The sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii has been determined by DNA sequencing methods.

Author: Kessel, M. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 1988; Title: Three-dimensional Structure of the Regular Surface Glycoprotein Layer of Halobacterium volcanii from the Dead Sea.

The archaeon Halobacterium NRC-1 is an extreme halophile that thrives in saturated brine environments such as the Dead Sea and solar salterns. It offers a versatile and easily assayed system for an array of well-coordinated physiologies that are necessary for survival in its harsh environment [1]. It has robust DNA repair systems that can efficiently reverse the damages caused by a variety of mutagens including UV radiation and desiccation/re-hydration cycles [2, 3]. Halobacterium NRC-1 adapts its metabolism to anaerobic conditions with the synthesis of bacterorhodopsin, which facilitates the conversion of energy from light into ATP. The completely sequenced genome of Halobacterium NRC-1 (containing ~2,600 genes) has provided insights into many of its physiological capabilities, however nearly half of all genes encoded in the halobacterial genome have no known function [4-7].. This work is intended to be a prototype for the development of a biological data integration system with a focus on ...

1. The two subunits α and β of Halobacterium cutirubrum DNA-dependent RNA polymerase are required in equimolar amounts for RNA synthesis to occur in vitro at the maximum rate. 2. In the absence of bivalent cations no interaction occurs between α and β subunits or between the subunits and DNA. 3. Mn2+ causes the subunits to form a 1:1 complex that still does not bind to the template. 4. Mg2+ permits binding of the Mn2+-mediated complex to DNA. 5. The complete enzyme, αβ, is inhibited by rifampicin and only the β subunit relieves the inhibition when added in excess. 6. Rifampicin-insensitive, template-dependent RNA synthesis occurs in the presence of protein α alone provided an oligonucleotide with a 5′-purine terminus is supplied as primer. 7. In the primed reaction with the α protein and an oligonucleotide, the template specificity is independent of the ionic strength, in contrast with the marked effect of salt concentration on the template specificity of the complete enzyme. 8. It is ...

A substantial number of spontaneous bacterio-opsin mutants of Halobacterium halobium are the result of insertion elements up to 1400 bp upstream of the bacterio-opsin (bop) gene. The nucleotide sequence of 1800 bp upstream of the bop gene has been determined. There is a 1118 bp open reading frame (ORF) located within this region which is transcribed and which coincides with the distribution of insertion elements upstream of the bop gene in Bop mutants. Therefore, we propose that there is a gene (brp gene) 526 bp upstream of the bop gene. This putative gene is transcribed in the opposite direction as the bop gene and could encode a protein of 37,500 D (359 amino acids) with a codon usage similar to bacterio-opsin. The 5 terminus of the brp transcript has been determined. The brp transcript and the bop mRNA are complementary for 13 residues near their 5 termini and both transcripts start at or near the initiating codon of the gene. Both transcripts could form similar hairpin loop structures at ...

Pure extracellular serine protease was isolated from the culture filtrate of Halobacterium halobium by bacitracin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The enzyme activity was completely and irreversibly lost if the NaCl concentration fell below 2 M. The protease consists of one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 41,000. It is characteristically enriched in Asx and Glx content, whereas the level of basic amino acids in the enzyme molecule is unusually low. The protease shows a preference for leucine in the carboxylic side of the scissile bond of the substrate, cleaving the B-chain of oxidized bovine insulin only at the Leu15-Tyr16 bond and liberating p-nitroaniline from L-pyroglutamyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucine-p-nitroanilide. ...

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Halobacteria can be found in highly saline lakes such as the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, and Lake Magadi. Halobacterium can be identified in bodies of water by the light-detecting pigment bacteriorhodopsin, which not only provides the archaeon with chemical energy, but gives it a reddish hue as well. An optimal temperature for growth has been observed at 37oC. On an interesting note, however, Halobacteria are a candidate for a life form present on Mars. One of the problems associated with the survival on Mars is the destructive ultraviolet light. Halobacteria have an advantage here. These microorganisms develop a thin crust of salt that can moderate some of the ultraviolet light. Sodium chloride is the most common salt and chloride salts are opaque to short-wave ultraviolet. Their photosynthetic pigment, bacteriorhodopsin, is actually opaque to the longer wavelength ultraviolet (its red color). The obstacle Halobacteria would need to overcome is being able to grow at a low temperature during ...

For as long as I can remember I want to be a geneticist. So, as soon as I could understand some genetics I started reading up on it. I really didnt get far until I got bored. A lot of how genetics are passed on, using a little square, along with some other information. So, I stopped researching the field. But one day, my science teacher was talking about how DNA coded for protein and the process that it goes though. He mentioned something about plasmids; little circular pieces of DNA that turn bacteria green. This sparked a lot of interest, and before you know it I was researching all I could on these and began to create a lab. Now, I am planing to create a plasmid that can multiply in Halobacterium. I want this plasmid to 1) be very easy to get and 2) compatible with biobrick standards ...

E coli L12e protein: identified in E coli, Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sulfolobus solfataricus; amino acid sequence given in first source

Pumps and selective uptake devices need fuel - biological energy - and halobacteria, unlike Dunaliella, are not able to photosynthesise energy-yielding organic matter from carbon dioxide. They need pre-formed organic matter as food, and supplies of this are likely to be intermittent. However, their membranes do possess a unique way of obtaining energy from light. In their membranes are patches of purple pigments called rhodopsins. These are light-sensitive. Actually, they are chemically related to pigments in the retinas of our eyes, the light receptors which enable us to see. Not that halobacteria can see; in their case the pigments capture light energy and use it to generate a substance called ATP, which is the universal source of biological energy in cells…In the process of generating ATP, ions are swapped between the interior and exterior of the cell such that most of the sodium ends up outside and potassium is retained: light helps the ion pump work. This is a special kind of ...

Cytochrome c552 was purified to near homogenity and partially characterized from Halobacterium salinarium JWS mutant, devoid of carotenoid pigments. The purification involved the extraction of membranes with 1% Triton X-100, followed by butylagarose, DEAE-Sepharose CL6B and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The fold of purification was 16. The purified cytochrome showed maximum absorption at 552 nm. The molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE was found to be 14.1 kD ...

এক্সট্রিমোফাইল আর্কিয়াগুলো চারটি প্রধান শারীরবৃত্তীয় গ্রুপের সদস্য। এগুলো হচ্ছেঃ halophile, (যেগুলো লবণাক্ত পরিবেশে বাস করে)thermophile, (যেগুলো উচ্চ তাপমাত্রায় বাস করে) alkaliphile(এ সমস্ত আরকিয়া ক্ষারীয় পরিবেশে বাস করে) এবং acidophile(এই আর কি এগুলো এসিডিক পরিবেশে বাস করে)[৬] যদি এই গ্রুপগুলোর বৈশিষ্ট্য সুস্পষ্ট নয়, তবুও আর্কিয়ার শ্রেণীবিন্যাসে এরা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সূচনা বিন্দু। Halobacterium নামক ...

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Eight of Fourteen gvp Genes Are Sufficient for Formation of Gas Vesicles in Halophilic Archaea: The minimal number of genes required for the formation of gas ve

so far I have found out the amino acid sequence and entered that into BLASTP to see what kind of other proteins its most conserved with. (turns out to be halobacteria) but is highly conserved throughout pretty much all bacterium and archaea. From there Ive got a phylogenetic tree ...

Halobacterium salinarum ATCC ® 33171D™ Designation: Genomic DNA from Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC 34002 TypeStrain=True Application:

This model represents a small family of proteins homologous (and likely functionally equivalent to) aconitase 1. Members are found, so far in the anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum, in the microaerophilic, early-branching bacterium Aquifex aeolicus, and in the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. No member is experimentally characterized ...

ID SUI1_HALSA Reviewed; 97 AA. AC Q9HME3; DT 28-NOV-2002, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-MAR-2001, sequence version 1. DT 25-OCT-2017, entry version 81. DE RecName: Full=Protein translation factor SUI1 homolog {ECO:0000255,HAMAP-Rule:MF_00604}; GN OrderedLocusNames=VNG_2584C; OS Halobacterium salinarum (strain ATCC 700922 / JCM 11081 / NRC-1) OS (Halobacterium halobium). OC Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Halobacteria; Halobacteriales; OC Halobacteriaceae; Halobacterium. OX NCBI_TaxID=64091; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=ATCC 700922 / JCM 11081 / NRC-1; RX PubMed=11016950; DOI=10.1073/pnas.190337797; RA Ng W.V., Kennedy S.P., Mahairas G.G., Berquist B., Pan M., RA Shukla H.D., Lasky S.R., Baliga N.S., Thorsson V., Sbrogna J., RA Swartzell S., Weir D., Hall J., Dahl T.A., Welti R., Goo Y.A., RA Leithauser B., Keller K., Cruz R., Danson M.J., Hough D.W., RA Maddocks D.G., Jablonski P.E., Krebs M.P., Angevine C.M., Dale H., RA Isenbarger T.A., Peck R.F., ...

ID COXX_HALSA Reviewed; 442 AA. AC Q9HRJ8; DT 08-APR-2008, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-MAR-2001, sequence version 1. DT 07-JUN-2017, entry version 87. DE RecName: Full=Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase; DE EC=2.5.1.-; DE AltName: Full=Heme B farnesyltransferase; DE AltName: Full=Heme O synthase; GN Name=ctaB; OrderedLocusNames=VNG_0666G; OS Halobacterium salinarum (strain ATCC 700922 / JCM 11081 / NRC-1) OS (Halobacterium halobium). OC Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Halobacteria; Halobacteriales; OC Halobacteriaceae; Halobacterium. OX NCBI_TaxID=64091; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=ATCC 700922 / JCM 11081 / NRC-1; RX PubMed=11016950; DOI=10.1073/pnas.190337797; RA Ng W.V., Kennedy S.P., Mahairas G.G., Berquist B., Pan M., RA Shukla H.D., Lasky S.R., Baliga N.S., Thorsson V., Sbrogna J., RA Swartzell S., Weir D., Hall J., Dahl T.A., Welti R., Goo Y.A., RA Leithauser B., Keller K., Cruz R., Danson M.J., Hough D.W., RA Maddocks D.G., Jablonski P.E., ...

It was recently shown that haloarchaeal strains of different genera are able to adhere to surfaces and form surface-attached biofilms. However, the surface structures mediating the adhesion were still unknown. We have identified a novel surface structure with Halobacterium salinarum strain R1, crucial for surface adhesion. Electron microscopic studies of surface-attached cells frequently showed pili-like surface structures of two different diameters that were irregularly distributed on the surface. The thinner filaments, 7-8 nm in diameter, represented a so far unobserved novel pili-like structure. Examination of the Hbt. salinarum R1 genome identified two putative gene loci (pil-1 and pil-2) encoding type IV pilus biogenesis complexes besides the archaellum encoding fla gene locus. Both pil-1 and pil-2 were expressed as transcriptional units, and the transcriptional start of pil-1 was identified. In silico analyses revealed that the pi-1 locus is present with other euryarchaeal genomes whereas ...

Author: Furtwängler, K. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2010-04; Title: Regulation of phosphate uptake via Pst transporters in Halobacterium salinarum R1

Biological molecules and assemblies, such as the photochemical reaction center, are capable of capturing light with good quantum efficiency and transforming it into chemical energy. If properly exploited, such assemblies have potential applications as biomolecule information processing units.. Bacteriorhodopsin, from the purple membrane bacterium Halobacterium halobium, is one such system that has been studied extensively and has been commercialized into optical holographic memories (Birge 1995). In the bacterium, the protein bacteriorhodopsin self-assembles into ordered lipid patches. The protein absorbs light and undergoes a cycle involving a complex series of intermediates, resulting in a proton being pumped across the membrane. It was information developed from understanding the basic science behind the way that bacteriorhodopsin works that led to the use of bacteriorhodopsin as a biomolecule information processing unit. To be used for information storage, the protein is placed under ...

Speed currently limited by laser addressing As an example of current work, consider the molecular optical memory research underway by Prof. Robert Birge and his group at Syracuse University. Using the purple membrane from the bacterium Halobacterium Halobium, theyve made a working optical bistable switch, fabricated in a monolayer by self-assembly, that reliably stores data with 10,000 molecules per bit. The molecule switches in 500 femtoseconds--thats 1/2000 of a nanosecond, and the actual speed of the memory is currently limited by how fast you can steer a laser beam to the correct spot on the memory. ...

Membrane proteins are of significant importance, performing a variety of biological functions including pumps, channels, and receptors. Thus, membrane proteins represent attractive candidates as drug targets. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), the most widely studied membrane protein, consists of seven transmembrane helical segments and functions which can work as a proton pump in Halobacterium Salinarium. In the present study, the reversible control of bR conformation with simple light illumination is examined, providing a protocol to probe membrane protein folding (a challenge even to this day due to the large, aggregation-prone hydrophobic regions of membrane proteins compared to soluble proteins). Two general methodologies are utilized to control membrane protein folding, including (1) saturation of the natural lipids with a photoresponsive surfactant resulting in partitioning of the protein into detergent-lipid mixed micelles in the unfolded state, and (2) the development of artificial bilayers ...

Membrane proteins are of significant importance, performing a variety of biological functions including pumps, channels, and receptors. Thus, membrane proteins represent attractive candidates as drug targets. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), the most widely studied membrane protein, consists of seven transmembrane helical segments and functions which can work as a proton pump in Halobacterium Salinarium. In the present study, the reversible control of bR conformation with simple light illumination is examined, providing a protocol to probe membrane protein folding (a challenge even to this day due to the large, aggregation-prone hydrophobic regions of membrane proteins compared to soluble proteins). Two general methodologies are utilized to control membrane protein folding, including (1) saturation of the natural lipids with a photoresponsive surfactant resulting in partitioning of the protein into detergent-lipid mixed micelles in the unfolded state, and (2) the development of artificial bilayers ...

In recent years several laboratories have developed effective plating techniques, identifying genetic markers that do not target cell wall synthesis, fusing archaeal promoters with recombinant genes, and isolating native vectors and promiscuous nonnative vectors. This chapter focuses on tractable systems that are currently available for the Archaea. Due to fundamental differences between gene transfer systems for each archaeal branch, the chapter is divided into three inclusive sections covering the halophilic and methanogenic Euryarchaeota and the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota. Despite varying degrees of difficulty growing Archaea, all three systems are routinely used by laboratories conducting research on archaeal genetics and can be mastered by anyone with a fundamental knowledge of microbial genetic techniques. Under low oxygen tension, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 induces purple membrane patches in the cell membrane and buoyant gas vesicles intracellularly, which increases the availability of light

Catalyzes the GTP-dependent successive addition of two or more gamma-linked L-glutamates to the L-lactyl phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (F420-0) to form coenzyme F420-0-glutamyl-glutamate (F420-2) or polyglutamated F420 derivatives.

Archaea exist in a broad range of habitats, and as a major part of global ecosystems,[14] may represent about 20% of microbial cells in the oceans.[159] The first-discovered archaeans were extremophiles.[112] Indeed, some archaea survive high temperatures, often above 100 °C (212 °F), as found in geysers, black smokers, and oil wells. Other common habitats include very cold habitats and highly saline, acidic, or alkaline water. However, archaea include mesophiles that grow in mild conditions, in swamps and marshland, sewage, the oceans, the intestinal tract of animals, and soils.[14]. Extremophile archaea are members of four main physiological groups. These are the halophiles, thermophiles, alkaliphiles, and acidophiles.[160] These groups are not comprehensive or phylum-specific, nor are they mutually exclusive, since some archaea belong to several groups. Nonetheless, they are a useful starting point for classification.. Halophiles, including the genus Halobacterium, live in extremely saline ...

General Information: Chemoheterotrophic obligate extreme halophilic archeon. Halobacterial species are obligately halophilic microorganisms that have adapted to optimal growth under conditions of extremely high salinity 10 times that of sea water. This bacterium (strain R1; DSM 671) is an obligately halophilic archeon and represents the type species for the genus Halobacterium. The first recorded isolation of this organism came from the spoilage of salted fish. It is also commonly found in neutral salt lakes, marine salterns, proteinaceous products heavily salted with crude solar salt and ancient evaporate deposits. ...

This HMM represents a small and phylogenetically curious clade of sequences. Sequences are found from Halobacterium (an archaeon), Nostoc and Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) and Phytophthora (a stramenophile eukaryote). These appear to be members of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily of aspartate-nucleophile hydrolases by general homology and the conservation of all of the recognized catalytic motifs [1]. The variable domain is found in between motifs 1 and 2, indicating membership in subfamily I and phylogeny and prediction of the alpha helical nature of the variable domain (by PSI-PRED) indicate membership in subfamily IA. All but the Halobacterium sequence currently found are annotated as Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase, however, the source of the annotation could not be traced and significant homology could not be found between any of these sequences and known IGPDs ...

Here are my 5 cents worth of opinion concerning the Postinggs from L.A. Maron ,CnsIqJ.MDz at gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca, lamoran at gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca (L.A. Moran): There are many characters (not only 16S rRNAs) which separate Archae- and Eubacteria (see Zillig et al., 1992, for a listing). With many molecular markers the Archaebacteria appear closer to the Eukaryotes (e.g.: ATPases, elongation factors, RNA polymerases). Not all of these molecular markers show the Archaebacteria as a monophyletic group, in some analyses they appear paraphyletic; however, the branch that separates the two archaebacterial groups is very short (as is the branch that connects the 16S rRNA of the Archaebacteria to the other 16SrRNAs). Based only on nucleotide data it will be difficult to discriminate between the para and monophyletic origin of the archaebacteria. Rivera and Lake report a higher order character (a deletion/insertion) that unites only some of the archaebacteria with the eukaryotes. I think that one of the ...

Experiments on the integration of blue and orange stimuli in Halobacterium salinarum were performed by using different combinations of blue and orange steps. The results show that the prevalence of the blue stimulus over the orange one depends on both the blue and the orange light intensities. A quantitative analysis of the current hypotheses on the phototransduction of orange and UV-blue light stimuli is presented, showing that the balancing between the two antagonistic stimuli should depend only on the intensity of the blue stimulus and not on that of the orange one, provided that the combination of the two stimuli occurs linearly at the photoreceptor stage. We conclude that blue and orange stimuli elicit distinct intracellular signals whose integration occurs downstream of the photoreceptor ...

A US scientist has found a way to use bacteria to potentially store data on DVDs. Professor V Renugopalakrishnan of the Harvard Medical School has genetically modified a protein found in the membrane of a salt marsh microbe Halobacterium...

what they produced and that atoms and hydogels and ligands and toxic vapors are altering their genes and rearranging them. if these chemicals like lipids soften the skin and other chemicals partition membranes dont you think that opens up the body and skin tissue for all sorts of hosts to enter. the ligands have claws pulling bugs, spiders and other horrific toxic insects into skin eyes and nose. using retinids that have biofilms from halobacterium and leichens and isotopes without informing a patient is a violation of nuremburg and any civilized society. as the women stated in her blog she used accutane and had to sign a waiver, in all research we found that is suppose to be done. it was not done in this case, accutane was not mentioned on the patient insert, nor did she sign a waiver, a dermatologist gave her the prescription as he walked her to ...

Estes organismos (clase Halobacteria) viven en ambientes extremadamente salinos, lagos salgados, salinas, depósitos subterráneos salinos, e tamén se atopan nas superficies de alimentos moi salgados como peixes e carnes en salgadura. Outros organismos halófilos (fungos, camaróns etc) teñen concentracións salinas citoplasmáticas normais, e para mantelas deben gastar enerxía permanentemente para levaren o sal fóra da célula e a auga dentro. Estas Archaea, poden vivir a maiores concentracións salinas e teñen a vantaxe de ter a mesma concentración salina dentro das células ca fóra. Para sobreviviren necesitan solucións cun mínimo de sal do 9%, pero a maioría das especies prefiren concentracións do 12-23% e poden sobrevivir con concentracións do 32% de sal. Teñen a característica única de usar a luz como fonte de enerxía sen ter clorofila, xa que no seu lugar teñen un pigmento chamado bacteriorrodopsina (de funcionamiento similar ao pigmento da retina dos ollos) que lle dá ...

The primary processes of the photochemical cycle of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR) were studied by various experimental techniques with a time resolution of 5 × 10-13 s. The following results were obtained. (a) After optical excitation the first excited singlet state S1 of bacteriorhodopsin is observed via its fluorescence and absorption properties. The population of the excited singlet state decays with a lifetime τ1 of ~0.7 ps (430 ± 50 fs) (52). (b) With the same time constant the first ground-state intermediate J builds up. Its absorption spectrum is red-shifted relative to the spectrum of BR by ~30 nm. (c) The second photoproduct K, which appears with a time constant of τ2 = 5 ps shows a red-shift of 20 nm, relative to the peak of BR. Its absorption remains constant for the observation time of 300 ps. (d) Upon suspending bacteriorhodopsin in D2O and deuterating the retinal Schiff base at its nitrogen (lysine 216), the same photoproducts J and K are observed. The relaxation time ...

Halorubrum saccharovorum ATCC ® 29252™ Designation: M6 TypeStrain=True Application: Produces lactobionic acid Biotechnology

Th?e atomic structure of the light-driven ion pump bacteriorhodopsin and the surrounding lipid matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction of crystals grown in cubic lipid phase. In the extracellular region, an extensive three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of protein residues and seven water mo …

We combine comparative genomic measures and the distance separating adjacent genes to predict operons in 124 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes. Our method automatically tailors itself to each genome using sequence information alone, and thus can be applied to any prokaryote. For Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis, our method is 85 and 83% accurate, respectively, which is similar to the accuracy of methods that use the same features but are trained on experimentally characterized transcripts. In Halobacterium NRC-1 and in Helicobacterpylori, our method correctly infers that genes in operons are separated by shorter distances than they are in E.coli, and its predictions using distance alone are more accurate than distance-only predictions trained on a database of E.coli transcripts. We use microarray data from sixphylogenetically diverse prokaryotes to show that combining intergenic distance with comparative genomic measures further improves accuracy and that our method is broadly effective

Metagenomic analysis was performed on concentrated biomass from the last Dead Sea bloom and compared with hundreds of liters of brine (pH 6), revealing that the bloom was less diverse from brine.[14] The Dead Sea is located on the borders of Israel and the Jordan River where its depth is around 300 m.[14] The Dead Sea contains 1.98M Mg2+, 1.54M Na+, and 0.08M (1%) Br− making the waters unique and the ecosystem harsh.[14] Samples were collected from the Dead Sea in 1992 at Ein Gedi 310 station during bloom season.[14] The cells were centrifuged and a reddish cell pellet was embedded in agarose plugs.[14] DNA was extracted from the plugs and cloned into pCC1fos vector to construct two fosmid libraries, which contain DNA from bacterial F-plasmids.[14] BAC-end sequences were performed on each library for further analysis, and the sequences were scanned for vector contamination and removed by BLASTing.[14] The read length was 734 bp for the 1992 library.[14] PCR 16S rRNA gene amplification was ...

Archaea exist in a broad range of habitats, and as a major part of global ecosystems,[15] may represent about 20% of microbial cells in the oceans.[161] The first-discovered archaeans were extremophiles.[114] Indeed, some archaea survive high temperatures, often above 100 °C (212 °F), as found in geysers, black smokers, and oil wells. Other common habitats include very cold habitats and highly saline, acidic, or alkaline water. However, archaea include mesophiles that grow in mild conditions, in swamps and marshland, sewage, the oceans, the intestinal tract of animals, and soils.[15]. Extremophile archaea are members of four main physiological groups. These are the halophiles, thermophiles, alkaliphiles, and acidophiles.[162] These groups are not comprehensive or phylum-specific, nor are they mutually exclusive, since some archaea belong to several groups. Nonetheless, they are a useful starting point for classification.. Halophiles, including the genus Halobacterium, live in extremely saline ...

SEAS researchers have found that these pink-hued archaea -- called [I]Halobacterium salinarum[/I] -- use the same mechanisms to maintain size as bacteria and eukaryotic life, indicting that cellular division strategy may be shared across all domains of life.

Arkea ada di berbagai habitat, dan sebagai bagian utama dari ekosistem global,[14] dapat berkontribusi hingga 20% dari biomassa bumi.[157] Arkea yang pertama ditemukan adalah ekstremofili.[110] Memang, beberapa arkea bertahan pada suhu tinggi, sering di atas 100 °C (212 °F), seperti yang ditemukan di geyser, perokok hitam, dan sumur minyak. Habitat umum lainnya termasuk habitat yang sangat dingin dan air yang sangat asin, asam, atau alkali. Namun, arkea mencakup mesofil yang tumbuh dalam kondisi ringan, di tanah rawa, air limbah, samudra, saluran usus hewan, dan tanah.[14]. Arkea ekstremofil adalah anggota empat kelompok fisiologis utama. Kelompok-kelompok itu adalah halofili, termofili, alkalifili, dan asidofili.[158] Kelompok-kelompok ini tidak komprehensif atau filum-spesifik, mereka juga tidak saling eksklusif, karena beberapa archaea termasuk dalam beberapa kelompok. Meskipun demikian, mereka adalah titik awal yang berguna untuk klasifikasi. Halofili, termasuk genus Halobacterium, hidup ...

Adaptation of organisms to extreme halophilic environments (> 1 ¿ 2 M) occurs through theaccumulation of large intracellular concentrations of KCl. Their major adaptive feature is theextensive modification of the constituting proteome. A biased set of amino acids is selected inorder to improve the stability and solubility of halophilic proteins: large hydrophobic residuesare penalized, specially lysines, whereas small, polar and often negatively charged residuesare favoured, such as aspartic acid, threonine and glutamic acid (Figure I4). Themodifications occur mainly at the surface, so the overall structure is conserved. Themolecular determinants for such a selection remain elusive despite of considerable efforts.Previous models based on weak unspecific K+¿carboxylate interactions have provedthemselves insufficient to explain some features of haloadaptation, such as the complex saltmodulationof enzymatic activity or the dependence of protein stability with Hofmeister anions.Figure I4. ...

1DZE: Crystal Structure of the M Intermediate of Bacteriorhodopsin: Allosteric Structural Changes Mediated by Sliding Movement of a Transmembrane Helix

Lineage: cellular organisms; Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Stenosarchaea group; Halobacteria; Natrialbales; Natrialbaceae; Halostagnicola; Halostagnicola ...

A summary of Archaebacteria in s Monera. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Monera and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans.

Heyes CD, EL-Sayed MA. Proton transfer reactions in native and deionized bacteriorhodopsin upon delipidation and monomerization. Biophysical journal [Internet]. 2003 ;85(1):426-434. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74487-7 ...

La traduzione di The long way around (Il giro più lungo), testo tradotto di The long way around dei Deep Purple dallalbum Whoosh! del 2020.

Berlin-via-Portugal singer/producer and core member of the WEDIDIT crew, PURPLE dropped the 2nd single off his debut LP Silence & Remorse forthcoming on

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