One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Photo-impulsive reactions in the electronic ground state without electronic excitation. T2 - Non-photo, non-thermal chemical reactions. AU - Iwakura, Izumi. AU - Yabushita, Atsushi. AU - Liu, Jun. AU - Okamura, Kotaro. AU - Kobayashi, Takayoshi. PY - 2012/5/21. Y1 - 2012/5/21. N2 - Allyl phenyl ether has an absorption band in the ultraviolet region (l o 400 nm); therefore, irradiation with few-optical-cycle ultraviolet pulses (l = 360-440 nm) causes a transition to the ultraviolet band, which leads to an electronic state and a photo-Claisen rearrangement (radical reaction) in the electronic excited state. However, the reaction scheme of allyl phenyl ether under irradiation with few-optical-cycle visible pulses (l = 525-725 nm) was determined to be same as that of the thermal Claisen rearrangement ([3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement), which is symmetry-allowed in the electronic ground state. Photo-excitation with few-optical cycle visible pulses below the absorption band induces a ...

9781137006776 Our cheapest price for State Fragility, State Formation, and Human Security in Nigeria is $49.50. Free shipping on all orders over $35.00.

Ab initio calculations have been performed to investigate the nature of the low-lying electronic states and the rovibrational energy levels of the electronic ground state of HAlF+ and HAlCl+. The one-dimensional cuts of the low-lying states of both cations have been investigated at the complete active space self-consistent field level, revealing the single-configuration nature of the electronic ground states. Using explicitly correlated coupled-cluster methodology and core-valence basis sets, the three-dimensional potential energy surfaces of both species have then been generated, and the rovibrational energy levels were computed variationally. The analysis of the results reveals the similar nature of the Al-H bond in both species, according to their equilibrium bond lengths and to the Al-H stretching mode frequencies. The rovibrational energy levels of the deuterated isotopologues are also presented.

The infrared spectrum calculated from the dipole-dipole autocorrelation function establishes that otherwise dark regions in the spectrum (between 2500 and 3000 cm-1) show spectral features if hydrogen motion is highly excited. This is in agreement with experiment that found signal in the relevant spectral region upon irradiation with laser light. Experiment has suggested that double proton transfer in the electronic ground state in DNA base pairs embedded in the helix is quite improbable. However, isolated base pairs may show DPT but experimental detection is difficult due to issues such as low or no fluorescence of the base pairs themselves. We also investigated the DPT reaction in an isolated and DNA-embedded GC pair using semiempirical DFT using both, static and dynamic approaches.[2] While for the isolated base pair a barrier of 14 kcal/mol does not in principle rule out DPT in the electronic ground state 30 kcal/mol are required to drive the proton over the barrier for the DNA-embedded dimer ...

Walter, A.; Andresen, M.; Jakobs, S.; Schroeder, J.; Schwarzer, D.: Primary light-induced reaction steps of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein padron0.9 investigated by femtosecond spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119 (16), pp. 5136 - 5144 (2015 ...

Using a Fabry-Pérot-microresonator with controllable cavity lengths in the λ/2-regime, we show the controlled modification of the vibronic relaxation dynamics of a fluorescent dye molecule in the spectral and time domain. By altering the photonic mode density around the fluorophores we are able to shape the fluorescence spectrum and enhance specifically the probability of the radiative transitions from the electronic excited state to distinct vibronic excited states of the electronic ground state. Analysis and correlation of the spectral and time resolved measurements by a theoretical model and a global fitting procedure allows us to reveal quantitatively the spectrally distributed radiative and non-radiative relaxation dynamics of the respective dye molecule under ambient conditions at the ensemble level ...

Using a Fabry-Pérot-microresonator with controllable cavity lengths in the λ/2-regime, we show the controlled modification of the vibronic relaxation dynamics of a fluorescent dye molecule in the spectral and time domain. By altering the photonic mode density around the fluorophores we are able to shape the fluorescence spectrum and enhance specifically the probability of the radiative transitions from the electronic excited state to distinct vibronic excited states of the electronic ground state. Analysis and correlation of the spectral and time resolved measurements by a theoretical model and a global fitting procedure allows us to reveal quantitatively the spectrally distributed radiative and non-radiative relaxation dynamics of the respective dye molecule under ambient conditions at the ensemble level ...

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Grochala, Wojciech( 2014-04-01). Diamond: Electronic Ground State of Carbon at Temperatures Approaching 0 K .

Crystallographic and spectroscopic analyses of three hinge-bending mutants of the photoactive yellow protein are described. Previous studies have identified Gly(47) and Gly(51) as possible hinge points in the structure of the protein, allowing backbone segments around the chromophore to undergo large concerted motions. We have designed, crystallized, and solved the structures of three mutants: G47S, G51S, and G47S/G51S. The protein dynamics of these mutants are significantly affected. Transitions in the photocycle, measured with laser induced transient absorption spectroscopy, show rates up to 6-fold different from the wild type protein and show an additive effect in the double mutant. Compared with the native structure, no significant conformational differences were observed in the structures of the mutant proteins. We conclude that the structural and dynamic integrity of the region around these mutations is of crucial importance to the photocycle and suggest that the hinge-bending properties ...

We use polarization-sensitive ultrafast infrared spectroscopy to derive excited state lifetimes, quantum yields and structural information on the chromophore of photoactive yellow protein and model co

Femtosecond time resolved pump-probe protein X-ray crystallography requires highly accurate measurements of the photoinduced structure factor amplitude differences. In the case of femtosecond photolysis of single P63 crystals of the Photoactive Yellow Protein, it is shown that photochemical dynamics place a Emerging Photon Technologies for Chemical Dynamics

The adsorption of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) on a Au(111) surface and its fluorescence activity have been studied by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and. uorescence photometry. A stable, densely packed protein layer was observed after protein immobilization onto a Au(111) surface modified with a mixture of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid (3-MPA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and subsequent formation of the amide bond with the use of N-hydroxysuccinimide and carbodiimide. Fluorescence photometry data indicate that covalent binding of PYP to the functionalized Au(111) surface does not interfere with the. uorescence properties of the native protein.. ...

2D02: The Crystal Structure of the R52Q Mutant Demonstrates a Role for R52 in Chromophore pK(a) Regulation in Photoactive Yellow Protein

2D01: The Crystal Structure of the R52Q Mutant Demonstrates a Role for R52 in Chromophore pK(a) Regulation in Photoactive Yellow Protein

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To understand how the protein and chromophore components of a light-sensing protein interact to create a light cycle, we performed time-resolved spectroscopy on site-directed mutants of photoactive yellow protein (PYP). Recently determined crystallographic structures of PYP in the ground and colorless I2 states allowed us to design mutants and to study their photosensing properties at the atomic level. We developed a system for rapid mutagenesis and heterologous bacterial expression for PYP apoprotein and generated holoprotein through formation of a covalent thioester linkage with the p-hydroxycinnamic acid chromophore as found in the native protein. Glu46, replaced by Gln, is buried in the active site and hydrogen bonds to the chromophores phenolate oxygen in the ground state. The Glu46Gln mutation shifted the ground state absorption maximum from 446 to 462 nm, indicating that the color of PYP can be fine-tuned by the alteration of hydrogen bonds. Arg52, which separates the active site from ...

The pink to light reddish-pigmented bacterium Rubellimicrobium mesophilum strain MSL-20T contains a BLUF coupled endonuclease III of unknown function. A purified recombinant triple mutated sample of the BLUF coupled endonuclease III (F5Y, N27H, A87W) named RmPAE (Rubellimicrobium mesophilum Photo-Activated Endonuclease) was produced and characterized by optical spectroscopic methods. The BLUF domain photo-cycling dynamics occurred with high efficient blue-light induced signaling state formation (quantum yield of signaling state formation φs ≈ 0.6), small spectral red-shift (δλs,r ≈ 5.4 nm), and slow thermal activated dark recovery to the receptor state (τrec ≈ 20 min at room temperature). An apparent RmPAE melting temperature of ϑm ≈ 63 °C was determined by stepwise sample heating and absorption spectrum analysis. The photo-degradation of RmPAE in the signaling state was determined by prolonged intense blue-light exposure. An irreversible flavin photo-degradation occurred with ...

The formation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced by high-pressure CO2 (HPCD) was investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) transcriptomics and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic methods. The analyses revealed that 97 genes and 56 proteins were significantly changed upon VBNC state entry. Genes and proteins related to membrane transport, central metabolisms, DNA replication, and cell division were mainly downregulated in the VBNC cells. This caused low metabolic activity concurrently with a division arrest in cells, which may be related to VBNC state formation. Cell division repression and outer membrane overexpression were confirmed to be involved in VBNC state formation by homologous expression of z2046 coding for transcriptional repressor and ompF encoding outer membrane protein F. Upon VBNC state entry, pyruvate catabolism in the cells shifted from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle toward the fermentative route; this led ...

Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a member of the xanthopsin family of eubacterial blue-light photoreceptors. On absorption of light, PYP enters a photocycle that ultimately transduces the energy contained in a light signal into an altered biological response. Nanosecond time-resolved x-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of the short-lived, red-shifted, intermediate state denoted [pR], which develops within 1 nanosecond after photoelectronic excitation of the chromophore of PYP by absorption of light. The resulting structural model demonstrates that the [pR] state possesses the cis conformation of the 4-hydroxyl cinnamic thioester chromophore, and that the process of trans to cis isomerization is accompanied by the specific formation of new hydrogen bonds that replace those broken upon excitation of the chromophore. Regions of flexibility that compose the chromophore-binding pocket serve to lower the activation energy barrier between the dark state, denoted pG, and [pR], ...

PAS domains are found in diverse proteins throughout all three kingdoms of life, where they apparently function in sensing and signal transduction. Although a wealth of useful sequence and functional information has become recently available, these data have not been integrated into a three-dimensional (3D) framework. The very early evolutionary development and diverse functions of PAS domains have made sequence analysis and modeling of this protein superfamily challenging. Limited sequence similarities between the approximately 50-residue PAS repeats and one region of the bacterial blue-light photosensor photoactive yellow protein (PYP), for which ground-state and light-activated crystallographic structures have been determined to high resolution, originally were identified in sequence searches using consensus sequence probes from PAS-containing proteins. Here, we found that by changing a few residues particular to PYP function, the modified PYP sequence probe also could select PAS protein ...

SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL) entry for 1s1y.1. Photoactivated chromophore conformation in Photoactive Yellow Protein (E46Q mutant) from 10 microseconds to 3 milliseconds

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can often be harmful to DNA, causing damage and mutations. Researchers have just uncovered the mechanism by which DNA protects itself from UV light, preventing harmful changes in the genetic code.. According to research conducted at Kiel University in Germany, in collaboration with The University of Bristol in the UK, cells funnel the energy from UV light into an innocuous reaction which protects DNA from damage. The results of the study were published in the journal, Angewandte Chemie (Applied Chemistry).. DNA consists of four nitrogenous bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine. The researchers used a tool called femtosecond spectroscopy - a technique where extremely short blasts of light are directed at the guanine-cytosine base pairs - to determine the effect of UV light on the DNA.. The researchers used that particularly fast method of spectroscopy to monitor the molecular changes, because the DNAs reaction to UV light occurred within a few ...

The wider project from which this research stems examines the intersections of race, gender and national identity in Ecuador in the early-to-mid twentieth century, using the state and the process of state formation as the key locus of analysis. The expansion of public health and sanitation was central to this process of modernization in Ecuador. During the period under review, the tropical coastal and Amazonian regions were being spatially integrated into the nation for the first time through infrastructure projects such as the Quito-Guayaquil Railroad and the creation of a highway from the highlands to the Amazon, while the exploitation of the raw materials (including oil, gold, ivory-nut and rubber) that lay in these regions was imperative to elite goals of economic modernization and full national integration into the world economy. Yet these zones were plagued by diseases like yellow fever and malaria which discouraged both the migration of labor and the penetration of foreign capital.

Domboshaba principally consists of dry stonewalls. It was occupied towards the end of the Great Zimbabwe period (1250-1450AD). It was a regional centre in the Khami phase (1450-1690AD. The first part of the site is on hilltop. The second part is at a lower level, on a valley. There are six enclosures on the hill and one at the lower level. It is believed that the chief lived on the hilltop with some of his assistants. His wives probably lived on the southern side in a big enclosure with a lot of daga floor structures. Domboshaba is a sacred site for local communities. There are annual ceremonies conducted at the site. Excavations there have revealed imported Chinese porcelain goods, which were probably given to chiefs as gifts. The items indicate that Domboshaba was part of the Eastern coast trade network going as far as Mozambique. Therefore this site was a major catalyst in state formation in the region. Driving Directions:. Domboshaba is located in the Northeast District. To get there you ...

This book advances our understanding of the global dimension of social policy by applying the notion of global social governance to actors, their relationships to each other, and their pathways, as well as their footprints of influence in the specific policy fields of social concern in which they are active. Focusing on a broad array of individual and corporate global social policy actors, ranging from international organizations to state formations and NGOs, the chapters in this book draw a fuller picture of agency in global social policy than what current accounts provide. It considers the multiple facets of individual actors scope and legitimacy for a particular actor in conjunction with the configuration of global social governance as characterized by multi-centred and multi-scaled obstacles, as well as diverse forms of collaboration. The book studies the contextualised actors range and power in designing, shaping, and facilitating various global social policies. Thus, the chapters discuss the

The State and the Strangers: The Role of External Forces in a Process of State Formation in Viking Age South Scandinavia (c. ad 900-1050 ...

5-Dehydro-m-xylylene (DMX) is an aromatic organic triradical and the first known organic molecule to violate Hunds Rule. Its electronic ground state is an open-shell doublet rather than a quartet; that is, the unpaired electrons in the three singly occupied molecular orbitals form low-spin state in which one electron has its spin-state opposed to the other two. The net result is that there is only one unopposed spin. Hunds rule would predict that the ground state would have all three radical electrons with the same spin-state as each other (none opposed), for a greater total spin. As a result of having non-paired electrons in both spin states coupled together, this compound exhibits antiferromagnetism. Though similar ground states are observed in molecules containing transition metal atoms, it is unprecedented in organic molecules. The 5-dehydro-m-xylylene anion (DMX−) has also been studied extensively. It has a triplet ground state consisting of a phenyl anion and a m-xylylene biradical. L ...

This is the best work of Caribbean ethnography to appear in a very long time: it addresses the most important issues of current anthropology with a deep understanding of the way in which nationalism, state formation, racial and ethnic conflict operate at the level of everyday practice. . . . A welcome addition to anthropological literature generally and to Caribbean Studies in particular. - Raymond T. Smith, University of Chicago This is the best work of Caribbean ethnography to appear in a very long time: it addresses the most important issues of current anthropology with a deep understanding of the way in which nationalism, state formation, racial and ethnic conflict operate at the level of everyday practice. . . . A welcome addition to anthropological literature generally and to Caribbean Studies in particular. - Raymond T. Smith, University of Chicago ...

A crystalline oxide film on InAs(100) is investigated with in situ monochromatic x-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS) and low energy electron diffraction before and after in situ deposition of Al2O3 byatomic layer deposition (ALD) as well as upon air exposure. The oxidation process leads to arsenic andindium trivalent oxidation state formation. The grown epitaxial oxide-InAs interface is stable upon ALD reactor exposure; however, trimethyl aluminum (TMA) decreases oxidation states resulting in an unreconstructed surface. An increase in oxide concentration is also observed upon air exposure suggesting the crystalline oxide surface is unstable.. ...

in Journal of Belgian History = Revue Belge dHistoire Contemporaine = Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis (2011), XLI(1-2), 7-57. The Belle Epoque saw the revival of the colonial idea in new forms. A second European colonization wave washed over Africa. King Leopold II unfolded his activities in Congo from 1876 onwards. There, his ... [more ▼]. The Belle Epoque saw the revival of the colonial idea in new forms. A second European colonization wave washed over Africa. King Leopold II unfolded his activities in Congo from 1876 onwards. There, his efforts to develop a so-called philanthropic enterprise soon evolved in a process of state formation, overshadowed by intrigues and tensions that were a consequence of colonial competition between the Western powers. Only a decade later, at the Berlin Conference of 1885, a definite arrangement was adopted. Everywhere in Europe, a disputed transition was made from liberal to more conservative ways of government. Of course this tension ...

Books and Book Chapters. Ågren, Maria. 2017. The State as Master: Gender, State Formation and Commercialisation in Urban Sweden, 1650-1780. Manchester: Manchester University Press. http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526100641. Appelbaum, Robert. 2017. The Aesthetics of Violence. Art, Fiction, Drama and Film. Rowman & Littlefield International. http://www.rowmaninternational.com/book/the_aesthetics_of_violence/3-156-5303cf4d-bb0b-499d-8d38-e3506416991d. Ballantine, Christopher, Michael Chapman, Kira Erwin and Gerhard Maré. Eds. 2017. Living Together, Living apart? Social Cohesion in a Future South Africa. University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Press. http://www.ukznpress.co.za/?class=bb_ukzn_books&method=view_books&global%5Bfields%5D%5B_id%5D=496. Carruthers, Jane. 2017. National Park Science. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108123471. Conradie, Ernst M. 2017. Redeeming Sin?: Social Diagnostics amid Ecological Destruction (Religious Ethics and Environmental ...

Presenting the richness of Korean civilization from early state formation to the jarring transformations resulting in two distinctive trajectories of modern development, this book introduces the country's major historical events, patterns, and debates. Organised both chronologically and thematically, the 27 concise chapters explore recurring themes such as Korean identity, external influence, and family and gender. This lively narrative assumes no prior knowledge, inviting readers to appreciate both the distinctiveness and universality of Korean history.

The main goal of the project is to develop a new research agenda for the study of the relationship between social movements and processes of state formation in modern India, with a particular focus on understanding how the relationship between the state and social movements has contributed to the shaping of Indian democracy from 1920 until the present ...

He said the first accused, Omar Rifai symbolic city of Mosul, was born in 1975 he was working as an accountant in the city and the Stock Exchange formations belong to the Islamic State of Iraq in 2007 where the murder and kidnapping of 9 citizens and the bombing of 3 booby traps, planted explosives against vehicles, Iraqi and U.S. forces. He said the gunmen were targeting Christians in Mosul, killing and kidnapping for refusing to pay tribute. He said his father, who lives in London, recruited by the Islamic State of Iraq formed by a Pakistani imam named Abu Mujahid, who was appointed mufti to guide the insurgents to kill the Christians who refuse to pay him tribute.. The second member Ali Mahmoud Kassem, a pharmacist, was born in 1975 he belonged to the State formations in 2005 and was appointed a judge and is the sniper operations against the military and the Iraqi police and killing doctors. He added that through his work in a hospital in Mosul, was working on disarmament and the prevention ...

We have measured the rovibrational levels in the electronic ground state of the water molecule at the previously inaccessible energies above 26000 cm-1. The use of laser double-resonance overtone excitation combined with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) photofragment detection extends this limit to 34200 cm-1, which corresponds to 83% of the water dissociation energy. These data have allowed the theoretical group of Oleg Polyansky to generate a semiempirical potential energy surface on the basis of their ab initio surface [O. L. Polyansky, A. G. Csaszar, S. V. Shirin et al., Science 299 (5606), 539 (2003)] that now allows prediction of water levels with sub-cm-1 accuracy at any energy up to the new limit. A new ab initio potential energy surface is being constructed by Polyansky et al. that is intended to reproduce the rovibrational levels of water up to the dissociation threshold. We have calculated the electronic energy of ca. 2500 nuclear geometries at multireference configuration interaction level

Exposure to UV light, particularly from the sun, is the primary controllable risk factor for the development of skin cancer. The damaging effects of UV photons results from their ability to induced photochemistry in DNA bases. While the many possible photoproducts of DNA are well known, the formation mechanisms for these photoproducts are not. In order to better understand these processes, we seek to better understand the events that occur between photon absorption and photoproduct formation - the photophysics of DNA. Femtosecond UV pump/UV probe transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study the ground-state vibrational cooling of the DNA base derivative 9-methyladenine (9MA) in solution. Photoexcitation of 9MA to the lowest bright electronic excited state at 267 nm is followed by rapid (? ? 0.4 ps) internal conversion to the electronic ground state, generating more than 30 000 1/cm of excess vibrational energy. Transfer of this excess vibrational energy to the solvent was monitored via ...

Often, cases where complexes have more than 18 valence electrons are attributed to electrostatic forces - the metal attracts ligands to itself to try to counterbalance its positive charge, and the number of electrons it ends up with is unimportant. In the case of the metallocenes, the chelating nature of the cyclopentadienyl ligand stabilizes its bonding to the metal. Somewhat satisfying are the two following observations: cobaltocene is a strong electron donor, readily forming the 18-electron cobaltocenium cation; and nickelocene tends to react with substrates to give 18-electron complexes, e.g. CpNiCl(PR3) and free CpH. In the case of nickelocene, the extra two electrons are in orbitals which are weakly metal-carbon antibonding; this is why it often participates in reactions where the M-C bonds are broken and the electron count of the metal changes to 18.[5]. The 20-electron systems TM(CO)8− (TM = Sc, Y, La) have a cubic (Oh) equilibrium geometry and a singlet (1A1g) electronic ground state. ...

The main focus of the scientific work in the von Klitzing department (in close cooperation with the Solid State Nanophysics group of Jurgen Smet, the Nanostructuring Lab of Jürgen Weis, and the former MBE group of Werner Dietsche) is on electronic properties of 2-, 1-, and 0-dimensional electron systems, in particular the influence of quantum phenomena on the transport and optical response. Measurements in magnetic fields up to B = 20 Tesla and temperatures down to 20 mK are used to characterize the systems. The quantum Hall effect is studied by analyzing the electrical breakdown, the time-resolved transport, the edge channels, the behavior of composite fermions and new incompressible electronic ground states. Electron-phonon interactions in low-dimensional systems and surface acoustic waves are used to investigate wave vector dependent excitations. Time-resolved photoconductivity, luminescence, and Raman measurements in magnetic fields are methods of characterizing the low dimensional ...

Effects of Mn, P, S, Si & V on the Mechanical Properties of Steel . The general symbol of a chemical element is represented by: A Z N. where A is the atomic number indicating the number of protons exist in the nucleus of the atom; N is the atomic mass unit, defined as the ratio of the average mass per atom to 1 / 12 of the atomic mass of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state .... ...

|p|Audio seminar presented by Guy Finley at Life of Learning Foundation.|/p| |p||strong|Key Lesson:|/strong| Using thought as a tool to resolve the troubles that thought stirs up in the mind is like trying to use your fingers to seize, sort, and settle d

In 1960 roughly 100 linguistic and cultural groups were recorded in Ghana. Although later censuses placed less emphasis on the ethnic and cultural composition of the population, differences of course existed and had not disappeared by the mid-1990s The major ethnic groups in Ghana include the Akan, Ewe, Mole-Dagbane, Guan, and Ga-Adangbe. The subdivisions of each group share a common cultural heritage, history, language, and origin. These shared attributes were among the variables that contributed to state formation in the precolonial period. Competition to acquire land for cultivation, to control trade routes, or to form alliances for protection also promoted group solidarity and state formation. The creation of the union that became the Asante confederacy in the late seventeenth century is a good example of such processes at work in Ghanas past. Ethnic rivalries of the precolonial era, variance in the impact of colonialism upon different regions of the country, and the uneven distribution of ...

In this work, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to investigate the effects of potassium iodide (KI) on the electronic-state population kinetics of a range of organic dyes in the visible wavelength range. Apart from a heavy atom effect promoting intersystem crossing to the triplet states in all dyes, KI was also found to enhance the triplet-state decay rate by a charge-coupled deactivation. This deactivation was only found for dyes with excitation maximum in the blue range, not for those with excitation maxima at wavelengths in the green range or longer. Consequently, under excitation conditions sufficient for triplet state formation, KI can promote the triplet state buildup of one dye and reduce it for another, red-shifted dye. This anticorrelated, spectrally separable response of two different dyes to the presence of one and the same agent may provide a useful readout for biomolecular interaction and microenvironmental monitoring studies. In contrast to the typical notion of ...

The Roman Iron-Age (0-400 AD) in Southern Scandinavia was a formative period, where the society changed from archaic chiefdoms to a true state formation, and the population composition has likely changed in this period due to immigrants from Middle Scandinavia. We have analyzed mtDNA from 22 individuals from two different types of settlements, Bøgebjerggård and Skovgaarde, in Southern Denmark. Bøgebjerggård (ca. 0 AD) represents the lowest level of free, but poor farmers, whereas Skovgaarde 8 km to the east (ca. 200-270 AD) represents the highest level of the society. Reproducible results were obtained for 18 subjects harboring 17 different haplotypes all compatible (in their character states) with the phylogenetic tree drawn from present day populations of Europe. This indicates that the South Scandinavian Roman Iron-Age population was as diverse as Europeans are today. Several of the haplogroups (R0a, U2, I) observed in Bøgebjerggård are rare in present day Scandinavians. Most ...

Michael Braddick is a Professor of History at the University of Sheffield. Before that, he was Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama and Assistant Professor at Birmingham-Southern College, Alabama. He has held fellowships from the British Academy, the Nuffield Foundation and a Major Research Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust. He has also held visiting scholarships at the Huntington Library, California, the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History in Frankfurt, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, the École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, and an ARC distinguished visiting fellowship at the University of Adelaide.|br||br|He is the author of five books and around 40 chapters and articles, dealing with aspects of state formation, the English revolution and forms of political engagement and agency in early modern England, Ireland and the British Atlantic. He is also editor or co-editor of nine essay collections, three special editions of academic

This paper explores the long-term, local-level history of state formation in South Sudan over the past century, by focusing on local government meetings. The resilience of local state institutions and practices has been overlooked in recent state-building agendas and by scholars critical of authoritarian government and failed decentralization in South Sudans history. But this paper argues that meetings of local government officials and chiefs have long been significant institutions for negotiating the state and performing its authority. Yet they were also risky and unpredictable events for state officials, who at times struggled to control the critical and unruly talk of the participants. These officials were made vulnerable by the very logic and performance of the meeting as a binary dialogue between state and society, constituting a boundary which was otherwise blurred or non-existent among the local elites who recognized each other as legitimate negotiators in meetings. The performance ...

A level scheme of the dominant electronic states in CO, CO+ and CO++ excited by the strong X-ray light and decay processes is illustrated in Fig. 1b. Starting from the electronic ground state N0 resonant absorption of one photon can result in the occupation of the π* core-excited state N2 (transition (b) in Fig. 1b, resonant with the pump pulse of 534 eV) or one state of the ensemble of O 1s-Rydberg core-excited states N3 (transition (a) in Fig. 1b) resonant with the high frequency tails of the SASE pump pulse , 534 eV. Both absorption features, the broad π* resonance and the Rydberg absorption lines at the higher energy side of the π* feature are clearly visible in Fig. 2a and b. Resonant excitation of the π* or Rydberg resonances followed by fast Auger decay (Auger life time of ≈5 fs) results in the creation of the cationic ground state or into the occupation of low-lying valence excited states16 by resonant Auger decay (RAD), denoted by the ensemble of levels S0. The ensemble of states ...

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack stable structures under physiological conditions but often fold into stable structures upon specific binding. These coupled binding and folding processes underlie the organization ...

1983 Us Catholics and Them Catholics in Dutch Brabant: The Dialectics of a Religious Factional Process. Anthropological Quarterly 56:167-178.. 1985 Popular Devotions, Power, and Religious Regimes in Catholic Dutch Brabant. Ethnology 24:215-227.. 1985 Religious Infighting and the Formation of a Dominant Catholic Regime in Southern Dutch Society. Social Compass 32:57-72.. 1987 Religious Regimes and State Formation: Towards a Research Perspective. Anthropological Quarterly 60:1-11.. 1988 Return to Mission Status?: Religious Reality and Priestly Perception in Catholic Dutch Brabant. Ethnologia Europaea 18:73-79.. 1990 Seers of Medjugorje: Professionalization and Management Problems in a Yugoslav Pilgrimage Centre. Ethnologia Europaea 20:167-176.. 1991 Marian Apparitions in Medjugorje: Rivaling Religious Regimes and State Formation in Yugoslavia. In Religious Regimes and State-Formation: Perspectives from European Ethnology. Eric R. Wolf, ed. Pp. 29-53. Albany: State University of New York ...

Among the phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria, these were initially distinguished because they deposit elemental sulfur globules outside the cells, unlike the nEndothiorhodaceae that deposit elemental sulfur inside their cells. Subsequently the extrmely halophilic species were segregated from Ectothiorhodospira and assigned to Halorhodospira. Most species are rods, most often slightly bent rods, vibrios or spirilla that during oxidation of sulfide produce elemental sulfur which is deposited outside the cells; one species, Ectothiorhodospira vacuolata, produces gas vesicles. All of the phototrophic Ectothiorhodospiraceae produce characteristic internal membrane stacks that may constitute a large fraction of the internal volume of these cells ...

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 449 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-84363-8. Winner of the 2006 SAA Book Award Beginning with state formation and urbanization in the Near East c. 3000 BC and ending in Central and Northern Europe c. 1000-500 BC, the Bronze Age marks an heroic age of travels and...

[1] Radio occultation measurements of the Saturn ionosphere have shown that persistent but variable electron density layers appear well below the major peaks. We model here the region of hydrocarbon ions that is below the main peak and is produced by absorption of solar photons in the wavelength range 842 to 1116 Å, which penetrate to altitudes below the methane homopause in the wings of the H2 absorption lines, and in the gaps between groups of lines. In this wavelength range, H2 absorbs photons in discrete transitions to rovibrational levels of electronically excited states, which then decay to a range of rovibrational levels of the electronic ground state, or to the continuum of the ground state. The cross sections for these discrete absorptions vary by several orders of magnitude from the peaks to the wings of the absorption lines. We find that the adoption of high resolution photoabsorption cross sections for the H2 bands leads to different photoionization profiles for both the hydrocarbons and H

This dissertation reports and interprets the results of experiments in which photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on a variety of aromatic anions. In addition to these photoelectron studies, the results and conclusions of an experiment in which HCl is scattered off atomically flat Au (111) surfaces are also presented.. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the isomers of methylphenoxide reveals that these molecules display minimal vibrational excitation upon photodetachment, accessing the electronic ground and first excited state of the corresponding radicals. The photoelectron spectra of p-methylphenoxide reveal a photon energy dependence arising from electron autodetachment. The slow electron velocity map imaging (SEVI) technique was employed to obtain the electron affinities (EAs) of these radicals with an uncertainty of 1.4 meV. Combining the measured EAs with previously measured O-H bond dissociation energies in a thermodynamic cycle allows for the measurement of the acidities of the ...

Youve come down with a cold or the flu and are determined to take it on right away by bombarding the bug with legitimate OTC medications recommended for treating the cold and the flu. But did you know that it is very easy to overdose on one important ingredient if you choose the wrong combination of cold and flu meds?