TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of treatment with a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule and a heme oxygenase 1 inducer in the antinociceptive effects of morphine in different models of acute and chronic pain in mice. AU - Hervera, Arnau. AU - Gou, Gemma. AU - Leánez, Sergi. AU - Pol, Olga. PY - 2013/8/1. Y1 - 2013/8/1. N2 - Rationale: Treatment with a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer, CORM-2) or a classical heme oxygenase 1 inducer (cobalt protoporphyrin IX, CoPP) has potent anti-inflammatory effects, but the role played by these treatments in the antinociceptive effects of morphine during acute and chronic pain was not evaluated. Objectives: In wild type (WT), neuronal (NOS1-KO), or inducible (NOS2-KO) nitric oxide synthases knockout mice, we evaluated the effects of CORM-2 and CoPP treatments in the antinociceptive actions of morphine and their interaction with nitric oxide during acute, visceral, and chronic inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Methods: Acute ...

Heme oxygenase-1 is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes heme degradation and has been proposed to play a role in protecting cells against oxidative stress-related injury. We investigated the induction of heme oxygenase-1 by the tumor promoter arsenite in a chicken hepatoma cell line, LMH. We identified a heme oxygenase-1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter construct that was highly and reproducibly expressed in response to sodium arsenite treatment. This construct was used to investigate the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in arsenite-mediated heme oxygenase-1 gene expression. In LMH cells, sodium arsenite, cadmium, and heat shock, but not heme, induced activity of the MAP kinases extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. To examine whether these MAP kinases were involved in mediating heme oxygenase-1 gene expression, we utilized constitutively activated and dominant negative components of the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways. Involvement

TY - JOUR. T1 - Measurement of near-normal concentrations of erythrocyte protoporphyrin with the hematofluorometer. T2 - Influence of plasma on 'front-surface illumination' assay. AU - Schifman, R. B.. AU - Finley, P. R.. PY - 1981/1/1. Y1 - 1981/1/1. N2 - Zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocytes increases in iron depletion. Because the hematofluorometer directly measures zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood, it may therefore be a useful screening instrument for detecting iron deficiency. We evaluated its performance with normal to slightly above-normal zinc protoporphyrin concentrations (0.2 to 2.0 mg/L) in erythrocytes, because this is a critical range for differentiating normal and iron-deficient individuals. There was excellent correlation (r2 = 0.900) between erythrocyte protoporphyrin as measured by an extraction procedure and as measured directly with the hematofluorometer. However, at these concentrations, plasma caused hematofluorometer readings to be spuriously high, by 2.4 to 89.4%, an ...

Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation induces pulmonary inflammation that leads to acute lung injury. Biliverdin, a metabolite of heme catabolism, has been shown to have potent cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. This study aimed to examine the effects of intravenous biliverdin administration on lung injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats. Biliverdin or vehicle was administered to the rats 1 h before sham or hemorrhagic shock-inducing surgery. The sham-operated rats underwent all surgical procedures except bleeding. To induce hemorrhagic shock, rats were bled to achieve a mean arterial pressure of 30 mmHg that was maintained for 60 min, followed by resuscitation with shed blood. Histopathological changes in the lungs were evaluated by histopathological scoring analysis. Inflammatory gene expression was determined by Northern blot analysis, and oxidative DNA damage was assessed by measuring 8-hydroxy-2' deoxyguanosine levels in the lungs. Hemorrhagic ...

Ann Arbor, MI, April 8, 2014 /3BL Media/ - While preventable, carbon monoxide poisoning is a serious and sometimes fatal condition. Large weather events, such as snowstorms and heavy storms that cause power outages, can lead to an increase in the number of reported carbon monoxide exposures. Researchers from Hartford Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut explored the link between these major storms and the rise in carbon monoxide exposure cases. They found that portable generators were the most common source of carbon monoxide exposure after storms which resulted in power losses; car exhaust was the most frequent source of exposure after heavy snowstorms. Their findings are published in the May issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.. In 2011, 12,136 unintentional exposures were reported to U.S. Poison Control Centers. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas that can build up to dangerous levels in unventilated areas. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include ...

Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas that has no color or odor. There is no way for you to tell it is in your home in Cheyenne, WY, unless you have a carbon monoxide detector. Exposure to carbon monoxide can quickly cause serious health effects, and prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide could be deadly. Understanding how carbon monoxide can get into your home in Cheyenne and recognizing the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning allow you to take prompt actions to protect your health. How Carbon Monoxide Gets Into Your Home Carbon monoxide gets into your home if fuel isn't fully burned. A faulty furnace, an oven or a water heater could cause it. Carbon monoxide is also in the exhaust of diesel, propane and gasoline engines as well as that of gas and charcoal grills. Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include: Headache Fatigue Nausea Loss of balance Memory and vision problems Unconsciousness Pregnant women, babies and the elderly are more susceptible to ...

The heme chaperone CcmE is a novel protein that binds heme covalently via a histidine residue as part of its essential function in the process of cytochrome c biogenesis in many bacteria as well as plant mitochondria. In the continued absence of a structure of the holoform of CcmE, identification of the heme ligands is an important step in understanding the molecular function of this protein and the role of covalent heme binding to CcmE during the maturation of c-type cytochromes. In this work, we present spectroscopic data that provide insight into the ligation of the heme iron in the soluble domain of CcmE from Escherichia coli. Resonance Raman spectra demonstrated that one of the heme axial ligands is a histidine residue and that the other is likely to be Tyr134. In addition, the properties of the heme resonances of the holo-protein as compared with those of a form of CcmE with non-covalently bound heme provide evidence for the modification of one of the heme vinyl side chains by the protein, most

TY - JOUR. T1 - The temporal relationship between hepatic gsh loss, heme oxygenase induction, and cytochrome p450 loss following intraperitoneal aluminum administration to mice. AU - Fulton, Barbara. AU - Jeffery, Elizabeth H.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1994/3/3. Y1 - 1994/3/3. N2 - The time- and dose-dependent accumulation of aluminum (Al) in liver and its effect on several hepatic systems were investigated in Swiss-Webster mice given intraperitoneal (ip) Al lactate. A single dose of 50, 75, or 100 mg Al/kg produced significant depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) and cytochrome P450 (P450) and an increase in heme oxygenase (HO) activity when measured at 6 hr. However, no increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) was seen at this time. Using a dose of 100 mg Al/kg, Al rapidly accumulated in liver (0.29±0.03 vs 0.12±0.04 μg Al/mg protein at 6 hr). Hepatic GSH was significantly depleted at 2, 4, and 6 hr postdosing, HO activity was significantly ...

Endotoxin was administered to rats at a dose shown previously to stimulate hepatic haem oxygenase activity and to block induction of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, apparently by causing redistribution of haem from cytochrome P-450 to a regulatory haem pool in the liver. Within 5h of the administration of endotoxin (at a time when the effect of the compound on cytochrome P-450 is maximal) the relative saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase with intrinsic haem rose, from a basal value of 50% to 90%, indicating that 'free' haem had become available. Concurrently, the activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase was decreased to 25% of its basal value. Haem oxygenase reached peak activity 13h after endotoxin administration. These findings provide new evidence for the existence of an 'unassigned' hepatic haem fraction, which exchanges with cytochrome P-450 haem and regulates these three enzyme functions. ...

HMOX1 (heme oxygenase (decycling) 1) is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (EC 1.14.99.3). Heme oxygenase mediates the first step of heme catabolism, it cleaves heme to form biliverdin. Heme oxygenase, an essential enzyme in heme catabolism, cleaves heme to form biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron. The biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Heme oxygenase activity is induced by its substrate heme and by various nonheme substances. Heme oxygenase occurs as 2 isozymes, an inducible heme oxygenase-1 and a constitutive heme oxygenase-2. HMOX1 and HMOX2 belong to the heme oxygenase family. The HMOX gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.3, from base pair 34,101,636 to base pair 34,114,748. Heme oxygenase-1 deficiency The ability of oxygenase 1 to catabolize free heme and produce carbon monoxide (CO) gives its anti-inflammatory properties by up-regulation of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 1 ...

EPP Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Treatment of Alternative EPP Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Alternative Neuro Acupuncture Treatment and EPP Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Herbal Herbs Alternative Medicine Treatment on EPP Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Treatment Medical Center EPP Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Remedies

Goh, B.J.,Khoo, H.E.,Tan, B.T.,Lee, K.H.,Hon, W.M. (2006). Nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase expressions in human liver cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 (4) : 588-594. [email protected] Repository ...

Selective inhibition of heme oxygenase is an important strategy in design of potent inhibitors of enzyme for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, cancer and many more. QSAR analysis is employed for a given set of compounds containing imidazole pharmacophore in order to establish a relationship between the biological activity and related descriptors, which provides us an idea to gain a potent inhibitor with lesser side effects. In this paper we present results of 2D and 3D QSAR studies of series of 26 molecules containing imidazole pharmacophore as selective heme oxygenase inhibitor using V Life MDS 3.5 Software. The 2D QSAR studies was performed using Partial Least Square Regression method and the 3D QSAR studies was performed using k- Nearest Neighbor Molecular Field Analysis(kNN- MFA) method. The analysis has produced good predictive and statistically significant QSAR models. 2D QSAR studies produced good statistical model with r2 value 0.8487, cross validated r2 value 0.6553 and prd_r2 value ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Use of 5-ALA fluorescence guided endoscopic biopsy of a deep-seated primary malignant brain tumor. T2 - Technical note. AU - Ritz, Rainer. AU - Feigl, Guenther C.. AU - Schuhmann, Martin U.. AU - Ehrhardt, André. AU - Danz, Soeren. AU - Noell, Susan. AU - Bornemann, Antje. AU - Tatagiba, Marcos S.. PY - 2011/1/1. Y1 - 2011/1/1. N2 - The introduction of fluorescence-guided resection of primary malignant brain tumors was a milestone in neurosurgery. Deep-seated malignant brain tumors are often not approachable for microsurgical resection. For diagnosis and therapy, new strategies are recommended. The combination of endoscopy and 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (5-ALA-induced Pp IX) fluorescence-guided procedures supported by neuronavigation seems an interesting option. Here the authors report on a combined approach for 5-ALA fluorescence-guided biopsy in which they use an endoscopy system based on an Xe lamp (excitation approximately λ = 407 nm; dichroic filter ...

Looking for online definition of Protoporphyrin IX in the Medical Dictionary? Protoporphyrin IX explanation free. What is Protoporphyrin IX? Meaning of Protoporphyrin IX medical term. What does Protoporphyrin IX mean?

CO and 4 of the CORMs (ALF 153, 157, 436 and CORM-2) increased cGMP levels in smooth muscle cells, while the rest of the compounds failed to alter cGMP production. The CORM-stimulated increase was minor (50-300% over basal) compared to the effects seen with the NO-donor, SNP (at least 100-fold). CORM-3, a widely used CORM, decreased basal cGMP levels in RASMC. Interestingly, CO and CORMs modestly reduced SNP-stimulated cGMP formation in RASMC. The inactive forms of CORMs (compounds lacking the ability to liberate CO) did not affect SNP-induced cGMP accumulation. CORMs also reduced bradykinin-stimulated cGMP levels in endothelial-smooth muscle co-cultures. In sGC activity assays using purified recombinant human sGC, CORMs were ineffective in stimulating cGMP production. However, CORMs blocked up to 80% of DEA-NO-induced sGC activity. ...

The ability to replace the native heme cofactor of proteins with an unnatural porphyrin of interest affords new opportunities to study heme protein chemistry and engineer heme proteins for new functions. Previous methods for porphyrin substitution rely on removal of the native heme followed by porphyrin reconstitution. However, conditions required to remove the native heme often lead to denaturation, limiting success at heme replacement. An expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution was developed to circumvent the heme removal and reconstitution steps, whereby unnatural porphyrin incorporation occurs under biological conditions. The approach uses the RP523 strain of Escherichia coli, which has a deletion of a key gene involved in heme biosynthesis and is permeable to porphyrins. The expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution detailed here is a robust platform to generate heme proteins containing unnatural porphyrins for diverse applications ...

In acute attacks of acute intermittent porphyria, the mainstay of treatment is glucose and heme arginate administration. We present the case of a 58-year-old patient with acute liver failure requiring urgent liver transplantation after erroneous 6-fold overdose of heme arginate during an acute attack. As recommended in the product information, albumin and charcoal were administered and hemodiafiltration was started, which could not prevent acute liver failure, requiring super-urgent liver transplantation after 6 days. The explanted liver showed no preexisting liver cirrhosis, but signs of subacute liver injury and starting regeneration. The patient recovered within a short time. A literature review revealed four poorly documented cases of potential hepatic and/or renal toxicity of hematin or heme arginate. This is the first published case report of acute liver failure requiring super-urgent liver transplantation after accidental heme arginate overdose. The literature and recommendations in case ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression of heme oxygenase-1 is repressed by interferon-γ and induced by hypoxia in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. AU - Udono-Fujimori, Reiko. AU - Takahashi, Kazuhiro. AU - Takeda, Kazuhisa. AU - Furuyama, Kazumichi. AU - Kaneko, Kiriko. AU - Takahashi, Shigeru. AU - Tamai, Makoto. AU - Shibahara, Shigeki. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2004/7. Y1 - 2004/7. N2 - The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for maintenance of photoreceptors and normally functions under conditions enriched with reactive oxygen species. RPE therefore expresses various defense enzymes against oxidative stress, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). HO-1 catalyzes heme breakdown to release iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin, which is reduced to bilirubin, a potent radical scavenger. HO-1 expression is induced by various environmental factors, which has been established as a defense mechanism. To explore the hypothesis that the expression level ...

To study the role of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) in collagen metabolism during hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, a total of 18 Wistar rats were used in the study and they were randomly divided into three groups: hypoxia group (n=6), hypoxia with zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP-IX) group (n=6) and control group (n=6). The measurement of mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) formation in lung tissue homogenates was measured. A morphometric analysis of pulmonary vessels was performed, in which the percentage of muscularized arteries (MA); partially muscularized arteries (PMA) and nonmuscularized arteries (NMV) in small and median pulmonary vessels, relative medial thickness (RMT) and relative medial area (RMA) of pulmonary arteries were analyzed. Collagen type I and III and transforming growth factor-beta(3) (TGF-beta(3)) expressions were detected by immunohistochemical assay. The expressions of procollagen type I and III and TGF-beta(3) mRNA were detected by in ...

Hepatic accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX) in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) or X-linked-dominant protoporphyria (XLP) cause liver organ damage. precursor 5-aminolevulinic acidity (ALA) (mimicking intracellular protoporphyrin deposition in EPP). Exogenous PP-IX gathered mostly in the nuclear small percentage and triggered nuclear form deformation and cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with electron-dense contaminants whereas ALA+deferoxamine treatment led to higher PP-IX in the cytoplasmic small percentage. Proteins aggregation in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions paralleled PP-IX amounts and in cell lifestyle the effects had been solely ambient light-mediated. ALA AR-C155858 and PP-IX caused proteasomal inhibition whereas endoplasmic reticulum proteins aggregation was even more prominent in ALA-treated cells. The improved ALA-related toxicity is probable due to era of AR-C155858 extra porphyrin intermediates including uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin predicated on HPLC evaluation of ...

During the work for this thesis cellular and molecular approaches were used to study photomorphogenesis in the mosses Ceratodon purpureus and Physcomitrella patens. Phycocyanobilin, which substitutes for the phytochrome chromophore phytochromobilin, was injected into protonema tip cells of aphototropic Ceratodon mutants. This led in ~70 % of the filaments to a clear phototropic response and elevated chlorophyll levels in red light. The studies implied the existence of an extreme stable subfraction of holophytochrome, localized apparently to the apex of the tip cell. Injections of expression plasmids carrying for heme oxygenase genes from rat, Arabidopsis and Ceratodon (CpHO1) indicate that the mutants lack the enzymic activity of this gene product. In ~40 % injected filaments the wildtype phenotype could be restored. A GFP-CpHO1 fusion protein expressed from an appropriate plasmid showed that the enzyme is localized to the plastids. However, both plastidic and cytosolic enzymes were able to ...

Heme oxygenase or haem oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme. This produces biliverdin, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide. There is limited evidence that levels of heme oxygenase are positive predictors of metabolic disease, insulin resistance, and metaflammation. Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha-methene bridge to form either biliverdin or, if the heme is still attached to a globin, verdoglobin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. The reaction comprises three steps, which may be: Heme b3+ + O 2 + NADPH + H+ → α-meso-hydroxyheme3+ + NADP+ + H 2O α-meso-hydroxyheme3+ + H+ + O 2 → verdoheme4+ + CO + H2O verdoheme4+ + 7/2 NADPH + O 2+ 3/2 H+ → biliverdin + Fe2+ + 7/2 NADP+ + H 2O The sum of these reactions is: Heme b3+ + 3O 2 + 9/2 NADPH + 7/2 H+ → biliverdin + Fe2+ + CO + 9/2 NADP+ + 3H 2O If the iron is initially in the +2 state, the reaction could be: Heme b2+ + 3O2 + 4 NADPH + 4 H+ → biliverdin + ...

On-Orbit Status Report. Biomolecule Sequencer WIFI Reconnection and Sample Sequence Completion: Over the weekend the crew completed the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing process that began last week and transferred the screenshots to the Surface Pro 3 tablet for downlink. The Biomolecule Sequencer investigation seeks to demonstrate for the first time that DNA sequencing is feasible in an orbiting spacecraft. A space-based DNA sequencer could identify microbes, diagnose diseases and understand crew member health, and potentially help detect DNA-based life elsewhere in the solar system.. Marrow Blood, Breath, and Ambient Air Sample Collection: Over the weekend the crew set up the Marrow air sample collection hardware in the crew quarters and today upon waking the crew took breath and ambient air samples to measure carbon monoxide concentration for the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Marrow experiment. Marrow investigates the effect of microgravity on human bone marrow. It is believed that ...

Biliverdin reductase (BVR) is an enzyme (EC 1.3.1.24) found in all tissues under normal conditions, but especially in reticulo-macrophages of the liver and spleen. BVR facilitates the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin via the reduction of a double-bond between the second and third pyrrole ring into a single-bond. There are two isozymes, in humans, each encoded by its own gene, biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA) and biliverdin reductase B (BLVRB). BVR acts on biliverdin by reducing its double-bond between the pyrrole rings into a single-bond. It accomplishes this using NADPH + H+ as an electron donor, forming bilirubin and NADP+ as products. BVR catalyzes this reaction through an overlapping binding site including Lys18, Lys22, Lys179, Arg183, and Arg185 as key residues. This binding site attaches to biliverdin, and causes its dissociation from heme oxygenase (HO) (which catalyzes reaction of ferric heme --> biliverdin), causing the subsequent reduction to bilirubin. BVR is composed of two ...

This study examines the possibility that abnormal expression of the gene mitoferrin-1, which codes for the protein that transports iron in the mitochondria of cells, is a contributing factor to the phenotype in individuals with EPP.. Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a human genetic/metabolic disorder in which accumulation of the compound protoporphyrin causes skin sensitivity to sunlight. Some individuals with the disorder also have mild anemia, and a few have hepatobiliary disease. Iron is joined to protoporphyrin to form heme in the mitochondria of cells, under control of the enzyme ferrochelatase. Defects in this process cause the accumulation of protoporphyrin, leading to the biochemical and clinical features of EPP. Abnormalities in the ferrochelatase gene are the major cause of the defect, but do not satisfactorily explain the severity of the phenotype in all subjects. Mitoferrin-1 transports iron to ferrochelatase in the mitochondria of cells for heme formation, and also transports ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - TonB-dependent systems of uropathogenic escherichia coli. T2 - Aerobactin and heme transport and TonB are required for virulence in the mouse. AU - Torres, Alfredo. AU - Redford, P.. AU - Welch, R. A.. AU - Payne, S. M.. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - The uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 has multiple iron acquisition systems, including heme and siderophore transporters. A tonB mutant derivative of CFT073 failed to use heme as an iron source or to utilize the siderophores enterobactin and aerobactin, indicating that transport of these compounds in CFT073 is TonB dependent. The TonB- derivative showed reduced virulence in a mouse model of urinary tract infection. Virulence was restored when the tonB gene was introduced on a plasmid. To determine the importance of the individual TonB-dependent iron transport systems during urinary tract infections, mutants defective in each of the CFT073 high-affinity iron transport systems were constructed and tested in the mouse model. ...

The antioxidant properties of protoporphyrin IX and related tetrapyrroles are poorly characterized. Therefore, eight tetrapyrroles, five of which are produced in vivo, were tested to assess their antioxidant capacities in the Salmonella reverse mutation, TEAC, FRAP and ORAC assays. Tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-BOOH) in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (ᓹ) was added to Salmonella strain TA102 together with the test compounds. In the absence of metabolic activation, the order of effectiveness was protoporphyrin , biliverdin , bilirubin ditaurate , bilirubin , biliverdin dimethyl ester , stercobilin , bilirubin dimethyl ester , urobilin. In the presence of S9, the effectiveness was reversed, with urobilin , biliverdin dimethyl ester , bilirubin dimethyl ester , stercobilin , biliverdin , bilirubin , bilirubin ditaurate , protoporphyrin. In the antioxidant capacity assays FRAP, TEAC and ORAC, mainly bilirubin, bilirubin ditaurate, biliverdin and protoporphyrin showed ...

Definition : Clinical chemistry reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative chemical analysis of body fluids (typically urine) to measure the total level of porphyrin. Analysis may include a profile of porphyrin components (e.g., uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin). Measurement of the total level of porphyrins is used in the diagnosis and management of one of a group of metabolic disorders, either inherited or acquired, usually known as porphyrias; measurement of the porphyrin-level profile in urine is used to characterize several specific diseases, such as porphyria cutanea tarda, that are associated with the presence of isocoproporphyrin. Some specific porphyrin analyses in whole blood are performed for screening purposes, such as zinc protoporphyrin for iron-deficiency anemia and free erythrocyteporphyrin determination for lead poisoning.. Entry Terms : "ZPP (Zinc Protoporphyrin) Determination Reagents" , "Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP) Determination Reagents" , "Porphyrin Determination ...

CO fire detectors are electronic detectors used to indicate the outbreak of fire by sensing the level of carbon monoxide in the air. Carbon monoxide, usually known by its chemical formula CO, is a poisonous gas produced by combustion. They are not the same as CO detectors used for home safety which are used to protect residents against carbon monoxide produced by incomplete combustion in appliances such as gas fires or boilers.. CO fire detectors use the same type of sensor but are more sensitive and respond more quickly.CO detectors have an electrochemical cell, which senses carbon monoxide, but not smoke or any other combustion products. The cells do not require much power, so the detectors can be made electrically compatible with ordinary smoke and heat detectors. As fire detectors they are effective but only for certain types of fire. Deep-seated, smouldering fires produce carbon monoxide, which can be detected some distance from the seat of the fire. For this type of fire a CO fire detector ...

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is the inducible isoform of the heme-degrading enzyme HO, which is upregulated by multiple stress stimuli. HO-1 has major immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects via its cell-type-specific functions in mononuclear cells. Contradictory findings have been reported on HO-1 regulation by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ... read more in these cells. Therefore, we reinvestigated the effects of LPS on HO-1 gene expression in human and murine mononuclear cells in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, LPS downregulated HO-1 in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD14(+) monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes, but upregulated this enzyme in primary murine macrophages and human monocytic leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, experiments with human CD14(+) monocytes revealed that activation of other TLRs including TLR1, -2, -5, -6, -8, and -9 decreased HO-1 mRNA expression. LPS-dependent downregulation of HO-1 was ...

Since ZnDPBG and ZnPP inhibit heme oxygenase-mediated conversion of heme to carbon monoxide and biliverdin,9 10 11 12 the effects of these inhibitors on hemodynamics may provide insights into the physiological influence of heme oxygenase products on BP regulation. ZnDPBG and ZnPP administration produces pressor responses that are maximal within 5 minutes and maintained for approximately 1 hour. ZnDPBG-induced increases in arterial pressure are paralleled by increases in total peripheral resistance, establishing systemic vasoconstriction as the major hemodynamic determinant of the increase in BP. Importantly, nonmetallic DPBG, which does not inhibit heme oxygenase activity, does not affect hemodynamics. This strengthens the argument that the pressor effect of ZnDPBG is a consequence of decreased heme oxygenase activity. If so, these findings imply that heme oxygenase activity is subserving a vasodepressor function by promoting vasodilation.. Elevation of BP after pretreatment with an inhibitor of ...

Metal insulator silicon carbide field-effect transistor sensors, metal-oxide sensors, and a linear Lambda sensor in an electronic nose was used to measure on-line in hot flue gases from a boiler. Flue gas from a 100-MW pellets-fuelled boiler has been used to feed the experimental setup. Several reference instruments, which measure the flue gases in parallel to the sensor array, are connected to the electronic nose. Data was collected during six weeks and then evaluated. Using principal component analysis as the data evaluation method, different operating modes for the boiler have been identified in the data set. The different modes could be described in terms of high or low O 2 and CO concentration. Furthermore, we have shown that it seems possible to use a sensor array to determine the operating mode of the boiler and, by partial least-squares models, measure the CO concentration when the boiler operates in its optimum mode.. ...

Introduction: The inhalation of tobacco smoke can substantially raise the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. Determination of the level of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin can identify patients with increased risk for development of postoperative pulmonary complications. Material and Methods: Thirty patients scheduled for elective urologic surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia were allocated in two groups (n = 15 each). The study group comprised patients who were smoking cigarettes or tobacco pipe, while the control group included non-smokers. In both group's carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels were determined preoperatively, after preoxygenation, and one hour after completing the anesthesia. Postoperative pulmonary complications were assessed and recorded during the period of hospitalization.Results: The average values of carboxyhemoglobin between the two groups were statistically significantly different. Postoperative carboxyhemoglobin was higher in smokers compared to

Background Carbon monoxide (CO) synthesized by heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) exerts antinociceptive effects during inflammation but its role during neuropathic pain remains unknown. Our objective is to investigate the exact contribution of CO derived from HO-1 in the modulation of neuropathic pain and the mechanisms implicated. Methodology/Principal Findings We evaluated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of CO following sciatic nerve injury in wild type (WT) or inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (NOS2-KO) mice using two carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORM-2 and CORM-3) and an HO-1 inducer (cobalt protoporphyrin IX, CoPP) daily administered from days 10 to 20 after injury. The effects of CORM-2 and CoPP on the expression of HO-1, heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) and NOS2 as well as a microglial marker (CD11b/c) were also assessed at day 20 after surgery in WT and NOS2-KO mice. In WT mice, the main neuropathic pain symptoms induced by nerve injury were

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a major contributor to the burden of stroke on society. brain injury. After SAH, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was strongly expressed around the bleed site and in the cortex and striatum, indicating the presence of free haem, a breakdown product of haemoglobin. HO-1 expression was also found in the same regions as microglial/macrophage expression of IL-1. The direct effect of haem on IL-1 expression was confirmed in vitro using organotypic slice culture (OSC). Haem-induced cell death was dependent on IL-1 signalling, with IL-1Ra completely blocking cellular injury. Furthermore, stimulation of mouse primary mixed glial cells with haem induced the release of IL-1, but not IL-1. Thus, we suggest that haem, released from lysed red blood cells (RBCs) in the subarachnoid space, acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) driving IL-1-dependent inflammation. These data provide new insights into inflammation after SAH-induced brain injury and suggest IL-1Ra as a ...

Background: 5-aminolevulinic acid through a needle-free, plum-blossom needle or conventional needle followed by photodynamic therapy are available options for non-melanoma skin cancer treatment.Aim: To compare these three techniques of injection of 5-aminolevulinic, regarding treatment response and adverse effects in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer.Patients and Methods: Non-melanoma skin cancer patients have received six cycles of 0.5 mL intralesional 20% w/v 5-aminolevulinic acid through a conventional needle (CPT cohort, n = 158), or plum-blossom needle (BPT cohort, n = 118), or needle-free injection (NPT cohort, n = 105) followed by irradiation with a red light. Data regarding treatment response and adverse effects were collected and analyzed.Results: The treatment response was higher among patients of NPT cohort than those of CPT (p = 0.012, q = 3.981) and BPT (p = 0.012, q = 3.472) cohorts. Conventional and plum-blossom needle injections therapies were reported scar, local redness, ...

Aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA synthase, ALAS, or delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase) is an enzyme (EC 2.3.1.37) that catalyzes the synthesis of D-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) the first common precursor in the biosynthesis of all tetrapyrroles such as hemes, cobalamins and chlorophylls. The reaction is as follows: succinyl-CoA + glycine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } δ-aminolevulinic acid + CoA + CO2 This enzyme is expressed in all non-plant eukaryotes and the α-class of proteobacteria. Other organisms produce ALA through a three enzyme pathway known as the Shemin pathway. ALA is synthesized through the condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA. In humans, transcription of ALA synthase is tightly controlled by the presence of Fe2+-binding elements, to prevent accumulation of porphyrin intermediates in the absence of iron. There are two forms of ALA synthase in the body. One form is expressed in red blood cell precursor cells (ALAS2), whereas the other (ALAS1) is ubiquitously expressed ...

Using recently developed molecular-shape description algorithms, we searched the Available Chemical Directory for known compounds similar in shape to the potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor Merck L-700,417; 15 compounds most similar in shape to the inhibitor were selected for testing in vitro. Four of these inhibited the protease at 100 µM or less and the most active of the four were the naturally occurring pigments biliverdin and bilirubin. Biliverdin and bilirubin inhibited recombinant HIV-1 protease in vitro at pH 7.8 with Ki values of approx. 1 µM, and also inhibited HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus proteases. The related pyrrolic pigments stercobilin, urobilin, biliverdin dimethyl ester and xanthobilirubic acid showed similar inhibitory activity at low micromolar concentrations. Biliverdin, bilirubin and xanthobilirubic acid did not inhibit viral polyprotein processing in cultured cells, but they reduced viral infectivity significantly. At 100 µM, xanthobilirubic acid affected viral ...

Bilirubin is a heme metabolite generated by the concerted action of the enzymes heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase. Although long considered a toxic byproduct of heme catabolism, recent preclinical, and clinical studies indicate the bilirubin exerts beneficial effects in the circulation. In the present study, we determined whether local administration of bilirubin attenuates neointima formation following injury of rat carotid arteries. In addition, the ability of bilirubin to regulate the proliferation and migration of human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was investigated. Local perivascular administration of bilirubin immediately following balloon injury of rat carotid arteries significantly attenuated neointima formation. Bilirubin-mediated inhibition of neointimal thickening was associated with a significant decrease in ERK activity and cyclin D1 and A protein expression, and an increase in p21 and p53 protein expression in injured blood vessels. Treatment of human aortic SMCs with ...

The fine structure of Cyanidium caldarium, as seen in thin sections of KMnO4-fixed cells examined with the electron microscope, is described. This organism, whose taxonomic position among algae is undetermined, contains a single well defined chloroplast, a nucleus, and mitochondria. Studies, with the electron microscope, of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Nostoc are also reported. Structural differences within cells of Cyanidium, chlorella, and Nostoc are discussed. It is concluded that if Nostoc can be taken as a typical Cyanophyte and Chlorella as a representative Chlorophyte and if the items of fine structure examined are diagnostic, then Cyanidium is certainly not a Cyanophyte and, while it has numerous features in common with Chlorella, is not a green alga similar to Chlorella. Comparisons are also made between Cyanidium and other algae whose fine structure has been described by others.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of porphyrin biosynthesis by exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid in an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. OCh 114. AU - Shioi, Yuzo. AU - Doi, Michio. AU - Tanabe, Kimiko. AU - Shimokawa, Keishi. PY - 1988/11/1. Y1 - 1988/11/1. N2 - Exogenously administrated 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) inhibited the formation of bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) in a dose-dependent manner in the aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. strain OCh 114, under dark growth conditions. The ALA concentration required for half-inhibition after 24-h growth was estimated to be about 3.0 mm. Porphyrin and Bchl precursors were not found in either the cells or the growth medium. The same inhibition was also observed with cytochrome c formation. When ALA was incubated with intact cells, a large amount of ALA was converted to an unknown metabolite. The pH optimum of the conversion was 7.8. The metabolite did not react with Ehrlich's reagent, but did so with ninhydrin, giving a ...

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have the ability to transform light energy into biochemical amenable energy for their growth and motion. The collection of light and its transformation into chemical energy are mediated by the so-called photosynthetic apparatus. This complex system is composed of three multimeric transmembrane protein complexes: the light-harvesting (LH) complexes, the photochemical reaction center (RC), and the cytochrome bc 1 complex located in the intracytoplasmic membrane. Light collected by the peripheral LH complexes is transferred first to the LH1 complex, which absorbs at around 870 nm, and then to the RC, where a charge separation occurs. This initiates a cyclic electron transfer between the RC and cytochrome bc 1 via electron carrier proteins in the periplasmic space and quinone molecules in the membrane. This cyclic electron transfer is coupled to the translocation of protons and to the formation of a proton motive force across the inner membrane, ultimately used for ...

Diabetes is intimately associated with cardiovascular complications. Much evidence highlighted the complex interplay between Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction was shown to protect against oxidative stress in diabetes; however the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. We aim in this project to test the hypothesis that HO-1 induction will protect against high glucose-mediated ER stress and oxidative stress in endothelial cells and will enhance cell survival. Endothelial cells were cultured in physiological or high concentrations of glucose in the presence of cobalt protoporphyrin 1X (CoPP, HO-1 inducer), 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA, chemical chaperone to inhibit ER stress) or vehicle. Then, ER stress response was assessed (PCR, western blot). The productions of ROS (flow cytometer) and NO (Griess assay) were analysed. Also, apoptosis and caspase 3/7 activity were assessed. High glucose treatment

Household air pollution (HAP) contributes to the global burden of disease. Our primary purpose was to determine whether HAP exposure was associated with reduced lung function and respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms in Belizean adults and children. Our secondary purpose was to investigate whether lifestyle (physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable consumption (FV)) is associated with reported symptoms. Belizean adults (n = 67, 19 Male) and children (n = 23, 6 Male) from San Ignacio Belize and surrounding areas participated in this cross-sectional study. Data collection took place at free walk-in clinics. Investigators performed initial screenings and administered questionnaires on (1) sources of HAP exposure; (2) reported respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms and (3) validated lifestyle questionnaires. Participants then performed pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO). There were no significant associations between HAP exposure and pulmonary function in

The surface distribution of CH4, photoproduction capacity of seawater for CO, and CH4 and CO microbial oxidation rates and turnover times were determined for the surface waters of the southeastern Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Paria as affected by the Orinoco River. Measurements were made during the spring (low river flow) and the fall (high river flow) in order to determine the influence of Orinoco River discharge on these parameters. Methane concentrations were generally lower in the fall than in the spring. Low CH4 oxidation rates and similar surface distributions were observed during both seasons. Methane oxidation in the river plume was significantly higher in the fall. Potential CO photoproduction and CO oxidation rates were generally higher during the fall. Possible effects of the Orinoco River on potential CO photoproduction capacity were observed as far as Puerto Rico. Turnover times for CH4 were in the order of years, whereas CO turnover times were in the order of hours. The Orinoco River ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Association between promoter polymorphisms of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene and peptic ulcer diseases. AU - Arisawa, Tomiyasu. AU - Tahara, Tomomitsu. AU - Shibata, Tomoyuki. AU - Nagasaka, Mitsuo. AU - Nakamura, Masakatsu. AU - Kamiya, Yoshio. AU - Fujita, Hiroshi. AU - Yoshioka, Daisuke. AU - Arima, Yuko. AU - Okubo, Masaaki. AU - Hirata, Ichiro. AU - Nakano, Hiroshi. PY - 2007/12/1. Y1 - 2007/12/1. N2 - Transcription factor Nrf2 regulates the expression of detoxifying and antioxidant genes. Three promoter polymorphisms of this gene have been identified. We attempted to clarify the association of these polymorphisms with the development of peptic ulcer diseases. The study was performed with 384 stocked DNAs obtained from subjects with no evidence of gastric malignancy. In all 384 DNAs, 77 and 48 were obtained from gastric and duodenal ulcer patients, respectively. By an unadjusted analysis, infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), male gender and the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Reaction intermediates in the heme degradation reaction by HutZ from. T2 - Vibrio cholerae. AU - Uchida, Takeshi. AU - Sekine, Yukari. AU - Dojun, Nobuhiko. AU - Lewis-Ballester, Ariel. AU - Ishigami, Izumi. AU - Matsui, Toshitaka. AU - Yeh, Syun Ru. AU - Ishimori, Koichiro. PY - 2017/1/1. Y1 - 2017/1/1. N2 - HutZ is a heme-degrading enzyme in Vibrio cholerae. It converts heme to biliverdin via verdoheme, suggesting that it follows the same reaction mechanism as that of mammalian heme oxygenase. However, none of the key intermediates have been identified. In this study, we applied steady-state and time-resolved UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the reaction of the heme-HutZ complex with H2O2 or ascorbic acid. We characterized three intermediates: oxyferrous heme, meso-hydroxyheme, and verdoheme complexes. Our data support the view that HutZ degrades heme in a manner similar to mammalian heme oxygenase, despite their low sequence and structural ...

Plays a role in phycoerythrobilin biosynthesis, the red pigment chromophore photosynthetically active biliproteins of the host cyanobacteria. Uses a four-electron reduction to carry out the reactions catalyzed by two enzymes (EC 1.3.7.2 and EC 1.3.7.3) in host.

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