diabetes Association: Diabetes Basics American Diabetes Association: Risk Test American Association of Diabetes Educators Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Diabetes Public Health Resource National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse: Prevent diabetes problems - Keep your diabetes under control National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Diabetes A to Z National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program American Diabetes Association - DiabetesPro, estimated Average Glucose, eAG Ask a Laboratory Scientist Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Umbilicial cord glycosylated hemoglobin in infants of diabetic mothers. T2 - Relationships to neonatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and cord serum C-peptide. AU - Sosenko, J. M.. AU - Kitzmiller, J. L.. AU - Fluckiger, R.. PY - 1982/1/1. Y1 - 1982/1/1. N2 - Relationships of neonatal glycemia and birthweight to antecedent fetal glycemia and insulinemia have been examined in the offspring of 63 insulin-dependent diabetic and 29 nondiabetic mothers. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in maternal and cord blood were measured by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) colorimetric technique to estimate antecedent fetal and maternal glycemia; cord serum C-peptide was assayed to estimate fetal insulinemia. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly elevated in the diabetic mothers and their offspring as compared with controls (P , 0.001), and maternal and cord blood levels were highly correlated in the diabetic group (r = 0.61, P , 0.001). Cord serum C-peptide and glycosylated hemoglobin levels ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Point-of-Care Hemoglobin A1c. AU - OBrien, Matthew James. AU - Sacks, David B.. N1 - Funding Information: reported receiving support from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21-DK112066) and personal fees from Funding Information: Novo Nordisk. Dr Sacks reported receiving support from the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Intramural Program and grants from the National Institutes of Health and serving as the chair on the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program steering committee.. PY - 2019/10/8. Y1 - 2019/10/8. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85072252129&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85072252129&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1001/jama.2019.14063. DO - 10.1001/jama.2019.14063. M3 - Comment/debate. C2 - 31513231. AN - SCOPUS:85072252129. VL - 322. SP - 1404. EP - 1405. JO - JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. JF - JAMA - Journal of the American Medical ...

BackgroundWith increasing use of glucosamine-containing supplements for the treatment of osteoarthritis, there is increasing concern in the medical community ab

Each patient developed severe neuropathic pain within 8 weeks of initiating intensive glycemic control. Nine patients (age range, 19-29) had type 1 diabetes, and 7 patients (age range, 31-58) had type 2 diabetes. Other common causes of neuropathy were ruled out. Average glycosylated hemoglobin levels were about 14% before intensive glycemic control and about 7% afterward. Pain was in a stocking-glove distribution in 13 patients and was diffuse in 3 patients. Autonomic symptoms (e.g., orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal dysfunction) occurred commonly, and standardized tests of sympathetic and parasympathetic function were abnormal in most patients. Retinopathy also worsened during the first 6 months of sustained glycemic control. Pain subsided eventually in most patients, but only after 1 to 2 years of combination drug therapies for neuropathic pain ...

Background: Diabetes mellitus involves 8.7% of the adult community in India, and its preponderance is rising. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for complications after open cardiac surgery. Poor glycaemic control, measured by glycosylated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), is associated with high incidence of micro and macroangiopathy. HbA1c reflects the patients prevailing sugar control over the previous 120-150 days. Perioperative cardiac surgical risk scoring systems like Euro Score and STS scoring systems do not include HbA1c level as risk factor. We intended to study the correlation of preoperative HbA1c level and outcome after cardiac surgery.. Methodology: A total of 350 patients who had undergone elective cardiac surgery were included. All patients were stratified into two groups, Group 1 with HbA1c level , 7%, Group 2 ,7%. Intraoperative and postoperative adverse events were documented retrospectively. The two groups of patients were compared with regard to their demographic data, operation ...

In this study, the measurement of GA was shown to provide a more relevant method to assess glycemic control in HD patients with diabetes. Although PG was measured without overnight fasting, a previous report showed that nonfasting, rather than fasting, PG was a better marker of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (21). Because the mean values of monthly-determined PG essentially were the same throughout the study period, it was suggested that glycemic control had been stable during the 2 mo before the determination of GA and HbA1c and that a single determination just before the Monday/Tuesday HD session might be representative of glycemic control in HD patients with diabetes. Although HbA1c and GA reflect glycemic control during the preceding 4 to 6 wk and 1 to 2 wk (11), the stable glycemic control during the preceding 2 mo can negate the different impact of acute changes of glycemic control between HbA1c and GA in this study. Supportive of this notion is that the correlation coefficient ...

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that causes many problems for adolescents and their families. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the numerous complications of the disease that require long-term treatment and the need for daily blood glucose control, lifestyle modification and knowledge acquisition regarding self-care behaviors are essential throughout life.Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes, this study evaluated the effect of self-care education on glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and blood glucose control in adolescents with diabetes in Ilam, Iran.A randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients with type 1 diabetes in Ilam. Patients were assigned randomly to experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 24) groups. A total of seven self-care group training sessions were arranged by the researcher; each session lasted 90 minutes and each group included five people. Patient fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c levels were measured before and three months after the

Objective: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. Though the beneficial effect of exercise on diabetes is well established, specifi..

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Changes in the atheromatous plaque are the cause of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. Various articles have shown that HbA1c as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD).23-25 Geng et al.26 in his met analysis found association between high HbA1c level and long-term mortality and myocardial infarction among non-diabetic patients. However, risk for early deaths in non-diabetic patients with CAD was not associated with high level of HbA1c. In his meta-analysis, a total of 18,041 participants were included for the analysis,27-43 which showed a significantly increased risk of long-term mortality in patients with a high HbA1c level than those with a low HbA1c level (OR 1.76, 95%CI 1.44-2.16, P? 1,750mg/dl) ...

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Results: Via linear regression we found statistically significant linear relations between GLUand GHbA1c for female and male patients, male patients had higher mean level of GLU than female (+10.7mg/dL p,0.05), similarly for GHbA1c (+0.24% p,0.05). For healthy controls, neither linear relation nor gender difference was identified. Subsequently we calculated eAG on the basis of GLU level, we found a significant correlation Corr.Coeff.=0.56) between GLU and eAG for DM patients and no correlation (Corr.Coeff.=0.026) for healthy controls. These finding were consistent when the analysis was repeated separately for both genders, however with no difference between men and women.. Conclusions: eAG and GLU values cannot be used in general population interchangeably. One strategy option could be the use of eAG levels together with GHbA1c values.. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glucose; Glycosylated haemoglobin; Statistical models; Regression analysis Published on: Mar 2, 2016 Pages: 25-33. Full Text PDF ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Clinical use and time relationship of changes in affinity measurement of glycosylated albumin and glycosylated hemoglobin. AU - Rendell, M.. AU - Paulsen, R.. AU - Eastberg, S.. AU - Stephen, P. M.. AU - Valentine, J. L.. AU - Smith, C. H.. AU - Nierenberg, J.. AU - Rasbold, K.. AU - Klenk, D.. AU - Smith, P. K.. PY - 1986/1/1. Y1 - 1986/1/1. N2 - Simple techniques for measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated albumin by affinity chromatographyy on m-aminophenylboronic acid agarose columns have recently been developed. This study explored the time course of changes in glycoalbumin versus those of glycohemoglobin in response to rapid changes in ambient glucose concentration. One would predict that glycoalbumin levels would change more rapidly than glycohemoglobin levels due to the shorter half-life of albumin than hemoglobin. This was found to be the case in a group of rabbits rendered diabetic with alloxan. Glycoalbumin levels plateaued 4 weeks after alloxan ...

Glycated haemoglobin (hba1c) synonym: glycosylated haemoglobin. glycated haemoglobin (hba1c) an hba1c of 48 mmol/mol. Hemoglobin a1c unit conversion between %

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Laboratory results may differ depending on the analytical technique, the age of the subject, and biological variation among individuals. Two individuals with the same average blood sugar can have A1C values that differ by as much as 1 percentage point.[8] In general, the reference range (that found in healthy persons), is about 4%-5.9%.[9] Higher levels of HbA1c are found in people with persistently elevated blood sugar, as in diabetes mellitus. While diabetic patient treatment goals vary, many include a target range of HbA1c values. A diabetic person with good glucose control has a HbA1c level that is close to or within the reference range. The International Diabetes Federation and American College of Endocrinology recommend HbA1c values below 6.5%, while American Diabetes Association recommends that the HbA1c be below 7.0% for most patients. A high HbA1c represents poor glucose control. Persistent elevations in blood sugar (and therefore HbA1c) increase the risk for the long-term vascular ...

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compare differences in glucoregulation, frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, glucose variability and lipid profiles of inpatients with poorly regulated type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) after evening versus morning glargine application. METHODS: Eighteen patients with poorly regulated T1DM, glycated hemoglobin (Hba1c) levels ≥7% and frequent nocturnal and/or morning hypoglycemic episodes were included in this study. There was a 12-week screening phase where patients continued their usual insulin regimen and were encouraged to achieve optimal glycemic control; however, all patients maintained HbA1c values ≥7% and continued to have frequent nocturnal and/or morning hypoglycemic events and were therefore transitioned to morning application of insulin glargine for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was to investigate changes in HbA1c values 12 weeks after the transition. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the effect of transition on glucose ...

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefits and risks of lixisenatide (AVE0010), in comparison to placebo, used in a 2-step dose titration regimen in monotherapy, over a period of 12 weeks of treatment.. The primary objective is to assess the effects of lixisenatide, in comparison to placebo, on glycemic control using a 2-step dose titration regimen in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction (absolute change) at Week 12.. Secondary objectives are to assess the effects of lixisenatide, in comparison to placebo, on glycemic control in terms of HbA1c reduction when it is used in a one-step dose titration regimen over a period of 12 weeks, body weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) after a standardized meal, to assess the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and anti-lixisenatide antibody development. ...

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefits and risks of lixisenatide (AVE0010), in comparison to placebo, used in a 2-step dose titration regimen in monotherapy, over a period of 12 weeks of treatment.. The primary objective is to assess the effects of lixisenatide, in comparison to placebo, on glycemic control using a 2-step dose titration regimen in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction (absolute change) at Week 12.. Secondary objectives are to assess the effects of lixisenatide, in comparison to placebo, on glycemic control in terms of HbA1c reduction when it is used in a one-step dose titration regimen over a period of 12 weeks, body weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) after a standardized meal, to assess the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and anti-lixisenatide antibody development. ...

To explore the potential economic benefits of improved glycemic control, we conducted a retrospective study using enrollment, medical claims, and clinical laboratory data for ∼2,500 adults with diabetes enrolled in the Fallon Clinic health plan within a recent 4-year period. We found that the likelihood of inpatient admission for selected short-term complications and the average number of such stays increased significantly with higher levels of HbAlc. On an adjusted basis, patients with poor glycemic control had more than double the number of inpatient admissions over a 3-year period than those with good glycemic control 31 vs. 13 per 100 patients, respectively; P , 0.01). The largest absolute difference in admission rates occurred in patients who had long-term diabetic complications (30 per 100 patients with good control vs. 74 per 100 patients with poor control; P , 0.01). Corresponding average adjusted charges were also lowest among patients with good control and highest among those with ...

This analysis of the DCCT data has shown that in patients with type 1 diabetes, increasing variability in A1C adds to the risk of microvascular complications over and above that predicted by the mean A1C value alone. This finding was present in the DCCT cohort overall and was also a feature of both treatment groups individually when the mean A1C alone was initially predictive. The effect was most pronounced among those patients who were in the conventionally treated group, presumably because the event rate, the range of variability, and the spread of variability at any given mean A1C was much larger than those for patients in the intensively treated patients.. The magnitude of the effect of A1C variability is marked, such that a 1% absolute increase in A1C SD results in at least a doubling in retinopathy and an 80% increase in nephropathy risk using either of our models. As shown in Fig. 1B, put into the context of individuals participating in the DCCT, it means that a patient in the 97.5th ...

Background Little is known about the relative contribution of long-term glycemic variability to the risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of A1C variability on the progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in type 2 ...

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a form of hemoglobin. The HbA1c test is a routine test for people with diabetes. Medsinglong brand hgb a1c MSLGH04 HbA1c Test for Diabetes - Diagnosis.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) variability may be a more powerful predictor of all-cause mortality with type 2 diabetes than average HbA1c, according to a study publish

Authors: RE GILBERT, C TSALAMANDRIS, LA BACH, S PANAGIOTOPOULOS, RC OBRIEN, TJ ALLEN, I GOODALL, V YOUNG, E SEEMAN, RML MURRAY, ME COOPER, G JERUMS

The glycosylated hemoglobin test shows what a persons average blood glucose level was for the 2 to 3 months before the test. This can help determine how well a persons diabetes is being controlled over time.

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Learn more about Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test at Swedish Medical Center DefinitionReasons for TestPossible ComplicationsWhat to ExpectCall Your Doctorrevision ...

Ryu, J. and Lee, C. (2012), Association of glycosylated hemoglobin with the gene encoding CDKAL1 in the Korean Association Resource (KARE) study. Hum. Mutat., 33: 655-659. doi: 10.1002/humu.22040 ...

Health,A significant association exists between depression severity and poor ...The study involved 200 Hispanics with diabetes. We found a steady... This held especially true among patients with moderate-severe dep...However there is no such association found in non-Hispanic diabet...Hispanics have high incident rates of diabetes and are more likely...,Poor,Glycaemic,Control,In,Hispanics,With,Diabetes,Causes,Severe,Depression,,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news

At any given average glucose level, high variability results in higher glycosylated hemoglobin level. In a study involving 427 diabetic patients (63% had t

The A1C test is a blood test used to diagnose Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It also gauges how well diabetes is being managed through a diabetes treatment plan, according to Mayo Clinic. The A1C test...

A1C test review for nurses and nursing students An A1C test is a blood test that is used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This exam is also been referred to as a hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin, and glycated hemoglobin. The A1c results show what your average blood sugar level was for the last 8-12 weeks. […]. » Read more ...

A1C test review for nurses and nursing students An A1C test is a blood test that is used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This exam is also been referred to as a hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin, and glycated hemoglobin. The A1c results show what your average blood sugar level was for the last 8-12 weeks. […]. » Read more ...

In this population-based cohort study of 3794 people developing diabetes, we found that education and income are inversely associated with an increased risk for HbA1c ,70 mmol/mol (8.6%) at the time of diagnosis with T2D. We also found that earlier IHD disease decreased the odds of having a high HbA1c level at diagnosis. Adjusting for earlier IHD disease increased the risk estimates slightly for low education and income as the prevalence of IHD were higher in these groups.. A strength of the study is that it is based on incident of newly diagnosed cases of T2D and LADA in a defined dynamic population. The exposures were identified and registered before and independent of the outcome ruling out reversed causation and dependent misclassification of the exposures. We also had information on relevant confounders. The outcome was prevalence of increased levels of HbA1c, implying an inability to distinguish between incidence and duration. However, HbA1c was measured at the time of the diagnosis and ...

Patients with diabetes may be able to manage their disease better with an automated instant-messaging service. For 12 weeks, patients who used a Web-based short messaging service lost weight, had better control of their blood sugar, and had lower blood sugar before and after meals, according to Korean researchers. The study involved 35 patients with diabetes and 36 patients in a control group. The patients who used the service recorded their diet and the amount of exercise on a Web site and were given a device to calculate blood sugar and a pedometer that linked with their cell phone and sent data directly to their Web data sheet. The system sent messages back to the cell phones. After 12 weeks, the researchers found that patients who used the service had lost an average of 1.9 kg and had a decrease in their average glycosylated hemoglobin levels from 8.06% to 7.34%. The control group saw no change. Their findings were published in the November 2007 issue of Diabetes Care. F A S T F A C T : ...

Background: Since the DCCT demonstrated that improved glycaemic control reduced complications the goal of diabetes management has been to maintain HbA1c as close to normal as possible. Recent changes by the laboratory to our HbA1c assay, combined with the debate about deanonymised publication of clinic s HbA1c results, creating the potential for league tables , focussed our attention on the variation between HbA1c assays.. Clinical data: Our local adult hospital, which previously processed our HbA1c specimens, opted to replace an aging analyser. During the evaluation of the new analyser, samples were run on both systems for a trial period. Our clinic average HbA1c on the existing analyser was 8.4% but rose 0.7 to 9.1% on the replacement. A few months later we introduced point of care testing and evaluated 3 different analysers. Despite all analysers being DCCT aligned, our clinic average was 8.9, 8.4 or 7.6% depending on the system!. Discussion: The international consensus within the ...

New entrants in the type 2 diabetes treatment market share a similar goal: To solve patients constant struggle with glycemic control.

想找hba1c level答案在【硬是要APP】蒐集全球最新資訊及認知hba1c臨床意義 78筆2頁,My Blood Glucose & HbA1c app關注網路熱門話題,2015年2月8日 - Find out why the hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) is so important for people with ... The average amount of sugar in your blood can be found by measuring your hemoglobin A1c level.

I went to one of those free screenings the other day and had my HbA1c test done on a TrueTrack meter. It came out to 6.7. I was totally bummed out. I...

Automatic Glycated Hemoglobin HbA1c Analyzer. Add to Enquiry List Call for Price. Product Description. Accurate Principle of Methodology Adopts classical and accurate principle of methodology - Ion exchange liquid chromatography, It is the gold standard of HbA1C analysis, and it is the only analysis method to really separate HbA1C directly by .... Get Price ...

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It has shown that the decrease of blood glucose levels in patient with diabetes mellitus decreases mortality and morbidity rates. Main purpose in diab..

In our registry-based observational study, patients with type 1 diabetes and a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.9% or lower had a risk of death from any cause or from cardiovascular causes that was twice as high as the risk for matched controls. (Funded by the Swedish Society of Medicine and others.).

TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin levels with fasting and postprandial glucose in south Indian type 2 diabetic patients. AU - Haghighatpanah, Mohammad. AU - Thunga, Girish. AU - Khare, Sarvajeet. AU - Mallayasamy, Surulivelrajan. PY - 2016. Y1 - 2016. N2 - Objective: To assess the correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin levels with fasting and postprandial glucose in South Indian type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out as per the protocol approved by the institutional ethics committee (IEC) and case records of patients (≥ 40 y old) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and complications, that fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and HbA1c measured during previous follow-ups were included in the study. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Ver. 20 and p ≤ 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Based on the study criteria, 633 case profiles were selected and ...

Glycated Hemoglobin or Hemoglobin A1c, is a test that tells us what our average blood glucose levels have been over the past three or four months, telling us how good or bad our Diabetes control has been during that time.. Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for transporting oxygen, and because glucose is sticky, it adheres to hemoglobin as it flows through the bloodstream. The more glucose there is in the bloodstream, the greater the amount of hemoglobin glycation will occur in that period.. In people without Diabetes the normal glycated hemoglobin levels are 5% to 5.7%. If a person without Diabetes has a level of 5.8% to 6.1%, this means they have insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, if their glycated hemoglobin or A1c level is 6.2% to 6.4%, that means they have prediabetes, and more than 6.5% indicates they already have Diabetes.. People with Diabetes need to get a Glycated Hemoglobin or A1c test at least twice a year, however, people who dont have good control of their Diabetes, ...

Hypoglycaemia is the most important adverse effect of intensive glycaemic management in patients with diabetes. Severe episodes can be accompanied by confusion, disorientation, irrational behaviour, convulsions, coma, permanent impairment of brain function, serious injury, and even death. Hypoglycaemia is particularly dangerous if it occurs while patients are driving or operating potentially hazardous machinery, and in those living alone with no one to provide assistance. Asymptomatic episodes may be accompanied by silent myocardial ischaemia.1 Loss of warning signs (hypoglycaemia unawareness) and severe episodes become more prevalent as glycaemia control improves to the point that glucose levels are at normal or near normal levels. Indeed, hypoglycaemia has been identified as the limiting factor that prevents patients with diabetes from achieving excellent glycaemic control.2 3. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reported 62 episodes of severe hypoglycaemia requiring assistance ...

Disclosure of Interests Mark C. Genovese Grant/research support from: Sanofi/Genzyme, Genentech/Roche, RPharm, Consultant for: Sanofi/Genzyme, Genentech/Roche, RPharm, Gerd Rüdiger Burmester Consultant for: Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Speakers bureau: Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Owen Hagino Shareholder of: Sanofi Genzyme, Employee of: Sanofi Genzyme, Hubert van Hoogstraten Shareholder of: Sanofi, Regeneron, Novartis, Grant/research support from: Zambon, Employee of: Sanofi, Erin Mangan Shareholder of: Regeneron, Pfizer, Employee of: Regeneron, Karthinathan Thangavelu Shareholder of: Sanofi, Employee of: Sanofi, Roy Fleischmann Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celtrion, Genentech, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Consultant for: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celtrion, Genentech, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen Consultant for: Sanofi Genzyme, Speakers ...

To examine long term changes on glycated hemoglobin in sedentary employees exposed to two different walking programs during a 10-week intervention. A total of 68 sedentary employees participated in a 10-week walking intervention and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: intermittent walking, continuous walking or control group. Hemoglobin A1cNOW+ device tested glycated hemoglobin and accelerometry assessed physical activity. Results showed glycated hemoglobin significantly decreased over the ten weeks (5.82±0.49, 5.66±0.44) F(1,64) =4.229, p=.044) in the continuous walking group. Post-Hoc test showed the continuous walking group was significantly affected, F=8.463, p=.009, with a large size effect n2=.297. There were no changes within the intermittent group (5.69±0.63, 5.63±0.6) or control group (5.59±0.6, 5.6±0.54) (p,0.05). Accelerometry showed a main effect of time by group interaction F(4,124) =4.688, p=0.001). Post-Hoc indicated that the continuous walking group took ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Glycated hemoglobin and the risk of kidney disease and retinopathy in adults with and without diabetes. AU - Selvin, Elizabeth. AU - Ning, Yang. AU - Steffes, Michael W.. AU - Bash, Lori D.. AU - Klein, Ronald. AU - Wong, Tien Y.. AU - Astor, Brad C.. AU - Sharrett, A. Richey. AU - Brancati, Frederick L.. AU - Coresh, Josef. PY - 2011/1/1. Y1 - 2011/1/1. N2 - OBJECTIVE: Glycated hemoglobin was recently recommended for use as a diagnostic test for diabetes. We examined the association between 2010 American Diabetes Association diagnostic cut points for glycated hemoglobin and microvascular outcomes (chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease [ESRD], and retinopathy) and formally tested for the presence of risk thresholds in the relationships of glycated hemoglobin with these outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective cohort and cross-sectional analyses of 11,357 participants (773 with a history of diagnosed diabetes) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Glycated hemoglobin and the risk of kidney disease and retinopathy in adults with and without diabetes. AU - Selvin, Elizabeth. AU - Ning, Yang. AU - Steffes, Michael W.. AU - Bash, Lori D.. AU - Klein, Ronald. AU - Wong, Tien Y.. AU - Astor, Brad C.. AU - Sharrett, A. Richey. AU - Brancati, Frederick L.. AU - Coresh, Josef. PY - 2011/1. Y1 - 2011/1. N2 - OBJECTIVE: Glycated hemoglobin was recently recommended for use as a diagnostic test for diabetes. We examined the association between 2010 American Diabetes Association diagnostic cut points for glycated hemoglobin and microvascular outcomes (chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease [ESRD], and retinopathy) and formally tested for the presence of risk thresholds in the relationships of glycated hemoglobin with these outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective cohort and cross-sectional analyses of 11,357 participants (773 with a history of diagnosed diabetes) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) ...

Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) has risen dramatically over the past two decades and is expected to keep rising for the next 20 years. If uncontrolled it may lead to complications to the patients that could be prevented or delayed. The disease could be diagnosed and monitored by blood glucose and/or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1) testing. HbA1 can tell long term hyperglycemia of the last 2-3 months period and can predict the risk of diabetic complications; however, the use of glycated hemoglobin test in the country, specifically, in the study area is almost none. Therefore, this study had the aim of assessing glycemic control and describing the risk of complications among diabetic patients using glycated hemoglobin. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University specialized hospital among 148 diabetic patients from May to July 2012. After the study was ethically approved, HbA1, random blood sugar (RBS), socio-demographic data and clinical information were collected from every diabetic patients who

Aim of work was to assess the effect of various degrees of diabetic control during pregnancy on the cardiac function in fetuses and infants at 24-72 hours after birth. Echocardiographic examination of fetuses was done at 6 weeks intervals starting at 20 weeks of gestation in 12 fetuses of good control diabetic women, 5 fetuses of fair control diabetic women and 3 fetuses of poor control diabetic women. Echocardiographic examination was reported at 24-72 hours after birth. Glycosylated hemoglobin of the mothers was estimated early in pregnancy at 8 weeks gestation and then at 8 weeks intervals. Maternal diabetic control was classified into good, fair and poor control according to the maternal Glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Twenty age matched healthy nondiabetic pregnant women and also 20 age and sex matched normal healthy newborns of comparable gestation and birth weight were used. In good control diabetic women the only abnormality found in fetuses and after birth was mild asymmetric septal hypertrophy

Intervention. Patients were allocated to 1 of 2 minimally invasive glucose monitoring devices (GlucoWatch Biographer, n = 100; MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System [CGMS], n = 102), attention control with standard care and nurse feedback (n = 100), or standard care alone (n = 102). All patients continued self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). The GlucoWatch (G2 Biographer, Animas Corporation, West Chester, PA) could be worn anywhere on the body (ideally on the forearm) for ≤ 13 hours and extracted fluid through the skin, displaying glucose values to the patient every 10 minutes. Patients were to wear the GlucoWatch ≥ 4 times per month but ≤ 4 times per week for 12 weeks, and then as desired until 18 months. Diabetes research nurses (DRNs) used data from the GlucoWatch and SMBG to adjust insulin doses at 4, 8, and 12 weeks and at 6, 12, and 18 months. The CGMS (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) was inserted into the abdominal wall; it recorded an average glucose estimation every 5 ...

The prevalence of DM is 9.7% in mainland China, which translates into 92.4 million adults with diabetes [28]. Of patients included in the present study, 89 (22.9%) had DM, and only 35 (39.3%) diabetic patients had good glycemic control. Our results were consistent with previous reports [5]. Considering the negative impact of DM on the prognosis for cancer patients, we conducted this study. We found that poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) was independently associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence and death in LACC patients who received NACT. In addition, DM patients, regardless of the glycemic control status, were less likely to achieve CR after NACT than were non-diabetics.. Previous studies assessed the influence of glycemic control status on survival outcomes in cancer patients. In diabetic patients receiving curative resection for hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma, poor glycemic control was an independent predictor of relapse following surgery [8]. In ...

AIMS: To investigate the effect of adding the short-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide to insulin treatment on markers of cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes.. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial, 108 individuals with type 1 diabetes aged ≥18 years on multiple daily injection therapy with a body mass index ,22.0 kg/m2 and glycated haemoglobin concentration of 59 to 88 mmol/mol (7.5%-10.0%) were randomized (1:1) to preprandial subcutaneous injection of 10 μg exenatide (Byetta®) or placebo three times daily over 26 weeks as add-on treatment to existing insulin therapy. Reported markers of cardiovascular risk were secondary endpoints and were analyzed in a baseline-adjusted linear mixed model in the intention-to-treat population. The primary results of this study, the MAG1C (Meal-time Administration of exenatide for Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes Cases) trial, were previously reported.. RESULTS: Exenatide changed ...

Laboratory results may differ depending on the analytical technique, the age of the subject, and biological variation among individuals. Higher levels of HbA1c are found in people with persistently elevated blood sugar, as in diabetes mellitus. While diabetic patient treatment goals vary, many include a target range of HbA1c values. A diabetic person with good glucose control has a HbA1c level that is close to or within the reference range. The International Diabetes Federation and the American College of Endocrinology recommend HbA1c values below 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %), while the American Diabetes Association recommends HbA1c be below 53 mmol/mol (7.0 DCCT %) for most patients.[24] Recent results from large trials suggest that a target below 53 mmol/mol (7 DCCT %) for older adults with type 2 diabetes may be excessive: Below 53 mmol/mol (7 DCCT %) the health benefits of reduced A1C become smaller, and the intensive glycemic control required to reach this level leads to an increased rate of ...

Laboratory results may differ depending on the analytical technique, the age of the subject, and biological variation among individuals. Higher levels of HbA1c are found in people with persistently elevated blood sugar, as in diabetes mellitus. While diabetic patient treatment goals vary, many include a target range of HbA1c values. A diabetic person with good glucose control has a HbA1c level that is close to or within the reference range. The International Diabetes Federation and the American College of Endocrinology recommend HbA1c values below 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %), while the American Diabetes Association recommends HbA1c be below 53 mmol/mol (7.0 DCCT %) for most patients.[24] Recent results from large trials suggest that a target below 53 mmol/mol (7 DCCT %) for older adults with type 2 diabetes may be excessive: Below 53 mmol/mol (7 DCCT %) the health benefits of reduced A1C become smaller, and the intensive glycemic control required to reach this level leads to an increased rate of ...

HealthDay)-Poor glycemic control is associated with increased risks for stroke and death among patients with type 2 diabetes, according to a study published online Oct. 1 in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.. Alexander Zabala, M.D., from the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, and colleagues used the Swedish National Diabetes Register to compare stroke incidence among patients with type 2 diabetes. Each patient with type 2 diabetes (406,271 patients) was matched with five individual population-based controls (2,008,640 control individuals; mean age, 64 years for both).. The researchers found that during a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 6.5 percent of patients with type 2 diabetes and 4.4 percent of controls were diagnosed with a stroke. The incidence rates were 10.88 versus 7.03 events per 1,000 person-years, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54). In adjusted analysis, the risk for stroke increased with increasing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels among patients with type 2 diabetes (hazard ...

Background: Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels is standard of care in assessment of glycemic control among diabetes mellitus patients. Traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based tests are expensive, need specialized equipment, and have a longer turn-around-time. Point-of-care tests to estimate HbA1c levels are now commercially available but with only limited studies from developed nations. We performed this study to understand diagnostic accuracy of two commercially available HbA1c point-of-care test. Methods: The study was conducted in an urban and a rural outpatient clinic in central India. We compared HbA1c estimated from two index tests (Hemocue Hb501, Sweden; SD Biosensor, South Korea) from capillary blood samples and compared it with HPLC, as a reference standard in an independent and a blinded manner. We estimated diagnostic accuracy of the index tests as compared to the reference standard. Results: The area under Reciever Operating Curve (ROC) for

What is HbA1c level test? Hemoglobin A1c is a type of hemoglobin in the red blood cells that is glycated/bound to the glucose. The average life span of the red blood cells is 120 days, so this Hb a1c test suggests 3 months (8-12 weeks) average glucose/sugar level in ones body and thus can be used for diagnosis of diabetes and also for followup in case of diabetes patients to know sugar control. Hba1c value suggests long term glucose control in comparison to sugar test which varies frequently.. HbA1c Test price in Ahmedabad - Rs 500 (home visit charges extra as per distance). ...

Glycated hemoglobin. Try saying that three times fast! Dont worry, you can actually abbreviate this complicated term as A1c. Unfortunately, for many diabetics, the information surrounding A1c levels can be just as confusing as the tongue-twisting medical term.. Lets simplify things: A1c levels are a measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells) that is connected to sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream. When there is a high amount glucose floating around in the body, the A1c level will also be high.. Unlike the glucose self-monitoring that most diabetics use on a daily basis, the A1c test shows the average of glucose levels over a three-month period of time. This is because red blood cells regenerate every 8-12 weeks. Because of this, the A1c levels change very slowly. Sudden changes or instant readings are not possible with this test.. The test is quite convenient since it does not require the patient to be fasting. A1c tests can be used to ...

ORLANDO, Fla.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (NYSE: BMY) and AstraZeneca (NYSE: AZN) today announced results up to 76-weeks from a Phase 3 study of ONGLYZA™ (saxagliptin) as initial

1. Acott AA, Theus SA, Kim LT. Long-term glucose control and risk of perioperative complications. Am J Surg 2009;198(5):596-599.. 2. Dronge AS, Perkal MF, Kancir S, et al. Long-term glycemic control and postoperative infectious complications. Arch Surg 2006;141(4):375-380.. 3. Glassman SD, Alegre G, Carreon L, et al. Perioperative complications of lumbar instrumentation and fusion in patients with diabetes mellitus. Spine J 2003;3(6):496-501.. 4. Golden SH, Peart-Vigilance C, Kao WH, Brancati FL. Perioperative glycemic control and the risk of infectious complications in a cohort of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22(9):1408-1414.. 5. Halkos ME, Puskas JD, Lattouf OM, et al. Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is predictive of adverse events after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136(3):631-640.. 6. Lamloum SM, Mobasher LA, Karar AH, et al. Relationship between postoperative infectious complications and glycemic control for diabetic patients in an ...

Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: By use of a parallel and partly crossover randomised, controlled trial design we sought to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the advantageous effects of interval walking training (IWT) compared with continuous walking training (CWT) on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that IWT, more than CWT, would improve insulin sensitivity including skeletal muscle insulin signalling, insulin secretion and disposition index (DI). METHODS: By simple randomisation (sequentially numbered, opaque sealed envelopes), eligible individuals (diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, no exogenous insulin treatment) were allocated to three groups: a control group (CON, n = 8), an IWT group (n = 12) and an energy expenditure-matched CWT group (n = 12). Training groups were prescribed free-living training, five sessions per week (60 min/session). A three-stage hyperglycaemic clamp, including glucose isotope tracers and skeletal muscle biopsies, was performed before and ...

The hemoglobin that is bond to glucose is called glycated hemoglobin. Glycated hemoglobin is used to determine the control of blood glucose in diabetic patients. Higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin indicate poor control.

Summary of methods and results: Seven databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and hand searching of journals and reference lists was performed. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias, with a third author arbitrating disagreements. Thirty-five RCTs were identified. These studies either compared nonsurgical periodontal therapy, defined as scaling and root planing (SRP) or mechanical therapy, with usual care or no active treatment, or compared different types of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Low-quality evidence indicates that SRP reduces mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.29 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48% to 0.10% lower) at 3 to 4 months, and 0.02 percentage points (95% CI: 0.20% lower to 0.16% higher) at 6 months. The addition of antimicrobial therapy did not provide added benefit to SRP alone, with 0.00 percentage points change in HbA1c at 3 to 4 months (95% CI: 0.22% lower to ...

Global Glycated Hemoglobin Testing Market research report includes the present situation and the advance estimations of the Glycated Hemoglobin Testing industry for forthcoming years 2017-2026. The Glycated Hemoglobin Testing business report covers data for the notable year 2016, the base year of evaluation is 2017....

TY - JOUR. T1 - Implications of the Hemoglobin Glycation Index on the Diagnosis of Prediabetes and Diabetes. AU - Hsia, Daniel S.. AU - Rasouli, Neda. AU - Pittas, Anastassios G.. AU - Lary, Christine W.. AU - Peters, Anne. AU - Lewis, Michael R.. AU - Kashyap, Sangeeta R.. AU - Johnson, Karen C.. AU - Leblanc, Erin S.. AU - Phillips, Lawrence S.. AU - Hempe, James M.. AU - Desouza, Cyrus V.. AU - Brodsky, Irwin. AU - Ceglia, Lisa. AU - Chadha, Chhavi. AU - Chatterjee, Ranee. AU - Dawson-Hughes, Bess. AU - Desouza, Cyruse. AU - Dolor, Rowena. AU - Foreyt, John. AU - Ghazi, Adline. AU - Kim, Sun. AU - Liao, Emilia. AU - Malozowski, Saul. AU - Neff, Lisa M.. AU - Oneil, Patrick. AU - Park, Jean. AU - Pratley, Richard. AU - Raskin, Philip. AU - Robbins, David. AU - Rosen, Clifford. AU - Aroda, Vanita R.. AU - Sheehan, Patricia. AU - Staten, Myrlene A.. AU - Knowler, William C.. PY - 2020/1/8. Y1 - 2020/1/8. N2 - Objective: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG) from a 75-g oral ...

A strategy of intensive glucose control, involving gliclazide (modified release) and other drugs as required, that lowered the glycated hemoglobin value to 6.5% yielded a 10% relative reduction in the combined outcome of major macrovascular and microvascular events, primarily as a consequence of a 2 …

Press release - Allied Market Research - Glycosylated Hemoglobin and C-Peptide Market to Obtain Awesome Hike in Revenues - published on openPR.com

A hemoglobin A1c test measures the amount of glucose attached to your hemoglobin. Discover what hemoglobin A1C test is all about by reading this guide.

Depression, a common comorbid condition with diabetes, has been found to be associated with hyperglycaemia.1 However, the mechanisms linking depression to glycaemic control are not well understood.1 The study by Katon et al adds to our knowledge of whether interventions for depression improve both depression and glycaemic control. In 4 previous studies examining these relations, only one2 showed reductions in both glycaemic control and depressive symptoms.. The PCCI involved trained specialty nurses as the centrepiece of the intervention, in collaboration with a primary care physician, to deliver individualised stepped care for depression. Multifaceted interventions, especially those that include a nurse case manager and/or patient education, have shown improvements in process outcomes and patient outcomes such as glycaemic control.3 2 areas related to this collaborative intervention are noteworthy. Firstly, although the authors generally described the duration of each of the 3 steps and the ...

Almost 130,000 American children and adolescents have type 1 diabetes. Studies have demonstrated that intensive therapy and optimal glycemic control dramatically reduce the occurrence of complications in adolescents older than 13 years. At 12 months after initiation of a new intensive management program, Grey and colleagues studied the clinical and psychosocial factors associated with glycemic control and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.. The study authors recruited patients aged 12 to 20 years who had used insulin therapy for at least one year. The patients had no health problems except for treated hypothyroidism, no history of hypoglycemic attacks within the previous six months, and were in the appropriate school grade according to their age within one year. Recent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 7.2 to 14.0 percent were required for inclusion in the study. The 35 male and 48 female volunteers were treated with intensive management. In addition, one half were ...

You may need this test to check for prediabetes or diabetes.. If you have diabetes or prediabetes, you may need this test to see how well you control your blood sugar. People with diabetes need to track their blood sugar (glucose) levels every day to make sure they arent too high or too low. The A1C test gives results for a longer period of time. It shows if your blood sugar has been too high on average over the last 3 months. Glucose sticks to hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. When blood sugar is high, more glucose builds up and sticks to the hemoglobin. The A1C test measures how much of the hemoglobin is coated with sugar.. You may have the test when a healthcare provider first works with you to treat your diabetes. You may then need to have the A1C test 2 or more times a year. This depends on the type of diabetes you have and how well its controlled. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) advises an A1C test at least 2 times a year if ...

A1C is a universally used blood test to assess glycemic control during the previous 2-3 months in patients with diabetes (1). It is used to monitor long-term glycemic control and assess patients response to therapy and is a quality-assessment tool for diabetes care in the United Kingdom and throughout the world (2). Hence, it is important that any condition that can affect the true value of A1C be considered in clinical practice.. We report here a case series of patients attending our adult secondary care diabetes clinic, all of whom were noted to have considerably lower A1C levels than what would be expected from their daily blood glucose monitoring results. The cause for the falsely low A1C in each case was found to be drug-induced hemolysis, most commonly due to sulfasalazine use. When A1C is inaccurate, fructosamine levels can be another way of monitoring average glycemic control, particularly in patients taking drugs that cause drug-induced hemolysis (1,3). ...

Monogenic diabetes is rare but is an important diagnosis in pediatric diabetes clinics. These patients are often not identified as this relies on the recognition of key clinical features by an alert clinician. Biomarkers (islet autoantibodies and C-peptide) can assist in the exclusion of patients with type 1 diabetes and allow systematic testing that does not rely on clinical recognition. Our study aimed to establish the prevalence of monogenic diabetes in U.K. pediatric clinics using a systematic approach of biomarker screening and targeted genetic testing ...

With great interest, we read the recent article by Nyström et al. (1) assessing the relationships of preoperative glycemic control in type 1 diabetes and long-term risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in an observational cohort study. They showed that preoperative poor glycemic control defined by hemoglobin A1c levels was associated with increased long-term risks of MACE and all-cause mortality. The strengths of this study include the large sample of patients with a long follow-up and use of appropriate statistical methods to estimate the relationships of preoperative glycemic control with the risks of MACE and all-cause mortality. In our view, however, several issues in this study seemed not to be well addressed.. First, perioperative blood management was not included in the study design. It has been shown that preoperative anemia is common among patients undergoing CABG and is an important risk factor for ...

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Second, fructosamine has higher variability than a1c tests. third, the overwhelming majority of studies in diabetes care are based on a1c measurements,. Discordance between hba 1c and fructosamine evidence for a glycosylation gap and its relation to diabetic a potential source of variation in hemoglobin a1c. Learn about the advantages diabetes tests including home blood glucose monitoring, hemoglobin a1c testing and fructosamine tests for diabetes management... ...

Authors: Catherine Ngan, Ya-Chu May Tsai, Dharshan Palasubramaniam, Amy Wilson-OBrien, Jamie Layland, Robert Whitbourn, Andrew Wilson

Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Rozh H Al-Mashhadi, Martin M Bjørklund, Martin B Mortensen, Christina Christoffersen, Torben Larsen, Erling Falk, Jacob F Bentzon].