KRUGER, K y STEGMANN, G F. Partial intravenous anaesthesia in 5 horses using ketamine, lidocaine, medetomidine and halothane. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. [online]. 2009, vol.80, n.4, pp.233-236. ISSN 2224-9435.. A partial intravenous protocol was used successfully to maintain anaesthesia in 5 healthy horses. Horses were premedicated with acepromazine, romifidine and butorphanol, induced with guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained on a constant rate infusion of lidocaine, ketamine and medetomidine together with halothane inhalation anaesthesia. Mean end-tidal halothane concentration to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia was 0.8 ± 0.2 %. Mean dobutamine requirement to maintain mean arterial pressure above 9.31 kPa was 0.42 ± 0.3 µg/kg/min The administration of relatively low doses of lidocaine, ketamine and medetomidine together with halothane resulted in haemodynamically stable anaesthesia, followed by smooth recovery.. Palabras clave : anaesthesia; halothane; horse; ketamine; lidocaine; ...

The target of the present study is to estimate the in vitro genotoxic potential of the volatile-anaesthetic halothane (Narcotan7) as well as the protective effect of vitamin A, as an antioxidant. To achieve this task, the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was applied as the extent of DNA fragmentation in rabbit lymphocytes that were exposed in vitro to halothane at concentrations of 0.1 or 1.0 mM for 10 and 30 min, respectively. The obtained results elucidated that anaesthetic halothane induced a significant increase in DNA damage that shown by comet DNA concentration and its tail length. The recorded elevation of DNA damage was clearly correlated with halothane concentration as well as the period of exposure. To mend the deleterious effect of halothane on DNA, 25 rabbits were orally received vitamin A (8000 IU kg-1 body weight) for 15 days prior to in vitro halothane exposure. Vitamin A administration induced a significant repairing effect in lymphocytes-damaged DNA due to ...

Symptoms of Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2 including 7 medical symptoms and signs of Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2, alternative diagnoses, misdiagnosis, and correct diagnosis for Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2 signs or Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2 symptoms.

Table 1. Caffeine Halothane Contracture Test Data and Clinical Profile of Susceptible Individuals with Malignant Hyperthermia in the Study. Values indicate mean tension (g) of three strips. Diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia was made using three muscle strips for halothane and three for caffeine contracture.. *This patient is III-3 shown in figure 3A.. CHCT = caffeine halothane contracture test; CE = patient had either suspected or confirmed clinical episode; FH = patient had a family history of either suspected or confirmed clinical episode; Not detected = not detected after screening 21 known mutations. ...

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in the circulatory system and plays a key role in the transport of fatty acids, metabolites, and drugs. For many drugs, binding to serum albumin is a critical determinant of their distribution and pharmacokinetics; however, there have as yet been no high resolution crystal structures published of drug-albumin complexes. Here we describe high resolution crystal structures of HSA with two of the most widely used general anesthetics, propofol and halothane. In addition, we describe a crystal structure of HSA complexed with both halothane and the fatty acid, myristate. We show that the intravenous anesthetic propofol binds at two discrete sites on HSA in preformed pockets that have been shown to accommodate fatty acids. Similarly we show that the inhalational agent halothane binds (at concentrations in the pharmacologically relevant range) at three sites that are also fatty acid binding loci. At much higher halothane concentrations, we ...

Charles S. Reilly, Alastair J. J. Wood, Richard P. Koshakji, Margaret Wood; The Effect of Halothane on Drug Disposition: Contribution of Changes in Intrinsic Drug Metabolizing Capacity and Hepatic Blood Flow. Anesthesiology 1985;63(1):70-76. Download citation file:. ...

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The effect of anesthetics on the membrane potential of spinal alpha-motoneurons was studied in awake-intact cats that were sequentially anesthetized with either halothane or pentobarbital. Pentobarbital (35 mg/kg) and halothane (5%) both induced a 5 mV hyperpolarization and a reduction in spontaneous synaptic activity of motoneurons. We suggest that a reduction in the urinary EPSP frequencies contributes to the hyperpolarization and the membrane potential criterion of acceptable impalements of motoneurons in awake-intact preparations should be 5 mV more depolarized than that in anesthetized preparations.

We have found that anesthetic technique modifies the neurological and pathological sequelae of unilateral middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery occlusion in dogs. Occlusion was performed in seven groups of six dogs during each of the following anesthetic regimens: light (0.8%) halothane, awake, deep (1.9%) halothane, deep halothane with mean arterial pressure reduced to 55 torr, pentobarbital (56 mg per kilogram), light halothane plus 40 mg per kilogram thiopental begun just before cerebral artery occlusion, and light halothane plus 40 mg per kilogram thiopental begun 15 minutes after occlusion. Body temperature, arterial Pcoco2 Poo2 pH, and blood pressure (except as noted above) were maintained normal. Neurological examinations were performed daily. On the seventh day the dogs were killed and their brains removed for pathological study. Hemiparesis occurred in five of six dogs under light halothane and five of six awake dogs; a mean of 10.8% and 9.6%, respectively, of their right ...

Halothane Halocarbon is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide. A list of US medications equivalent to Halothane Halocarbon is available on the Drugs.com website.

Relief is when you and the right researcher find each other Finding the right clinical trial for Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 1 can be challenging. However, with TrialsFinder (which uses the Reg4ALL database and privacy controls by Private Access), you can permit researchers to let you know opportunities to consider - all without revealing your identity. ...

Relief is when you and the right researcher find each other Finding the right clinical trial for Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 3 can be challenging. However, with TrialsFinder (which uses the Reg4ALL database and privacy controls by Private Access), you can permit researchers to let you know opportunities to consider - all without revealing your identity. ...

Inhalational anesthetics are used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia as well as sedation. The exact mechanisms by which they act are still unknown. The most common inhalational...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Hormonal and hemodynamic responses to halothane and enflurane in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Dupaco Veterinary Anesthesia Machine with Empty Fluotech Mk3 Halothane Canister Item Details: Brand: Dupaco Model: Unknown Oxygen/Nitrous Oxide Flow Meter Filter Canister Anesthesia Absorbing Canister Condition: Item is used, in fair condition Device has not been tested Shows signs of use/age such as scuffs, scratches,

The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide. Mood altering and psychomotor effects will be tested on non-drug abusers and preference procedures will be used to assess reinforcing effects. To examine effects of subanesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide on cold-pressor pain in humans ...

Recovery time. The median ± SD of recovery time recorded in groups H1 and H2 were 5 ± 1.86 min and 9.5 ± 7.00 min, respectively. Group H1 recovered earlier than group H2, The recovery times did, however, not differ significantly (P , 0.05) (Fig. 1).. Sternal recumbency time. The median ± SD of sternal recumbency time recorded in groups H1 and H2 were 16 ± 6.83 min and 46.5 ± 23.86 min, respectively. Group H2 took significantly (P , 0.05) longer to resume sternal recumbency than group H1 (Fig. 1).. Standing time. The median ± SD of standing time recorded in groups H1 and H2 were 18.50 ± 9.43 min and 70 ± 39.82 min, respectively. Standing time in group H2 was significantly (P , 0.05) longer than in group H1 (Fig. 1 ).. Heart rate (HR). Medetomidine and butorphanol combination produced significant (P , 0.01) bradycardia immediately after premedication in group H1, which persisted up to 40 min. After 50 min HR improved slightly but remained significantly (P , 0.05) decreased until the end ...

We modified a wireless system to measure hippocampal neural activity in pigs, and tested a handmade microdrive for adjusting the tip of the electrode. Under general anesthesia with halothane inhalation we stereotaxically placed tungsten electrodes (5 MΩ) fitted with handmade microdrives in the temporal hippocampus of male Landrace piglets, and fixed a high-input-resistance transmitter (10 MΩ; 1000-fold amplification) to the skull. Oscillation and saturation were evident in the recording system for several days after surgery. When these phenomena ceased, we successfully recorded the hippocampal electrical activity in four of eight piglets. At 5 or 6 days following surgery, hippocampal electrical activity ‹0.15 mV in amplitude was observed in resting piglets during the daytime. In this recording, delta (1.0-3.9 Hz) and theta (4.0-7.9 Hz) waves with large amplitude were frequently predominant. However, these activities often alternated with high-frequency and low-amplitude activity, even while ...

halothane. The inspired concentration must be estimated clinically because the halothane expired 8 months ago and the clinical effect is unpredictable. The EMO [Epstein-Macintosh-Oxford] vaporiser and a bottle of ether are on stand-by behind the anaesthetic machine, as we are down to our last bottle of halothane…. The modern anaesthesia monitor, looking out of place in these surroundings, was purchased, along with eight others, by the European project. The screen has a psychedelic tinge to it and I suspect it is on its last legs. The capnograph trace is flat, as the last remaining moisture trap has been borrowed for use in ICU, where it will be circulated around the four beds. The ECG trace is true, but periodically interrupted as the long out-of-date electrodes require a small drop of ...

R. C. Levitt, N. Nouri, A. E. Jedlicka, V. A. McKusick, A. R. Marks, J. G. Shutack, J. E. Fletcher, H. Rosenberg, D. A. Meyers ...

This review summarizes the latest evidence on the genetics of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, guidelines for genetic diagnosis, and the limitations of current genetic screening.

Dexa Medica is one of Indonesias largest ethical pharmaceutical companies and has become a prominent, well-respected player in the domestic pharmaceutical market.

All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care and were approved by the University of Calgary Animal Care Committee. Attention was paid to use only the number of animals necessary to produce reliable results.. Slice preparation. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (150-250 gm) were decapitated under halothane anesthesia, the brain was removed, and coronal slices 300-400 μm thick containing the SON were generated at 0-2°C in a low-Ca2+, low-Na+-containing buffer solution of composition (in mm): 87 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 7 MgCl2, 0.5 CaCl2, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, and 20 sucrose. Slices were then incubated at room temperature (22°C) for at least 1 hr in artificial CSF (ACSF) of the following composition (in mm): 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 1.2 MgCl2, 2.4 CaCl2, 18 NaHCO3, and 11 glucose. Both solutions were bubbled continuously with a mixture of 95% O2, 5% CO2.. Electrophysiological recording. A hemisected slice was ...

Complete information for MHS4 gene (Genetic Locus), Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility 4, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

The main target of the committee in fulfilling its institutionalize was to define a draft for accomplish that includes recommendations for changes in public and organization policies at the national, state, and topical anesthetic levels. This terminal chapter presents the results of that effort. The committees recommendations are focussed on maximizing the total potentiality and critical persona of nurses in designing and implementing a More effectual and efficient health aid system, as visualised by the commission in Chapter 1. The changes recommended by the citizens committee are intended to bring forward the nursing community in slipway that testament see to it that nurses are enlightened and disposed to encounter the stream and later demands of the wellness fear organisation and those it serves. Health tutelage work force effectuality research-Researchers should educate information and bear out search to judge the impact of recently models of forethought saving on the health deal work force ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cerebral blood flow in a rat glioma model during halothane anesthesia. AU - Hansen, T. D.. AU - Warner, D. S.. AU - Traynelis, V. C.. AU - Roach, R. M.. AU - Todd, M. M.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. N2 - Little is known about the influence of infiltrating gliomas on the responsivity of the cerebral circulation to anesthetic agents. Therefore we designed a study to address this issue. Male Fischer 344 rats were assigned to two tumor groups and one sham group. In the two tumor groups, glioma cells were stereotactically injected into the right striatum; animals in the sham group were injected with sterile culture medium only. Either 12 or 16 days after injection, the rats were anesthetized with 1 MAC halothane in 40% O2/balance N2. Local and remote regional cerebral blood flow was then determined using 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Physiologic values (PaCO2, PaO2, pHa, mean arterial pressure, and rectal temperature) ...

Does Noonan Syndrome Increase Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility : Topic Does Noonan Syndrome Increase Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility Robert Shaw (medical student), Ari Weintraub, MD, Ronald Litman, DO

TY - JOUR. T1 - Influence of inhaled anesthetics on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine. AU - Steffey, Eugene. AU - Eisele, J. H.. AU - Baggot, J. D.. AU - Woliner, M. J.. AU - Jarvis, K. A.. AU - Elliott, A. R.. PY - 1993/1/1. Y1 - 1993/1/1. N2 - We determined the magnitude and duration of the effect of morphine (1.0 mg/kg intravenous bolus) on isoflurane and halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in six dogs anesthetized on two occasions in cross-over fashion. Plasma morphine concentration-time profiles and changes in PaCO2 were determined after morphine injection. After morphine injection, the end- tidal anesthetic dose was manipulated over the course of a 4-h observation period to account for the decline in plasma morphine concentration and to maintain an anesthetic level equivalent to 1.0 MAC isoflurane or halothane alone. Morphine decreased the MAC of halothane and isoflurane. The magnitude of MAC decrease was related to time after morphine injection and was ...

Rivenes SM, Lewin MB, Stayer SA, Bent ST, Schoenig HM, McKenzie ED, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl-midazolam in children with congenital heart disease: an echocardiographic study of myocardial contractility and hemodynamics. Anesthesiology. 2001; 94(2):223-9. Pagel PS. Cardioprotection by volatile anesthetics: Established scientific principle or lingering clinical uncertainty? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009; 23(5):589-93. Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-Vázquez F, de Prado AP, Altónaga JR, Cuellas-Ramón C, Ajenjo-Silverio JM, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias and mortality associated with isoflurane and sevoflurane in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011; 50(1):73-8. Eger EI. Isoflurane (Forane): a compendium and reference: Anaquest; 1985. Hornbein TF, Eger EI, Winter PM, Smith G, Wetstone D, Smith KH. The minimum alveolar concentration of nitrous oxide in man. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61(7):553-6. Cahalan MK, ...

Examination of volatile anesthetic actions at single synapses provides more direct information by reducing interference by surrounding tissue and extrasynaptic modulation. We examined how volatile anesthetics modulate GABA release by measuring spontaneous or miniature GABA-induced inhibitory postsyn …

TY - JOUR. T1 - Oxygen concentrations required for reductive defluorination of halothane by rat hepatic microsomes. AU - Lind, R. C.. AU - Gandolfi, A. J.. AU - Sipes, I. G.. AU - Brown, B. R.. AU - Waters, S. J.. PY - 1986/10/22. Y1 - 1986/10/22. N2 - The free oxygen concentrations required for reductive defluorination of halothane by rat hepatic microsomes from control and phenobarbital- (PB) and polychlorinated biphenyl- (PCB) treated animals were determined. Halothane-exposed microsomes from treated rats generated measurable levels of fluoride ion after 30 min incubations with oxygen concentrations of 5% or less. Microsomes from control animals produced fluoride only if the free oxygen concentration was 2% or less. During anoxic (0% oxygen) incubations, defluorination rates of 2.10 ± 0.17, 5.55 ± 0.38, and 5.46 ± 0.30 nmol fluoride·mg protein-1·30 min-1 were observed for microsomes from control, PB, and PCB rats, respectively. Normalizing the maximal rates of defluorination to the ...

Other names: Ethane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoro-; Anestan; Fluktan; Fluorotane; Fluorothane; Fluothane; Ftorotan; Ftuorotan; Halan; Halotan; Halotano; Halothan; Halsan; Narcotan; Narcotane; Narkotan; CF3CHClBr; 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane; 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane; 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-chloro-2-bromoethane; FREON 123B1; 1-Bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane; Bromochlorotrifluoroethane; 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-chloro-1-bromoethane; Chalothane; Ethane, 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-; Narcotann ne-spofa; Rhodialothan; (.+/-.))-Halothane; Alotano; NSC 143490 ...

Hello, and thank you very much for your comments at the DYK nomination page. All of the currently used volatile anesthetic agents, including methoxyflurane, are fluorinated haloalkanes. With the exception of halothane, all of them are also halogenated ethers. All of them, including halothane, were first synthesized as a direct result of research that was conducted in support of the Manhattan Project. The first of these to appear in clinical use was halothane, in 1956.. The field of halogen and organofluorine chemistry was poorly understood until around 1942, when the chemists, chemical engineers and physicists of the Manhattan Project turned their attention to the problem of separating uranium-235 from uranium-238. These two isotopes are nearly identical in all respects, including their molecular weights. The problem was ultimately solved by Francis Simon and Nicholas Kurti, when they figured out that the two isotopes could be separated by gaseous diffusion.. First however the uranium had to be ...

This video shows a live Muslce Biopsy and Caffeine Halothane Contracture test (CHCT) performed at CepEsperu Baptist Medical Center in , NC.

Suppression of natural killer cell activity and promotion of tumor metastasis by ketamine, thiopental, and halothane, but not by propofol: mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures.

R Dwyer, H L Bennett, E I Eger, D Heilbron; Effects of Isoflurane and Nitrous Oxide in Subanesthetic Concentrations on Memory and Responsiveness in Volunteers. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:888-898 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199211000-00009. Download citation file:. ...

malignant hyperthermia: hereditary condition in which certain anesthetics (e.g., halothane) cause high body temperatures and muscle rigidity

Volatile anesthetics protect myocardium against reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Experimental evidence from several in vitro and in vivo animal models demonstrates that volatile agents enhance the recovery of stunned myocardium and reduce the size of myocardial infarction after brief or prolonged coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, respectively. This protective effect persists after the anesthetic has been discontinued, a phenomenon known as anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC). Recent clinical data also demonstrates evidence of APC in patients during cardiac surgery. Thus, administration of volatile anesthetics may represent a novel therapeutic approach that reduces morbidity and mortality associated with perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction. The mechanisms responsible for APC appear to be similar to those implicated in ischemic preconditioning, but nonetheless have subtle differences. Accumulating evidence indicates that APC is characterized by complex signal

Causes of hyperpyrexia - What is malignant hyperpyrexia? Anesthesia related. Malignant hyperpyrexia is another term for malignant hyperthermia. This disorder is caused mainly by gas anesthetics and depolarizing paralytics (eg succinylcholine) in patients with a genetic mutation (runs in families). When these patients are exposed, they may experience a sudden increase in cellular metabolism, potentially resulting in death if not caught early and treated aggressively.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a hypermetabolic disorder of skeletal muscle that is triggered in susceptible individuals by several inhalation anesthetic ag

Basic surgery and placement of electrodes. Male Wistar rats (n = 18; ∼200 gm) were initially anesthetized in a chamber (3% halothane in O2 and N2O) after which the trachea was intubated. Thereafter, the rats were artificially respirated with a mixture of 0.9% halothane in O2 and N2O and mounted in a stereotaxic frame. The skull was exposed, and burr holes were made according to the coordinates of the atlas of Pellegrino et al. (1981). All electrodes were zeroed on the interaural line, midline, and cortical surface. Stimulation electrodes (Trimel-coated stainless steel, 60 μm) were placed in the BLA [anterior (A), 5.0 mm; lateral (L), 5.0 mm; ventral (V), 7.5 mm) and the Fo/Fi (A, 5.5 mm; L, 1.5 mm; V, 3.5 mm). Single unit activity and field potentials, evoked by Fo/Fi and/or BLA stimulation, were recorded in the Nacb (A, 8.5-9.5 mm; L, 1.0-2.5 mm; V, 5.5-8.0 mm), using glass microelectrodes (10-30 MΩ, filled with 2% pontamine sky blue in acetate buffer, 2 m, pH 8.2). In every experiment, ...

Surgery and Induction of SE. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a stimulating/recording electrode into the right ventral hippocampus [coordinates: 4.8 mm caudal and 5.2 mm lateral to bregma, 6.3 mm ventral to dura, and toothbar at -3.3 mm (21)] under pentobarbital or halothane anesthesia. In 37 animals, a brain infusion cannula (Alzet, Palo Alto, CA) was also placed intracortically on the right side of the brain (2 mm caudal and 1.2 mm lateral to bregma and 2.6 mm ventral to dura). Twenty-five rats were implanted only with the infusion cannula. Ten days after surgery, all rats with implanted electrodes, except nonstimulated controls, were subjected to electrically induced SE with 60-90 min of suprathreshold stimulation followed by 2 h of self-sustained continuous ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity (22). Seizures were interrupted with i.p. injections of pentobarbital. Forty SE animals were subjected only to SE and perfused 2, 6-8 (pooled), or 35 days later.. BrdUrd Labeling. ...

Vlutations in either type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) or the dihydropyridine receptor subunit Cav1.1 cause malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) in humans...

Khan, OA, Taylor, SRJ, Swart, M and Jones, JG (1997) The effects of low dose isoflurane on inhibition of saccadic generation In: Anaesthetics Research Society Annual Meeting, 1997-04 - ?. Full text not available from this repository ...

Dong Y, Zhang G, Zhang B, Moir RD, Xia W, Marcantonio ER, Culley DJ, Crosby G, Tanzi RE, Xie Z. The common inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane induces apoptosis and increases beta-amyloid protein levels. Arch Neurol. 2009 May; 66(5):620-31 ...

Anästhesie, Atmung, Fluothane, Halothan, Inhalation, intratracheale, Intubation, künstliche, Lachgas, neuromuskuläre Sperrwirkstoffe, postoperative Pflege, präanästhetische Medikation, Prämedikation, anesthesia, artificial, halothane, inhalation, intratracheal, intubation, neuromuscular blocking agents, postoperative care, preanestetic medication, ...

Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane in emus and ostrichesRobert K. Baker, DVM; Althea L. Martin, DVM, DACVA; Jennifer M. Tessier, PhDFrom the Departments of

Isoflurane 100% Piramal is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide. A list of US medications equivalent to Isoflurane 100% Piramal is available on the Drugs.com website.

Associated Conditions: MH Susceptibility and Associated Conditions MH itself is not usually associated with other serious medical problems, such as hypertension, diabetes or similar diseases. MH

Abstract:. Up until now, poor menstrual hygiene in developing countries has been an insufficiently acknowledged problem. Approximately 50% of the worlds population knows from their own experience how important good menstrual hygiene is to be able to function optimally during the menstruation period. This study seeks to determine the status of menstrual hygiene among adolescent tribal girls of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 602 younger women belonging to Savara and Jatapu tribal communities through random sampling method. Demographic and menstrual history and hygiene questionnaires were used for obtaining required information. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 11.0 was used. Majority of the tribal women are getting the menstrual periods regularly, but some of them are experiencing irregular periods. The present study populations are not aware about commercially available sanitary napkins and are using mostly ...